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Mussil B, Sauermann U, Motzkus D, Stahl-Hennig C, Sopper S. Increased APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F expression is associated with low viral load and prolonged survival in simian immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus monkeys. Retrovirology 2011; 8:77. [PMID: 21955401 PMCID: PMC3192745 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cytidine deaminases APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F) are innate cellular factors that inhibit replication of a number of viruses, including HIV-1. Since antiviral activity of APOBEC3 has been mainly confirmed by in vitro data, we examined their role for disease progression in the SIV/macaque model for AIDS. Results We quantified A3G and A3F mRNA in PBMC and leukocyte subsets of uninfected and SIVmac-infected rhesus macaques. Compared with uninfected animals, we found increased A3G and A3F mRNA levels in PBMC, purified CD4+ T-cells and CD14+ monocytes as well as lymph node cells from asymptomatic SIV-infected macaques. APOBEC3 mRNA levels correlated negatively with plasma viral load, and highest amounts of APOBEC3 mRNA were detected in long term non-progressors (LTNPs). During acute viremia, A3G mRNA increased in parallel with MxA, a prototype interferon-stimulated gene indicating a common regulation by the initial interferon response. This association disappeared during the asymptomatic stage. Conclusion Our findings suggest a protective effect of APOBEC3 for HIV and SIV in vivo and indicate regulation of APOBEC3 by interferon during early infection and by contribution of other, hitherto undefined factors at later disease stages. Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms leading to increased APOBEC3 mRNA levels in LTNPs could help to develop new therapies against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Mussil
- Unit of Infection Biology, German Primate Centre, Goettingen, Germany
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2
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Koehler JW, Bolton M, Rollins A, Snook K, deHaro E, Henson E, Rogers L, Martin LN, Krogstad DJ, James MA, Rice J, Davison B, Veazey RS, Prabhu R, Amedee AM, Garry RF, Cogswell FB. Altered immune responses in rhesus macaques co-infected with SIV and Plasmodium cynomolgi: an animal model for coincident AIDS and relapsing malaria. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7139. [PMID: 19774084 PMCID: PMC2744481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dual epidemics of the malaria parasite Plasmodium and HIV-1 in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia present a significant risk for co-infection in these overlapping endemic regions. Recent studies of HIV/Plasmodium falciparum co-infection have reported significant interactions of these pathogens, including more rapid CD4+ T cell loss, increased viral load, increased immunosuppression, and increased episodes of clinical malaria. Here, we describe a novel rhesus macaque model for co-infection that supports and expands upon findings in human co-infection studies and can be used to identify interactions between these two pathogens. Methodology/Principal Findings Five rhesus macaques were infected with P. cynomolgi and, following three parasite relapses, with SIV. Compared to macaques infected with SIV alone, co-infected animals had, as a group, decreased survival time and more rapid declines in markers for SIV progression, including peripheral CD4+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios. The naïve CD4+ T cell pool of the co-infected animals was depleted more rapidly than animals infected with SIV alone. The co-infected animals also failed to generate proliferative responses to parasitemia by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as B cells while also having a less robust anti-parasite and altered anti-SIV antibody response. Conclusions/Significance These data suggest that infection with both SIV and Plasmodium enhances SIV-induced disease progression and impairs the anti-Plasmodium immune response. These data support findings in HIV/Plasmodium co-infection studies. This animal model can be used to further define impacts of lentivirus and Plasmodium co-infection and guide public health and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Koehler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America.
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3
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Liu Q, Yang GB, Zhao H, Wei Q, Xing H, Qin C, Shao YM. Disease progression patterns of SHIV-KB9 in rhesus macaques of Chinese origin in comparison with Indian macaques. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2008; 21:302-307. [PMID: 18837293 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-3988(08)60046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a model of SHIV-KB9/Chinese origin rhesus (Ch Rh) macaques for vaccine research and to compare the pathogenesis of SHIV-KB9 in Ch Rh macaques with that reported in Indian rhesus (Ind Rh) macaques. METHODS Seven mamu-A*01 negative Ch Rh macaques were inoculated intravenously with 1-10000 MID50 of SHIV-KB9. The monkeys were monitored for viral load, CD4, CD8, SHIV-specific antibody and virus genetic variation. The results were compared with those previously observed in Ind Rh macaques. RESULTS As compared to that observed in Ind Rh macaques, SHIV-KB9 in Ch Rh macaques displayed three identical disease progression patterns. However, the primary pattern was not identical between the two subspecies. The level of plasma viremia differed in SHIV-KB9-infected Ch Rh macaques which exhibited different outcomes from those in Ind Rh macaques. Generally, the values of viral load and the maintenance of CD4+ T cells were associated with humoral responses. Otherwise, the viral genetic distances (divergence, diversity) were larger in animals (M419, M425) with their CD4+ T cells profoundly depleted. CONCLUSION The model of SHIV-KB9/Ch Rh macaques displays a relatively slow progression to AIDS compared with Ind Rh macaques, which may more accurately reflect the potential of candidate vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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4
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Tasca S, Tsai L, Trunova N, Gettie A, Saifuddin M, Bohm R, Chakrabarti L, Cheng-Mayer C. Induction of potent local cellular immunity with low dose X4 SHIV(SF33A) vaginal exposure. Virology 2007; 367:196-211. [PMID: 17574643 PMCID: PMC2756750 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intravaginal inoculation of rhesus macaques with varying doses of the CXCR4 (X4)-tropic SHIV(SF33A) isolate revealed a threshold inoculum for establishment of systemic virus infection and a dose dependency in overall viral burden and CD4+ T cell depletion. While exposure to inoculum size of 1000 or greater 50% tissue infectious dose (TCID(50)) resulted in high viremia and precipitous CD4+ T cell loss, occult infection was observed in seven of eight macaques exposed to 500 TCID(50) of the same virus. The latter was characterized by intermittent detection of low level virus with no evidence of seroconversion or CD4+ T cell decline, but with signs of an ongoing antiviral T cell immune response. Upon vaginal re-challenge with the same limiting dose 11-12 weeks after the first, classic pathogenic X4 SHIV(SF33A) infection was established in four of the seven previously exposed seronegative macaques, implying enhanced susceptibility to systemic infection with prior exposure. Pre-existing peripheral SIV gag-specific CD4+ T cells were more readily demonstrable in macaques that became systemically infected following re-exposure than those that were not. In contrast, early presence of circulating polyfunctional cytokine secreting CD8+ T cells or strong virus-specific proliferative responses in draining lymph nodes and in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) following the first exposure was associated with protection from systemic re-infection. These studies identify the gut and lymphoid tissues proximal to the genital tract as sites of robust CD8 T lymphocyte responses that contribute to containment of virus spread following vaginal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Tasca
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Ave, 7 Floor, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lily Tsai
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Ave, 7 Floor, New York, NY 10016
| | - Nataliya Trunova
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Ave, 7 Floor, New York, NY 10016
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Ave, 7 Floor, New York, NY 10016
| | - Mohammed Saifuddin
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 1611 North Kent Street Suite 806, Arlington, VA 22209
| | - Rudolf Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Medical Center, 18702 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Lisa Chakrabarti
- Institut Pasteur, Unite d'Immunologie Virale, 28 rue du Dr roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Cecilia Cheng-Mayer
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Ave, 7 Floor, New York, NY 10016
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5
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Henry KR, Weber J, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Arts EJ. The impact of viral and host elements on HIV fitness and disease progression. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2007; 4:36-41. [PMID: 17338859 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-007-0006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five years after the emergence of HIV onto the global scene, multiple advancements have been made in the understanding of HIV pathology. Thanks to the development of antiretroviral therapies, growing numbers of individuals with HIV infection experience slowed or halted acceleration to AIDS. Despite this, new HIV infections and AIDS-related morbidity and mortality are still common in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Recently, we and others have identified viral replicative fitness as a major determinant of HIV disease progression, which could have a major impact in the clinical setting. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss host and viral factors that affect viral fitness and its relationship on HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Henry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, BRB 1029, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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6
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Heeney JL, Rutjens E, Verschoor EJ, Niphuis H, ten Haaft P, Rouse S, McClure H, Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh S, Bogers W, Salas M, Cobb K, Kestens L, Davis D, van der Groen G, Courgnaud V, Peeters M, Murthy KK. Transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVcpz and the evolution of infection in the presence and absence of concurrent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in chimpanzees. J Virol 2006; 80:7208-18. [PMID: 16809326 PMCID: PMC1489021 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00382-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data suggest that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic arose by transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVcpz from a subspecies of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) to humans. SIVcpz of chimpanzees is itself a molecular chimera of SIVs from two or more different monkey species, suggesting that recombination was made possible by coinfection of one individual animal with different lentiviruses. However, very little is known about SIVcpz transmission and the susceptibility to lentivirus coinfection of its natural host, the chimpanzee. Here, it is revealed that either infected plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells readily confer infection when exposure occurs by the intravenous or mucosal route. Importantly, the presence of preexisting HIV-1 infection did not modify the kinetics of SIVcpz infection once it was established by different routes. Although humoral responses appeared as early as 4 weeks postinfection, neutralization to SIVcpz-ANT varied markedly between animals. Analysis of the SIVcpz env sequence over time revealed the emergence of genetic viral variants and persistent SIVcpz RNA levels of between 10(4) and 10(5) copies/ml plasma regardless of the presence or absence of concurrent HIV-1 infection. These unique data provide important insight into possible routes of transmission, the kinetics of acute SIVcpz infection, and how readily coinfection with SIVcpz and other lentiviruses may be established as necessary preconditions for potential recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Heeney
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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7
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Quiñones-Mateu ME, Arts EJ. Virus fitness: concept, quantification, and application to HIV population dynamics. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 299:83-140. [PMID: 16568897 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-26397-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral fitness has been broadly studied during the past three decades, mainly to test evolutionary models and population theories difficult to analyze and interpret with more complex organisms. More recent studies, however, are focused in the role of fitness on viral transmission, pathogenesis, and drug resistance. Here, we used human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as one of the most relevant models to evaluate the importance of viral quasispecies and fitness in HIV evolution, population dynamics, disease progression, and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Quiñones-Mateu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Section Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NN10, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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8
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Pandrea I, Kornfeld C, Ploquin MJY, Apetrei C, Faye A, Rouquet P, Roques P, Simon F, Barré-Sinoussi F, Müller-Trutwin MC, Diop OM. Impact of viral factors on very early in vivo replication profiles in simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm-infected African green monkeys. J Virol 2005; 79:6249-59. [PMID: 15858009 PMCID: PMC1091729 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.10.6249-6259.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand which factors govern the levels of viral loads in early lentiviral infections of primates, we developed a model that allows distinguishing between the influences of host and viral factors on viremia. Herein we report that two species of African green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus and C. pygerythrus) infected with their respective wild-type simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm viruses (SIVagm.sab92018 and SIVagm.ver644) consistently showed reproducible differences in viremia during primary infection but not at later stages of infection. Cross-infections of SIVagm.sab92018 and SIVagm.ver644 into, respectively, C. pygerythrus and C. sabaeus revealed that the dynamics of viral replication during primary infection were dependent on the viral strain used for the infection but not on the host. Hence, the kinetics of SIVagm.sab92018 and SIVagm.ver644 were similar in both sabaeus and vervet animals, indicating that the difference in viremia levels between the two groups during the early phase of infection was not associated with the host. Coreceptor usage for these two strains showed a larger coreceptor repertoire for SIVagm.sab92018, which is able to efficiently use CXCR4 in addition to CCR5, than for SIVagm.ver644, which showed a classical CCR5 coreceptor usage pattern. These differences could not be explained by different charges of the V3 loop for SIVagm.sab92018 and for SIVagm.ver644. In conclusion, our study showed that the extent of virus replication during the primary infection is primarily dependent on viral determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pandrea
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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9
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Worlein JM, Leigh J, Larsen K, Kinman L, Schmidt A, Ochs H, Ho RJY. Cognitive and motor deficits associated with HIV-2(287) infection in infant pigtailed macaques: a nonhuman primate model of pediatric neuro-AIDS. J Neurovirol 2005; 11:34-45. [PMID: 15804957 DOI: 10.1080/13550280590901732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lentivirus-infected nonhuman primates exhibit behavioral and neurological pathology similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans and offer a means to examine the effects of lentivirus infection while controlling for confounding factors inherent in human populations. The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive and motor development in infant macaques vertically infected with HIV-2287. Subjects were 20 infant pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina); 8 controls born to uninfected dams, and 12 infants whose dams had been inoculated and infected with HIV-2287 in the third trimester of pregnancy. Eight of these pregnancies had undergone surgical procedures in the form of maternal amniotic catheters or maternal amniotic and fetal carotid artery and jugular vein catheters. Data indicated that catheterization had little or no impact on behavioral development. Seven infants were vertically infected (as measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at birth) and five were not infected (as measured by PCR and coculture on repeated testing). Infected infants attained cognitive and motor milestones at significantly later ages than controls. Uninfected infants, born to infected dams, attained developmental milestones at later ages than controls on all tasks, but this reached statistical significance only for the Fine Motor Task. Attainment of milestones was not correlated with viral dose, maternal CD4+ levels at parturition or infant viral RNA levels at birth. Attainment of milestones was negatively correlated with infants' proportions of CD4+ lymphocytes at birth and significantly correlated with proportions of CD4+ lymphocytes 2 weeks after birth, indicating poorer performance in those infants with a more rapid CD4+ depletion. These cognitive and motor deficits closely resemble those observed in human infants and children infected with HIV and indicate that HIV-2287-infected infant macaques represent an excellent model of pediatric neuro-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (neuroAIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Worlein
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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10
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Puissant B, Abbal M, Blancher A. Polymorphism of human and primate RANTES, CX3CR1, CCR2 and CXCR4 genes with regard to HIV/SIV infection. Immunogenetics 2003; 55:275-83. [PMID: 12879309 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-003-0588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2002] [Revised: 05/12/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Among genes that influence human susceptibility to HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection or AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) progression, chemokine-receptor and chemokine genes were extensively studied because of their role as HIV co-receptors or co-receptor competitors, respectively. We have studied in non-human primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, gibbon, orang-utan, crab-eating and rhesus macaque, baboon and marmoset) the RANTES, CCR2 and CX3CR1 gene sequences in regions surrounding human mutations that were associated with susceptibility to HIV or AIDS progression: RANTES G-403A and C-28G, CCR2 V64I, CX3CR1 V249I and CX3CR1 T280M. Among these five dimorphisms, only RANTES G-403A is observed in one of the eight primate species studied here (gibbon). This suggests that these mutations appeared recently in humans and probably do not account for variable HIV/SIV disease progression in primates. It is noteworthy that chimpanzees, which are naturally resistant to HIV-1- and HIV-2-induced AIDS, do not have the human mutations associated with delayed disease progression. Inter-species and intra-species polymorphic positions are observed in primates and we discuss the potential impact of these mutations on HIV/SIV disease progression. Particularly, we identified polymorphisms in old-world monkey (OWM) genes, and it could be of great importance to analyse the possible association between these polymorphisms and disease progression in OWM species that are currently used in research for HIV vaccine and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Puissant
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire, Faculté de médecine Toulouse-Rangueil, Bâtiment A2, 133 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France
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11
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Dalgleish AG, O'Byrne KJ. Chronic immune activation and inflammation in the pathogenesis of AIDS and cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2002; 84:231-76. [PMID: 11883529 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(02)84008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) invariably leads to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in most infected humans, yet does so rarely, if at all, in HIV-infected chimpanzees. The differences between the two species are not due to differences in cellular receptors or an inability of the chimpanzee to be infected, but rather to the lack of pan-immune activation in the infected primate. This results in reduced apoptotic death in CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes and a lower viral load. In humans the degree of chronic immune activation correlates with virus load and clinical outcome with high immune activation leading to high viral loads and the more rapid progression to AIDS and death. The type of immune perturbation seen in HIV-associated AIDS is similar to that of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) where reduced cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses occur early in the course of the disease and where humoral responses (HI) predominate. A reduced CMI response occurs in a number of chronic infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and leishmaniasis. More recently, it has become increasingly apparent that the CMI response is suppressed in virtually all malignant diseases, including melanoma and colorectal and prostate cancer. This raises the possibility that, as the malignant process develops, the cancer cells evolve to subvert the CMI response. Moreover, the reduced CMI response seen in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is completely reversed following curative surgery strongly supporting the hypothesis that CRC can suppress the systemic immune response. Wound healing, ovulation, embryo implantation, and fetal growth are all associated with suppressed CMI and neovascularization (the formation of new blood vessels) or angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels from an existing vasculature). If unresolved, wound healing results in chronic inflammation, which can give rise to the phenomenon of "scar cancers." Indeed all the chronic inflammatory conditions known to be associated with the subsequent development of malignant disease, including chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and asbestosis, give rise to similar proangiogenic, suppressed CMI, and HI-predominant environments. In keeping with this CMI-associated cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma tend to be antiangiogenic, whereas HI cytokines such as IL-6 tend to be proangiogenic. Furthermore, chronic immune activation leads to the synthesis and release of factors such as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 that inhibit apoptosis through suppression of p53 activity. The "Golden Triangle" of suppressed CMI, angiogenesis, and reduced apoptosis would provide the ideal environment for the serial mutations to occur that are required for the development of malignant disease. If the observed association is relevant to carcinogenesis, then treatments aimed at reducing the components of these inflammatory conditions may be useful both in the setting of chemoprevention and the therapeutic management of established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus G Dalgleish
- Department of Oncology, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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12
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ten Haaft P, Murthy K, Salas M, McClure H, Dubbes R, Koornstra W, Niphuis H, Davis D, van der Groen G, Heeney J. Differences in early virus loads with different phenotypic variants of HIV-1 and SIV(cpz) in chimpanzees. AIDS 2001; 15:2085-92. [PMID: 11684927 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200111090-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A comparative study of the replication kinetics of different HIV-1 variants (including SIV(cpz)) was undertaken to determine which viral characteristics were associated with sustained plasma viraemia in chimpanzees. DESIGN Plasma samples from chimpanzees infected with six different HIV-1 clade B isolates were compared with plasma samples from SIV(cpz-ant)-infected chimpanzees. METHODS A pan-clade quantitative competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was developed based on conserved primer sequences recognizing M, N and O human lentiviruses as well as different SIV(cpz) isolates. RESULTS Important differences between early kinetics in the human lentivirus isolates as well as compared with the chimpanzee isolate SIV(cpz-ant) were observed. R5-dependent non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) isolates (5016, Ba-L, SIV(cpz)) were found to have relatively higher viral loads than the syncytium-inducing (SI), X4-dependent primary (SF2), T cell-adapted (IIIB) or X4/R5 (Han2, DH12) SI primary isolates. CONCLUSION Infection of chimpanzees with NSI R5-utilizing isolates correlated with persistent viraemia (approximately 10(4) RNA equivalents/ml) in contrast to transient viraemia observed after infection with SI X4-utilizing isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P ten Haaft
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
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13
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Holterman L, Dubbes R, Mullins J, Learn G, Niphuis H, Koornstra W, Koopman G, Kuhn EM, Wade-Evans A, Rosenwirth B, Haaijman J, Heeney J. Characteristics of a pathogenic molecular clone of an end-stage serum-derived variant of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV(F359)). J Virol 2001; 75:9328-38. [PMID: 11533196 PMCID: PMC114501 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.19.9328-9338.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2001] [Accepted: 06/08/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolates are suggested to be the most fit of the evolved virulent variants that precipitate the progression to AIDS. To determine if there were common characteristics of end-stage variants which emerge from accelerated cases of AIDS, a molecular clone was derived directly from serum following in vivo selection of a highly virulent SIV isolate obtained by serial end-stage passage in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). This dominant variant caused a marked cytopathic effect and replicated to very high levels in activated but not resting peripheral blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, although this clone infected but did not replicate to detectable levels in rhesus monocyte-derived macrophages, these cells were able to transmit infection to autologous T cells upon contact. Interestingly, although at low doses this end-stage variant did not use any of the known coreceptors except CCR5, it was able to infect and replicate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells homozygous for the Delta 32 deletion of CCR5, suggesting the use of a novel coreceptor. It represents the first pathogenic molecular clone of SIV derived from viral RNA in serum and provides evidence that not only the genetic but also the biological characteristics acquired by highly fit late-stage disease variants may be distinct in different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Holterman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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