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Wang C, Le MNT, Kawada-Matsuo M, Hisatsune J, Sugawara Y, Arai C, Nakanishi J, Takeda K, Shiba H, Sugai M, Komatsuzawa H. Ursoricin, a bacteriocin of Streptococcus ursoris, has potent activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0016224. [PMID: 38775468 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00162-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), has increased the need to discover novel antimicrobial agents that are effective against these species. Here, we describe the identification and purification of the mutacin BHT-B-like gene locus and bacteriocin peptide from Streptococcus ursoris, which is closely related to Streptococcus ratti; hence, we named this bacteriocin ursoricin. Ursoricin is a cationic, chromosome-encoded peptide that has potent antimicrobial effects against Gram-positive pathogens, including MRSA and VRE, with minimum inhibitory concentrations in the micromolar range. Ursoricin also inhibits the biofilm formation of high biofilm-forming S. aureus. Antibacterial activity was retained after treatment at 100°C for 60 min at a pH range of 3-9 and was partially reduced by treatment with proteinase K for 2 h (63% residual activity). The potent anti-MRSA, anti-VRE, and antibiofilm effects of ursoricin suggest that it is a possible candidate for the treatment of MRSA, VRE, and biofilm-associated infections. IMPORTANCE The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria worldwide has posed a significant public health threat and economic burdens that make the identification and development of novel antimicrobial agents urgent. Bacteriocins are promising new agents that exhibit antibacterial activity against a wide range of human pathogens. In this study, we report that the bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus ursoris showed good antibacterial activity against a wide range of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus strains, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and high biofilm-forming S. aureus. Interestingly, this bacteriocin had a stronger effect on S. aureus than on Staphylococcus epidermidis, which is a major commensal bacterium in human skin; this result is important when considering the disturbance of bacterial flora, especially on the skin, mediated by the application of antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutian Wang
- Department of Biological Endodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mi Nguyen-Tra Le
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Centre for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miki Kawada-Matsuo
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Centre for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junzo Hisatsune
- Project Research Centre for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo Sugawara
- Project Research Centre for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chika Arai
- Project Research Centre for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Nakanishi
- Department of Biological Endodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Takeda
- Department of Biological Endodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Shiba
- Department of Biological Endodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- Project Research Centre for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Centre for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Pita MS, do Nascimento C, dos Santos CGP, Pires IM, Pedrazzi V. Experimental conical-head abutment screws on the microbial leakage through the implant-abutment interface: an in vitro
analysis using target-specific DNA probes. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016; 28:e68-e75. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murillo S. Pita
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; 14040-904 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Cássio do Nascimento
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; 14040-904 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Carla G. P. dos Santos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; 14040-904 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Isabela M. Pires
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; 14040-904 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Vinícius Pedrazzi
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; 14040-904 São Paulo SP Brazil
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Antibacterial Peptides: Opportunities for the Prevention and Treatment of Dental Caries. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 3:68. [PMID: 26781572 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-011-9076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that is a growing and costly global health concern. The onset of disease is a consequence of an ecological imbalance within the dental plaque biofilm that favors specific acidogenic and aciduric caries pathogens, namely Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. It is now recognized by the scientific and medical community that it is neither possible nor desirable to totally eliminate dental plaque. Conversely, the chemical biocides most commonly used for caries prevention and treatment indiscriminately attack all plaque microorganisms. These treatments also suffer from other drawbacks such as bad taste, irritability, and staining. Furthermore, the public demand for safe and natural personal hygiene products continues to rise. Therefore, there are opportunities that exist to develop new strategies for the treatment of this disease. As an alternative to conventional antibiotics, antibacterial peptides have been explored greatly over the last three decades for many different therapeutic uses. There are currently tens of hundreds of antibacterial peptides characterized across the evolutionary spectrum, and among these, many demonstrate physical and/or biological properties that may be suitable for a more targeted approach to the selective control or elimination of putative caries pathogens. Additionally, many peptides, such as nisin, are odorless, colorless, and tasteless and do not cause irritation or staining. This review focuses on antibacterial peptides for their potential role in the treatment and prevention of dental caries and suggests candidates that need to be explored further. Practical considerations for the development of antibacterial peptides as oral treatments are also discussed.
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Marginal fit and microbial leakage along the implant-abutment interface of fixed partial prostheses: An in vitro analysis using Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. J Prosthet Dent 2015; 114:831-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Conrads G, de Soet JJ, Song L, Henne K, Sztajer H, Wagner-Döbler I, Zeng AP. Comparing the cariogenic species Streptococcus sobrinus and S. mutans on whole genome level. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:26189. [PMID: 25475081 PMCID: PMC4256546 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.26189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two closely related species of mutans streptococci, namely Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are associated with dental caries in humans. Their acidogenic and aciduric capacity is directly associated with the cariogenic potential of these bacteria. To survive acidic and temporarily harsh conditions in the human oral cavity with hundreds of other microbial co-colonizers as competitors, both species have developed numerous mechanisms for adaptation. Objectives The recently published novel genome information for both species is used to elucidate genetic similarities but especially differences and to discuss the impact on cariogenicity of the corresponding phenotypic properties including adhesion, carbohydrate uptake and fermentation, acid tolerance, signaling by two component systems, competence, and oxidative stress resistance. Conclusions S. sobrinus can down-regulate the SpaA-mediated adherence to the pellicle. It has a smaller number of two-component signaling systems and bacteriocin-related genes than S. mutans, but all or even more immunity proteins. It lacks the central competence genes comC, comS, and comR. There are more genes coding for glucosyltransferases and a novel energy production pathway formed by lactate oxidase, which is not found in S. mutans. Both species show considerable differences in the regulation of fructan catabolism. However, both S. mutans and S. sobrinus share most of these traits and should therefore be considered as equally virulent with regard to dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry & Periodontology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany;
| | - Johannes J de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lifu Song
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems, Technical University Hamburg, Harburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Henne
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry & Periodontology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Helena Sztajer
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems, Technical University Hamburg, Harburg, Germany
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Xu HX, Mughal S, Taiwo O, Lee SF. Isolation and characterization of an antibacterial biflavonoid from an African chewing stick Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 147:497-502. [PMID: 23542144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The use of African chewing sticks in maintaining oral health is widely practiced in African countries. It has been reported that chewing stick users have a lower rate of dental caries and a better general oral health than non-users. It is generally thought that the beneficial effect of chewing stick is attributed to the mechanical cleansing effect and antimicrobial substances present in the stick. However, the active antimicrobial substances remain uncharacterized. AIM OF THE STUDY To provide a scientific basis for the anti-caries effect of African chewing sticks, the authors purify an active antibacterial compound from Garcinia kola Heckel, a Nigerian chewing stick and examined the antibacterial activity of this compound against the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methanol extract was prepared from Garcinia kola and was further fractionated by solvent extractions. Silica gel chromatography was used to purify the antibacterial compound from the active fraction. The identity of the purified compound was determined by NMR analysis. The antibacterial activity of the purified compound was examined by standard microbiological assays. RESULTS The antibacterial activity was found in the ether fraction and the active compound was isolated and determined to be a biflavonoid named GB1. GB1 was active against Streptococcus mutans and other oral bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 32-64μg/ml. The basis for the antibacterial effect of GB1 was investigated using Streptococcus mutans as the target. At 256μg/ml, GB1 exhibited some bacteriocidal activity against Streptococcus mutans and induced the aggregation of Streptococcus mutans. GB1 has no apparent effects on protein synthesis and DNA synthesis but inhibited glucose uptake and utilization by Streptococcus mutans suggesting that GB1 exerts its antibacterial effect by inhibiting metabolism. GB1 also inhibited the formation of water-insoluble glucan by the extracellular glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus mutans in a dose-dependent manner. Streptococcus mutans did not develop resistance to GB1 upon subculturing in the presence of sub-MIC level of the biflavonoid. CONCLUSION The antibacterial effect and glucan synthesis-inhibition property of this biflavonoid may account for some of the beneficial effects reported in the chewing stick users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xi Xu
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3J5
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Chikindas ML, Novák J, Caufield PW, Schilling K, Tagg JR. Microbially-produced peptides having potential application to the prevention of dental caries. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 9:95-105. [PMID: 18611824 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(97)00040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/1997] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Strategies advanced to decrease the occurrence of dental caries have in the past typically focussed upon attempting to reduce plaque accumulation by application of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. In recent years however there has been growing interest in the application of a more targeted approach to the selective elimination from plaque of those bacterial species that are specifically implicated as the aetiological agents of this disease. This review focuses upon a number of the small bacterially-produced peptide antibiotics known as bacteriocins that are currently being explored for their potential role in the treatment and prevention of dental caries.
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Hamada S, Ooshima T, Fijiwara T, Minami T, Kimura S. Development of Preventive Measures Based on the Aetiology of Dental Caries: A Review. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609609166478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Hamada
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Yamadaoka, Suita-Osaka, 565, Japan
| | - Takashi Ooshima
- Pedodontics, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Yamadaoka, Suita-Osaka, 565, Japan
| | - Taku Fijiwara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Yamadaoka, Suita-Osaka, 565, Japan
- Pedodontics, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Yamadaoka, Suita-Osaka, 565, Japan
| | - Takahiro Minami
- Pedodontics, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Yamadaoka, Suita-Osaka, 565, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kimura
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Yamadaoka, Suita-Osaka, 565, Japan
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Simmonds RS, Naidoo J, Jones CL, Tagg JR. The Streptococcal Bacteriocin-like Inhibitory Substance, Zoocin A, Reduces the Proportion ofStreptococcus mutansin an Artificial Plaque. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609509140107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Simmonds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - J. Naidoo
- Dental Research Division, Unilever Research Port Sunlight Laboratory, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, L63 3JW, UK
| | - C. L. Jones
- Dental Research Division, Unilever Research Port Sunlight Laboratory, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, L63 3JW, UK
| | - J. R. Tagg
- Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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do Nascimento C, Barbosa RES, Issa JPM, Watanabe E, Ito IY, de Albuquerque Junior RF. Use of checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization to evaluate the internal contamination of dental implants and comparison of bacterial leakage with cast or pre-machined abutments. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009; 20:571-7. [PMID: 19250244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method for detection and quantitation of bacteria from the internal parts of dental implants and to compare bacterial leakage from implants connected either to cast or to pre-machined abutments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine plastic abutments cast in a Ni-Cr alloy and nine pre-machined Co-Cr alloy abutments with plastic sleeves cast in Ni-Cr were connected to Branemark-compatible implants. A group of nine implants was used as control. The implants were inoculated with 3 microl of a solution containing 10(8) cells/ml of Streptococcus sobrinus. Bacterial samples were immediately collected from the control implants while assemblies were completely immersed in 5 ml of sterile Tripty Soy Broth (TSB) medium. After 14 days of anaerobic incubation, occurrence of leakage at the implant-abutment interface was evaluated by assessing contamination of the TSB medium. Internal contamination of the implants was evaluated with the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method. RESULTS DNA-DNA hybridization was sensitive enough to detect and quantify the microorganism from the internal parts of the implants. No differences in leakage and in internal contamination were found between cast and pre-machined abutments. Bacterial scores in the control group were significantly higher than in the other groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Bacterial leakage through the implant-abutment interface does not significantly differ when cast or pre-machined abutments are used. The checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique is suitable for the evaluation of the internal contamination of dental implants although further studies are necessary to validate the use of computational methods for the improvement of the test accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássio do Nascimento
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pieterse R, Todorov SD, Dicks LMT. Bacteriocin ST91KM, produced by Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus ST91KM, is a narrow-spectrum peptide active against bacteria associated with mastitis in dairy cattle. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:525-31. [PMID: 18641698 DOI: 10.1139/w08-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus ST91KM produces a bacteriocin (macedocin ST91KM) active against Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Macedocin ST91KM is, according to tricine-SDS PAGE, between 2.0 and 2.5 kDa in size. Antimicrobial activity remained unchanged after 2 h of incubation at pH 2.0-10.0 and after 100 min at 100 degrees C. The peptide was inactivated after 20 min at 121 degrees C and when treated with proteolytic enzymes. Treatment with alpha-amylase had no effect on activity, suggesting that the mode of action does not depend on glycosylation. Amplification of the genome of strain ST91KM with primers designed from the macedocin precursor gene (mcdA) produced 2 fragments (approximately 375 and 220 bp) instead of one 150-bp fragment, as recorded for macedocin produced by Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus ACA-DC 198. Strain ACA-DC 198 was not available. However, DNA amplified from strain LMG 18488 (ACA-DC 206), genetically closely related to strain ACA-DC 198, revealed 99% homology to the mcdA of strain ACA-DC 198 (accession No. DQ835394). Macedocin ST91KM may thus be a second putative bacteriocin described for Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reneé Pieterse
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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Sung WS, Park Y, Choi CH, Hahm KS, Lee DG. Mode of antibacterial action of a signal peptide, Pep27 from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:806-10. [PMID: 17900534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Pep27 and its mode of action. The results indicated Pep27 exhibited antibacterial activities against pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria without hemolytic effect on human erythrocytes, but it did not exhibit antifungal activity. To understand the mode of action of Pep27, the cellular distribution of the peptide was investigated. Flow cytometry analysis exhibited Pep27 penetrated the bacterial membrane by an energy-independent pathway without any damage to the membrane when examined using liposome and membrane probe. After penetration into the bacterial cells, Pep27 was not affected by macromolecular synthesis, but activated protein phosphatase activity in dose ranges of 10-15 microM and time range of 5-10 min in case of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. These results demonstrated the antibacterial activities of Pep27 are fundamentally attributable to a physiological change by activated phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sang Sung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Puk-ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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Khan AA, Whelton H, O'Mullane D. Is the fluoride level in drinking water a gold standard for the control of dental caries? Int Dent J 2004; 54:256-60. [PMID: 15503849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2004.tb00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To obtain baseline knowledge of levels of dental caries in 12-year-old children residing in areas with varying levels of fluoride in drinking water in Pakistan; and to observe a dose-response relationship between the prevalence of dental caries at different concentrations of fluoride in drinking water. METHOD Clinical examination of children and analysis of samples of drinking water. RESULTS The maximum reduction of caries in relation to fluoride levels in Pakistan was witnessed between the fluoride concentrations of 0.00-0.33ppm. CONCLUSIONS There are no gold standards for setting up a universal optimal level of fluoride in drinking water and each country needs to determine the concentration of fluoride in their drinking water in accordance with its socio-economic and climatic conditions, dietary and oral hygiene habits of its population, and local research to determine how much fluoride is beneficial in the control of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyaz Ali Khan
- Shaikh Zayed Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Lee DG, Kim HK, Park Y, Park SC, Woo ER, Jeong HG, Hahm KS. Gram-positive bacteria specific properties of silybin derived from Silybum marianum. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:597-600. [PMID: 12967193 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Silybin has a potent antibacterial activity, more potent than silymarin II, against gram-positive bacteria without hemolytic activity, whereas it has no antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria or fungi. The mode of action of silybin against the gram-positive bacterial cell was examined by investigating the change in plasma membrane dynamics of bacterial cells using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hextriene (DPH) as a membrane probe and by assessing the inhibition of macromolecular synthesis using radiolabeled incorporation assay. The results showed that silybin inhibited RNA and protein synthesis on gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gun Lee
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Korea
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15
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Georgalaki MD, Van Den Berghe E, Kritikos D, Devreese B, Van Beeumen J, Kalantzopoulos G, De Vuyst L, Tsakalidou E. Macedocin, a food-grade lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:5891-903. [PMID: 12450808 PMCID: PMC134371 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.12.5891-5903.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2002] [Accepted: 08/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198, a strain isolated from Greek Kasseri cheese, produces a food-grade lantibiotic named macedocin. Macedocin has a molecular mass of 2,794.76 +/- 0.42 Da, as determined by electrospray mass spectrometry. Partial N-terminal sequence analysis revealed 22 amino acid residues that correspond with the amino acid sequence of the lantibiotics SA-FF22 and SA-M49, both of which were isolated from the pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. Macedocin inhibits a broad spectrum of lactic acid bacteria, as well as several food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, including Clostridium tyrobutyricum. It displays a bactericidal effect towards the most sensitive indicator strain, Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei LMG 13558(T), while the producer strain itself displays autoinhibition when it is grown under conditions that do not favor bacteriocin production. Macedocin is active at pHs between 4.0 and 9.0, and it retains activity even after incubation for 20 min at 121 degrees C with 1 atm of overpressure. Inhibition of macedocin by proteolytic enzymes is variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D Georgalaki
- Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Thirty eight plant-derived flavonoids representing seven different structural groups were tested for activities against antibiotic-resistant bacteria using the disc-diffusion assay and broth dilution assay. Among the flavonoids examined, four flavonols (myricetin, datiscetin, kaempferol and quercetin) and two -flavones (flavone and luteolin) exhibited inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Myricetin was also found to inhibit the growth of multidrug-resistant Burkholderia -cepacia, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and other medically important organisms such as -Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Myricetin was bactericidal to B. cepacia. The results of the radiolabel incorporation assay showed that myricetin inhibited protein synthesis by -B. cepacia. The structure-activity relationship of these flavonoids is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H X Xu
- Department of Applied Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3J5
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Abstract
Dental caries is the most common infectious disease affecting humans. The principal causative agents are a group of streptococcal species collectively referred to as the mutans streptococci of which Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are the most important agents of human caries. This review outlines what is currently known about these ubiquitous pathogens and discusses novel methods for elimination of these bacteria from dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Balakrishnan
- Department of Oral Sciences and Orthodontics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Grönroos L, Saarela M, Mättö J, Tanner-Salo U, Vuorela A, Alaluusua S. Mutacin production by Streptococcus mutans may promote transmission of bacteria from mother to child. Infect Immun 1998; 66:2595-600. [PMID: 9596721 PMCID: PMC108243 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.6.2595-2600.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances, mutacins, by mutans streptococci varies among isolates. To find if the degree of mutacin activity of an isolate was related to its transmission between mother and her child, 19 mothers and their 18-month- to 3-year-old children were sampled for their oral mutans streptococci. In addition, the stability of mutacin activity was studied with isolates from the mothers and with isolates from five unrelated 5-year-old children in 5- to 7-year follow-up studies. A total of 145 oral mutans streptococcal isolates were serotyped by immunodiffusion, ribotyped, and mutacin typed by the stab culture technique. Mutacin was produced by 88% of the strains against more than 1 of the 14 indicator strains, representing mutans streptococci, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptococcus mutans isolates showed more inhibitory activity than did Streptococcus sobrinus isolates. Identical ribotypes had similar mutacin activity profiles within a subject, initially and in the follow-up studies, in all but two cases. The mothers harbored a total of 37 different mutans streptococcal ribotypes. Six children were negative for mutans streptococci. Transmission was probable in 9 of 20 mother-child pairs on the basis of the presence of identical strains, as determined by ribotyping and bacteriocin (mutacin) typing. S. mutans strains shared between a mother and her child showed a broader spectrum of inhibitory activity than did nontransmitted strains. In conclusion, the mutacin activity of clinical isolates is reasonably stable, and this virulence factor seems to be of clinical importance in early colonization by S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Grönroos
- Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontics, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Mota-Meira M, Lacroix C, LaPointe G, Lavoie MC. Purification and structure of mutacin B-Ny266: a new lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus mutans. FEBS Lett 1997; 410:275-9. [PMID: 9237644 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutacins are bactericidal substances of proteinaceous nature produced by Streptococcus mutans. Lantibiotics are antibacterial substances containing post-translationally modified amino acids such as lanthionine. Mutacin B-Ny266 was purified from the cell pellet of S. mutans strain Ny266 by ethanol extraction at pH 2.0 followed by reversed-phase chromatography (Sep-Pak cartridge) and by HPLC on a C18 column. The mean purification factor was 3240 +/- 81 and the mean yield was 1.0 +/- 0.1%. Molecular mass of mutacin B-Ny266 as determined by mass spectroscopy is 2270.29 +/- 0.21 Da. The amino acid sequence of the purified active fraction was obtained by Edman degradation after treatment with alkaline ethanethiol. Twenty-one amino acids were detected in this analysis. Mutacin B-Ny266 belongs to the type A lantibiotics. The proposed sequence is: F-K-A-W-U-F-A-Abu-P-G-A-A-K-O-G-A-F-N-U-Y-A. The molecule differs from that of epidermin/staphylococcin 1580 and gallidermin at positions 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mota-Meira
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences et Technologie du Lait (STELA), Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Bacteriocins are extracellular substances produced by different types of bacteria, including both Gram positive and Gram negative species. They can be produced spontaneously or induced by certain chemicals such as mitomycin C. They are biologically one of the important substances, and have been found to be useful in membrane studies and also in typing pathogenic microorganisms causing serious nosocomial infections. Bacteriocins are a heterogeneous group of particles with different morphological and biochemical entities. They range from a simple protein to a high molecular weight complex: the active moiety of each molecule in all cases seems to be protein in nature. The genetic determinants of most of the bacteriocins are located on the plasmids, apart from few which are chromosomally encoded. These bactericidal particles are species specific. They exert their lethal activity through adsorption to specific receptors located on the external surface of sensitive bacteria, followed by metabolic, biological and morphological changes resulting in the killing of such bacteria. This review summarises the classification, biochemical nature, morphology and mode of action of bacteriocins as well as their genetic determinants and the microbiological relevance of these bactericidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Daw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alfateh University of Medical Sciences, Tripoli, Libya
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Goyette N, Parrot M, Sutzescu D, Leduc M, Dufour L, Trahan L, Lavoie MC. Inverse correlation between the proportion of salivary bacteria inhibiting Streptococcus mutans and the percentage of untreated carious teeth. J Oral Pathol Med 1995; 24:462-7. [PMID: 8600283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the role of inhibitory substances produced by bacteria in the oral cavity, we estimated, by a deferred test on Todd-Hewitt agar enriched with hemin and vitamin K, the proportion of bacteria that inhibited or stimulated the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, from the saliva of 109 patients (54 males and 55 females) attending our dental clinics. The patients, aged from 8 to 75 years old (mean: 31 +/- 18 years), were randomly selected whatever the reason for their visit. The results, evaluated with the Spearman rank test, indicated that there was no statistically significant (P > 0.05) correlation between the proportion of salivary bacteria inhibiting or stimulating P. gingivalis with the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), the number of carious, missing and filled teeth, or with the decayed, missing and filled teeth index (DMFT). Also, no statistically significant correlation was observed between the proportion of salivary bacteria stimulating the growth of S. mutans and the above mentioned health indexes. However, a statistically significant (P < 0.005) negative correlation was found between the percentage of cultivated bacteria that inhibit S. mutans and the percentage of untreated carious teeth as well as with the CPITN. The results thus indicate a possible role for inhibitory substances produced by bacteria in the maintenance of oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Goyette
- Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Cité Universitaire, Québec, Canada
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Novák J, Caufield PW, Miller EJ. Isolation and biochemical characterization of a novel lantibiotic mutacin from Streptococcus mutans. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:4316-20. [PMID: 8021218 PMCID: PMC205644 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.14.4316-4320.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain members of the indigenous biota of humans produce antimicrobial substances called bacteriocins, which inhibit other bacteria, including members of their own species. One of these substances, mutacin, is made by Streptococcus mutans, a member of the oral biota. Mutacin inhibits other mutans streptococci as well as many gram-positive exogenous pathogens. Here, we report for the first time the purification and partial biochemical characterization of a lanthionine-containing mutacin peptide from S. mutants T8. The biologically active peptide was isolated from the broth cultures by ultrafiltration and differential precipitation. The final mutacin preparation was homogeneous as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. A molecular mass of the peptide was estimated by electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy to be 3,244.64 +/- 1.15 Da. Its amino acid composition indicates the presence of lanthionine and likely beta-methyllanthionine in a total of about 25 amino acids. Because alpha,beta-unsaturated amino acids, the precursors of lanthionine residues, are often found in lantibiotics, we carried out the addition reaction of the mutacin with N-(methyl)mercaptoacetamide. The subsequent electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of two reaction products with M(r)s of 3,350.45 and 3,456.0. These are interpreted as the mutacin molecule with the addition of one and two molecules of reagent to the unsaturated amino acids, respectively. Sequencing of the peptide revealed an N-terminal amino acid sequence of Asn-Arg-Trp-Trp-Gln-Gly-Val-Val.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Novák
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294
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