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Mo Y, Lim LS, Ng SK. A systematic review on current approaches in bat virus discovered between 2018 and 2022. J Virol Methods 2024; 329:115005. [PMID: 39128772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Zoonotic viruses are widely seen as the primary threat for future pandemics. Bats are the most diverse group of mammals, with more than 1400 species distributed across most habitats on Earth. So far, 31 known virus families were associated with bats, although the understanding of most viruses were insufficient. Continuous efforts to discover, understand and monitor these bats viruses, is thereby an area of public health interest. This systematic review was designed to catalogue publications reporting novel bat virus discoveries within PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases, within a 5-year period from 2018 to 2022. Various experimental parameters, including sampling locations, methodology, bat species diversity, similarity to known viruses, species demarcation of new viruses, and genomic sequencing strategies, were extracted from 41 publications and analyzed. In total, 72 novel viruses from 19 virus families were identified between 2018 and 2022, particularly from Genomoviridae (DNA viruses) and Coronaviridae (RNA viruses). That said, only a limited number of bat families featured extensively despite noticeable shift towards next generation sequencing methods and metagenomics pipeline for virus identification across different sampling methods. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the global efforts made over the past five years to identify and characterize emerging viruses in bat species, and to provide a detailed overview of the current technologies and methodologies used in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Mo
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Lee-Sim Lim
- School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Siew Kit Ng
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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2
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Litov AG, Shchetinin AM, Kholodilov IS, Belova OA, Gadzhikurbanov MN, Ivannikova AY, Kovpak AA, Gushchin VA, Karganova GG. High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals Three Rhabdoviruses Persisting in the IRE/CTVM19 Cell Line. Viruses 2024; 16:576. [PMID: 38675918 PMCID: PMC11054507 DOI: 10.3390/v16040576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell cultures derived from ticks have become a commonly used tool for the isolation and study of tick-borne pathogens and tick biology. The IRE/CTVM19 cell line, originating from embryos of Ixodes ricinus, is one such line. Previously, reovirus-like particles, as well as sequences with similarity to rhabdoviruses and iflaviruses, were detected in the IRE/CTVM19 cell line, suggesting the presence of multiple persisting viruses. Subsequently, the full genome of an IRE/CTVM19-associated rhabdovirus was recovered from a cell culture during the isolation of the Alongshan virus. In the current work, we used high-throughput sequencing to describe a virome of the IRE/CTVM19 cell line. In addition to the previously detected IRE/CTVM19-associated rhabdovirus, two rhabdoviruses were detected: Chimay rhabdovirus and Norway mononegavirus 1. In the follow-up experiments, we were able to detect both positive and negative RNA strands of the IRE/CTVM19-associated rhabdovirus and Norway mononegavirus 1 in the IRE/CTVM19 cells, suggesting their active replication in the cell line. Passaging attempts in cell lines of mammalian origin failed for all three discovered rhabdoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Litov
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (I.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (M.N.G.)
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey M. Shchetinin
- Pathogenic Microorganisms Variability Laboratory, Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Ivan S. Kholodilov
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (I.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (M.N.G.)
| | - Oxana A. Belova
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (I.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (M.N.G.)
| | - Magomed N. Gadzhikurbanov
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (I.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (M.N.G.)
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Y. Ivannikova
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (I.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (M.N.G.)
| | - Anastasia A. Kovpak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir A. Gushchin
- Pathogenic Microorganisms Variability Laboratory, Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (V.A.G.)
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina G. Karganova
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (I.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (M.N.G.)
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Lin Y, Pascall DJ. Characterisation of putative novel tick viruses and zoonotic risk prediction. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10814. [PMID: 38259958 PMCID: PMC10800298 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tick-associated viruses remain a substantial zoonotic risk worldwide, so knowledge of the diversity of tick viruses has potential health consequences. Despite their importance, large amounts of sequences in public data sets from tick meta-genomic and -transcriptomic projects remain unannotated, sequence data that could contain undocumented viruses. Through data mining and bioinformatic analysis of more than 37,800 public meta-genomic and -transcriptomic data sets, we found 83 unannotated contigs exhibiting high identity with known tick viruses. These putative viral contigs were classified into three RNA viral families (Alphatetraviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Chuviridae) and one DNA viral family (Asfarviridae). After manual checking of quality and dissimilarity towards other sequences in the data set, these 83 contigs were reduced to five contigs in the Alphatetraviridae from four putative viruses, four in the Orthomyxoviridae from two putative viruses and one in the Chuviridae which clustered with known tick-associated viruses, forming a separate clade within the viral families. We further attempted to assess which previously known tick viruses likely represent zoonotic risks and thus deserve further investigation. We ranked the human infection potential of 133 known tick-associated viruses using a genome composition-based machine learning model. We found five high-risk tick-associated viruses (Langat virus, Lonestar tick chuvirus 1, Grotenhout virus, Taggert virus and Johnston Atoll virus) that have not been known to infect human and two viral families (Nairoviridae and Phenuiviridae) that contain a large proportion of potential zoonotic tick-associated viruses. This adds to the knowledge of tick virus diversity and highlights the importance of surveillance of newly emerging tick-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lin
- MRC Biostatistics UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUK
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Mohd Jaafar F, Belhouchet M, Monsion B, Bell-Sakyi L, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Orbivirus NS4 Proteins Play Multiple Roles to Dampen Cellular Responses. Viruses 2023; 15:1908. [PMID: 37766314 PMCID: PMC10535134 DOI: 10.3390/v15091908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-structural protein 4 (NS4) of insect-borne and tick-borne orbiviruses is encoded by genome segment 9, from a secondary open reading frame. Though a protein dispensable for bluetongue virus (BTV) replication, it has been shown to counter the interferon response in cells infected with BTV or African horse sickness virus. We further explored the functional role(s) of NS4 proteins of BTV and the tick-borne Great Island virus (GIV). We show that NS4 of BTV or GIV helps an E3L deletion mutant of vaccinia virus to replicate efficiently in interferon-treated cells, further confirming the role of NS4 as an interferon antagonist. Our results indicate that ectopically expressed NS4 of BTV localised with caspase 3 within the nucleus and was found in a protein complex with active caspase 3 in a pull-down assay. Previous studies have shown that pro-apoptotic caspases (including caspase 3) suppress type I interferon response by cleaving mediators involved in interferon signalling. Our data suggest that orbivirus NS4 plays a role in modulating the apoptotic process and/or regulating the interferon response in mammalian cells, thus acting as a virulence factor in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Mourad Belhouchet
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK;
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK;
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- One Virology, The Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Houssam Attoui
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
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Characterization of a Novel Orbivirus from Cattle Reveals Active Circulation of a Previously Unknown and Pathogenic Orbivirus in Ruminants in Kenya. mSphere 2023; 8:e0048822. [PMID: 36794933 PMCID: PMC10117150 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00488-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are among emerging pathogens of public and veterinary health significance. However, in most of sub-Saharan Africa, their role in the aetiologies of diseases in farm animals is poorly described due to paucity of active surveillance and appropriate diagnosis. Here, we report the discovery of a previously unknown orbivirus in cattle collected in the Kenyan Rift Valley in 2020 and 2021. We isolated the virus in cell culture from the serum of a clinically sick cow aged 2 to 3 years, presenting signs of lethargy. High-throughput sequencing revealed an orbivirus genome architecture with 10 double-stranded RNA segments and a total size of 18,731 bp. The VP1 (Pol) and VP3 (T2) nucleotide sequences of the detected virus, tentatively named Kaptombes virus (KPTV), shared maximum similarities of 77.5% and 80.7% to the mosquito-borne Sathuvachari virus (SVIV) found in some Asian countries, respectively. Screening of 2,039 sera from cattle, goats, and sheep by specific RT-PCR identified KPTV in three additional samples originating from different herds collected in 2020 and 2021. Neutralizing antibodies against KPTV were found in 6% of sera from ruminants (12/200) collected in the region. In vivo experiments with new-born and adult mice induced body tremors, hind limb paralysis, weakness, lethargy, and mortality. Taken together, the data suggest the detection of a potentially disease-causing orbivirus in cattle in Kenya. Its impact on livestock, as well as its potential economic damage, needs to be addressed in future studies using targeted surveillance and diagnostics. IMPORTANCE The genus Orbivirus contains several viruses that cause large outbreaks in wild and domestic animals. However, there is little knowledge on the contribution of orbiviruses to diseases in livestock in Africa. Here, we report the identification of a novel presumably disease-causing orbivirus in cattle, Kenya. The virus, designated Kaptombes virus (KPTV), was initially isolated from a clinically sick cow aged 2 to 3 years, presenting signs of lethargy. The virus was subsequently detected in three additional cows sampled in neighboring locations in the subsequent year. Neutralizing antibodies against KPTV were found in 10% of cattle sera. Infection of new-born and adult mice with KPTV caused severe symptoms and lead to death. Together, these findings indicate the presence of a previously unknown orbivirus in ruminants in Kenya. These data are of relevance as cattle represents an important livestock species in farming industry and often is the main source of livelihoods in rural areas of Africa.
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Truong Nguyen PT, Culverwell CL, Suvanto MT, Korhonen EM, Uusitalo R, Vapalahti O, Smura T, Huhtamo E. Characterisation of the RNA Virome of Nine Ochlerotatus Species in Finland. Viruses 2022; 14:1489. [PMID: 35891469 PMCID: PMC9324324 DOI: 10.3390/v14071489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viromes of nine commonly encountered Ochlerotatus mosquito species collected around Finland in 2015 and 2017 were studied using next-generation sequencing. Mosquito homogenates were sequenced from 91 pools comprising 16-60 morphologically identified adult females of Oc. cantans, Oc. caspius, Oc. communis, Oc. diantaeus, Oc. excrucians, Oc. hexodontus, Oc. intrudens, Oc. pullatus and Oc. punctor/punctodes. In total 514 viral Reverse dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequences of 159 virus species were recovered, belonging to 25 families or equivalent rank, as follows: Aliusviridae, Aspiviridae, Botybirnavirus, Chrysoviridae, Chuviridae, Endornaviridae, Flaviviridae, Iflaviridae, Negevirus, Partitiviridae, Permutotetraviridae, Phasmaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Picornaviridae, Qinviridae, Quenyavirus, Rhabdoviridae, Sedoreoviridae, Solemoviridae, Spinareoviridae, Togaviridae, Totiviridae, Virgaviridae, Xinmoviridae and Yueviridae. Of these, 147 are tentatively novel viruses. One sequence of Sindbis virus, which causes Pogosta disease in humans, was detected from Oc. communis from Pohjois-Karjala. This study greatly increases the number of mosquito-associated viruses known from Finland and presents the northern-most mosquito-associated viruses in Europe to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuoc T. Truong Nguyen
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (C.L.C.); (M.T.S.); (E.M.K.); (R.U.); (O.V.); (T.S.); (E.H.)
| | - C. Lorna Culverwell
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (C.L.C.); (M.T.S.); (E.M.K.); (R.U.); (O.V.); (T.S.); (E.H.)
- The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW5 7BD, UK
| | - Maija T. Suvanto
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (C.L.C.); (M.T.S.); (E.M.K.); (R.U.); (O.V.); (T.S.); (E.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Essi M. Korhonen
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (C.L.C.); (M.T.S.); (E.M.K.); (R.U.); (O.V.); (T.S.); (E.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruut Uusitalo
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (C.L.C.); (M.T.S.); (E.M.K.); (R.U.); (O.V.); (T.S.); (E.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (C.L.C.); (M.T.S.); (E.M.K.); (R.U.); (O.V.); (T.S.); (E.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Virology and Immunology, Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (C.L.C.); (M.T.S.); (E.M.K.); (R.U.); (O.V.); (T.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Eili Huhtamo
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (C.L.C.); (M.T.S.); (E.M.K.); (R.U.); (O.V.); (T.S.); (E.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Full Genome Sequencing of Three Sedoreoviridae Viruses Isolated from Culicoides spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050971. [PMID: 35632713 PMCID: PMC9145729 DOI: 10.3390/v14050971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedoreoviridae is a family of viruses belonging to the order Reovirales and comprises six genera, two of which, Orbivirus and Seadornavirus, contain arboviruses that cause disease in humans and livestock. Areas such as Yunnan Province in southwestern China, have high arboviral activity due in part to warm and wet summers, which support high populations of biting flies such as mosquitoes and Culicoides. Three viral isolates previously obtained from Culicoides collected at cattle farms in Shizong County of Yunnan Province, China, between 2019 and 2020 were completely sequenced and identified as Banna virus (BAV) genotype A of Seadornavirus and serotypes 1 and 7 of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) of Orbivirus. These results suggest that Culicoidestainanus and C. orientalis are potential vectors of BAV and EHDV, respectively, and represent the first association of a BAV with C. tainanus and of an arbovirus with C. orientalis. Analysis using VP9 generally agreed with the current groupings within this genus based on VP12, although the classification for some strains should be corrected. Furthermore, the placement of Kadipiro virus (KDV) and Liao ning virus (LNV) in Seadornavirus may need confirmation as phylogenetic analysis placed these viruses as sister to other species in the genus.
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Viglietta M, Bellone R, Blisnick AA, Failloux AB. Vector Specificity of Arbovirus Transmission. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:773211. [PMID: 34956136 PMCID: PMC8696169 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.773211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 25% of human infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases (VBDs). These diseases, caused by pathogens shared between animals and humans, are a growing threat to global health with more than 2.5 million annual deaths. Mosquitoes and ticks are the main vectors of arboviruses including flaviviruses, which greatly affect humans. However, all tick or mosquito species are not able to transmit all viruses, suggesting important molecular mechanisms regulating viral infection, dissemination, and transmission by vectors. Despite the large distribution of arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks) and arboviruses, only a few pairings of arthropods (family, genus, and population) and viruses (family, genus, and genotype) successfully transmit. Here, we review the factors that might limit pathogen transmission: internal (vector genetics, immune responses, microbiome including insect-specific viruses, and coinfections) and external, either biotic (adult and larvae nutrition) or abiotic (temperature, chemicals, and altitude). This review will demonstrate the dynamic nature and complexity of virus–vector interactions to help in designing appropriate practices in surveillance and prevention to reduce VBD threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Viglietta
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Bellone
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Albert Blisnick
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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9
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Salata C, Moutailler S, Attoui H, Zweygarth E, Decker L, Bell-Sakyi L. How relevant are in vitro culture models for study of tick-pathogen interactions? Pathog Glob Health 2021; 115:437-455. [PMID: 34190676 PMCID: PMC8635668 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1944539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tick-borne infectious diseases threaten human and animal health worldwide, with constantly increasing incidence, little knowledge is available regarding vector-pathogen interactions and pathogen transmission. In vivo laboratory study of these subjects using live, intact ticks is expensive, labor-intensive, and challenging from the points of view of biosafety and ethics. Several in vitro models have been developed, including over 70 continuous cell lines derived from multiple tick species and a variety of tick organ culture systems, facilitating many research activities. However, some limitations have to be considered in the translation of the results from the in vitro environment to the in vivo situation of live, intact ticks, and vertebrate hosts. In this review, we describe the available in vitro models and selected results from their application to the study of tick-borne viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, where possible comparing these results to studies in live, intact ticks. Finally, we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of in vitro tick culture models and their essential role in tick-borne pathogen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Moutailler
- Laboratoire De Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Department of Animal Health, UMR1161 Virologie, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Erich Zweygarth
- The Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lygia Decker
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Tomazatos A, Marschang RE, Maranda I, Baum H, Bialonski A, Spînu M, Lühken R, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Cadar D. Letea Virus: Comparative Genomics and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Novel Reassortant Orbivirus Discovered in Grass Snakes ( Natrix natrix). Viruses 2020; 12:v12020243. [PMID: 32098186 PMCID: PMC7077223 DOI: 10.3390/v12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery and characterization of novel arthropod-borne viruses provide valuable information on their genetic diversity, ecology, evolution and potential to threaten animal or public health. Arbovirus surveillance is not conducted regularly in Romania, being particularly very scarce in the remote and diverse areas like the Danube Delta. Here we describe the detection and genetic characterization of a novel orbivirus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus) designated as Letea virus, which was found in grass snakes (Natrix natrix) during a metagenomic and metatranscriptomic survey conducted between 2014 and 2017. This virus is the first orbivirus discovered in reptiles. Phylogenetic analyses placed Letea virus as a highly divergent species in the Culicoides-/sand fly-borne orbivirus clade. Gene reassortment and intragenic recombination were detected in the majority of the nine Letea virus strains obtained, implying that these mechanisms play important roles in the evolution and diversification of the virus. However, the screening of arthropods, including Culicoides biting midges collected within the same surveillance program, tested negative for Letea virus infection and could not confirm the arthropod vector of the virus. The study provided complete genome sequences for nine Letea virus strains and new information about orbivirus diversity, host range, ecology and evolution. The phylogenetic associations warrant further screening of arthropods, as well as sustained surveillance efforts for elucidation of Letea virus natural cycle and possible implications for animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Tomazatos
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
| | - Rachel E. Marschang
- Cell Culture Lab, Microbiology Department, Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany;
| | - Iulia Maranda
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
| | - Heike Baum
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
| | - Alexandra Bialonski
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
| | - Marina Spînu
- Department of Clinical Sciences-Infectious Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Renke Lühken
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Cadar
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (I.M.); (H.B.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (J.S.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Fagre AC, Lee JS, Kityo RM, Bergren NA, Mossel EC, Nakayiki T, Nalikka B, Nyakarahuka L, Gilbert AT, Peterhans JK, Crabtree MB, Towner JS, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Schuh AJ, Nichol ST, Lutwama JJ, Miller BR, Kading RC. Discovery and Characterization of Bukakata orbivirus ( Reoviridae:Orbivirus), a Novel Virus from a Ugandan Bat. Viruses 2019; 11:E209. [PMID: 30832334 PMCID: PMC6466370 DOI: 10.3390/v11030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While serological and virological evidence documents the exposure of bats to medically-important arboviruses, their role as reservoirs or amplifying hosts is less well-characterized. We describe a novel orbivirus (Reoviridae:Orbivirus) isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus leachii) trapped in 2013 in Uganda and named Bukakata orbivirus. This is the fifth orbivirus isolated from a bat, however genetic information had previously only been available for one bat-associated orbivirus. We performed whole-genome sequencing on Bukakata orbivirus and three other bat-associated orbiviruses (Fomede, Ife, and Japanaut) to assess their phylogenetic relationship within the genus Orbivirus and develop hypotheses regarding potential arthropod vectors. Replication kinetics were assessed for Bukakata orbivirus in three different vertebrate cell lines. Lastly, qRT-PCR and nested PCR were used to determine the prevalence of Bukakata orbivirus RNA in archived samples from three populations of Egyptian fruit bats and one population of cave-associated soft ticks in Uganda. Complete coding sequences were obtained for all ten segments of Fomede, Ife, and Japanaut orbiviruses and for nine of the ten segments for Bukakata orbivirus. Phylogenetic analysis placed Bukakata and Fomede in the tick-borne orbivirus clade and Ife and Japanaut within the Culicoides/phlebotomine sandfly orbivirus clade. Further, Bukakata and Fomede appear to be serotypes of the Chobar Gorge virus species. Bukakata orbivirus replicated to high titers (10⁶⁻10⁷ PFU/mL) in Vero, BHK-21 [C-13], and R06E (Egyptian fruit bat) cells. Preliminary screening of archived bat and tick samples do not support Bukakata orbivirus presence in these collections, however additional testing is warranted given the phylogenetic associations observed. This study provided complete coding sequence for several bat-associated orbiviruses and in vitro characterization of a bat-associated orbivirus. Our results indicate that bats may play an important role in the epidemiology of viruses in the genus Orbivirus and further investigation is warranted into vector-host associations and ongoing surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Justin S Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Robert M Kityo
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Nicholas A Bergren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Eric C Mossel
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Teddy Nakayiki
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-emerging Viral Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Betty Nalikka
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-emerging Viral Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Amy T Gilbert
- National Wildlife Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| | - Julian Kerbis Peterhans
- College of Arts and Sciences, Roosevelt University, Collections & Research, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA.
| | - Mary B Crabtree
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Brian R Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Tara K Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Amy J Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
- United States Public Health Service, Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Julius J Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-emerging Viral Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Barry R Miller
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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12
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Yadav PD, Shete AM, Nyayanit DA, Albarino CG, Jain S, Guerrero LW, Kumar S, Patil DY, Nichol ST, Mourya DT. Identification and characterization of novel mosquito-borne (Kammavanpettai virus) and tick-borne (Wad Medani) reoviruses isolated in India. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:991-1000. [PMID: 29939123 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1954, a virus named Wad Medani virus (WMV) was isolated from Hyalomma marginatum ticks from Maharashtra State, India. In 1963, another virus was isolated from Sturnia pagodarum birds in Tamil Nadu, India, and named Kammavanpettai virus (KVPTV) based on the site of its isolation. Originally these virus isolates could not be identified with conventional methods. Here we describe next-generation sequencing studies leading to the determination of their complete genome sequences, and identification of both virus isolates as orbiviruses (family Reoviridae). Sequencing data showed that KVPTV has an AT-rich genome, whereas the genome of WMV is GC-rich. The size of the KVPTV genome is 18 234 nucleotides encoding proteins ranging 238-1290 amino acids (aa) in length. Similarly, the size of the WMV genome is 16 941 nucleotides encoding proteins ranging 214-1305 amino acids in length. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene, along with the capsid genes VP5 and VP7, revealed that KVPTV is likely a novel mosquito-borne virus and WMV is a tick-borne orbivirus. This study focuses on the phylogenetic comparison of these newly identified orbiviruses with mosquito-, tick- and Culicoides-borne orbiviruses isolated in India and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Cesar G Albarino
- 2Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shilpi Jain
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lisa W Guerrero
- 2Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- 2Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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13
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Abstract
Ticks are important vectors for the transmission of pathogens including viruses. The viruses carried by ticks also known as tick-borne viruses (TBVs), contain a large group of viruses with diverse genetic properties and are concluded in two orders, nine families, and at least 12 genera. Some members of the TBVs are notorious agents causing severe diseases with high mortality rates in humans and livestock, while some others may pose risks to public health that are still unclear to us. Herein, we review the current knowledge of TBVs with emphases on the history of virus isolation and identification, tick vectors, and potential pathogenicity to humans and animals, including assigned species as well as the recently discovered and unassigned species. All these will promote our understanding of the diversity of TBVs, and will facilitate the further investigation of TBVs in association with both ticks and vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Shu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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14
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Calisher CH, Higgs S. The Discovery of Arthropod-Specific Viruses in Hematophagous Arthropods: An Open Door to Understanding the Mechanisms of Arbovirus and Arthropod Evolution? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:87-103. [PMID: 29324047 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of an odd virus from hematophagous arthropods 40 years ago by Stollar and Thomas described cell fusing agent virus in cells derived from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Then came the report of Kamiti River virus from Ae. macintoshi in 1999, followed by worldwide reports of the discovery of other viruses of mosquitoes, ticks, and midges that replicate only in arthropods and not in vertebrates or in vertebrate cells. These viruses (now totaling at least 64 published) have genomes analogous to viruses in various families that include arboviruses and nonarboviruses. It is likely that some of these viruses have been insufficiently studied and may yet be shown to infect vertebrates. However, there is no doubt that the vast majority are restricted to arthropods alone and that they represent a recently recognized clade. Their biology, modes of transmission, worldwide distribution (some have been detected in wild-caught mosquitoes in both Asia and the United States, for example), molecular characteristics of their genomes, and potential for becoming vertebrate pathogens, or at least serving as virus reservoirs, are fascinating and may provide evidence useful in understanding virus evolution. Because metagenomics studies of arthropods have shown that arthropod genomes are the sources of arthropod virus genomes, further studies may also provide insights into the evolution of arthropods. More recently, others have published excellent papers that briefly review discoveries of arthropod viruses and that characterize certain genomic peculiarities, but, to now, there have been no reviews that encompass all these facets. We therefore anticipate that this review is published at a time and in a manner that is helpful for both virologists and entomologists to make more sense and understanding of this recently recognized and obviously important virus group. This review focuses specifically on arthropod viruses in hematophagous arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Calisher
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1690;
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-7600;
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15
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Luo J, Liu MX, Ren QY, Chen Z, Tian ZC, Hao JW, Wu F, Liu XC, Luo JX, Yin H, Wang H, Liu GY. Micropathogen Community Analysis in Hyalomma rufipes via High-Throughput Sequencing of Small RNAs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:374. [PMID: 28861401 PMCID: PMC5559533 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are important vectors in the transmission of a broad range of micropathogens to vertebrates, including humans. Because of the role of ticks in disease transmission, identifying and characterizing the micropathogen profiles of tick populations have become increasingly important. The objective of this study was to survey the micropathogens of Hyalomma rufipes ticks. Illumina HiSeq2000 technology was utilized to perform deep sequencing of small RNAs (sRNAs) extracted from field-collected H. rufipes ticks in Gansu Province, China. The resultant sRNA library data revealed that the surveyed tick populations produced reads that were homologous to St. Croix River Virus (SCRV) sequences. We also observed many reads that were homologous to microbial and/or pathogenic isolates, including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. As part of this analysis, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to display the relationships among the homologous sequences that were identified. The study offered a unique opportunity to gain insight into the micropathogens of H. rufipes ticks. The effective control of arthropod vectors in the future will require knowledge of the micropathogen composition of vectors harboring infectious agents. Understanding the ecological factors that regulate vector propagation in association with the prevalence and persistence of micropathogen lineages is also imperative. These interactions may affect the evolution of micropathogen lineages, especially if the micropathogens rely on the vector or host for dispersal. The sRNA deep-sequencing approach used in this analysis provides an intuitive method to survey micropathogen prevalence in ticks and other vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
| | - Min-Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Yun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
| | - Ze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
| | - Zhan-Cheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
| | - Jia-Wei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Cui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
| | - Jian-Xun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China.,Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)Wallingford, United Kingdom.,Department of Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guang-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
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16
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Discovery of new orbiviruses and totivirus from Anopheles mosquitoes in Eastern Australia. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3529-3534. [PMID: 28785815 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three new viruses classifiable within the Totivirus and Orbivirus genera were detected from Anopheles mosquito species collected in Eastern Australia. The viruses could not be isolated in C6/36 mosquito cell cultures but were shown to replicate in their mosquito hosts by small RNA analysis. The viruses grouped phylogenetically with other viruses recently detected in insects. These discoveries contribute to a better understanding of commensal viruses in Australian mosquitoes and the evolution of these viruses.
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17
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Wang J, Li H, He Y, Zhou Y, Xin A, Liao D, Meng J. Isolation of Tibet orbivirus from Culicoides and associated infections in livestock in Yunnan, China. Virol J 2017; 14:105. [PMID: 28595631 PMCID: PMC5488374 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culicoides-borne orbiviruses, such as bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV), are important pathogens that cause animal epidemic diseases leading to significant loss of domestic animals. This study was conducted to identify Culicoides-borne arboviruses and to investigate the associated infections in local livestock in Yunnan, China. Methods Culicoides were collected overnight in Mangshi City using light traps during August 2013. A virus was isolated from the collected Culicoides and grown using baby hamster kidney (BHK-21), Vero, Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) and Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. Preliminary identification of the virus was performed by polyacrylamide gel (PAGE) analysis. A full-length cDNA copy of the genome was amplified and sequenced. Serological investigations were conducted in local cattle, buffalo and goat using plaque-reduction neutralization tests. Results We isolated a viral strain (DH13C120) that caused cytopathogenic effects in BHK-21, Vero, MDBK and C6/36 cells. Suckling mice inoculated intracerebrally with DH13C120 showed signs of fatal neurovirulence. PAGE analysis indicated a genome consisting of 10 segments of double-stranded RNA that demonstrated a 3–3–3–1 pattern, similar to the migrating bands of Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV). Phylogenetic analysis of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Pol), sub-core-shell (T2, and outer core (T13) proteins revealed that DH13C120 clustered with TIBOV, and the amino acid sequences of DH13C120 virus shared more than 98% identity with TIBOV XZ0906. However, outer capsid protein VP2 and outer capsid protein VP5 shared only 43.1 and 79.3% identity, respectively, indicating that the DH13C120 virus belongs to TIBOV, and it may represent different serotypes with XZ0906. A serosurvey revealed the presence of neutralizing antibodies with 90% plaque-reduction neutralization against TIBOV DH13C120 in local cattle (44%), buffalo (20%), and goat (4%). Four-fold or higher levels of TIBOV-2-neutralizing antibody titers were detected between the convalescent and acute phases of infection in local livestock. Conclusions A new strain of TIBOV was isolated from Culicoides. This study provides the first evidence of TIBOV infection in livestock in Yunnan, China, and suggests that TIBOV could be a potential pathogen in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Wang
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Qinglongshan Jindian PanLong District Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650224, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huachun Li
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Qinglongshan Jindian PanLong District Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650224, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuwen He
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Qinglongshan Jindian PanLong District Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Qinglongshan Jindian PanLong District Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiguo Xin
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Qinglongshan Jindian PanLong District Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Defang Liao
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Qinglongshan Jindian PanLong District Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Meng
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Qinglongshan Jindian PanLong District Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650224, People's Republic of China
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18
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Ash A, Elliot A, Godfrey S, Burmej H, Abdad MY, Northover A, Wayne A, Morris K, Clode P, Lymbery A, Thompson RCA. Morphological and molecular description of Ixodes woyliei n. sp. (Ixodidae) with consideration for co-extinction with its critically endangered marsupial host. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:70. [PMID: 28173840 PMCID: PMC5296950 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-1997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taxonomic identification of ticks obtained during a longitudinal survey of the critically endangered marsupial, Bettongia penicillata Gray, 1837 (woylie, brush-tailed bettong) revealed a new species of Ixodes Latrielle, 1795. Here we provide morphological data for the female and nymphal life stages of this novel species (Ixodes woyliei n. sp.), in combination with molecular characterisation using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1). In addition, molecular characterisation was conducted on several described Ixodes species and used to provide phylogenetic context. Results Ixodes spp. ticks were collected from the two remaining indigenous B. penicillata populations in south-western Australia. Of 624 individual B. penicillata sampled, 290 (47%) were host to ticks of the genus Ixodes; specifically I. woyliei n. sp., I. australiensis Neumann, 1904, I. myrmecobii Roberts, 1962, I. tasmani Neumann, 1899 and I. fecialis Warburton & Nuttall, 1909. Of these, 123 (42%) were host to the newly described I. woyliei n. sp. In addition, 268 individuals from sympatric marsupial species (166 Trichosurus vulpecula hypoleucus Wagner, 1855 (brushtail possum), 89 Dasyurus geoffroii Gould, 1841 (Western quoll) and 13 Isoodon obesulus fusciventer Gray, 1841 (southern brown bandicoot)) were sampled for ectoparasites and of these, I. woyliei n. sp. was only found on two I. o. fusciventer. Conclusions Morphological and molecular data have confirmed the first new Australian Ixodes tick species described in over 50 years, Ixodes woyliei n. sp. Based on the long-term data collected, it appears this tick has a strong predilection for B. penicillata, with 42% of Ixodes infections on this host identified as I. woyliei n. sp. The implications for this host-parasite relationship are unclear but there may be potential for a future co-extinction event. In addition, new molecular data have been generated for collected specimens of I. australiensis, I. tasmani and museum specimens of I. victoriensis Nuttall, 1916, which for the first time provides molecular support for the subgenus Endopalpiger Schulze, 1935 as initially defined. These genetic data provide essential information for future studies relying on genotyping for species identification or for those tackling the phylogenetic relationships of Australian Ixodes species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Ash
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
| | - Aileen Elliot
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Stephanie Godfrey
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Halina Burmej
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Mohammad Yazid Abdad
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,Environmental and Emerging Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Amy Northover
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Adrian Wayne
- Science and Conservation Division, Western Australian Department of Parks and Wildlife, Manjimup, WA, 6258, Australia
| | - Keith Morris
- Science and Conservation Division, Western Australian Department of Parks and Wildlife, Woodvale, WA, 6946, Australia
| | - Peta Clode
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Alan Lymbery
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
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19
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Pereira A, Figueira L, Nunes M, Esteves A, Cotão AJ, Vieira ML, Maia C, Campino L, Parreira R. Multiple Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) genetic groups detected in Rhipicephalus , Hyalomma and Dermacentor ticks from southern Portugal. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Putative RNA viral sequences detected in an Ixodes scapularis-derived cell line. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:103-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bell-Sakyi L, Weisheit S, Rückert C, Barry G, Fazakerley J, Fragkoudis R. Microscopic Visualisation of Zoonotic Arbovirus Replication in Tick Cell and Organ Cultures Using Semliki Forest Virus Reporter Systems. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3040028. [PMID: 29056736 PMCID: PMC5606593 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are vectors and reservoirs of many arboviruses pathogenic for humans or domestic animals; in addition, during bloodfeeding they can acquire and harbour pathogenic arboviruses normally transmitted by other arthropods such as mosquitoes. Tick cell and organ cultures provide convenient tools for propagation and study of arboviruses, both tick-borne and insect-borne, enabling elucidation of virus-tick cell interaction and yielding insight into the mechanisms behind vector competence and reservoir potential for different arbovirus species. The mosquito-borne zoonotic alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV), which replicates well in tick cells, has been isolated from Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, and Amblyomma spp. ticks removed from mammalian hosts in East Africa; however nothing is known about any possible role of ticks in SFV epidemiology. Here we present a light and electron microscopic study of SFV infecting cell lines and organ cultures derived from African Rhipicephalus spp. ticks. As well as demonstrating the applicability of these culture systems for studying virus-vector interactions, we provide preliminary evidence to support the hypothesis that SFV is not normally transmitted by ticks because the virus does not infect midgut cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Sabine Weisheit
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Claudia Rückert
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Gerald Barry
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - John Fazakerley
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Rennos Fragkoudis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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22
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Bell-Sakyi L, Attoui H. Virus Discovery Using Tick Cell Lines. Evol Bioinform Online 2016; 12:31-4. [PMID: 27679414 PMCID: PMC5026199 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s39675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While ticks have been known to harbor and transmit pathogenic arboviruses for over 80 years, the application of high-throughput sequencing technologies has revealed that ticks also appear to harbor a diverse range of endogenous tick-only viruses belonging to many different families. Almost nothing is known about these viruses; indeed, it is unclear in most cases whether the identified viral sequences are derived from actual replication-competent viruses or from endogenous virus elements incorporated into the ticks' genomes. Tick cell lines play an important role in virus discovery and isolation through the identification of novel viruses chronically infecting such cell lines and by acting as host cells to aid in determining whether or not an entire replication-competent, infective virus is present in a sample. Here, we review recent progress in tick-borne virus discovery and comment on the actual and potential applications for tick cell lines in this emerging research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Head of The Tick Cell Biobank, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Group leader, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Department of Animal Health, UMR1161 Virology, INRA-ANSES-ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
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23
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Harrison JJ, Warrilow D, McLean BJ, Watterson D, O'Brien CA, Colmant AMG, Johansen CA, Barnard RT, Hall-Mendelin S, Davis SS, Hall RA, Hobson-Peters J. A New Orbivirus Isolated from Mosquitoes in North-Western Australia Shows Antigenic and Genetic Similarity to Corriparta Virus but Does Not Replicate in Vertebrate Cells. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050141. [PMID: 27213426 PMCID: PMC4885096 DOI: 10.3390/v8050141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery and characterisation of new mosquito-borne viruses provides valuable information on the biodiversity of vector-borne viruses and important insights into their evolution. In this study, a broad-spectrum virus screening system, based on the detection of long double-stranded RNA in inoculated cell cultures, was used to investigate the presence of novel viruses in mosquito populations of northern Australia. We detected and isolated a new virus (tentatively named Parry’s Lagoon virus, PLV) from Culex annulirostris, Culex pullus, Mansonia uniformis and Aedes normanensis mosquitoes that shares genomic sequence similarities to Corriparta virus (CORV), a member of the Orbivirus genus of the family Reoviridae. Despite moderate to high (72.2% to 92.2%) amino acid identity across all proteins when compared to CORV, and demonstration of antigenic relatedness, PLV did not replicate in several vertebrate cell lines that were permissive to CORV. This striking phenotypic difference suggests that PLV has evolved to have a very restricted host range, indicative of a mosquito-only life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Harrison
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - David Warrilow
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Department of Health, Queensland Government, P.O. Box 594, Archerfield 4108, Australia.
| | - Breeanna J McLean
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Daniel Watterson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Caitlin A O'Brien
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Agathe M G Colmant
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Cheryl A Johansen
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
| | - Ross T Barnard
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Department of Health, Queensland Government, P.O. Box 594, Archerfield 4108, Australia.
| | - Steven S Davis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Darwin 0828, Australia.
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
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24
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Weisheit S, Villar M, Tykalová H, Popara M, Loecherbach J, Watson M, Růžek D, Grubhoffer L, de la Fuente J, Fazakerley JK, Bell-Sakyi L. Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes ricinus tick cell lines respond to infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus: transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:599. [PMID: 26582129 PMCID: PMC4652421 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ixodid ticks are important vectors of a wide variety of viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Although several studies have elucidated tick responses to bacteria, little is known about the tick response to viruses. To gain insight into the response of tick cells to flavivirus infection, the transcriptomes and proteomes of two Ixodes spp cell lines infected with the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) were analysed. METHODS RNA and proteins were isolated from the Ixodes scapularis-derived cell line IDE8 and the Ixodes ricinus-derived cell line IRE/CTVM19, mock-infected or infected with TBEV, on day 2 post-infection (p.i.) when virus production was increasing, and on day 6 p.i. when virus production was decreasing. RNA-Seq and mass spectrometric technologies were used to identify changes in abundance of, respectively, transcripts and proteins. Functional analyses were conducted on selected transcripts using RNA interference (RNAi) for gene knockdown in tick cells infected with the closely-related but less pathogenic flavivirus Langat virus (LGTV). RESULTS Differential expression analysis using DESeq resulted in totals of 43 and 83 statistically significantly differentially-expressed transcripts in IDE8 and IRE/CTVM19 cells, respectively. Mass spectrometry detected 76 and 129 statistically significantly differentially-represented proteins in IDE8 and IRE/CTVM19 cells, respectively. Differentially-expressed transcripts and differentially-represented proteins included some that may be involved in innate immune and cell stress responses. Knockdown of the heat-shock proteins HSP90, HSP70 and gp96, the complement-associated protein Factor H and the protease trypsin resulted in increased LGTV replication and production in at least one tick cell line, indicating a possible antiviral role for these proteins. Knockdown of RNAi-associated proteins Argonaute and Dicer, which were included as positive controls, also resulted in increased LGTV replication and production in both cell lines, confirming their role in the antiviral RNAi pathway. CONCLUSIONS This systems biology approach identified several molecules that may be involved in the tick cell innate immune response against flaviviruses and highlighted that ticks, in common with other invertebrate species, have other antiviral responses in addition to RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Weisheit
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
- Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0377, Norway.
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.
| | - Hana Tykalová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - Marina Popara
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.
| | - Julia Loecherbach
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Mick Watson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 37005, Czech Republic.
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno, 62100, Czech Republic.
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - John K Fazakerley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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25
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Ejiri H, Lim CK, Isawa H, Kuwata R, Kobayashi D, Yamaguchi Y, Takayama-Ito M, Kinoshita H, Kakiuchi S, Horiya M, Kotaki A, Takasaki T, Maeda K, Hayashi T, Sasaki T, Kobayashi M, Saijo M, Sawabe K. Genetic and biological characterization of Muko virus, a new distinct member of the species Great Island virus (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae), isolated from ixodid ticks in Japan. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2965-77. [PMID: 26350980 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among the tick-borne orbiviruses (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae), 36 serotypes are currently classified within a single virus species, Great Island virus. In this study, we report the first characterization of a tick-borne orbivirus isolated from the tick Ixodes turdus in Japan, which we identified as a new member of the species Great Island virus. The virus isolate, designated Muko virus (MUV), replicated and induced cytopathic effects in BHK-21, Vero E6, and CCL-141 cells and caused high mortality in suckling mice after intracerebral inoculation. Full genome sequence analysis showed that MUV shared the greatest phylogenetic similarity with Tribeč virus in terms of the amino acid sequences of all viral proteins except for outer capsid protein 1 (OC1; VP4 of MUV). Analysis of genome segment 9 in MUV detected an uninterrupted open reading frame that overlaps with VP6 (Hel), which putatively encodes a molecular and functional equivalent of NS4 from Great Island virus. Our study provides new insights into the geographic distribution, genetic diversity, and evolutionary history of the members of the species Great Island virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ejiri
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Ryusei Kuwata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yukie Yamaguchi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Mutsuyo Takayama-Ito
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kinoshita
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Madoka Horiya
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akira Kotaki
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Takasaki
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sasaki
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
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26
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Lei W, Guo X, Fu S, Feng Y, Nie K, Song J, Li Y, Ma X, Liang G, Zhou H. Isolation of Tibet orbivirus, TIBOV, from Culicoides Collected in Yunnan, China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136257. [PMID: 26295700 PMCID: PMC4546636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a novel virus strain (YN12246) from Culicoides spp. specimens collected at the China-Laos-Myanmar border in southern Yunnan Province. This virus had a cytopathic effect (CPE) on both insect cells (C6/36) and mammalian cells (BHK-21). Electron microscopy revealed the structure of the virions to be spherical with a diameter of 75 nm. Polyacrylamide gel analysis demonstrated that the viral genome consisted of 10 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), with a distribution pattern of 3-3-3-1. The coding sequences of 9 genome segments of YN12246 (Seg1, Seg3-Seg10) were obtained by high-throughput sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Comparisons of conserved genome segments 1 and 3 (Seg1 and Seg3), encoding the polymerase-VP1 and sub-core T2 protein, respectively, showed that YN12246 groups with the Culicoides-borne orbiviruses. The highest levels of sequence identity were detected between YN12246 and Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV), indicating that they belong to the same virus species (with amino acid identity of 98.8% and 96.4% for the polymerase and T2 protein, respectively). The data presented here confirm that YN12246 is a member of the TIBOV species, which was first isolated from mosquitoes in 2009. This is the first report of the isolation of TIBOV from Culicoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu’er, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihong Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Center of Virus and Rickettsia Research, Dali, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingdong Song
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GL); (HZ)
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu’er, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GL); (HZ)
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27
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Genetic characterization of the tick-borne orbiviruses. Viruses 2015; 7:2185-209. [PMID: 25928203 PMCID: PMC4452902 DOI: 10.3390/v7052185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) recognizes four species of tick-borne orbiviruses (TBOs): Chenuda virus, Chobar Gorge virus, Wad Medani virus and Great Island virus (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae). Nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequence comparisons provide a basis for orbivirus detection and classification, however full genome sequence data were only available for the Great Island virus species. We report representative genome-sequences for the three other TBO species (virus isolates: Chenuda virus (CNUV); Chobar Gorge virus (CGV) and Wad Medani virus (WMV)). Phylogenetic comparisons show that TBOs cluster separately from insect-borne orbiviruses (IBOs). CNUV, CGV, WMV and GIV share low level aa/nt identities with other orbiviruses, in ‘conserved’ Pol, T2 and T13 proteins/genes, identifying them as four distinct virus-species. The TBO genome segment encoding cell attachment, outer capsid protein 1 (OC1), is approximately half the size of the equivalent segment from insect-borne orbiviruses, helping to explain why tick-borne orbiviruses have a ~1 kb smaller genome.
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28
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Belaganahalli MN, Maan S, Maan NS, Pritchard I, Kirkland PD, Brownlie J, Attoui H, Mertens PPC. Full genome characterization of the culicoides-borne marsupial orbiviruses: Wallal virus, Mudjinbarry virus and Warrego viruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108379. [PMID: 25299687 PMCID: PMC4191977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses belonging to the species Wallal virus and Warrego virus of the genus Orbivirus were identified as causative agents of blindness in marsupials in Australia during 1994/5. Recent comparisons of nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequences have provided a basis for the grouping and classification of orbivirus isolates. However, full-genome sequence data are not available for representatives of all Orbivirus species. We report full-genome sequence data for three additional orbiviruses: Wallal virus (WALV); Mudjinabarry virus (MUDV) and Warrego virus (WARV). Comparisons of conserved polymerase (Pol), sub-core-shell 'T2' and core-surface 'T13' proteins show that these viruses group with other Culicoides borne orbiviruses, clustering with Eubenangee virus (EUBV), another orbivirus infecting marsupials. WARV shares <70% aa identity in all three conserved proteins (Pol, T2 and T13) with other orbiviruses, consistent with its classification within a distinct Orbivirus species. Although WALV and MUDV share <72.86%/67.93% aa/nt identity with other orbiviruses in Pol, T2 and T13, they share >99%/90% aa/nt identities with each other (consistent with membership of the same virus species - Wallal virus). However, WALV and MUDV share <68% aa identity in their larger outer capsid protein VP2(OC1), consistent with membership of different serotypes within the species - WALV-1 and WALV-2 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sushila Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Narender S. Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Pritchard
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D. Kirkland
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joe Brownlie
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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29
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Schnettler E, Tykalová H, Watson M, Sharma M, Sterken MG, Obbard DJ, Lewis SH, McFarlane M, Bell-Sakyi L, Barry G, Weisheit S, Best SM, Kuhn RJ, Pijlman GP, Chase-Topping ME, Gould EA, Grubhoffer L, Fazakerley JK, Kohl A. Induction and suppression of tick cell antiviral RNAi responses by tick-borne flaviviruses. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:9436-46. [PMID: 25053841 PMCID: PMC4132761 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are transmitted by distantly related arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes (class Insecta) and ticks (class Arachnida). RNA interference (RNAi) is the major antiviral mechanism in arthropods against arboviruses. Unlike in mosquitoes, tick antiviral RNAi is not understood, although this information is important to compare arbovirus/host interactions in different classes of arbovirus vectos. Using an Ixodes scapularis-derived cell line, key Argonaute proteins involved in RNAi and the response against tick-borne Langat virus (Flaviviridae) replication were identified and phylogenetic relationships characterized. Analysis of small RNAs in infected cells showed the production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (viRNAs), which are key molecules of the antiviral RNAi response. Importantly, viRNAs were longer (22 nucleotides) than those from other arbovirus vectors and mapped at highest frequency to the termini of the viral genome, as opposed to mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Moreover, tick-borne flaviviruses expressed subgenomic flavivirus RNAs that interfere with tick RNAi. Our results characterize the antiviral RNAi response in tick cells including phylogenetic analysis of genes encoding antiviral proteins, and viral interference with this pathway. This shows important differences in antiviral RNAi between the two major classes of arbovirus vectors, and our data broadens our understanding of arthropod antiviral RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Schnettler
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hana Tykalová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Mick Watson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mayuri Sharma
- Markey Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - Mark G Sterken
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Darren J Obbard
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Infection Immunity and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Samuel H Lewis
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Infection Immunity and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Melanie McFarlane
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Gerald Barry
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sabine Weisheit
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sonja M Best
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Markey Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ernest A Gould
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médicine Timone, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France Centre for Hydrology and Ecology, Maclean Building, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - John K Fazakerley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Silva SP, Dilcher M, Weber F, Hufert FT, Weidmann M, Cardoso JF, Carvalho VL, Chiang JO, Martins LC, Lima CPS, Da Silva DEA, Vianez-Júnior JLSG, Popov VL, Travassos da Rosa APA, Tesh RB, Vasconcelos PFC, Nunes MRT. Genetic and biological characterization of selected Changuinola viruses (Reoviridae, Orbivirus) from Brazil. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2251-2259. [PMID: 24986085 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae comprises 22 virus species including the Changuinola virus (CGLV) serogroup. The complete genome sequences of 13 CGLV serotypes isolated between 1961 and 1988 from distinct geographical areas of the Brazilian Amazon region were obtained. All viral sequences were obtained from single-passaged CGLV strains grown in Vero cells. CGLVs are the only orbiviruses known to be transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. Ultrastructure and molecular analysis by electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis, respectively, revealed viral particles with typical orbivirus size and morphology, as well as the presence of a segmented genome with 10 segments. Full-length nucleotide sequencing of each of the ten RNA segments of the 13 CGLV serotypes provided basic information regarding the genome organization, encoded proteins and genetic traits. Segment 2 (encoding VP2) of the CGLV is uncommonly larger in comparison to those found in other orbiviruses and shows varying sizes even among different CGLV serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis support previous serological findings, which indicate that CGLV constitutes a separate serogroup within the genus Orbivirus. In addition, six out of 13 analysed CGLV serotypes showed reassortment of their genome segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro P Silva
- Center for Technological Innovation of Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Meik Dilcher
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Weber
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank T Hufert
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Jedson F Cardoso
- Center for Technological Innovation of Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Valéria L Carvalho
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Jannifer O Chiang
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Lívia C Martins
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Clayton P S Lima
- Center for Technological Innovation of Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Daisy E A Da Silva
- Center for Technological Innovation of Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - João L S G Vianez-Júnior
- Center for Technological Innovation of Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Amélia P A Travassos da Rosa
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Pedro F C Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Márcio R T Nunes
- Center for Technological Innovation of Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Brazil
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31
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First isolation and characterization of a mosquito-borne orbivirus belonging to the species Umatilla virus in East Asia. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2675-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tibet Orbivirus, a novel Orbivirus species isolated from Anopheles maculatus mosquitoes in Tibet, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88738. [PMID: 24533145 PMCID: PMC3923044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Orbivirus includes a number of important pathogenic viruses, including Bluetongue virus (BTV), African horse sickness virus (AHSV), and Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). In this study we describe the isolation and characterization of an Orbivirus strain isolated from Anopheles maculatus mosquitoes collected in Tibet, China. Methods and Results Initial viral screening identified a viral strain (XZ0906) that caused significant cytopathic effect (CPE) in BHK-21 cells, including rounding, cell rupture, and floating. Although CPE was not observed in insect cells (C6/36), these cells supported viral replication. Polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed a genome consisting of 10 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), with a distribution pattern of 3-3-3-1. 454 high throughput sequencing of culture supernatant was used for viral identification. Complete genome sequencing was performed by Sanger sequencing in combination with 5′-RACE and 3′-RACE. Sequence analysis demonstrated that all 5′- and 3′- untranslated regions (UTRs) for each of the 10 genome segments contained a series of six highly conserved nucleotides. In addition, homology analysis and phylogenetic analysis based on amino acid sequence was completed, and all results show that virus XZ0906 was not a member of any known species or serotype of Orbivirus, indicating it to be a new species within the genus Orbivirus. Conclusions The isolated Orbivirus strain was designated Tibet Orbivirus, TIBOV to denote the location from which it was isolated. TIBOV is a novel orbivirus species which is isolated from Anopheles maculatus mosquitoes collected in Tibet, China.
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Mohd Jaafar F, Belhouchet M, Belaganahalli M, Tesh RB, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Full-genome characterisation of Orungo, Lebombo and Changuinola viruses provides evidence for co-evolution of orbiviruses with their arthropod vectors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86392. [PMID: 24475112 PMCID: PMC3901712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete genomes of Orungo virus (ORUV), Lebombo virus (LEBV) and Changuinola virus (CGLV) were sequenced, confirming that they each encode 11 distinct proteins (VP1-VP7 and NS1-NS4). Phylogenetic analyses of cell-attachment protein 'outer-capsid protein 1' (OC1), show that orbiviruses fall into three large groups, identified as: VP2(OC1), in which OC1 is the 2nd largest protein, including the Culicoides transmitted orbiviruses; VP3(OC1), which includes the mosquito transmitted orbiviruses; and VP4(OC1) which includes the tick transmitted viruses. Differences in the size of OC1 between these groups, places the T2 'subcore-shell protein' as the third largest protein 'VP3(T2)' in the first of these groups, but the second largest protein 'VP3(T2)' in the other two groups. ORUV, LEBV and CGLV all group with the Culicoides-borne VP2(OC1)/VP3(T2) viruses. The G+C content of the ORUV, LEBV and CGLV genomes is also similar to that of the Culicoides-borne, rather than the mosquito-borne, or tick borne orbiviruses. These data suggest that ORUV and LEBV are Culicoides- rather than mosquito-borne. Multiple isolations of CGLV from sand flies suggest that they are its primary vector. OC1 of the insect-borne orbiviruses is approximately twice the size of the equivalent protein of the tick borne viruses. Together with internal sequence similarities, this suggests its origin by duplication (concatermerisation) of a smaller OC1 from an ancestral tick-borne orbivirus. Phylogenetic comparisons showing linear relationships between the dates of evolutionary-separation of their vector species, and genetic-distances between tick-, mosquito- or Culicoides-borne virus-groups, provide evidence for co-evolution of the orbiviruses with their arthropod vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- Department of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Mourad Belhouchet
- Department of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert B. Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Department of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Department of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Cooper E, Anbalagan S, Klumper P, Scherba G, Simonson RR, Hause BM. Mobuck virus genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis: identification of a novel Orbivirus isolated from a white-tailed deer in Missouri, USA. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:110-116. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.058800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Orbivirus includes a diverse group of segmented dsRNA viruses that are transmitted via arthropods, have a global distribution and affect a wide range of hosts. A novel orbivirus was co-isolated with epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) from a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) exhibiting clinical signs characteristic of EHDV. Using antiserum generated against EHDV, a pure isolate of the novel non-cytopathic orbivirus was obtained in Aedes albopictus cell culture. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of predicted ORFs showed that eight of the ten ORFs were most homologous to Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV), with amino acid identities of 44.3–73.7 %. The remaining two ORFs, VP3 and VP5, were most similar to Middle Point orbivirus (35.9 %) and Yunnan orbivirus (59.8 %), respectively. Taxonomic classification of orbiviruses is largely based on homology of the major subcore structural protein VP2(T2), encoded by segment 2 for mobuck virus. With only 69.1 % amino acid identity to PHSV, we propose mobuck virus as the prototype of a new species of Orbivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse Cooper
- Newport Laboratories, 1520 Prairie Drive, Worthington, MN 56187, USA
| | | | - Patricia Klumper
- Newport Laboratories, 1520 Prairie Drive, Worthington, MN 56187, USA
| | - Gail Scherba
- Department of Pathobiology and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Randy R. Simonson
- Newport Laboratories, 1520 Prairie Drive, Worthington, MN 56187, USA
| | - Ben M. Hause
- Newport Laboratories, 1520 Prairie Drive, Worthington, MN 56187, USA
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35
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Belaganahalli MN, Maan S, Maan NS, Nomikou K, Guimera M, Brownlie J, Tesh R, Attoui H, Mertens PPC. Full genome sequencing of Corriparta virus, identifies California mosquito pool virus as a member of the Corriparta virus species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70779. [PMID: 24015178 PMCID: PMC3754974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The species Corriparta virus (CORV), within the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae, currently contains six virus strains: corriparta virus MRM1 (CORV-MRM1); CS0109; V654; V370; Acado virus and Jacareacanga virus. However, lack of neutralization assays, or reference genome sequence data has prevented further analysis of their intra-serogroup/species relationships and identification of individual serotypes. We report whole-genome sequence data for CORV-MRM1, which was isolated in 1960 in Australia. Comparisons of the conserved, polymerase (VP1), sub-core-shell 'T2' and core-surface 'T13' proteins encoded by genome segments 1, 2 and 8 (Seg-1, Seg-2 and Seg-8) respectively, show that this virus groups with the other mosquito borne orbiviruses. However, highest levels of nt/aa sequence identity (75.9%/91.6% in Seg-2/T2: 77.6%/91.7% in Seg-8/T13, respectively) were detected between CORV-MRM1 and California mosquito pool virus (CMPV), an orbivirus isolated in the USA in 1974, showing that they belong to the same virus species. The data presented here identify CMPV as a member of the Corriparta virus species and will facilitate identification of additional CORV isolates, diagnostic assay design and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sushila Maan
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Narender S. Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Guimera
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Brownlie
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Houssam Attoui
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Bell-Sakyi L, Attoui H. Endogenous tick viruses and modulation of tick-borne pathogen growth. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:25. [PMID: 23875176 PMCID: PMC3709243 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks transmit a wide range of viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens, many of which can establish persistent infections of lifelong duration in the vector tick and in some cases are transmitted transovarially to the next generation. In addition many ixodid and argasid tick cell lines and, by inference the parent ticks from which they were derived, harbor endogenous viruses (ETV) of which almost nothing is known. In general, low level persistent infections with viral pathogens (arboviruses) are not known to have a deleterious effect on tick survival and fitness, suggesting that they can strike a balance with the tick innate immune response. This tolerance of arbovirus infection may be modulated by the permanent presence of ETV in the host cell. In mosquito cells, temporary or permanent silencing of the genes of an endogenous virus by RNA interference can result in changes in replication rate of a co-infecting arbovirus. We propose that tick cell lines offer a useful model system for in vitro investigation of the modulatory effect of ETV on superinfecting pathogen survival and replication in ticks, using the molecular manipulation techniques applied to insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- *Correspondence: Lesley Bell-Sakyi and Houssam Attoui, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK e-mail: ;
| | - Houssam Attoui
- *Correspondence: Lesley Bell-Sakyi and Houssam Attoui, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK e-mail: ;
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Bell-Sakyi L, Kohl A, Bente DA, Fazakerley JK. Tick cell lines for study of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and other arboviruses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:769-81. [PMID: 21955214 PMCID: PMC3438810 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous cell lines derived from many of the vectors of tick-borne arboviruses of medical and veterinary importance are now available. Their role as tools in arbovirus research to date is reviewed and their potential application in studies of tick cell responses to virus infection is explored, by comparison with recent progress in understanding mosquito immunity to arbovirus infection. A preliminary study of propagation of the human pathogen Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in tick cell lines is reported; CCHFV replicated in seven cell lines derived from the ticks Hyalomma anatolicum (a known vector), Amblyomma variegatum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, and Ixodes ricinus, but not in three cell lines derived from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Ornithodoros moubata. This indicates that tick cell lines can be used to study growth of CCHFV in arthropod cells and that there may be species-specific restriction in permissive CCHFV infection at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
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Dilcher M, Weidmann M. Confusions in orbivirus protein classification. Virol J 2012; 9:166. [PMID: 22909086 PMCID: PMC3494582 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive comparative analysis of orbivirus genomes revealed four cases of unclear numeration and protein designation, due to confused reference to protein size or segment size by which they are encoded. A concise nomenclature based on type species, sequence homology and functional characteristics independent of segment or protein size is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meik Dilcher
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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39
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Alberdi MP, Dalby MJ, Rodriguez-Andres J, Fazakerley JK, Kohl A, Bell-Sakyi L. Detection and identification of putative bacterial endosymbionts and endogenous viruses in tick cell lines. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2012; 3:137-46. [PMID: 22743047 PMCID: PMC3431536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As well as being vectors of many viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, ticks harbour a variety of microorganisms which are not known to be pathogenic for vertebrate hosts. Continuous cell lines established from ixodid and argasid ticks could be infected with such endosymbiotic bacteria and endogenous viruses, but to date very few cell lines have been examined for their presence. DNA and RNA extracted from over 50 tick cell lines deposited in the Roslin Wellcome Trust Tick Cell Biobank (http://tickcells.roslin.ac.uk) were screened for presence of bacteria and RNA viruses, respectively. Sequencing of PCR products amplified using pan-16S rRNA primers revealed the presence of DNA sequences from bacterial endosymbionts in several cell lines derived from Amblyomma and Dermacentor spp. ticks. Identification to species level was attempted using Rickettsia- and Francisella-specific primers. Pan-Nairovirus primers amplified PCR products of uncertain specificity in cell lines derived from Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Ixodes, Carios, and Ornithodoros spp. ticks. Further characterisation attempted with primers specific for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus segments confirmed the absence of this arbovirus in the cells. A set of pan-Flavivirus primers did not detect endogenous viruses in any of the cell lines. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of endogenous reovirus-like viruses in many of the cell lines; only 4 of these lines gave positive results with primers specific for the tick Orbivirus St Croix River virus, indicating that there may be additional, as yet undescribed 'tick-only' viruses inhabiting tick cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Alberdi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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Belaganahalli MN, Maan S, Maan NS, Nomikou K, Pritchard I, Lunt R, Kirkland PD, Attoui H, Brownlie J, Mertens PPC. Full genome sequencing and genetic characterization of Eubenangee viruses identify Pata virus as a distinct species within the genus Orbivirus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31911. [PMID: 22438872 PMCID: PMC3305294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eubenangee virus has previously been identified as the cause of Tammar sudden death syndrome (TSDS). Eubenangee virus (EUBV), Tilligery virus (TILV), Pata virus (PATAV) and Ngoupe virus (NGOV) are currently all classified within the Eubenangee virus species of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Full genome sequencing confirmed that EUBV and TILV (both of which are from Australia) show high levels of aa sequence identity (>92%) in the conserved polymerase VP1(Pol), sub-core VP3(T2) and outer core VP7(T13) proteins, and are therefore appropriately classified within the same virus species. However, they show much lower amino acid (aa) identity levels in their larger outer-capsid protein VP2 (<53%), consistent with membership of two different serotypes - EUBV-1 and EUBV-2 (respectively). In contrast PATAV showed significantly lower levels of aa sequence identity with either EUBV or TILV (with <71% in VP1(Pol) and VP3(T2), and <57% aa identity in VP7(T13)) consistent with membership of a distinct virus species. A proposal has therefore been sent to the Reoviridae Study Group of ICTV to recognise 'Pata virus' as a new Orbivirus species, with the PATAV isolate as serotype 1 (PATAV-1). Amongst the other orbiviruses, PATAV shows closest relationships to Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease virus (EHDV), with 80.7%, 72.4% and 66.9% aa identity in VP3(T2), VP1(Pol), and VP7(T13) respectively. Although Ngoupe virus was not available for these studies, like PATAV it was isolated in Central Africa, and therefore seems likely to also belong to the new species, possibly as a distinct 'type'. The data presented will facilitate diagnostic assay design and the identification of additional isolates of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushila Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Narender S. Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Pritchard
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Lunt
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D. Kirkland
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Brownlie
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Dilcher M, Hasib L, Lechner M, Wieseke N, Middendorf M, Marz M, Koch A, Spiegel M, Dobler G, Hufert FT, Weidmann M. Genetic characterization of Tribeč virus and Kemerovo virus, two tick-transmitted human-pathogenic Orbiviruses. Virology 2012; 423:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Deng XX, Lü L, Ou YJ, Su HJ, Li G, Guo ZX, Zhang R, Zheng PR, Chen YG, He JG, Weng SP. Sequence analysis of 12 genome segments of mud crab reovirus (MCRV). Virology 2012; 422:185-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Belhouchet M, Mohd Jaafar F, Firth AE, Grimes JM, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Detection of a fourth orbivirus non-structural protein. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25697. [PMID: 22022432 PMCID: PMC3192121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Orbivirus includes both insect and tick-borne viruses. The orbivirus genome, composed of 10 segments of dsRNA, encodes 7 structural proteins (VP1–VP7) and 3 non-structural proteins (NS1–NS3). An open reading frame (ORF) that spans almost the entire length of genome segment-9 (Seg-9) encodes VP6 (the viral helicase). However, bioinformatic analysis recently identified an overlapping ORF (ORFX) in Seg-9. We show that ORFX encodes a new non-structural protein, identified here as NS4. Western blotting and confocal fluorescence microscopy, using antibodies raised against recombinant NS4 from Bluetongue virus (BTV, which is insect-borne), or Great Island virus (GIV, which is tick-borne), demonstrate that these proteins are synthesised in BTV or GIV infected mammalian cells, respectively. BTV NS4 is also expressed in Culicoides insect cells. NS4 forms aggregates throughout the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus, consistent with identification of nuclear localisation signals within the NS4 sequence. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that NS4 contains coiled-coils, is related to proteins that bind nucleic acids, or are associated with membranes and shows similarities to nucleolar protein UTP20 (a processome subunit). Recombinant NS4 of GIV protects dsRNA from degradation by endoribonucleases of the RNAse III family, indicating that it interacts with dsRNA. However, BTV NS4, which is only half the putative size of the GIV NS4, did not protect dsRNA from RNAse III cleavage. NS4 of both GIV and BTV protect DNA from degradation by DNAse. NS4 was found to associate with lipid droplets in cells infected with BTV or GIV or transfected with a plasmid expressing NS4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Belhouchet
- Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E. Firth
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Belaganahalli MN, Maan S, Maan NS, Tesh R, Attoui H, Mertens PPC. Umatilla virus genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis: identification of stretch lagoon orbivirus as a new member of the Umatilla virus species. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23605. [PMID: 21897849 PMCID: PMC3163642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae, includes 22 species of viruses with genomes composed of ten segments of linear dsRNA that are transmitted between their vertebrate hosts by insects or ticks, or with no identified vectors. Full-genome sequence data are available for representative isolates of the insect borne mammalian orbiviruses (including bluetongue virus), as well as a tick borne avian orbivirus (Great Island virus). However, no sequence data are as yet available for the mosquito borne avian orbiviruses.We report full-length, whole-genome sequence data for Umatilla virus (UMAV), a mosquito borne avian orbivirus from the USA, which belongs to the species Umatilla virus. Comparisons of conserved genome segments 1, 2 and 8 (Seg-1, Seg-2 and Seg-8) - encoding the polymerase-VP1, sub-core 'T2' protein and core-surface 'T13' protein, respectively, show that UMAV groups with the mosquito transmitted mammalian orbiviruses. The highest levels of sequence identity were detected between UMAV and Stretch Lagoon orbivirus (SLOV) from Australia, showing that they belong to the same virus species (with nt/aa identity of 76.04%/88.07% and 77.96%/95.36% in the polymerase and T2 genes and protein, respectively). The data presented here has assisted in identifying the SLOV as a member of the Umatilla serogroup. This sequence data reported here will also facilitate identification of new isolates, and epidemiological studies of viruses belonging to the species Umatilla virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushila Maan
- Vector-borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Narender S. Maan
- Vector-borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Vector-borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Najm NA, Silaghi C, Bell-Sakyi L, Pfister K, Passos LMF. Detection of bacteria related to Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii in tick cell lines. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:437-42. [PMID: 21748354 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many ticks have been shown to be infected with intracellular bacteria. One of these bacteria is Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii which is the only characterized bacterium that has the ability to invade the mitochondria within ovarian cells and consume them without any effect on the female tick's reproduction. In the present study, eight cell lines derived from the ticks Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes scapularis, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus were examined for the presence of the bacterium Ca. Midichloria mitochondrii. PCR assays for this bacterium were carried out using two sets of primers targeting the eubacterial 16SrRNA gene and a set of primers specific for the gyrB gene of Ca. Midichloria mitochondrii. With the 16S rRNA primers, DNA was amplified from two cell lines (R. (B.) decoloratus line BDE/CTVM14 and I. ricinus line IRE/CTVM19) on one out of three occasions each. Sequencing of the PCR products showed that the two cell lines gave sequences with 100% similarity to Ca. Midichloria mitochondrii. However, all cell lines, including the two positive cell lines, were negative with the specific primers. Phylogenetic analysis shows that our sequences belong to the subclass α-proteobacteria. They were identical to the sequences amplified from the tick I. ricinus. The results suggest that two cell lines, IRE/CTVM19 and BDE/CTVM14, may contain bacteria closely related to Ca. Midichloria mitochondrii and identical with it in a 350-bp part of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first report of the presence of DNA similar to the DNA of Ca. Midichloria mitochondrii in tick cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour-Addeen Najm
- Lehrstuhl für Vergleichende Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Muenchen, Leopoldstr. 5, 80802, Munich, Germany
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46
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Belhouchet M, Mohd Jaafar F, Tesh R, Grimes J, Maan S, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Complete sequence of Great Island virus and comparison with the T2 and outer-capsid proteins of Kemerovo, Lipovnik and Tribec viruses (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae). J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2985-93. [PMID: 20739272 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.024760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of Great Island virus (GIV) genome was determined, along with genome segments (Seg) 1, 2 and 6 of Kemerovo (KEMV), Lipovnik (LIPV) and Tribec (TRBV) viruses. All four viruses, together with Broadhaven virus, are currently classified within the species Great Island virus and have been isolated from ticks, birds or humans. Sequence comparisons showed that Seg-4 of GIV encoded the outer-capsid protein responsible for cell attachment, although it was approximately half the length of its counterpart in the Culicoides or mosquito-transmitted orbiviruses. A second overlapping ORF (in the +2 reading frame) was identified in Seg-9 of GIV, encoding a putative dsRNA-binding protein. Phylogenetic analyses of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Pol) and T2 protein amino acid sequences indicated that the tick-borne orbiviruses represent an ancestral group from which the mosquito-borne orbiviruses have evolved. This mirrors the evolutionary relationships between the arthropod vectors of these viruses, supporting a co-speciation hypothesis for these arboviruses and their arthropod-vectors. Phylogenetic analyses of the T2 proteins of KEMV, LIPV, TRBV and GIV (showing 82% amino acid identity) correlated with the early classification of Great Island viruses as two distinct serocomplexes (Great Island and Kemerovo serocomplexes). Amino acid identity levels in the VP1(Pol) and T2 proteins between the two serocomplexes were 73 and 82%, respectively, whilst those between previously characterized Orbivirus species are 53-73% and 26-83%, respectively. These data suggest that, despite limited genome segment reassortment between these two groups, their current classification within the same Orbivirus species could be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Belhouchet
- Department of Vector-Borne Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, UK
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Attoui H, Mendez-Lopez MR, Rao S, Hurtado-Alendes A, Lizaraso-Caparo F, Mohd Jaafar F, Samuel AR, Belhouchet M, Pritchard LI, Melville L, Weir RP, Hyatt AD, Davis SS, Lunt R, Calisher CH, Tesh RB, Fujita R, Mertens PPC. Peruvian horse sickness virus and Yunnan orbivirus, isolated from vertebrates and mosquitoes in Peru and Australia. Virology 2009; 394:298-310. [PMID: 19766284 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During 1997, two new viruses were isolated from outbreaks of disease that occurred in horses, donkeys, cattle and sheep in Peru. Genome characterization showed that the virus isolated from horses (with neurological disorders, 78% fatality) belongs to a new species the Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV), within the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. This represents the first isolation of PHSV, which was subsequently also isolated during 1999, from diseased horses in the Northern Territory of Australia (Elsey virus, ELSV). Serological and molecular studies showed that PHSV and ELSV are very similar in the serotype-determining protein (99%, same serotype). The second virus (Rioja virus, RIOV) was associated with neurological signs in donkeys, cattle, sheep and dogs and was shown to be a member of the species Yunnan orbivirus (YUOV). RIOV and YUOV are also almost identical (97% amino acid identity) in the serotype-determining protein. YUOV was originally isolated from mosquitoes in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Attoui
- Department of Vector Borne Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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48
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Vieira CDMA, Nunes MRT, da Silva EVP, Carvalho VL, Nunes Neto JP, Cruz ACR, Casseb SMM, Vasconcelos HB, Quaresma JAS, Vasconcelos PFDC. Full-length sequencing and genetic characterization of Breu Branco virus (Reoviridae, Orbivirus) and two related strains isolated from Anopheles mosquitoes. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2183-90. [PMID: 19439555 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.010165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breu Branco virus (BE AR 492347) was isolated from Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) triannulatus mosquitoes captured in Tucuruí, Pará State, northern Brazil, in 1988. No cross-reactivity by complement-fixation tests was observed between Breu Branco virus and other known arboviruses. Results of electron microscopy and physicochemical tests suggested that Breu Branco virus may be a member of the family Reoviridae. In order to elucidate its taxonomic status, a comprehensive genetic characterization was conducted for Breu Branco virus and related strains (BE AR 494475 and BE AR 486204) that were also isolated from Anopheles mosquitoes in the same area. This included full-length genome sequencing, determination of genetic traits and phylogenetic analysis. Breu Branco virus showed a similar genome organization to members of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Genetically, Breu Branco virus was indistinguishable from strains BE AR 494475 and BE AR 486204. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Breu Branco virus BE AR 492347 and its related strains constitute a novel species of the genus Orbivirus. Breu Branco virus is the first Brazilian orbivirus and the fifth orbivirus in the world to be sequenced fully.
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49
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Cowled C, Palacios G, Melville L, Weir R, Walsh S, Davis S, Gubala A, Lipkin WI, Briese T, Boyle D. Genetic and epidemiological characterization of Stretch Lagoon orbivirus, a novel orbivirus isolated from Culex and Aedes mosquitoes in northern Australia. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1433-1439. [PMID: 19282430 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.010074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stretch Lagoon orbivirus (SLOV) was isolated in 2002 from pooled Culex annulirostris mosquitoes collected at Stretch Lagoon, near the Wolfe Creek national park in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Conventional serological tests were unable to identify the isolate, and electron microscopy indicated a virus of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Here, a cDNA subtraction method was used to obtain approximately one-third of the viral genome, and further sequencing was performed to complete the sequences of segment 1 (viral polymerase) and segment 2 (conserved inner-core protein). Phylogenetic analysis showed that SLOV should be considered a new species within the genus Orbivirus. A real-time RT-PCR test was designed to study the epidemiology of SLOV in the field. Six additional isolates of SLOV were identified, including isolates from four additional locations and two additional mosquito species. Horses, donkeys and goats were implicated as potential vertebrate hosts in a serological survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorna Melville
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Susan Walsh
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Steven Davis
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Aneta Gubala
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Victoria JG, Kapoor A, Dupuis K, Schnurr DP, Delwart EL. Rapid identification of known and new RNA viruses from animal tissues. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000163. [PMID: 18818738 PMCID: PMC2533695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral surveillance programs or diagnostic labs occasionally obtain infectious samples that fail to be typed by available cell culture, serological, or nucleic acid tests. Five such samples, originating from insect pools, skunk brain, human feces and sewer effluent, collected between 1955 and 1980, resulted in pathology when inoculated into suckling mice. In this study, sequence-independent amplification of partially purified viral nucleic acids and small scale shotgun sequencing was used on mouse brain and muscle tissues. A single viral agent was identified in each sample. For each virus, between 16% to 57% of the viral genome was acquired by sequencing only 42–108 plasmid inserts. Viruses derived from human feces or sewer effluent belonged to the Picornaviridae family and showed between 80% to 91% amino acid identities to known picornaviruses. The complete polyprotein sequence of one virus showed strong similarity to a simian picornavirus sequence in the provisional Sapelovirus genus. Insects and skunk derived viral sequences exhibited amino acid identities ranging from 25% to 98% to the segmented genomes of viruses within the Reoviridae family. Two isolates were highly divergent: one is potentially a new species within the orthoreovirus genus, and the other is a new species within the orbivirus genus. We demonstrate that a simple, inexpensive, and rapid metagenomics approach is effective for identifying known and highly divergent new viruses in homogenized tissues of acutely infected mice. Viral surveillance programs aim to identify circulating viruses to safeguard the public and livestock from viral outbreaks. Occasionally, samples suspected of harboring a virus cause severe disease in laboratory animals, but the identity of the virus eludes researchers. Here, we applied a simple viral discovery technique to identify viruses directly from the tissues of inoculated symptomatic mice and found a single virus in each sample using a rapid viral particle purification and random nucleic acid amplification method. Two viruses appear to be closely related to the members of the Picornaviridae family. In three other samples, originally collected from pools of crushed mosquitoes and the brain of a sick skunk, a known and novel viruses related to members of the Reoviridiae family were identified. Reoviruses are considered major pathogens of livestock. Our studies provide the groundwork for further analysis of the prevalence and pathogenesis of these divergent viruses and illustrate the ease with which new viral species can be identified in tissues of acutely infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Victoria
- Department of Molecular Virology, Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.
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