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Balderas-Cisneros FDJ, León-Buitimea A, Zarate X, Morones-Ramírez JR. Expression and purification of an NP-hoc fusion protein: Utilizing influenza a nucleoprotein and phage T4 hoc protein. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 221:106506. [PMID: 38772430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Influenza poses a substantial health risk, with infants and the elderly being particularly susceptible to its grave impacts. The primary challenge lies in its rapid genetic evolution, leading to the emergence of new Influenza A strains annually. These changes involve punctual mutations predominantly affecting the two main glycoproteins: Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). Our existing vaccines target these proteins, providing short-term protection, but fall short when unexpected pandemics strike. Delving deeper into Influenza's genetic makeup, we spotlight the nucleoprotein (NP) - a key player in the transcription, replication, and packaging of RNA. An intriguing characteristic of the NP is that it is highly conserved across all Influenza A variants, potentially paving the way for a more versatile and broadly protective vaccine. We designed and synthesized a novel NP-Hoc fusion protein combining Influenza A nucleoprotein and T4 phage Hoc, cloned using Gibson assembly in E. coli, and purified via ion affinity chromatography. Simultaneously, we explore the T4 coat protein Hoc, typically regarded as inconsequential in controlled viral replication. Yet, it possesses a unique ability: it can link with another protein, showcasing it on the T4 phage coat. Fusing these concepts, our study designs, expresses, and purifies a novel fusion protein named NP-Hoc. We propose this protein as the basis for a new generation of vaccines, engineered to guard broadly against Influenza A. The excitement lies not just in the immediate application, but the promise this holds for future pandemic resilience, with NP-Hoc marking a significant leap in adaptive, broad-spectrum influenza prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco de Jesús Balderas-Cisneros
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Km. 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo, 66629, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Angel León-Buitimea
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Km. 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo, 66629, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Xristo Zarate
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - José Rubén Morones-Ramírez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Km. 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo, 66629, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Toft CJ, Stocks BB, Schaeffer PM. Comparison of the analytical sensitivity of COVID-19 rapid antigen tests in Australia and Canada. Talanta 2024; 275:126147. [PMID: 38677170 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Rapid testing has become an indispensable strategy to identify the most infectious individuals and prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in vulnerable populations. As such, COVID-19 rapid antigen tests (RATs) are being manufactured faster than ever yet lack relevant comparative analyses required to inform on absolute analytical sensitivity and performance, limiting end-user ability to accurately compare brands for decision making. To date, more than 1000 different COVID-19 RATs are commercially available in the world, most of which detect the viral nucleocapsid protein (NP). Here, we examine and compare the analytical sensitivity of 26 RATs that are readily available in Canada and/or Australia using two NP reference materials (RMs) - a fluorescent NP-GFP expressed in bacterial cells and NCAP-1 produced in a mammalian expression system. Both RMs generate highly comparable results within each RAT, indicating minimal bias due to differing expression systems and final buffer compositions. However, we demonstrate orders of magnitude differences in analytical sensitivities among distinct RATs, and find little correlation with the median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay values reported by manufacturers. In addition, two COVID-19/Influenza A&B combination RATs were evaluated with influenza A NP-GFP. Finally, important logistics considerations are discussed regarding the robustness, ease of international shipping and safe use of these reference proteins. Taken together, our data highlight the need for and practicality of readily available, reliable reference proteins for end-users that will ensure that manufacturers maintain batch-to-batch quality and accuracy of RATs. They will aid international public health and government agencies, as well as health and aged care facilities to reliably benchmark and select the best RATs to curb transmission of future SARS-CoV-2 and influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Toft
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bradley B Stocks
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Patrick M Schaeffer
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.
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Valenzuela-Sánchez F, Valenzuela-Méndez B, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez JF, Estella Á. Latest developments in early diagnosis and specific treatment of severe influenza infection. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2024; 4:160-174. [PMID: 38681787 PMCID: PMC11043645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Influenza pandemics are unpredictable recurrent events with global health, economic, and social consequences. The objective of this review is to provide an update on the latest developments in early diagnosis and specific treatment of the disease and its complications, particularly with regard to respiratory organ failure. Despite advances in treatment, the rate of mortality in the intensive care unit remains approximately 30%. Therefore, early identification of potentially severe viral pneumonia is extremely important to optimize treatment in these patients. The pathogenesis of influenza virus infection depends on viral virulence and host response. Thus, in some patients, it is associated with an excessive systemic response mediated by an authentic cytokine storm. This process leads to severe primary pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Initial prognostication in the emergency department based on comorbidities, vital signs, and biomarkers (e.g., procalcitonin, ferritin, human leukocyte antigen-DR, mid-regional proadrenomedullin, and lactate) is important. Identification of these biomarkers on admission may facilitate clinical decision-making to determine early admission to the hospital or the intensive care unit. These decisions are reached considering pathophysiological circumstances that are associated with a poor prognosis (e.g., bacterial co-infection, hyperinflammation, immune paralysis, severe endothelial damage, organ dysfunction, and septic shock). Moreover, early implementation is important to increase treatment efficacy. Based on a limited level of evidence, all current guidelines recommend using oseltamivir in this setting. The possibility of drug resistance should also be considered. Alternative options include other antiviral drugs and combination therapies with monoclonal antibodies. Importantly, it is not recommended to use corticosteroids in the initial treatment of these patients. Furthermore, the implementation of supportive measures for respiratory failure is essential. Current recommendations are limited, heterogeneous, and not regularly updated. Early intubation and mechanical ventilation is the basic treatment for patients with severe respiratory failure. Prone ventilation should be promptly performed in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, while early tracheostomy should be considered in case of planned prolonged mechanical ventilation. Clinical trials on antiviral treatment and respiratory support measures specifically for these patients, as well as specific recommendations for different at-risk populations, are necessary to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Valenzuela-Sánchez
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Jerez, Ronda de Circunvalación s/n, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
- Haematology Department, University Hospital of Jerez, Ronda de Circunvalación s/n, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades respiratorias, CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Valenzuela-Méndez
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Parc Euromédecine, 208 Av. des Apothicaires,Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ángel Estella
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Jerez, Ronda de Circunvalación s/n, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Calle Doctor Marañón, Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBiCA), Avenida Ana de Viya 21, Cádiz, Spain
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Ren C, Chen T, Zhang S, Gao Q, Zou J, Li P, Wang B, Zhao Y, OuYang A, Suolang S, Zhou H. PLK3 facilitates replication of swine influenza virus by phosphorylating viral NP protein. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2275606. [PMID: 37874309 PMCID: PMC10768867 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2275606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Swine H1N1/2009 influenza is a highly infectious respiratory disease in pigs, which poses a great threat to pig production and human health. In this study, we investigated the global expression profiling of swine-encoded genes in response to swine H1N1/2009 influenza A virus (SIV-H1N1/2009) in newborn pig trachea (NPTr) cells. In total, 166 genes were found to be differentially expressed (DE) according to the gene microarray. After analyzing the DE genes which might affect the SIV-H1N1/2009 replication, we focused on polo-like kinase 3 (PLK3). PLK3 is a member of the PLK family, which is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase in eukaryotes and well known for its role in the regulation of cell cycle and cell division. We validated that the expression of PLK3 was upregulated after SIV-H1N1/2009 infection. Additionally, PLK3 was found to interact with viral nucleoprotein (NP), significantly increased NP phosphorylation and oligomerization, and promoted viral ribonucleoprotein assembly and replication. Furthermore, we identified serine 482 (S482) as the phosphorylated residue on NP by PLK3. The phosphorylation of S482 regulated NP oligomerization, viral polymerase activity and growth. Our findings provide further insights for understanding the replication of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyue Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shishuo Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biaoxiong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aotian OuYang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sizhu Suolang
- Department of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Ogasawara S. Replication-competent influenza virus with a protein-responsive multiplication ability. N Biotechnol 2023; 77:100-110. [PMID: 37586547 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Applications of influenza A viruses (IAV) for virotherapy and biotechnology have accelerated substantially with the development of reverse genetic technology and advances in the understanding of packaging signals. While the use of a replication-competent IAV is particularly promising, owing to its efficient transmission to organ depths with high infectivity, there is also a risk that its multiplication cannot be controlled in a cell-type-specific manner, causing an infectious disease. Therefore, here a simple and effective replication-competent IAV-based cell-targeting system has been developed. It was demonstrated that the activity of the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) of IAV could be regulated by the interaction between the endogenous protein and a nanobody fused to the subunit of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). To validate the feasibility of the method, it was demonstrated that RNP containing RdRp fused with Nb139, a nanobody against p53, is inactive in HEK293T cells expressing endogenous p53, but active in p53-defective Saos-2 cells. Finally, a replication-competent IAV was successfully generated that multiplies only in p53-defective tumor cells and an IAV vector was developed that can deliver a foreign gene in cell type-specific manner. The method is flexible because the nanobody can be easily altered to target a different cell type, offering a valuable platform for virotherapy and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinzi Ogasawara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
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Rak A, Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. Nucleoprotein as a Promising Antigen for Broadly Protective Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1747. [PMID: 38140152 PMCID: PMC10747533 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual vaccination is considered as the main preventive strategy against seasonal influenza. Due to the highly variable nature of major viral antigens, such as hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), influenza vaccine strains should be regularly updated to antigenically match the circulating viruses. The influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) is much more conserved than HA and NA, and thus seems to be a promising target for the design of improved influenza vaccines with broad cross-reactivity against antigenically diverse influenza viruses. Traditional subunit or recombinant protein influenza vaccines do not contain the NP antigen, whereas live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) express the viral NP within infected cells, thus inducing strong NP-specific antibodies and T-cell responses. Many strategies have been explored to design broadly protective NP-based vaccines, mostly targeted at the T-cell mode of immunity. Although the NP is highly conserved, it still undergoes slow evolutionary changes due to selective immune pressure, meaning that the particular NP antigen selected for vaccine design may have a significant impact on the overall immunogenicity and efficacy of the vaccine candidate. In this review, we summarize existing data on the conservation of the influenza A viral nucleoprotein and review the results of preclinical and clinical trials of NP-targeting influenza vaccine prototypes, focusing on the ability of NP-specific immune responses to protect against diverse influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (A.R.); (I.I.-S.)
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Huang CG, Wu YC, Hsieh MJ, Lin YJ, Hsieh TH, Huang PW, Yang SL, Tsao KC, Shih SR, Lee LA. Impact of patient characteristics on innate immune responses and inflammasome activation in ex vivo human lung tissues infected with influenza A virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1269329. [PMID: 37900310 PMCID: PMC10611511 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1269329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus (IAV) infection poses a persistent global health challenge, necessitating a nuanced grasp of host immune responses for optimal interventions. While the interplay between aging, immunosenescence, and IAV is recognized as key in severe lower respiratory tract infections, the role of specific patient attributes in shaping innate immune reactions and inflammasome activity during IAV infection remains under-investigated. In this study, we utilized an ex vivo infection model of human lung tissues with H3N2 IAV to discern relationships among patient demographics, IAV nucleoprotein (NP) expression, toll-like receptor (TLR) profiles, PD-1/PD-L1 markers, and cytokine production. Methods Our cohort consisted of thirty adult patients who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery during 2018-2019. Post-surgical lung tissues were exposed to H3N2 IAV for ex vivo infections, and the ensuing immune responses were profiled using flow cytometry. Results We observed pronounced IAV activity within lung cells, as indicated by marked NP upregulation in both epithelial cells (P = 0.022) and macrophages (P = 0.003) in the IAV-exposed group relative to controls. Notably, interleukin-2 levels correlated with variations in TLR1 expression on epithelial cells and PD-L1 markers on macrophages. Age emerged as a modulating factor, dampening innate immune reactions, as evidenced by reduced interleukin-2 and interferon-γ concentrations (both adjusted P < 0.05). Intriguingly, a subset of participants with pronounced tumor necrosis factor-alpha post-mock infection (Cluster 1) showed attenuated cytokine responses in contrast to their counterparts in Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 (all adjusted P < 0.05). Individuals in Cluster 2, characterized by a low post-mock infection NP expression in macrophages, exhibited reduced variations in both NP and TLR1-3 expressions on these cells and a decreased variation in interleukin-2 secretion in comparison to their Cluster 3 counterparts, who were identified by their elevated NP macrophage expression (all adjusted P < 0.05). Conclusion Our work elucidates the multifaceted interplay of patient factors, innate immunity, and inflammasome responses in lung tissues subjected to ex vivo H3N2 IAV exposure, reflecting real-world lower respiratory tract infections. While these findings provide a foundation for tailored therapeutic strategies, supplementary studies are requisite for thorough validation and refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Guei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Wu
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jhu Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Hsieh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chien Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ang Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Blake ME, Kleinpeter AB, Jureka AS, Petit CM. Structural Investigations of Interactions between the Influenza a Virus NS1 and Host Cellular Proteins. Viruses 2023; 15:2063. [PMID: 37896840 PMCID: PMC10612106 DOI: 10.3390/v15102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Influenza A virus is a continuous threat to public health that causes yearly epidemics with the ever-present threat of the virus becoming the next pandemic. Due to increasing levels of resistance, several of our previously used antivirals have been rendered useless. There is a strong need for new antivirals that are less likely to be susceptible to mutations. One strategy to achieve this goal is structure-based drug development. By understanding the minute details of protein structure, we can develop antivirals that target the most conserved, crucial regions to yield the highest chances of long-lasting success. One promising IAV target is the virulence protein non-structural protein 1 (NS1). NS1 contributes to pathogenicity through interactions with numerous host proteins, and many of the resulting complexes have been shown to be crucial for virulence. In this review, we cover the NS1-host protein complexes that have been structurally characterized to date. By bringing these structures together in one place, we aim to highlight the strength of this field for drug discovery along with the gaps that remain to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chad M. Petit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.E.B.)
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Bendl E, Fuchs J, Kochs G. Bourbon virus, a newly discovered zoonotic thogotovirus. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37643129 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of Bourbon virus (BRBV) put a new focus on the genus of thogotoviruses as zoonotic, tick-transmitted pathogens within the orthomyxovirus family. Since 2014, BRBV has been linked to several human cases in the Midwest United States with severe acute febrile illness and a history of tick bites. The detection of the virus in the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum, and a high sero-prevalence in wild animals suggest widespread circulation of BRBV. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral RNA genome classified BRBV into the subgroup of Dhori-like thogotoviruses. Strikingly, BRBV is apathogenic in mice, contrasting not only with the fatal disease in affected patients but also with the severe disease in mice caused by other members of the thogotovirus genus. To gain insights into this intriguing discrepancy, we will review the molecular biology and pathology of BRBV and its unique position within the thogotovirus genus. Lastly, we will discuss the zoonotic threat posed by this newly discovered pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Bendl
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Fuchs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Pinto RM, Bakshi S, Lytras S, Zakaria MK, Swingler S, Worrell JC, Herder V, Hargrave KE, Varjak M, Cameron-Ruiz N, Collados Rodriguez M, Varela M, Wickenhagen A, Loney C, Pei Y, Hughes J, Valette E, Turnbull ML, Furnon W, Gu Q, Orr L, Taggart A, Diebold O, Davis C, Boutell C, Grey F, Hutchinson E, Digard P, Monne I, Wootton SK, MacLeod MKL, Wilson SJ, Palmarini M. BTN3A3 evasion promotes the zoonotic potential of influenza A viruses. Nature 2023; 619:338-347. [PMID: 37380775 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Spillover events of avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) to humans could represent the first step in a future pandemic1. Several factors that limit the transmission and replication of avian IAVs in mammals have been identified. There are several gaps in our understanding to predict which virus lineages are more likely to cross the species barrier and cause disease in humans1. Here, we identified human BTN3A3 (butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A3)2 as a potent inhibitor of avian IAVs but not human IAVs. We determined that BTN3A3 is expressed in human airways and its antiviral activity evolved in primates. We show that BTN3A3 restriction acts primarily at the early stages of the virus life cycle by inhibiting avian IAV RNA replication. We identified residue 313 in the viral nucleoprotein (NP) as the genetic determinant of BTN3A3 sensitivity (313F or, rarely, 313L in avian viruses) or evasion (313Y or 313V in human viruses). However, avian IAV serotypes, such as H7 and H9, that spilled over into humans also evade BTN3A3 restriction. In these cases, BTN3A3 evasion is due to substitutions (N, H or Q) in NP residue 52 that is adjacent to residue 313 in the NP structure3. Thus, sensitivity or resistance to BTN3A3 is another factor to consider in the risk assessment of the zoonotic potential of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Maria Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siddharth Bakshi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Spyros Lytras
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Simon Swingler
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Julie C Worrell
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vanessa Herder
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kerrie E Hargrave
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margus Varjak
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Mariana Varela
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Colin Loney
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yanlong Pei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elise Valette
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lauren Orr
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aislynn Taggart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ola Diebold
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris Davis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Finn Grey
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan K L MacLeod
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sam J Wilson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
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11
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Niu J, Meng G. Roles and Mechanisms of NLRP3 in Influenza Viral Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1339. [PMID: 37376638 DOI: 10.3390/v15061339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic viral infection represents a major challenge to human health. Due to the vast mucosal surface of respiratory tract exposed to the environment, host defense against influenza viruses has perpetually been a considerable challenge. Inflammasomes serve as vital components of the host innate immune system and play a crucial role in responding to viral infections. To cope with influenza viral infection, the host employs inflammasomes and symbiotic microbiota to confer effective protection at the mucosal surface in the lungs. This review article aims to summarize the current findings on the function of NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) in host response to influenza viral infection involving various mechanisms including the gut-lung crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Niu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Life Science Research Building B-205, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Life Science Research Building B-205, Shanghai 200031, China
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12
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Chan-Zapata I, Borges-Argáez R, Ayora-Talavera G. Quinones as Promising Compounds against Respiratory Viruses: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041981. [PMID: 36838969 PMCID: PMC9967002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses represent a world public health problem, giving rise to annual seasonal epidemics and several pandemics caused by some of these viruses, including the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, which continues to date. Some antiviral drugs have been licensed for the treatment of influenza, but they cause side effects and lead to resistant viral strains. Likewise, aerosolized ribavirin is the only drug approved for the therapy of infections by the respiratory syncytial virus, but it possesses various limitations. On the other hand, no specific drugs are licensed to treat other viral respiratory diseases. In this sense, natural products and their derivatives have appeared as promising alternatives in searching for new compounds with antiviral activity. Besides their chemical properties, quinones have demonstrated interesting biological activities, including activity against respiratory viruses. This review summarizes the activity against respiratory viruses and their molecular targets by the different types of quinones (both natural and synthetic). Thus, the present work offers a general overview of the importance of quinones as an option for the future pharmacological treatment of viral respiratory infections, subject to additional studies that support their effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Chan-Zapata
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida 97205, Mexico
| | - Rocío Borges-Argáez
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida 97205, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-99-99-42-83-30
| | - Guadalupe Ayora-Talavera
- Departamento de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Paseo de Las Fuentes, Merida 97225, Mexico
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13
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Tare DS, Pawar SD, Keng SS, Kode SS, Walimbe AM, Limaye VV, Mullick J. The evolution, characterization and phylogeography of avian influenza H9N2 viruses from India. Virology 2023; 579:9-28. [PMID: 36587605 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus is a significant zoonotic agent and contributes genes to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. H9N2 viruses are prevalent in India with a reported human case. We elucidate the spatio-temporal origins of the H9N2 viruses from India. A total of 30H9N2 viruses were isolated from poultry and environmental specimens (years 2015-2020). Genome sequences of H9N2 viruses (2003-2020) from India were analyzed, revealing several substitutions. We found five reassortant genotypes. The HA, NA and PB2 genes belonged to the Middle-Eastern B sublineage; NP and M to the classical G1 lineage; PB1, PA and NS showed resemblance to genes from either HPAI-H7N3/H5N1 viruses. Molecular clock and phylogeography revealed that the introduction of all the genes to India took place around the year 2000. This is the first report of the genesis and evolution of the H9N2 viruses from India, and highlights the need for surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha S Tare
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Shailesh D Pawar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India.
| | - Sachin S Keng
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Sadhana S Kode
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Atul M Walimbe
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Road, Pune, 411001, India
| | - Vinayak V Limaye
- Disease Investigation Section, Western Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Aundh, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Jayati Mullick
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
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14
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Mahdi I, Yeasmin H, Hossain I, Badhan RM, Ali MA, Kaium MA, Islam R, Sufian MA, Halim MA. Potential antiviral peptides against the nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023; 77:813-823. [PMID: 36213321 PMCID: PMC9531640 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoprotein is a conserved structural protein of SARS-CoV-2, which is involved in several functions, including replication, packaging, and transcription. In this research, 21 antiviral peptides that are known to have inhibitory function against nucleoprotein in several other viruses, were screened computationally against the nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. The complexes of five best performing peptides (AVP1142, AVP1145, AVP1148, AVP1150, AVP1155) with nucleoprotein were selected for subsequent screening via 5 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Two peptides, namely AVP1145 and AVP1155, came out as promising candidates and hence were selected for 200 ns MD simulation for further validation, incorporating a DMPC-based membrane environment. In the long MD simulation, both AVP1155 and AVP1145 utilized multiple residues-mainly aromatic, acidic, and nonpolar residues-as interacting points to remain in contact with the nucleoprotein and formed predominantly hydrogen bonds along with hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. However, AVP1155 proved to be superior to AVP1145 when its complex with nucleoprotein was analyzed in terms of root-mean-square deviation, root-mean-square fluctuation, radius of gyration, solvent accessible surface area and free energy landscape. In a nutshell, the findings of this research may guide future studies in the development of selective peptide inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11696-022-02514-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iktedar Mahdi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh ,Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Humyara Yeasmin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Imtiaz Hossain
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Raina Masnoon Badhan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ackas Ali
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh ,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144 USA
| | - Md. Abdul Kaium
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Islam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Sufian
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Mohammad A. Halim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144 USA
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15
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Lou B, Liu Y, Shi M, Chen J, Li K, Tan Y, Chen L, Wu Y, Wang T, Liu X, Jiang T, Peng D, Liu Z. Aptamer-based biosensors for virus protein detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 157:116738. [PMID: 35874498 PMCID: PMC9293409 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus threatens life health seriously. The accurate early diagnosis of the virus is vital for clinical control and treatment of virus infection. Aptamers are small single-stranded oligonucleotides (DNAs or RNAs). In this review, we summarized aptasensors for virus detection in recent years according to the classification of the viral target protein, and illustrated common detection mechanisms in the aptasensors (colorimetry, fluorescence assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS), electrochemical detection, and field-effect transistor (FET)). Furthermore, aptamers against different target proteins of viruses were summarized. The relationships between the different biomarkers of the viruses and the detection methods, and their performances were revealed. In addition, the challenges and future directions of aptasensors were discussed. This review will provide valuable references for constructing on-site aptasensors for detecting viruses, especially the SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Meilin Shi
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yifu Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Dongming Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Zhenbao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
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16
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Sarangi MK, Padhi S, Rath G, Nanda SS, Yi DK. Success of nano-vaccines against COVID-19: a transformation in nanomedicine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1739-1761. [PMID: 36384360 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2148659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vaccines being used against COVID-19 are composed of either non-viral or viral nanoparticles (NPs). Nanotechnology-based vaccine technology was studied for its potentially transformative advancement of medicine. AREAS COVERED NPs protect the encapsulated mRNA in vaccines, thereby enhancing the stability of the ribonucleic acids and facilitating their intact delivery to their specific targets. Compared to liposomes, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are unique and, through their rigid morphology and better cellular penetrability, render enhanced cargo stability. To explore nanotechnology-mediated vaccine delivery and its potential in future pandemics, we assessed articles from various databases, such as PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, including editorial/research notes, expert opinions, and collections of data from several clinical research trials. In the current review, we focus on the nanoparticulate approach of the different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and explore their success against the pandemic. EXPERT OPINION The mRNA-based vaccines, with their tremendous efficacy of ~95% (under phase III-IV clinical trials) and distinct nanocarriers (LNPs), represent a new medical front alongside DNA and siRNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Sarangi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sasmita Padhi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, India
| | - Gautam Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Dong Kee Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
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17
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Tan MP, Mohamed Alitheen NB, Tan WS, Yap WB. Expression of Influenza M2e-NP Recombinant Fusion Protein in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and Its Binding to Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122066. [PMID: 36560475 PMCID: PMC9784878 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The current influenza vaccines only confer protection against the circulating influenza subtypes, therefore universal vaccines are needed to prevent upcoming influenza outbreaks caused by emerging influenza subtypes. The extracellular domain of influenza A M2 protein (M2e) is highly conserved among different subtypes of influenza A viruses, and it is able to elicit protective immunity against the viruses. The influenza nucleoprotein (NP) was used to display the M2e in this study due to its promising T-cell response and adjuvanticity. The M2e gene was fused to the 5'-end of the NP gene and then cloned into pRSET B vector. The DNA sequencing analysis revealed six point mutations in the M2e-NP fusion gene, including one mutation in the M2e peptide and five mutations in the NP. The mutations were reverted using PCR site-directed mutagenesis. The recombinant plasmids (pRSET B-M2e-NP and pRSET B-mM2e-NP) were introduced into Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 (DE3) for protein expression. The mutated and non-mutated proteins were subsequently expressed and named mM2e-NP and M2e-NP, respectively. The expression of mM2e-NP and M2e-NP was not affected by the mutations. The binding of anti-M2e antibody to the purified native mM2e-NP and M2e-NP also remained active. However, when the anti-NP antibody was tested, the signal produced by mM2e-NP was very weak. The results implied that the amino acid changes in the NP had adversely impacted on the conformation of mM2e-NP and subsequently affected the antibody binding. In light of the remarkable antibody binding to the M2e-NP fusion protein, this study highly recommends the potential of M2e-NP as a universal influenza vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Peng Tan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Mohamed Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Wei Boon Yap
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-92897920
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18
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Tang YS, So WK, Ng KLA, Mok KPC, Shaw PC. Interaction of Influenza A Nucleoprotein with Host hnRNP-C Is Implicated in Viral Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13613. [PMID: 36362400 PMCID: PMC9655074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The host interactome of influenza viral proteins is ever-expanding. In this work, we report the identification of host heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNP-C) as an interacting partner of influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP). We confirmed that this interaction exists across different influenza A subtypes and strains. Using biochemical methods, we determined that hnRNP-C interacts with NP via its C-terminal auxiliary domain. Further, we determined that the hnRNP-C is a negative regulator of influenza viral growth. Its interaction with NP is implicated in the promotion of host cell apoptosis during viral infection. It is the first time that the interaction between influenza nucleoprotein and host heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C is characterized in detail. Overall, these findings not only characterize the interaction between NP and its host interacting partner hnRNP-C but also clarify the functional significance of this interaction. This work may lead to a new therapeutic target for the development of anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sang Tang
- Centre for Protein Sciences and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Kin So
- Centre for Protein Sciences and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Leung Andy Ng
- Office of University General Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Pun Chris Mok
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Centre for Protein Sciences and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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19
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Lutz M, Schmierer J, Takimoto T. Host adaptive mutations in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza A virus PA gene regulate translation efficiency of viral mRNAs via GRSF1. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1102. [PMID: 36253464 PMCID: PMC9576711 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian species are the major natural reservoir from which pandemic influenza A viruses can be introduced to humans. Avian influenza A virus genes, including the three viral polymerase genes, PA, PB1 and PB2, require host-adaptive mutations to allow for viral replication and transmission in humans. Previously, PA from the 2009 pH1N1 viral polymerase was found to harbor host-adaptive mutations leading to enhanced viral polymerase activity. By quantifying translation and mRNA transcription, we found that the 2009 pH1N1 PA, and the associated host-adaptive mutations, led to greater translation efficiency. This was due to enhanced cytosolic accumulation of viral mRNA, which was dependent on the host RNA binding protein GRSF1. Mutations to the GRSF1 binding site in viral mRNA, as well as GRSF1 knockdown, reduced cytosolic accumulation and translation efficiency of viral mRNAs. This study identifies a previously unrecognized mechanism by which host-adaptive mutations in PA regulate viral replication and host adaptation. Importantly, these results provide greater insight into the host adaptation process of IAVs and reveal the importance of GRSF1 in the lifecycle of IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lutz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jordana Schmierer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Toru Takimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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20
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Bioinformatics and Functional Analysis of a New Nuclear Localization Sequence of the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192957. [PMID: 36230922 PMCID: PMC9563117 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses deliver their genome into the nucleus of infected cells for replication. This process is mediated by the viral nucleoprotein (NP), which contains two nuclear localization sequences (NLSs): NLS1 at the N-terminus and a recently identified NLS2 (212GRKTR216). Through mutagenesis and functional studies, we demonstrated that NP must have both NLSs for an efficient nuclear import. As with other NLSs, there may be variations in the basic residues of NLS2 in different strains of the virus, which may affect the nuclear import of the viral genome. Although all NLS2 variants fused to the GFP mediated nuclear import of GFP, bioinformatics showed that 98.8% of reported NP sequences contained either the wild-type sequence 212GRKTR216 or 212GRRTR216. Bioinformatics analyses used to study the presence of NLS2 variants in other viral and nuclear proteins resulted in very low hits, with only 0.4% of human nuclear proteins containing putative NLS2. From these, we studied the nucleolar protein 14 (NOP14) and found that NLS2 does not play a role in the nuclear import of this protein but in its nucleolar localization. We also discovered a functional NLS at the C-terminus of NOP14. Our findings indicate that NLS2 is a highly conserved influenza A NP sequence.
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21
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Wang WC, Sayedahmed EE, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Progress towards the Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081684. [PMID: 36016306 PMCID: PMC9415875 DOI: 10.3390/v14081684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are responsible for millions of cases globally and significantly threaten public health. Since pandemic and zoonotic influenza viruses have emerged in the last 20 years and some of the viruses have resulted in high mortality in humans, a universal influenza vaccine is needed to provide comprehensive protection against a wide range of influenza viruses. Current seasonal influenza vaccines provide strain-specific protection and are less effective against mismatched strains. The rapid antigenic drift and shift in influenza viruses resulted in time-consuming surveillance and uncertainty in the vaccine protection efficacy. Most recent universal influenza vaccine studies target the conserved antigen domains of the viral surface glycoproteins and internal proteins to provide broader protection. Following the development of advanced vaccine technologies, several innovative strategies and vaccine platforms are being explored to generate robust cross-protective immunity. This review provides the latest progress in the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Wang
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.M.)
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22
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Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of an Expanding H3 Influenza A Virus Clade in U.S. Swine Visualized by Nextstrain. mSphere 2022; 7:e0099421. [PMID: 35766502 PMCID: PMC9241524 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00994-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically distinct clades of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine undermine efforts to control the disease. Swine producers commonly use vaccines, and vaccine strains are selected by identifying the most common hemagglutinin (HA) gene from viruses detected in a farm or a region.
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23
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Abstract
Vertebrate immune systems suppress viral infection using both innate restriction factors and adaptive immunity. Viruses mutate to escape these defenses, driving hosts to counterevolve to regain fitness. This cycle recurs repeatedly, resulting in an evolutionary arms race whose outcome depends on the pace and likelihood of adaptation by host and viral genes. Although viruses evolve faster than their vertebrate hosts, their proteins are subject to numerous functional constraints that impact the probability of adaptation. These constraints are globally defined by evolutionary landscapes, which describe the fitness and adaptive potential of all possible mutations. We review deep mutational scanning experiments mapping the evolutionary landscapes of both host and viral proteins engaged in arms races. For restriction factors and some broadly neutralizing antibodies, landscapes favor the host, which may help to level the evolutionary playing field against rapidly evolving viruses. We discuss the biophysical underpinnings of these landscapes and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette L Tenthorey
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; , ,
| | - Michael Emerman
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; , , .,Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harmit S Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; , , .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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24
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Küchler J, Püttker S, Lahmann P, Genzel Y, Kupke S, Benndorf D, Reichl U. Absolute quantification of viral proteins during single-round replication of MDCK suspension cells. J Proteomics 2022; 259:104544. [PMID: 35240312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are widely used in basic research and for the propagation of influenza A viruses (IAV) for vaccine production. To identify targets for antiviral therapies and to optimize vaccine manufacturing, a detailed understanding of the viral life cycle is important. This includes the characterization of virus entry, the synthesis of the various viral RNAs and proteins, the transfer of viral compounds in the cell and virus budding. In case quantitative information is available, the analysis can be complemented by mathematical modelling approaches. While comprehensive studies focusing on IAV entry as well as viral mRNA, vRNA and cRNA accumulation in the nucleus of cells have been performed, quantitative data regarding IAV protein synthesis and accumulation was mostly lacking. In this study, we present a mass spectrometry (MS)-based method to evaluate whether an absolute quantification of viral proteins is possible for single-round replication in suspension MDCK cells. Using influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1, RKI) as a model strain at a multiplicity of infection of ten, defined amounts of isotopically labelled peptides of synthetic origin of four IAV proteins (hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, matrix protein 1) were added as an internal standard before tryptic digestion of samples for absolute quantification (AQUA). The first intracellular protein detected was NP at 1 h post infection (hpi). A maximum extracellular concentration of 7.7E+12 copies/mL was achieved. This was followed by hemagglutinin (3 hpi, maximum 4.1E+12 copies/mL at 13 hpi), matrix protein 1 (5 hpi, maximum 2.2E+12 copies/mL at 13 hpi) and neuraminidase (5 hpi, 6.0E+11 copies/mL at 13 hpi). In sum, for the first time absolute IAV protein copy numbers were quantified by a MS-based method for infected MDCK cells providing important insights into viral protein dynamics during single-round virus replication. SIGNIFICANCE: Influenza A virus is a significant human pathogen worldwide. To improve therapies against influenza and overcome bottlenecks in vaccine production in cell culture, it is critical to gain a detailed understanding of the viral life cycle. In addition to qPCR-based models, this study will examine the dynamics of influenza virus proteins during infection of producer cells to gain initial insights into changes in absolute copy numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Küchler
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Püttker
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lahmann
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kupke
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Benndorf
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany; Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany; Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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25
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Inferring protein function in an emerging virus: detection of the nucleoprotein in Tilapia Lake Virus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0175721. [PMID: 35107373 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01757-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viruses impose global threats to animal and human populations and may bear novel genes with limited homology to known sequences, necessitating the development of novel approaches to infer and test protein functions. This challenge is dramatically evident in tilapia lake virus (TiLV), an emerging orthomyxo-like virus that threatens the global tilapia aquaculture and food security of millions of people. The majority of TiLV proteins have no homology to known sequences, impeding functionality assessments. Using a novel bioinformatics approach, we predicted that TiLV's Protein 4 encodes the nucleoprotein - a factor essential for viral RNA replication. Multiple methodologies revealed the expected properties of orthomyxoviral nucleoproteins. A modified yeast three-hybrid assay detected Protein 4-RNA interactions, which were independent of the RNA sequence, and identified specific positively charged residues involved. Protein 4-RNA interactions were uncovered by R-DeeP and XRNAX methodologies. Immunoelectron microscopy found that multiple Protein 4 copies localized along enriched ribonucleoproteins. TiLV RNA from cells and virions co-immunoprecipitated with Protein 4. Immunofluorescence microscopy detected Protein 4 in the cytoplasm and nuclei, and nuclear Protein 4 increased upon CRM1 inhibition, suggesting CRM1-dependent nuclear export of TiLV RNA. Together, these data reveal TiLV's nucleoprotein and highlight the ability to infer protein functionality, including novel RNA-binding proteins, in emerging pathogens. These are important in light of the expected discovery of many unknown viruses and the zoonotic potential of such pathogens. Importance Tilapia is an important source of dietary protein, especially in developing countries. Massive losses of tilapia were identified worldwide, risking the food security of millions of people. Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging pathogen responsible for these disease outbreaks. TiLV's genome encodes ten major proteins, nine of which show no homology to other known viral or cellular proteins, hindering functionality assessment of these proteins. Here we describe a novel bioinformatics approach to infer the functionality of TiLV proteins, which predicted Protein 4 as the nucleoprotein - a factor essential for viral RNA replication. We provided experimental support for this prediction by applying multiple molecular, biochemical, and imaging approaches. Overall, we illustrate a strategy for functional analyses in viral discovery. The strategy is important in light of the expected discovery of many unknown viruses and the zoonotic potential of such pathogens.
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26
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Ma Y, Wang Y, Dong C, Gonzalez GX, Song Y, Zhu W, Kim J, Wei L, Wang BZ. Influenza NP core and HA or M2e shell double-layered protein nanoparticles induce broad protection against divergent influenza A viruses. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 40:102479. [PMID: 34743020 PMCID: PMC8897236 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viral infection causes acute upper respiratory diseases in humans, posing severe risks to global public health. However, current vaccines provide limited protection against mismatched circulating influenza A viruses. Here, the immune responses induced in mice by novel double-layered protein nanoparticles were investigated. The nanoparticles were composed of influenza nucleoprotein (NP) cores and hemagglutinin (HA) or matrix 2 protein ectodomain (M2e) shells. Vaccination with the nanoparticles significantly enhanced M2e-specific serum antibody titers and concomitant ADCC responses. Robust NP-specific T cell responses and robust HA neutralization were also detected. Moreover, vaccination with a trivalent nanoparticle combination containing two routinely circulated HA, conserved M2e, and NP reduced lung virus titers, pulmonary pathologies, and weight loss after homologous virus challenge. This combination also improved survival rates against heterologous and heterosubtypic influenza virus challenges. Our results demonstrate that the trivalent combination elicited potent and long-lasting immune responses conferring influenza viral cross-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ma
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Ye Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Gilbert X Gonzalez
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Yufeng Song
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Wandi Zhu
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Joo Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Lai Wei
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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27
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Kaur R, Batra J, Stuchlik O, Reed MS, Pohl J, Sambhara S, Lal SK. Heterogeneous Ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1) Interacts with the Nucleoprotein of the Influenza a Virus and Impedes Virus Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020199. [PMID: 35215793 PMCID: PMC8880450 DOI: 10.3390/v14020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), like other viruses, depends on the host cellular machinery for replication and production of progeny. The relationship between a virus and a host is complex, shaped by many spatial and temporal interactions between viral and host proteome, ultimately dictating disease outcome. Therefore, it is imperative to identify host-virus interactions as crucial determinants of disease pathogenies. Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1) is an RNA binding protein involved in the life cycle of many DNA and RNA viruses; however, its role in IAV remains undiscovered. Here we report that human hnRNPA1 physically interacts with the nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV in mammalian cells at different time points of the viral replication cycle. Temporal distribution studies identify hnRNPA1 and NP co-localize in the same cellular milieu in both nucleus and mitochondria in NP-transfected and IAV-infected mammalian cells. Interestingly, hnRNPA1 influenced NP gene expression and affected viral replication. Most importantly, hnRNPA1 knockdown caused a significant increase in NP expression and enhanced viral replication (93.82%) in IAV infected A549 cells. Conversely, hnRNPA1 overexpression reduced NP expression at the mRNA and protein levels and impeded virus replication by (60.70%), suggesting antagonistic function. Taken together, results from this study demonstrate that cellular hnRNPA1 plays a protective role in the host hitherto unknown and may hold potential as an antiviral target to develop host-based therapeutics against IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- School of Science, Monash University, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (R.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Jyoti Batra
- School of Science, Monash University, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (R.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Olga Stuchlik
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (O.S.); (M.S.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Matthew S. Reed
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (O.S.); (M.S.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Jan Pohl
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (O.S.); (M.S.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (O.S.); (M.S.R.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Sunil Kumar Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (R.K.); (J.B.)
- Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.L.)
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28
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Sa-nguanmoo N, Namdee K, Khongkow M, Ruktanonchai U, Zhao Y, Liang XJ. Review: Development of SARS-CoV-2 immuno-enhanced COVID-19 vaccines with nano-platform. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:2196-2225. [PMID: 34659650 PMCID: PMC8501370 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-3832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccine development approaches consist of viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccine, RNA vaccine, live attenuated virus, and recombinant proteins, which elicit a specific immune response. The use of nanoparticles displaying antigen is one of the alternative approaches to conventional vaccines. This is due to the fact that nano-based vaccines are stable, able to target, form images, and offer an opportunity to enhance the immune responses. The diameters of ultrafine nanoparticles are in the range of 1-100 nm. The application of nanotechnology on vaccine design provides precise fabrication of nanomaterials with desirable properties and ability to eliminate undesirable features. To be successful, nanomaterials must be uptaken into the cell, especially into the target and able to modulate cellular functions at the subcellular levels. The advantages of nano-based vaccines are the ability to protect a cargo such as RNA, DNA, protein, or synthesis substance and have enhanced stability in a broad range of pH, ambient temperatures, and humidity for long-term storage. Moreover, nano-based vaccines can be engineered to overcome biological barriers such as nonspecific distribution in order to elicit functions in antigen presenting cells. In this review, we will summarize on the developing COVID-19 vaccine strategies and how the nanotechnology can enhance antigen presentation and strong immunogenicity using advanced technology in nanocarrier to deliver antigens. The discussion about their safe, effective, and affordable vaccines to immunize against COVID-19 will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawamin Sa-nguanmoo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Katawut Namdee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120 Thailand
| | - Mattaka Khongkow
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120 Thailand
| | - Uracha Ruktanonchai
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120 Thailand
| | - YongXiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumour Theranostics and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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29
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Higazy D, Lin X, Xie T, Wang K, Gao X, Cui M. Altered gene expression in human brain microvascular endothelial cells in response to the infection of influenza H1N1 virus. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022; 2:25. [PMID: 36345345 PMCID: PMC9631584 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses not only cause respiratory illness, but also have been reported to elicit neurological manifestations following acute viral infection. The central nervous system (CNS) has a specific defense mechanism against pathogens structured by cerebral microvasculature lined with brain endothelial cells to form the blood–brain barrier (BBB). To investigate the response of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) to the Influenza A virus (IAV), we inoculated the cells with the A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus. We then conducted an RNAseq experiment to determine the changes in gene expression levels and the activated disease pathways following infection. The analysis revealed an effective activation of the innate immune defense by inducing the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Along with the production of proinflammatory cytokines, we detected an upregulation of interferons and interferon-stimulated genes, such as IFN-β/λ, ISG15, CXCL11, CXCL3 and IL-6, etc. Moreover, infected hBMECs exhibited a disruption in the cytoskeletal structure both on the transcriptomic and cytological levels. The RNAseq analysis showed different pathways and candidate genes associated with the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases, together with a predicted activation of the neuroglia. Likewise, some genes linked with the mitochondrial structure and function displayed a significantly altered expression. En masse, this data supports that hBMECs could be infected by the IAV, which induces the innate and inflammatory immune response. The results suggest that the influenza virus infection could potentially induce a subsequent aggravation of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Higazy
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.424020.00000 0004 0369 1054International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan St. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Xianwu Lin
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.424020.00000 0004 0369 1054International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan St. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Tanghui Xie
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Ke Wang
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.424020.00000 0004 0369 1054International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan St. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Xiaochen Gao
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.424020.00000 0004 0369 1054International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan St. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Min Cui
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.424020.00000 0004 0369 1054International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan St. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
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30
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Vijayakumar P, Raut AA, Chingtham S, Murugkar HV, Kulkarni DD, Sood R, Singh VP, Mishra A. Proteomic analysis of differential expression of lung proteins in response to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens. Arch Virol 2021; 167:141-152. [PMID: 34786609 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the molecular pathogenesis underlying virus-host interactions is important for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus infection in chickens. However, the pathogenesis of HPAI virus in chickens is not completely understood. To identify the intracellular signaling pathways and critical host proteins associated with influenza pathogenesis, we analyzed the lung proteome of a chicken infected with HPAI H5N1 virus (A/duck/India/02CA10/2011/Agartala). Mass spectrometry data sets were searched against the chicken UniProt reference database. At the local false discovery rate level of 5%, a total of 3313 proteins with the presence of at least one unique peptide were identified in the chicken lung proteome datasets. Differential expression analysis of these proteins showed that 247 and 1754 proteins were downregulated at 12 h and 48 h postinfection, respectively. We observed expression of proteins of the predominant signaling pathways, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and JAK-STAT signaling. Activation of these pathways is associated with the cytokine storm effect and thus may be the cause of the severity of HPAI H5N1 infection in chickens. We also observed the expression of myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD88), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta (IKBKB), interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), RELA proto-oncogene NF-κB subunit (RELA), and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), which are involved in critical signaling pathways, as well as other, less-commonly identified proteins such as hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A), ELAV-like RNA binding protein 1 (ELAVL1), fibronectin 1 (FN1), COP9 signalosome subunit 5 (COPS5), cullin 1 (CUL1), breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1), and the FYN proto-oncogene Src family tyrosine kinase (FYN) as main hub proteins that might play important roles in influenza pathogenesis in chickens. In summary, we identified the signaling pathways and the proteomic determinants associated with disease pathogenesis in chickens infected with HPAI H5N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periyasamy Vijayakumar
- Pathogenomics Laboratory, ICAR-National Institute of High-Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference lab for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India.,Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Orathanadu, 614625, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashwin Ashok Raut
- Pathogenomics Laboratory, ICAR-National Institute of High-Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference lab for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Santhalembi Chingtham
- Pathogenomics Laboratory, ICAR-National Institute of High-Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference lab for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Harshad V Murugkar
- ICAR -National Institute of High-Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference lab for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Diwakar D Kulkarni
- ICAR -National Institute of High-Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference lab for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Sood
- ICAR -National Institute of High-Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference lab for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- ICAR -National Institute of High-Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference lab for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anamika Mishra
- Pathogenomics Laboratory, ICAR-National Institute of High-Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference lab for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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31
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Li X, Liu J, Qiu Z, Liao Q, Peng Y, Chen Y, Shu Y. Host-Adaptive Signatures of H3N2 Influenza Virus in Canine. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:740472. [PMID: 34746280 PMCID: PMC8564371 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds are the primary natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs), although a small number of viruses can spill over to mammals and circulate. The focus of IAV infection in mammals was largely limited to humans and swine variants, until the emergence of H3N2 canine influenza viruses (CIVs), which provides new perspective for interspecies transmission of the virus. In this study, we captured 54 canine-adaptive signatures in H3N2 CIVs through entropy computation, which were largely concentrated in the interaction region of polymerase proteins on ribonucleoprotein complex. The receiver operating characteristic curves of these sites showed >95% accuracy in distinguishing between the hosts. Nine of the 54 canine-adaptive signatures were shared in avian–human/equine or equine–canine (PB2-82; PB1-361; PA-277; HA-81, 111, 172, 196, 222, 489), suggesting their involvement in canine adaptation. Furthermore, we found that IAVs can establish persistent transmission in lower mammals with greater ease compared to higher mammals, and 25 common adaptation signatures of H3 IAVs were observed in diverse avian–mammals comparison. There were few human-like residues in H3N2 CIVs, which suggested a low risk of human infection. Our study highlights the necessity of identifying and monitoring the emerging adaptive mutations in companion animals by enhanced surveillance and provides a basis for mammal adaptation of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zengzhao Qiu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qijun Liao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yani Peng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongkun Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Identification and Characterization of Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 Variants Generated in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated, Challenged Pigs. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102087. [PMID: 34696517 PMCID: PMC8539973 DOI: 10.3390/v13102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses represent a continuous threat to both animal and human health. The 2009 H1N1 A influenza pandemic highlighted the importance of a swine host in the adaptation of influenza viruses to humans. Nowadays, one of the most extended strategies used to control swine influenza viruses (SIVs) is the trivalent vaccine application, whose formulation contains the most frequently circulating SIV subtypes H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. These vaccines do not provide full protection against the virus, allowing its replication, evolution, and adaptation. To better understand the main mechanisms that shape viral evolution, here, the SIV intra-host diversity was analyzed in samples collected from both vaccinated and nonvaccinated animals challenged with the H1N1 influenza A virus. Twenty-eight whole SIV genomes were obtained by next-generation sequencing, and differences in nucleotide variants between groups were established. Substitutions were allocated along all influenza genetic segments, while the most relevant nonsynonymous substitutions were allocated in the NS1 protein on samples collected from vaccinated animals, suggesting that SIV is continuously evolving despite vaccine application. Moreover, new viral variants were found in both vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs, showing relevant substitutions in the HA, NA, and NP proteins, which may increase viral fitness under field conditions.
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Maguire PT, Loughran ST, Harvey R, Johnson PA. A TLR5 mono-agonist restores inhibited immune responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae during influenza virus infection in human monocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258261. [PMID: 34644311 PMCID: PMC8513880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) predisposes individuals to often more severe secondary bacterial infections with Streptococcus pneumonia (S. pneumoniae). The outcomes of these infections may be made worse with the increase in antimicrobial resistance and a lack of new treatments to combat this. Th17 responses are crucial in clearing S. pneumoniae from the lung. We previously demonstrated that early IAV infection of human monocytes significantly reduced levels of S. pneumoniae-driven cytokines involved in the Th17 response. Here, we have further identified that IAV targets specific TLRs (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9) involved in sensing S. pneumoniae infection resulting, in a reduction in TLR agonist-induced IL-23 and TGF-β. The effect of IAV is more profound on the TLR2 and TLR9 pathways. We have established that IAV-mediated inhibition of TLR9-induction is related to a downregulation of RORC, a Th17 specific transcription factor. Other studies using mouse models demonstrated that TLR5 agonism improved the efficacy of antibiotics in the treatment of IAV/S. pneumoniae co-infections. Therefore, we investigated if TLR5 agonism could restore inhibited Th17 responses in human monocytes. Levels of pneumococcus-driven cytokines, which had previously been inhibited by IAV were not reduced in the presence of the TLR5 mono-agonist, suggesting that such treatment may overcome IAV inhibition of Th17 responses. The importance of our research is in demonstrating the IAV directly targets S. pneumoniae-associated TLR pathways. Additionally, the IAV-inhibition of Th17 responses can be restored by TLR5 agonism, which indicates that there may be a different Th17 signalling pathway which is not affected by IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula T Maguire
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad T Loughran
- Department of Applied Science, Dundalk Institute of Technology, County Louth, Ireland
| | - Ruth Harvey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Potters Bar, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A Johnson
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Toward a universal influenza virus vaccine: Some cytokines may fulfill the request. Cytokine 2021; 148:155703. [PMID: 34555604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The influenza virus annually causes widespread damages to the health and economy of the global community. Vaccination is currently the most crucial strategy in reducing the number of patients. Genetic variations, the high diversity of pandemic viruses, and zoonoses make it challenging to select suitable strains for annual vaccine production. If new pandemic viruses emerge, it will take a long time to produce a vaccine according to the new strains. In the present study, intending to develop a universal influenza vaccine, new bicistronic DNA vaccines were developed that expressed NP or NPm antigen with one of modified IL-18/ IL-17A/ IL-22 cytokine adjuvants. NPm is a mutant form of the antigen that has the ability for cytoplasmic accumulation. In order to investigate and differentiate the role of each of the components of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cellular immune systems in the performance of vaccines, Treg competent and Treg suppressed mouse groups were used. Mice were vaccinated with Foxp3-FC immunogen to produce Treg suppressed mouse groups. The potential of the vaccines to stimulate the immune system was assessed by IFN-γ/IL-17A Dual FluoroSpot. The vaccine's ability to induce humoral immune response was determined by measuring IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA-specific antibodies against the antigen. Kinetics of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cellular immune responses after vaccination, were assessed by evaluating the expression changes of IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-18, IL-22, IL-4, and IL-2 cytokines by semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCR. To assess the vaccines' ability to induce heterosubtypic immunity, challenge tests with homologous and heterologous viruses were performed and then the virus titer was measured in the lungs of animals. Evaluation of the data obtained from this study showed that the DNA-vaccines coding NPm have more ability to induces a potent cross-cellular immune response and protective immunity than DNA-vaccines coding NP. Although the use of IL-18/ IL-17A/ IL-22 genetic adjuvants enhanced immune responses and protective immunity, Administration of NPm in combination with modified IL-18 (Igk-mIL18-IgFC) induced the most effective immunity in Treg competent mice group.
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Seshimo E, Momose F, Morikawa Y. Identification of the 5'-Terminal Packaging Signal of the H1N1 Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase Segment at Single-Nucleotide Resolution. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:709010. [PMID: 34456891 PMCID: PMC8385638 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.709010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of the influenza A virus is an eight-segmented negative-strand RNA (vRNA). Progeny vRNAs replicated in the nucleus selectively assemble into a single set of eight different segments, probably in the cytoplasm, and are packaged into progeny virions at the cell membrane. In these processes, a region of approximately 100 nucleotides at both ends of each segment is thought to function as a selective assembly/packaging signal; however, the details of the mechanism, such as the required sequences, are still unknown. In this study, we focused on the 5'-terminus of the sixth neuraminidase gene segment vRNA (Seg.6) to identify the essential sequence for selective packaging. The 5'-terminal region of the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 strain Seg.6 was divided into seven regions of 15 nucleotides each from A to G, and mutations were introduced into each region by complementary base substitutions or synonymous codon substitutions. Mutant viruses were generated and compared for infectious titers, and the relative ratios of the eight segments packaged into virions were measured. We also ascertained whether mutant vRNA was eliminated by competitive packaging with wild-type vRNA. Mutations in the A-C regions reduced infectious titers and eliminated mutant vRNAs by competition with wild-type vRNA. Even under non-competitive conditions, the packaging efficiency of the A or B region mutant Seg.6 was reduced. Next, we designed an artificial vRNA with a 50-nucleotide duplication at the 5'-terminal region. Using this, a virus library was created by randomly replacing each region, which became an untranslated region (UTR), with complementary bases. After selecting proliferative viruses from the library, nine wild-type nucleotides in the A and B regions were identified as essential bases, and we found that these bases were highly conserved in Seg.6 vRNAs encoding the N1 subtype neuraminidase. From these results, we conclude that the identified bases function as the 5'-terminal packaging signal for the N1 subtype Seg.6 vRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Seshimo
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Momose
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.,Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.,Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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Horio Y, Shichiri M, Isegawa Y. Development of a method for evaluating the mRNA transcription activity of influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase through real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Virol J 2021; 18:177. [PMID: 34454523 PMCID: PMC8401337 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of an influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor is required; therefore, a method for evaluating the activity of influenza RdRp needs to be developed. The current method uses an ultracentrifuge to separate viral particles and quantifies RdRp activity with radioisotope-labeled nucleosides, such as 32P-GTP. This method requires special equipment and radioisotope management, so it cannot be implemented in all institutions. We have developed a method to evaluate the mRNA transcription activity of RdRp without using ultracentrifugation and radioisotopes. Results RdRp was extracted from viral particles that were purified from the culture supernatant using anionic polymer-coated magnetic beads that can concentrate influenza virus particles from the culture supernatant in approximately 30 min. A strand-specific real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was developed based on reverse transcription using tagged primers. RT primers were designed to bind to a sequence near the 3' end of mRNA containing a poly A tail for specific recognition of the mRNA, with an 18-nucleotide tag attached to the 5' end of the sequence. The RT reaction was performed with this tagged RT primer, and the amount of mRNA was analyzed using real-time qPCR. Real-time qPCR using the tag sequence as the forward primer and a segment-specific reverse primer ensured the specificity for quantifying the mRNA of segments 1, 4, and 5. The temperature, reaction time, and Mg2+ concentration were determined to select the optimum conditions for in vitro RNA synthesis by RdRp, and the amount of synthesized mRNAs of segments 1, 4, and 5 was determined with a detection sensitivity of 10 copies/reaction. In addition, mRNA synthesis was inhibited by ribavirin triphosphate, an RdRp inhibitor, thus indicating the usefulness of this evaluation method for screening RdRp inhibitors. Conclusion This method makes it possible to analyze the RdRp activity even in a laboratory where ultracentrifugation and radioisotopes cannot be used. This novel method for measuring influenza virus polymerase activity will further promote research to identify compounds that inhibit viral mRNA transcription activity of RdRp. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01644-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Horio
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan. .,DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan.
| | - Yuji Isegawa
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan. .,Institute for Biosciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan.
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Identification of One Critical Amino Acid Residue of the Nucleoprotein as a Determinant for In Vitro Replication Fitness of Influenza D Virus. J Virol 2021; 95:e0097121. [PMID: 34190601 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00971-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly identified influenza D virus (IDV) of the Orthomyxoviridae family has a wide host range with a broad geographical distribution. Despite the first appearance in U.S. pig herds in 2011, subsequent studies demonstrated that IDV is widespread in global cattle populations, supporting a theory that IDV utilizes bovines as a primary reservoir. Our investigation of the two reference influenza D viruses, D/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (OK/11), isolated from swine, and D/Bovine/Oklahoma/660/2013 (660/13), isolated from cattle, revealed that 660/13 replicated to titers approximately 100-fold higher than those for OK/11 in multiple cell lines. By using a recently developed IDV reverse-genetics system derived from low-titer OK/11, we generated recombinant chimeric OK/11 viruses in which one of the seven genome segments was replaced with its counterpart from high-titer 660/13 virus. Further characterization demonstrated that the replication level of the chimeric OK/11 virus was significantly increased only when harboring the 660/13 nucleoprotein (NP) segment. Finally, through both gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments, we identified that one amino acid residue at position 381, located in the body domain of NP protein, was a key determinant for the replication difference between the low-titer OK/11 virus and the high-titer 660/13 virus. Taken together, our findings provide important insight into IDV replication fitness mediated by the NP protein, which should facilitate future study of the infectious virus particle production mechanism of IDV. IMPORTANCE Little is known about the virus infection and production mechanism for newly discovered influenza D virus (IDV), which utilizes bovines as a primary reservoir, with frequent spillover to new hosts, including swine. In this study, we showed that of two well-characterized IDVs, 660/13 replicated more efficiently (approximately 100-fold higher) than OK/11. Using a recently developed IDV reverse-genetics system, we identified viral nucleoprotein (NP) as a primary determinant of the different replication capacities observed between these two nearly identical viruses. Mechanistic investigation further revealed that a mutation at NP position 381 evidently modulated virus fitness. Taken together, these observations indicate that IDV NP protein performs a critical role in infectious virus particle production. Our study thus illustrates an NP-based mechanism for efficient IDV infection and production in vitro.
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Moreira EA, Yamauchi Y, Matthias P. How Influenza Virus Uses Host Cell Pathways during Uncoating. Cells 2021; 10:1722. [PMID: 34359892 PMCID: PMC8305448 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a zoonotic respiratory disease of major public health interest due to its pandemic potential, and a threat to animals and the human population. The influenza A virus genome consists of eight single-stranded RNA segments sequestered within a protein capsid and a lipid bilayer envelope. During host cell entry, cellular cues contribute to viral conformational changes that promote critical events such as fusion with late endosomes, capsid uncoating and viral genome release into the cytosol. In this focused review, we concisely describe the virus infection cycle and highlight the recent findings of host cell pathways and cytosolic proteins that assist influenza uncoating during host cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yohei Yamauchi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
| | - Patrick Matthias
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Tan MP, Tan WS, Mohamed Alitheen NB, Yap WB. M2e-Based Influenza Vaccines with Nucleoprotein: A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:739. [PMID: 34358155 PMCID: PMC8310010 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of conserved antigens for universal influenza vaccines warrants solutions to a number of concerns pertinent to the currently licensed influenza vaccines, such as annual reformulation and mismatching with the circulating subtypes. The latter causes low vaccine efficacies, and hence leads to severe disease complications and high hospitalization rates among susceptible and immunocompromised individuals. A universal influenza vaccine ensures cross-protection against all influenza subtypes due to the presence of conserved epitopes that are found in the majority of, if not all, influenza types and subtypes, e.g., influenza matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) and nucleoprotein (NP). Despite its relatively low immunogenicity, influenza M2e has been proven to induce humoral responses in human recipients. Influenza NP, on the other hand, promotes remarkable anti-influenza T-cell responses. Additionally, NP subunits are able to assemble into particles which can be further exploited as an adjuvant carrier for M2e peptide. Practically, the T-cell immunodominance of NP can be transferred to M2e when it is fused and expressed as a chimeric protein in heterologous hosts such as Escherichia coli without compromising the antigenicity. Given the ability of NP-M2e fusion protein in inducing cross-protective anti-influenza cell-mediated and humoral immunity, its potential as a universal influenza vaccine is therefore worth further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Peng Tan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.P.T.); (N.B.M.A.)
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Mohamed Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.P.T.); (N.B.M.A.)
| | - Wei Boon Yap
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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Waters K, Wan HJ, Han L, Xue J, Ykema M, Tao YJ, Wan XF. Variations outside the conserved motifs of PB1 catalytic active site may affect replication efficiency of the RNP complex of influenza A virus. Virology 2021; 559:145-155. [PMID: 33887645 PMCID: PMC8579824 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PB1 functions as the catalytic subunit of influenza virus RNA polymerase complex and plays an essential role in viral RNA transcription and replication. To determine plasticity in the PB1 enzymatic site and map catalytically important residues, 658 mutants were constructed, each with one to seven mutations in the enzymatic site of PB1. The polymerase activities of these mutants were quantified using a minigenome assay, and polymerase activity-associated residues were identified using sparse learning. Results showed that polymerase activities are affected by the residues not only within the conserved motifs, but also across the inter-motif regions of PB1, and the latter are primarily located at the base of the palm domain, a region that is conserved in avian PB1 but with high sequence diversity in swine PB1. Our results suggest that mutations outside the PB1 conserved motifs may affect RNA replication and could be associated with influenza virus host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Waters
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Hamilton J Wan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Jianli Xue
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Matthew Ykema
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77251, USA
| | - Yizhi J Tao
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77251, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Knight ML, Fan H, Bauer DLV, Grimes JM, Fodor E, Keown JR. Structure of an H3N2 influenza virus nucleoprotein. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:208-214. [PMID: 34196611 PMCID: PMC8248822 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x2100635x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses of the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes are responsible for seasonal epidemic events. The influenza nucleoprotein (NP) binds to the viral genomic RNA and is essential for its replication. Efforts are under way to produce therapeutics and vaccines targeting the NP. Despite this, no structure of an NP from an H3N2 virus has previously been determined. Here, the structure of the A/Northern Territory/60/1968 (H3N2) influenza virus NP is presented at 2.2 Å resolution. The structure is highly similar to those of the A/WSN/1933 (H1N1) and A/Hong Kong/483/97 (H5N1) NPs. Nonconserved amino acids are widely dispersed both at the sequence and structural levels. A movement of the 73-90 RNA-binding loop is observed to be the key difference between the structure determined here and previous structures. The data presented here increase the understanding of structural conservation amongst influenza NPs and may aid in the design of universal interventions against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Knight
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Haitian Fan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - David L. V. Bauer
- RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Welcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy R. Keown
- Division of Structural Biology, Welcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
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42
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Song Y, Guo Y, Li X, Sun R, Zhu M, Shi J, Tan Z, Zhang L, Huang J. RBM39 Alters Phosphorylation of c-Jun and Binds to Viral RNA to Promote PRRSV Proliferation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664417. [PMID: 34079549 PMCID: PMC8165236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As transcriptional co-activator of AP-1/Jun, estrogen receptors and NF-κB, nuclear protein RBM39 also involves precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) splicing. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes sow reproductive disorders and piglet respiratory diseases, which resulted in serious economic losses worldwide. In this study, the up-regulated expression of RBM39 and down-regulated of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-β, TNFα, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6) were determined in PRRSV-infected 3D4/21 cells, and accompanied with the PRRSV proliferation. The roles of RBM39 altering phosphorylation of c-Jun to inhibit the AP-1 pathway to promote PRRSV proliferation were further verified. In addition, the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of RBM39 and c-Jun from the nucleus to cytoplasm was enhanced in PRRSV-infected cells. The three RRM domain of RBM39 are crucial to support the proliferation of PRRSV. Several PRRSV RNA (nsp4, nsp5, nsp7, nsp10-12, M and N) binding with RBM39 were determined, which may also contribute to the PRRSV proliferation. Our results revealed a complex mechanism of RBM39 by altering c-Jun phosphorylation and nucleocytoplasmic translocation, and regulating binding of RBM39 with viral RNA to prompt PRRSV proliferation. The results provide new viewpoints to understand the immune escape mechanism of PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinna Song
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyu Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingxuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Yin Y, Li B, Zhou L, Luo J, Liu X, Wang S, Lu Q, Tan W, Chen Z. Protein transduction domain-mediated influenza NP subunit vaccine generates a potent immune response and protection against influenza virus in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1933-1942. [PMID: 32811334 PMCID: PMC8284974 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1812436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoprotein (NP) is a highly conserved internal protein of the influenza virus, a major target for universal influenza vaccine. Our previous studies have proven NP-based subunit vaccine can provide partial protection in mice. It is reported that the protein transduction domain (PTD) TAT protein from human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is able to penetrate cells when added exogenous protein and could effectively enhance the immune response induced by the exogenous protein. In present study, the recombinant protein TAT-NP, a fusion of TAT and NP was effectively expressed in Escherichia coli and purified as a candidate component for an influenza vaccine. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant influenza TAT-NP vaccine by intranasal immunization. In vitro experiments showed that TAT-NP could efficiently penetrate into cells. Animal results showed that mice vaccinated with TAT-NP could not only induce higher levels of IgG and mucosal IgA, but also elicit a robust cellular immune response. Moreover, the TAT-NP fusion protein could significantly increase the protection of mice against lethal doses of homologous influenza virus PR8 and could also provide mice protection against a lethal dose challenge against heterosubtypic H9N2 and H3N2 influenza virus. In conclusion, the recombinant TAT-NP might be a universal vaccine candidate against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - BeiBei Li
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Linting Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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44
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Wu J, Gu J, Shen L, Jia X, Yin Y, Chen Y, Wang S, Mao L. The role of host cell Rab GTPases in influenza A virus infections. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:445-452. [PMID: 33847136 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a crucial cause of respiratory infections in humans worldwide. Therefore, studies should clarify adaptation mechanisms of IAV and critical factors of the viral pathogenesis in human hosts. GTPases of the Rab family are the largest branch of the Ras-like small GTPase superfamily, and they regulate almost every step during vesicle-mediated trafficking. Evidence has shown that Rab proteins participate in the lifecycle of IAV. In this mini-review, we outline the regulatory mechanisms of different Rab proteins in the lifecycle of IAV. Understanding the role of Rab proteins in IAV infections is important to develop broad-spectrum host-targeted antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Shen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaonan Jia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiqian Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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45
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Yang F, Pang B, Lai KK, Cheung NN, Dai J, Zhang W, Zhang J, Chan KH, Chen H, Sze KH, Zhang H, Hao Q, Yang D, Yuen KY, Kao RY. Discovery of a Novel Specific Inhibitor Targeting Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein with Pleiotropic Inhibitory Effects on Various Steps of the Viral Life Cycle. J Virol 2021; 95:e01432-20. [PMID: 33627391 PMCID: PMC8104107 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01432-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) continue to pose an imminent threat to humans due to annual influenza epidemic outbreaks and episodic pandemics with high mortality rates. In this context, the suboptimal vaccine coverage and efficacy, coupled with recurrent events of viral resistance against a very limited antiviral portfolio, emphasize an urgent need for new additional prophylactic and therapeutic options, including new antiviral targets and drugs with new mechanisms of action to prevent and treat influenza virus infection. Here, we characterized a novel influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) inhibitor, FA-6005, that inhibited a broad spectrum of human pandemic and seasonal influenza A and B viruses in vitro and protects mice against lethal influenza A virus challenge. The small molecule FA-6005 targeted a conserved NP I41 domain and acted as a potentially broad, multimechanistic anti-influenza virus therapeutic since FA-6005 suppressed influenza virus replication and perturbed intracellular trafficking of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) from early to late stages. Cocrystal structures of the NP/FA-6005 complex reconciled well with concurrent mutational studies. This study provides the first line of direct evidence suggesting that the newly identified NP I41 pocket is an attractive target for drug development that inhibits multiple functions of NP. Our results also highlight FA-6005 as a promising candidate for further development as an antiviral drug for the treatment of IAV infection and provide chemical-level details for inhibitor optimization.IMPORTANCE Current influenza antivirals have limitations with regard to their effectiveness and the potential emergence of resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need for broad-spectrum inhibitors to address the considerable challenges posed by the rapid evolution of influenza viruses that limit the effectiveness of vaccines and lead to the emergence of antiviral drug resistance. Here, we identified a novel influenza A virus NP antagonist, FA-6005, with broad-spectrum efficacy against influenza viruses, and our study presents a comprehensive study of the mode of action of FA-6005 with the crystal structure of the compound in complex with NP. The influenza virus inhibitor holds promise as an urgently sought-after therapeutic option offering a mechanism of action complementary to existing antiviral drugs for the treatment of influenza virus infection and should further aid in the development of universal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Pang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Kui Lai
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nam Nam Cheung
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kong-Hung Sze
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- SUSTech-HKU Joint Laboratories for Matrix Biology and Diseases, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quan Hao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard Y Kao
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Arista-Romero M, Pujals S, Albertazzi L. Towards a Quantitative Single Particle Characterization by Super Resolution Microscopy: From Virus Structures to Antivirals Design. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:647874. [PMID: 33842446 PMCID: PMC8033170 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.647874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last year the COVID19 pandemic clearly illustrated the potential threat that viruses pose to our society. The characterization of viral structures and the identification of key proteins involved in each step of the cycle of infection are crucial to develop treatments. However, the small size of viruses, invisible under conventional fluorescence microscopy, make it difficult to study the organization of protein clusters within the viral particle. The applications of super-resolution microscopy have skyrocketed in the last years, converting this group into one of the leading techniques to characterize viruses and study the viral infection in cells, breaking the diffraction limit by achieving resolutions up to 10 nm using conventional probes such as fluorescent dyes and proteins. There are several super-resolution methods available and the selection of the right one it is crucial to study in detail all the steps involved in the viral infection, quantifying and creating models of infection for relevant viruses such as HIV-1, Influenza, herpesvirus or SARS-CoV-1. Here we review the use of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) to study all steps involved in the viral infection and antiviral design. In light of the threat of new viruses, these studies could inspire future assays to unveil the viral mechanism of emerging viruses and further develop successful antivirals against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arista-Romero
- Nanoscopy for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Pujals
- Nanoscopy for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Nanoscopy for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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47
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A novel entropy-based mapping method for determining the protein-protein interactions in viral genomes by using coevolution analysis. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Development and application of a novel triplex protein microarray method for rapid detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, and avian infectious bronchitis virus. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1113-1124. [PMID: 33576898 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) inflict immense damage on the global poultry industry annually. Serological diagnostic methods are fundamental for the effective control and prevention of outbreaks caused by these viruses. In this study, a novel triplex protein microarray assay was developed and validated for the rapid and simultaneous visualized detection of antibodies against AIV, NDV, and IBV in chicken sera. The AIV nuclear protein (NP), NDV phosphoprotein (P), and IBV nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5) were produced in a prokaryotic expression system, purified, and immobilized onto an initiator integrated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (iPDMS) film as probes to detect antibodies against these viruses in chicken sera. After optimization of the reaction conditions, no cross-reactivity was detected with infectious bursal disease virus, avian leukosis virus subgroup J and chicken anemia virus antisera. The lowest detectable antibody titers in this assay corresponded to hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers of 24 and 21 for AIV and NDV, respectively, and to an IDEXX antibody titer of 103 for IBV, using the HI assay and IDEXX commercial ELISA kit as the reference methods. When156 serum samples were tested using the new assay, the HI test and the IBV IDEXX ELISA kit, the assay showed 96.8% (151/156), 97.4% (152/156) and 99.4% (155/156) diagnostic accuracy for detection of AIV, NDV and IBV antibody, respectively. The current study suggests that the newly developed triplex microarray is rapid, sensitive, and specific, providing a viable alternative assay for AIV, NDV, and IBV antibody screening in epidemiological investigations and vaccination evaluations.
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Therapeutic p28 peptide targets essential H1N1 influenza virus proteins: insights from docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Mol Divers 2021; 25:1929-1943. [PMID: 33575983 PMCID: PMC7877518 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The H1N1 influenza virus causes a severe disease that affects the human respiratory tract leading to millions of deaths every year. At present, certain vaccines and few drugs are used to control the virus during seasonal outbreaks. However, high mutation rates and genetic reassortment make it challenging to prevent and mitigate outbreaks, leading to pandemics. Thus, alternate therapies are required for its management and control. Here, we report that a bacterial protein, azurin, and its peptide derivatives p18 and p28 target critical proteins of the influenza virus in an effective manner. The molecular docking studies show that the p28 peptide could target C-PB1, NS1-ED, PB2-CBD, PB2-RBD, NP, and PA proteins. These complexes were further subjected to the simulation of molecular dynamics and binding free energy calculations. The data indicate that p28 has an unusually high affinity and forms stable complexes with the viral proteins C-PB1, PB2-CBD, PB2-RBD, and NP. We suggest that the azurin derivative p28 peptide can act as an anti-influenza agent as it can bind to multiple targets and neutralize the virus. Additional experimental studies need to be conducted to evaluate its safety and efficacy as an anti-H1N1 molecule.
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50
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Modeling the
Influenza A
NP-vRNA-Polymerase Complex in Atomic Detail. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010124. [PMID: 33477938 PMCID: PMC7833383 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal flu is an acute respiratory disease that exacts a massive toll on human populations, healthcare systems and economies. The disease is caused by an enveloped Influenza virus containing eight ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Each RNP incorporates multiple copies of nucleoprotein (NP), a fragment of the viral genome (vRNA), and a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (POL), and is responsible for packaging the viral genome and performing critical functions including replication and transcription. A complete model of an Influenza RNP in atomic detail can elucidate the structural basis for viral genome functions, and identify potential targets for viral therapeutics. In this work we construct a model of a complete Influenza A RNP complex in atomic detail using multiple sources of structural and sequence information and a series of homology-modeling techniques, including a motif-matching fragment assembly method. Our final model provides a rationale for experimentally-observed changes to viral polymerase activity in numerous mutational assays. Further, our model reveals specific interactions between the three primary structural components of the RNP, including potential targets for blocking POL-binding to the NP-vRNA complex. The methods developed in this work open the possibility of elucidating other functionally-relevant atomic-scale interactions in additional RNP structures and other biomolecular complexes.
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