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Uma M, Rao PP, Nagalekshmi K, Hegde NR. Expression and purification of polioviral proteins in E. coli, and production of antisera as reagents for immunological assays. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 128:115-22. [PMID: 27565898 PMCID: PMC5040459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Poliomyelitis, caused by poliovirus, is on the verge of eradication, and the world is preparing to shift from live to inactivated polio vaccine. In view of the requirement of non-infectious reagents, especially protein antigens, for surveillance during the final phase of poliovirus eradication, we have attempted to generate reagents that may be of use for the development of diagnostic tests. Polioviral proteins VP0, VP3, VP1, and 3AB were expressed in Escherichia coli using the autoinduction system, purified, and the proteins were used to raise antisera in rabbits. All antisera detected all three serotypes of PV from infected cell lysates in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence and western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madala Uma
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - P P Rao
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - K Nagalekshmi
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - N R Hegde
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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Chapter 4 Picornavirus infections. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY 2008; 1:127-186. [PMID: 32287579 PMCID: PMC7134062 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(08)70012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oldest member of the Picornaviruses group is polio virus, which was recognized early by clinicians because of its characteristic paralytic disease. This chapter examines the polio virus in regard to its virology, disease, and prevention by vaccines and chemoprophylaxis. Polio has been well controlled in most developed countries using live or inactivated vaccines. Research work has intensified using genetic engineering techniques to produce live attenuated viruses with defined and stable mutations so as to prevent reversion to virulence, and also to produce immunogenic oligopeptides or proteins for a new generation of inactivated polio vaccines. Chemotherapy is therefore not required for polio infections. In contrast, neither vaccines have been developed against rhinovirus infections, nor are the vaccines thought to have a use, unless broadly reacting antigenic determinants can be located. Several interesting but only weakly effective antiviral compounds have been selected against rhinoviruses and this is a major research area at present. Studies continue also with interferon, but because of toxicity problems these look less interesting at present. Sequence and biochemical data is now available for several additional enterovirus strains and this could open new possibilities both with antivirals or vaccines (for example synthetic peptides) in the near future.
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Inoue A, Choe YK, Kim BS. Analysis of antibody responses to predominant linear epitopes of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. J Virol 1994; 68:3324-33. [PMID: 7512162 PMCID: PMC236823 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.5.3324-3333.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Using synthetic peptides, we have defined the major linear antibody epitopes of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), i.e., A1A (VP1(12-25)), A1Ba (VP1(146-160)), A1Cb (VP1(262-276)), A2A (VP2(2-16)), A2B (VP2(165-179)), and A3A (VP3(24-37)). A time course study with either pooled or individual sera indicates that susceptible SJL mice intracerebrally infected with TMEV strongly and selectively recognize the A1Cb epitope of VP1, compared with resistant BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice, which broadly recognize most of the epitopes on the different capsid proteins. However, antibodies from SJL mice subcutaneously immunized with TMEV recognize primarily A1Ba, A1Cb, and A2A epitopes. A similar predominant recognition of the A1Cb epitope was found with antibodies from the cerebrospinal fluid of intracerebrally virus-infected SJL mice. Interestingly, a substantial level of antibodies against the A1Cb epitope in virus-infected SJL mice is of the immunoglobulin G2a subclass, in contrast to an undetectable level of this immunoglobulin G subclass in virus-immunized SJL mice. The level of in vitro viral neutralization by antibodies did not correlate with the clinical signs. Antibodies to A1Cb, A2A, and A2B were able to neutralize viral plaque formation in vitro, while antibodies to A3A, A1A, and A1Ba were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Inoue
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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Peigue-Lafeuille H, Bailly JL, Fuchs F, Chambon M, Aymard M. Heterogeneity of capsid proteins of echovirus type 25 wild-type strain and prototype strain, studied by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:1780-4. [PMID: 1774296 PMCID: PMC270210 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.9.1780-1784.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting were used to compare the capsid proteins of 19 antigenic variants of echovirus type 25 wild-type strains isolated in France between 1976 and 1987 with those of the prototype JV-4 reference strain isolated in 1957. Immunoblots were developed by using polyclonal sera from rabbits and mice immunized with the reference strain. Immunoblotting patterns revealed reactivity only against viral protein VP1 for sera from both animals. Comparative immunoblotting patterns showed differences in the electrophoretic mobilities of viral protein VP1, especially for the Montpellier 76.1262 wild-type strain. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of [35S]methioinine-labeled viral polypeptides revealed that the two variant strains, Montpellier 76.1262 and Thionville 86.222, exhibited significant and reproducible shifts in the relative mobilities of VP1 and VP3 and, to a lesser extent, in those of VP0 and VP2. The relative mobility of VP4 seemed very similar for the JV-4 reference strain and the two variants. Interestingly, the structural differences in VP1 and VP3 of Montpellier 76.1262 were not correlated with the pattern of neutralization by monoclonal antibodies, unlike in our previous study, in which this strain differed from the prototype strain in only two epitopes. We concluded that, in addition to the heterogeneity of their biological and antigenic properties that we observed previously, echovirus type 25 wild-type strains may exhibit differences in their structural proteins.
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Matsumoto K, Kobayashi T, Kimura Y. Isolation and preliminary characterization of antigenic variant of echovirus type 11. J Med Virol 1990; 31:253-8. [PMID: 2269879 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890310403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nosocomial infection with echovirus type 11 resulting in aseptic meningitis occurred among newborn babies in a hospital neonatal room at Fukui city. The virus was identified as a variant of echovirus type 11 by cross-neutralization tests with antisera against the prototype Gregory strain and the current Fukui isolate. Fukui isolates expressed strain specific antigen(s) in addition to type specific common antigen(s), but lacked a certain antigen(s) which was present in the prototype strain. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of virus polypeptides revealed that the capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 of Fukui strain migrated more rapidly than the Gregory strain, while both strains had the same migration pattern of VP1 protein on which the antigenic determinants responsible for virus neutralization were present. The current strain produced large plaques and was more thermoresistant, suggesting some alterations in the structural proteins of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical School, Japan
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Abstract
Bovine enteroviruses isolated from cattle and other ruminants in various areas of the world were classified into three distinct serotypes by cross-neutralization tests using criteria established for the differentiation of human enteroviruses. According to Western blot analysis, however, immunodominant structural polypeptides VP1 of the viruses tested have common epitopes, recognized by antisera to each of the three serotypes. These findings indicate that non-neutralizing epitopes on VP1 are generally conserved. It is, therefore, conjectured that bovine enteroviruses were derived from a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Urakawa
- Department of Virology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka
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Wiegers KJ, Dernick R. Binding site of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies obtained after in vivo priming with purified VP1 of poliovirus type 1 is located between amino acid residues 93 and 104 of VP1. Virology 1987; 157:248-51. [PMID: 2435056 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Three hybridomas obtained after in vitro stimulation of spleen cells of mice primed in vivo with purified VP1 of poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney) with the homologous virus produced antibodies which reacted with VP1 and immunoprecipitated and neutralized only the homologous virus. Evidence for the location of their binding sites was obtained by inhibition of virus neutralization and virus binding by a synthetic peptide comprising the amino acid sequence 93-104 of VP1 of poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney).
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Taniguchi K, Urasawa S. Different virus-precipitating activities of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that recognize distinct sites of poliovirus particles. Arch Virol 1987; 92:27-40. [PMID: 2432854 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (4 C 4 and 4 F 2) against type 1 poliovirus, Mahoney strain, recognized distinct antigenic sites of the virus particles; 4 C 4 antibody bound to vertices of native and heated (56 degrees C, 30 minutes) virus of Mahoney strain, while 4 F 2 antibody reacted with specific surface protrusions of native virus of Mahoney and Sabin strains. The difference in the location of neutralization epitopes with which the two antibodies react was confirmed in the neutralization reaction by the use of mutants resistant to 4 C 4 and 4 F 2 antibody. In immune electron microscopy, double immunodiffusion and sucrose density gradient analysis of virus-antibody complexes, the two antibodies showed a marked difference in their virus-precipitating activities. The 4 C 4 antibody recognizing vertices of the virus particle had little virus-precipitating activity. In contrast, the 4 F 2 antibody that bound to specific surface protrusions of native virus aggregated virus particle efficiently. In neutralization assays, however, the 4 C 4 antibody exhibited a slightly stronger neutralizing activity than the 4 F 2 antibody. Thus, it was suggested that the strength in precipitating activities of the two antibodies did not correlate with that in their neutralizing activities.
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Matsumoto K, Yokochi T, Matsuda S, Itoi Y, Kimura Y. Characterization of an echovirus type 30 variant isolated from patients with aseptic meningitis. Microbiol Immunol 1986; 30:333-42. [PMID: 2425228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1986.tb00950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of echovirus type 30 infection associated with aseptic meningitis occurred among newborn babies in a hospital neonatal room at Fukui City in 1983. The isolated virus was identified as an antigenic variant of echovirus type 30 by cross-neutralization tests with antisera against the prototype Bastianni strain and the present isolate. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the antigenic determinants responsible for virus neutralization, some of which were type specific and others strain specific, were present on the capsid protein VP1. The current strain was more thermoresistant than the prototype, suggesting some alterations in virus structural proteins.
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Minor P, Schild G, Cann A, Dunn G, Evans D, Ferguson M, Stanway G, Westrop G, Almond J. Studies on the molecular aspects of antigenic structure and virulence of poliovirus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2617(86)80198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Reigel F, Burkhardt F, Schilt U. Cross-reactions of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies with enterovirus-specific viral structural proteins. J Hyg (Lond) 1985; 95:469-81. [PMID: 2999228 PMCID: PMC2129535 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400062896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We analysed the reactivity of enterovirus-specific human IgM and IgG antibodies with the structural proteins of different enteroviruses by the immunoblot technique. In general, all immunoglobulin G antibodies of the tested sera reacted with capsid polypeptide VP 1 of the viruses tested (echoviruses 9 and 11, coxsackievirus B3 and poliovirus 2). In contrast, enterovirus specific immunoglobulin M antibodies of adults reacted with capsid polypeptides VP 1, VP 2, and/or VP 3 of the viruses mentioned above. The reactions with VP 2 and/or VP 3 were often stronger than with VP 1. IgM antibodies from sera of newborns infected by echovirus 11 reacted with VP 1 and VP 2/3 of echovirus 11 and also with VP 2 and VP 3 of poliovirus 2. Preabsorption experiments indicate that cross-reactive IgG antibodies react with epitopes of VP 1 not present on the surface of intact virus particles. The results from the immunoblot technique were compared to data from microneutralization tests and M-antibody capture radioimmunoassays.
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Ferguson M, Evans DM, Magrath DI, Minor PD, Almond JW, Schild GC. Induction by synthetic peptides of broadly reactive, type-specific neutralizing antibody to poliovirus type 3. Virology 1985; 143:505-15. [PMID: 2414909 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A region of virus capsid protein VP1 located 89-100 amino acids from the N-terminus has been proposed to comprise a major antigenic site involved in the neutralization of poliovirus type 3. Synthetic peptides 10-18 amino acids in length, containing all or part of this sequence, were tested for their ability to induce antiviral antibodies. Rabbits, but not guinea pigs or mice, immunized with the most active peptide, developed hightitered, type-specific, neutralizing antibodies for a wide range of poliovirus type 3 strains. Consistent with the broad type specificity of the antibody response was the observation that amino acids 89-100 of VP1 are highly conserved among different poliovirus type 3 strains. This sequence thus appears to provide, at least in part, a molecular basis for serotype antigenic specificity. Individual amino acids from 93 to 98 within this sequence were shown to be important for the neutralization of virus by antipeptide sera by examination of the ability of the sera to neutralize laboratory-derived poliovirus type 3 mutants with known single amino acid substitutions in the proposed antigenic site.
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Abstract
Naturally acquired immunity to paralytic poliomyelitis, which is of long duration, is associated with serum antibody, immunological memory, or both. Persistence of circulating antibody is reassuring but not essential for long-term protection. Immunological memory induced by killed poliovirus vaccine is similar to that induced by infection, which is not a prerequisite for the induction of long-term immunity. Animal studies of experimental vaccines indicate that some antigenic components of poliovirus induce immunological memory without producing detectable antibody; killed poliovirus vaccine has the same effect in man. Killed vaccine containing 40, 8, and 32 D-antigen units of poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively, protects all recipients in both one-dose and two-dose schedules. This means that either schedule can be chosen to fit in with local immunisation programmes and thus reduce costs and increase population coverage.
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Thorpe R, Bird CR, Spitz M. Immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies: loss of immunoreactivity with human immunoglobulins arises from polypeptide chain separation. J Immunol Methods 1984; 73:259-65. [PMID: 6208282 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(84)90400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunoblotting has been used to study the antigen binding characteristics of 5 monoclonal antibodies (Mc/Abs) against human Ig (1 anti-kappa, 2 anti-gamma and 2 anti-delta chain. Of the 4 Mc/Abs only 1 (the anti-kappa chain Mc/Ab) reacted with its antigen when blotted from reducing SDS polyacrylamide gels. However, the 4 Mc/Abs which recognise immunoglobulin heavy chains were able to bind their antigens when blotted from native or non-reducing SDS gels. The lack of reactivity of the latter Mc/Abs in blots from reduced SDS gels may be attributed to the separation of Ig which occurs during electrophoresis after the -S-S- bonds are broken. It may be concluded that the conformation of Ig heavy chains is considerably altered when Ig molecules are disrupted and Ig chains separated, and several heavy chain determinants are lost during this process. Therefore determinants recognised by the anti-heavy chain Mc/Abs are most likely to be of the 'conformational' type whereas the anti-light chain Mc/Ab may well recognise a purely sequential determinant.
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Ferguson M, Seagroatt V, Schild GC. A collaborative study on the use of single radial immunodiffusion for the assay of rabies virus glycoprotein. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 1984; 12:283-94. [PMID: 6434544 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-1157(84)80008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The single radial immunodiffusion (SRD) technique has been applied to the assay of the glycoprotein content of rabies vaccines produced in cell cultures. Fourteen laboratories in seven countries participated in a collaborative study to evaluate the reproducibility of the SRD technique; some laboratories also examined vaccines in the mouse protection (NIH) test and by enzyme immunoassay. Good agreement was found between potency estimates using the SRD technique: the geometric coefficients of variation for combined potency estimates of all laboratories were about 10%. SRD assays appear to have a role for the in vitro assay of antigen content of vaccine and could complement results obtained in in vivo assays which are subject to wide variability.
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Vrijsen R, Rombaut B, Boeye A. Intertypic cross-reactions of nonneutralizing, monoclonal poliovirus antibodies. J Virol 1984; 49:1002-4. [PMID: 6199509 PMCID: PMC255565 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.49.3.1002-1004.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative data are presented on (i) the intertypic cross-reactions of polyclonal, guinea pig antibodies directed against the N or H antigen of type 1 poliovirus and (ii) a set of five nonneutralizing, mouse hybridoma antibodies raised against N antigen or a mixture of capsid polypeptides VP1, VP2, and VP3. Three of these antibodies recognize H antigen and VP1, the fourth H antigen only, and the fifth VP3 only. The antibodies recognize either only homotypic antigens or the antigens of the three serotypes.
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Abstract
This chapter discusses the applications of monoclonal antibodies in virology. A single monoclonal antibody can provide information on protein “relatedness,” structure, function, synthesis, processing, and cellular or tissue distribution and on the association among molecules. The use of monoclonal antibodies provides valuable insight into the working of the protein both as an enzyme and as a target for the host immune response, evolving in reaction to that response. Monoclonal antibodies find application in two main areas: (1) in the field of rapid diagnosis of virus disease in man, animals, and plants and (2) in the extension of virus taxonomy. Monoclonal antibodies may be used to analyze the role of a protein. This ability to distinguish related proteins can be used to provide a genetic marker in recombination experiments. Monoclonal antibodies can detect low amounts of individual virus proteins within the infected cell. They can, thus, provide information concerning the temporal and spatial separation of protein formation and accumulation, and data on protein modification and processing in the infected cell.
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Mertens T, Pika U, Eggers HJ. Cross antigenicity among enteroviruses as revealed by immunoblot technique. Virology 1983; 129:431-42. [PMID: 6312682 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic relationships of various human and two animal picornaviruses were investigated by the immunoblotting ("Western blot") technique. The viruses included all coxsackievirus B types (1-6), poliovirus types 1-3, several strains of echovirus 11, EMC virus, and FMDV. Antisera included human sera and sera from rabbits hyperimmunized with either purified picornaviruses, viral structural polypeptides (VP8), boiled or "sample-boiled" virions. Group-specific reactions of various extent were observed among the human picornaviruses, but not with EMC virus. These reactions were obtained with human sera (whole serum, IgG- and IgM-fraction) as well as with "monospecific" (neutralization test) rabbit antisera. Among cross reacting polypeptides VP1 was predominant with the notable exception of coxsackie B4, where VP1 (defined according to cleavage pattern) migrates in our gel system as second largest polypeptide. Antisera prepared vs VP1 had neutralizing activity as demonstrated with five different echovirus 11 strains (titers up to 2000). Antisera vs VP1 (and other VP8) exhibited cross-reactivity in the immunoblots. Antisera to the three poliovirus types (and to certain echovirus 11 strains) showed a surprisingly narrow cross-reacting spectrum which--in the case of poliovirus--could not be broadened by additional hyperimmunization of the rabbits with heated poliovirus 2. The significance of these results for a diagnostic ELISA in patients with picornavirus infections is dealt with.
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Minor PD, Schild GC, Bootman J, Evans DM, Ferguson M, Reeve P, Spitz M, Stanway G, Cann AJ, Hauptmann R, Clarke LD, Mountford RC, Almond JW. Location and primary structure of a major antigenic site for poliovirus neutralization. Nature 1983; 301:674-9. [PMID: 6186919 DOI: 10.1038/301674a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have determined a major antigenic site for virus neutralization on the capsid protein VP1 of poliovirus type 3. Antigenic mutant viruses selected for resistance to individual monoclonal antibodies had point mutations concentrated in a region 277-294 bases downstream from the start of the region of viral RNA coding for VP1. These findings provide the basis for an improved understanding of the molecular basis of virus neutralization.
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Sijens RJ, Thomas AA, Jackers A, Boeyé A. Clonal isolation of hybridomas by manual single-cell isolation. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1983; 2:231-4. [PMID: 6678797 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1983.2.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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