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Mencel ML, Bittner GD. Repair of traumatic lesions to the plasmalemma of neurons and other cells: Commonalities, conflicts, and controversies. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1114779. [PMID: 37008019 PMCID: PMC10050709 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1114779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroscientists and Cell Biologists have known for many decades that eukaryotic cells, including neurons, are surrounded by a plasmalemma/axolemma consisting of a phospholipid bilayer that regulates trans-membrane diffusion of ions (including calcium) and other substances. Cells often incur plasmalemmal damage via traumatic injury and various diseases. If the damaged plasmalemma is not rapidly repaired within minutes, activation of apoptotic pathways by calcium influx often results in cell death. We review publications reporting what is less-well known (and not yet covered in neuroscience or cell biology textbooks): that calcium influx at the lesion sites ranging from small nm-sized holes to complete axonal transection activates parallel biochemical pathways that induce vesicles/membrane-bound structures to migrate and interact to restore original barrier properties and eventual reestablishment of the plasmalemma. We assess the reliability of, and problems with, various measures (e.g., membrane voltage, input resistance, current flow, tracer dyes, confocal microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy) used individually and in combination to assess plasmalemmal sealing in various cell types (e.g., invertebrate giant axons, oocytes, hippocampal and other mammalian neurons). We identify controversies such as plug versus patch hypotheses that attempt to account for currently available data on the subcellular mechanisms of plasmalemmal repair/sealing. We describe current research gaps and potential future developments, such as much more extensive correlations of biochemical/biophysical measures with sub-cellular micromorphology. We compare and contrast naturally occurring sealing with recently-discovered artificially-induced plasmalemmal sealing by polyethylene glycol (PEG) that bypasses all natural pathways for membrane repair. We assess other recent developments such as adaptive membrane responses in neighboring cells following injury to an adjacent cell. Finally, we speculate how a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in natural and artificial plasmalemmal sealing is needed to develop better clinical treatments for muscular dystrophies, stroke and other ischemic conditions, and various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshal L. Mencel
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - George D. Bittner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: George D. Bittner,
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2
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Fierro F, Vaca I, Castillo NI, García-Rico RO, Chávez R. Penicillium chrysogenum, a Vintage Model with a Cutting-Edge Profile in Biotechnology. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030573. [PMID: 35336148 PMCID: PMC8954384 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of penicillin entailed a decisive breakthrough in medicine. No other medical advance has ever had the same impact in the clinical practise. The fungus Penicillium chrysogenum (reclassified as P. rubens) has been used for industrial production of penicillin ever since the forties of the past century; industrial biotechnology developed hand in hand with it, and currently P. chrysogenum is a thoroughly studied model for secondary metabolite production and regulation. In addition to its role as penicillin producer, recent synthetic biology advances have put P. chrysogenum on the path to become a cell factory for the production of metabolites with biotechnological interest. In this review, we tell the history of P. chrysogenum, from the discovery of penicillin and the first isolation of strains with high production capacity to the most recent research advances with the fungus. We will describe how classical strain improvement programs achieved the goal of increasing production and how the development of different molecular tools allowed further improvements. The discovery of the penicillin gene cluster, the origin of the penicillin genes, the regulation of penicillin production, and a compilation of other P. chrysogenum secondary metabolites will also be covered and updated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fierro
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Inmaculada Vaca
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Nancy I. Castillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Ramón Ovidio García-Rico
- Grupo de Investigación GIMBIO, Departamento De Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia;
| | - Renato Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170020, Chile;
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Lowe
- Bristol-Myers Company, Industrial Division, Syracuse, New York 13201
| | - R. P. Elander
- Bristol-Myers Company, Industrial Division, Syracuse, New York 13201
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4
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Chadegani M, Ahmadjian V. Protoplast Fusion Between Mutant Strains ofMicrosporum Gypseum. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1991.12026083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Chadegani
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610-1477
| | - Vernon Ahmadjian
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610-1477
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5
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Stewart GG. Application of Yeast Genetics within the Brewing Industry. A Review. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-36-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. G. Stewart
- Labatt Breweries of Canada Ltd., London, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Connolly LR, Erlendson AA, Fargo CM, Jackson KK, Pelker MMG, Mazzola JW, Geisler MS, Freitag M. Application of the Cre/lox System to Construct Auxotrophic Markers for Quantitative Genetic Analyses in Fusarium graminearum. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1848:235-263. [PMID: 30182239 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8724-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bacteriophage P1 Cre/lox system has been utilized in diverse fungi for marker recycling and exchange, generation of targeted chromosome translocations, and targeted deletion of interstitial chromosome segments. Here we show the application of this tool in the wheat and maize pathogen, Fusarium graminearum. We explored three different ways to introduce Cre into strains with floxed genes, namely transformation with an episomal or integrative plasmid (pLC28), fusion of protoplasts of strains carrying floxed genes with strains expressing Cre by forcing heterokaryons, and crosses between strains with floxed genes and strains expressing Cre to isolate progeny in which the target genes had been deleted during the cross. We used this system for the construction of strains bearing auxotrophic markers that were generated by gene replacement with positively selectable markers followed by Cre-mediated marker excision. In addition, updated protocols for transformation and crosses for F. graminearum are provided. In combination, strains and tools developed here add to the arsenal of methods that can be used to carry out molecular genetics with F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanelle R Connolly
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Allyson A Erlendson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Corinne M Fargo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kendra K Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Morgan M G Pelker
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jacob W Mazzola
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Mark S Geisler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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7
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Strom NB, Bushley KE. Two genomes are better than one: history, genetics, and biotechnological applications of fungal heterokaryons. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2016; 3:4. [PMID: 28955463 PMCID: PMC5611628 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-016-0022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterokaryosis is an integral part of the parasexual cycle used by predominantly asexual fungi to introduce and maintain genetic variation in populations. Research into fungal heterokaryons began in 1912 and continues to the present day. Heterokaryosis may play a role in the ability of fungi to respond to their environment, including the adaptation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to different plant hosts. The parasexual cycle has enabled advances in fungal genetics, including gene mapping and tests of complementation, dominance, and vegetative compatibility in predominantly asexual fungi. Knowledge of vegetative compatibility groups has facilitated population genetic studies and enabled the design of innovative methods of biocontrol. The vegetative incompatibility response has the potential to be used as a model system to study biological aspects of some human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. By combining distinct traits through the formation of artificial heterokaryons, fungal strains with superior properties for antibiotic and enzyme production, fermentation, biocontrol, and bioremediation have been produced. Future biotechnological applications may include site-specific biocontrol or bioremediation and the production of novel pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B Strom
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 826 Biological Sciences, 1445 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Kathryn E Bushley
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 826 Biological Sciences, 1445 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
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8
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Production and molecular characterization of somatic hybrids between Pleurotus florida and Lentinula edodes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2283-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Ruiz-Hidalgo MJ, López-Matas MA, Velayos A, Fraser PD, Bramley PM, Eslava AP. Carotenoid Mutants ofMucor circinelloides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Russell I, Stewart GG. SPHEROPLAST FUSION OF BREWER'S YEAST STRAINS. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1979.tb06834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Maity KK, Patra S, Dey B, Bhunia SK, Mandal S, Bahera B, Maiti TK, Sikdar SR, Islam SS. A β-glucan from the alkaline extract of a somatic hybrid (PfloVv5FB) of Pleurotus florida and Volvariella volvacea: structural characterization and study of immunoactivation. Carbohydr Res 2013; 370:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Hara S, Jin FJ, Takahashi T, Koyama Y. A further study on chromosome minimization by protoplast fusion in Aspergillus oryzae. Mol Genet Genomics 2011; 287:177-87. [PMID: 22207035 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-011-0669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our goal in this work was to develop a method to minimize the chromosomes of Aspergillus oryzae, to arrive at a deeper understanding of essential gene functions that will help create more efficient industrially useful strains. In a previous study, we successfully constructed a highly reduced chromosome 7 using multiple large-scale chromosomal deletions (Jin et al. in Mol Genet Genomics 283:1-12, 2010). Here, we have created a further reduced chromosome A. oryzae mutant harboring a reduced chromosome 7 and a reduced chromosome 8 both of which contain a large number of non-syntenic blocks. These are the smallest A. oryzae chromosomes that have been reported. Protoplast fusion between the two distinct chromosome-reduced mutants produced a vigorous and stable fusant which was isolated. PCR and flow cytometry confirmed that two kinds of nuclei, derived from the parent strains, existed in this fusant and that the chromosome DNA per nucleus was doubled, suggesting that the fusant was a heterozygous diploid strain. By treating the cell with 1 μg/ml benomyl, cell nuclei haploidization was induced in the stable diploid strain. Array comparative genomic hybridization and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis confirmed that the reduced chromosomes 7 and 8 co-existed in the haploid fusant and that no other chromosomal modifications had occurred. This method provides a useful tool for chromosome engineering in A. oryzae to construct an industry-useful strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Hara
- Noda Institute for Scientific Research, 399 Noda, Noda 278-0037, Japan
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13
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Zhu FM, Du B, Gao HS, Liu CJ, Li J. Purification and characterization of an intracellular β-glucosidase from the protoplast fusant of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683810060116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Production and characterization of somatic hybrids raised through protoplast fusion between edible mushroom strains Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus florida. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Garmaroodi HS, Taga M. Duplication of a conditionally dispensable chromosome carrying pea pathogenicity (PEP) gene clusters in Nectria haematococca. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:1495-504. [PMID: 17990957 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-12-1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A supernumerary chromosome called a conditionally dispensable chromosome (CDC) is essential for pathogenicity of Nectria haematococca on pea. Among several CDCs discovered in N. haematococca, the PDA1 CDC that harbors the pisatin demethylation gene PDA1 is one of the best-studied CDCs and serves as a model for plant-pathogenic fungi. Although the presence of multiple copies is usual for supernumerary chromosomes in other eukaryotes, this possibility has not been examined well for any CDCs in N. haematococca. In this study, we produced strains with multiple copies of the PDA1 CDC by protoplast fusion and analyzed dosage effects of this chromosome. Using multiple methods, including cytological chromosome counting and fluorescence in situ hybridization, the fusion products between two transformants derived from the same strain that bears a single PDA1 CDC were shown to contain two PDA1 CDCs from both transformants and estimated to be haploid resulting from the deletion of an extra set or sets of A chromosomes in the fused nuclei. In phenotype assays, dosage effects of PDA1 CDC in the fusion products were evident as increased virulence and homoserine-utilizing ability compared with the parents. In a separate fusion experiment, PDA1 CDC accumulated up to four copies in a haploid genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid S Garmaroodi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan.
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16
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17
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Hara S, Tsuji RF, Hatamoto O, Masuda T. A simple method for enrichment of uninucleate conidia of Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66:693-6. [PMID: 12005075 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.66.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae produces multinucleate conidia, which makes the obtaining of homokaryons labor-intensive. Analysis of conidia by flow cytometry clarified the relationship that conidia of lower nuclear number were smaller in size. Based on this, we have developed a simple way to enrich uninucleate conidia with a membrane filter. Our results also suggest that the method is useful for elimination of heterokaryons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Hara
- Noda Institute for Scientific Research, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan.
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18
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Rubinder K, Chadha BS, Singh S, Saini HS. Amylase hyper-producing haploid recombinant strains of Thermomyces lanuginosus obtained by intraspecific protoplast fusion. Can J Microbiol 2000; 46:669-73. [PMID: 10932361 DOI: 10.1139/w00-042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amylase hyper-producing, catabolite-repression-resistant, recombinant strains were produced by intraspecific protoplast fusion of thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus strains, using well-characterized, morphological, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose resistant markers. The fusant heterokaryons exhibited enhanced amylase activities as compared to the amylase hyper-producing parental strain (T2). Diploids derived from heterokaryons segregated to stable haploid recombinant strains. In the haploid strain (Tlh 4q), approximately 5-fold higher specific activities of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase in the culture filtrate were observed as compared to the wild-type strain (W0).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rubinder
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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19
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Ogawa K, Yoshida N, Gesnara W, Omumasaba CA, Chamuswarng C. Hybridization and breeding of the benomyl resistant mutant, Trichoderma harziantum antagonized to phytopathogenic fungi by protoplast fusion. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64:833-6. [PMID: 10830500 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A diploid strain obtained from heterokaryons of Trichoderma harzianum by protoplast fusion grew on minimal medium containing 100ppm benomyl. This strain inhibited the growth of the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani on paired cultures and also protected against radish yellows and a drop in germination induced by F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ogawa
- Department of Biological Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan.
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20
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Meza V, Moreno P, Tengerdy RP, Gutierrez-Correa M. Transfer of a benomyl resistance marker by heat-inactivated Trichoderma reesei protoplasts. Biotechnol Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00129012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Hodges RL, Hodges DW, Goggans K, Xuei X, Skatrud P, McGilvray D. Genetic modification of an echinocandin B-producing strain of Aspergillus nidulans to produce mutants blocked in sterigmatocystin biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 1994; 13:372-81. [PMID: 7765669 DOI: 10.1007/bf01577222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The production of echinocandin B (ECB), a lipopolypeptide used for chemical manufacture of the anti-Candida agent Cilofungin, was accomplished by fermentation using a strain of Aspergillus nidulans. In addition to ECB, this fermentation also produces a significant amount of sterigmatocystin (ST), a potent carcinogen structurally related to the aflatoxins. Mutants blocked in the ST biosynthetic pathway were created by genetic modification of the polyploid production strain C747. The following steps were involved: (i) reduction of the genotype to haploid by treatment with the spindle fiber poison methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), using colony morphology, conidia size, and the ability to obtain 5-fluoro-orotic acid (5-FOA)-resistant mutants as criteria for ploidy; (ii) mutagenesis of a haploid isolate using UV irradiation; and (iii) screening of mutants for inability to produce ST by thin layer chromatography. Six mutants blocked in ST production were isolated. All six remained capable of producing ECB equivalent in quantity to the haploid strain C747-GR14. One of the mutants was shown to be the result of a chromosomal translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Hodges
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285
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22
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Intergeneric hybridization of Trichoderma reesei QM9414 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3288 by protoplast fusion. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Tahoun MK. Gene manipulation by protoplast fusion and penicillin production by Penicillium chrysogenum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1993; 39-40:445-53. [PMID: 8323265 DOI: 10.1007/bf02919009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hybrids have been obtained by protoplast fusion of nitrate-nonutilizing cnx- and acetate-nonutilizing fac- mutants of Penicillium chrysogenum strains 4/95 and 26/818, respectively. Induced haplodization of the hybrids allowed the recovery of stable segregants, which were screened for penicillin production. The penicillin-producing segregants showed a wide range of titers that reached for a certain mutant to 290-390% increase above the parent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Tahoun
- Department of Agricultural Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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24
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Arnau J, Oliver RP. Inheritance and alteration of transforming DNA during an induced parasexual cycle in the imperfect fungus Cladosporium fulvum. Curr Genet 1993; 23:508-11. [PMID: 8319310 DOI: 10.1007/bf00312643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Protoplasts of a pAN7-1-transformed isolate of Cladosporium fulvum race 4, harbouring a tandem duplication of the vector, and an untransformed race 5 isolate were fused, without selection for the presence of vector sequences. Fusion products were allowed to haploidize spontaneously. The inheritance of pAN7-1 sequences and the expression of the hph gene was studied in 85 progeny. A very high proportion (80%) of the progeny contained vector sequences and 70% of the progeny were resistant to hygromycin. Inactivation of the hph gene occurred in eight progeny. Rearrangement of vector sequences can account for the inactivation: there is no evidence for any RIP-like mechanism. A number of novel bands were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arnau
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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25
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Gokhale DV, Puntambekar US, Deobagkar DN. Protoplast fusion: A tool for intergeneric gene transfer in bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 1993; 11:199-217. [PMID: 14545006 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(93)90041-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protoplasts can be isolated from bacterial cells by digestion of the cell wall with the help of lysozyme in presence of osmotic stabilizers. Fusion of protoplasts can be induced by chemical fusogens like polyethylene glycol. The electrofusion technique has been reported in bacteria in which the fusion frequency is much higher than that obtained by PEG induced protoplast fusion. This technology allows recombination to take place not only between related species but also between unrelated genera and is of great potential in the breeding and improvement of industrial strains. This review includes the information and developments on the protoplast fusion in bacteria with special reference to genetic recombination by protoplast fusion between phylogenetically unrelated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Gokhale
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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26
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Hoh YK, Tan TK, Yeoh HH. Protoplast fusion of beta-glucosidase-producing Aspergillus niger strains. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1992; 37:81-8. [PMID: 1288415 DOI: 10.1007/bf02788859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protoplast fusion, induced by polyethylene glycol and Ca2+, was carried out between two auxotrophic strains of Aspergillus niger. The fusion frequency ranged from 6.2 x 10(-2) - 9.1 x 10(-2). After induced haploidization of a diploid, various segregants showing combinations of the parental genetic markers were isolated. Unlike diploids, haploid segregants exhibited greater variations in their morphology and beta-glucosidase activities. One segregant showed a 2.5-fold increase in beta-glucosidase activity over those of the parents. Thus, this method appears promising for creating new recombinant strains of A. niger with improved beta-glucosidase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Hoh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore
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27
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Durand N, Reymond P, F�vre M. Transmission and modification of transformation markers during an induced parasexual cycle in Penicillium roqueforti. Curr Genet 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00351698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Parasexual cycle and genetic analysis following protoplast fusion in Nectria haematococca. Curr Genet 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00351699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Anjani Kumari J, Panda T. Studies on critical analysis of factors influencing improved production of protoplasts from Trichoderma reesei mycelium. Enzyme Microb Technol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(92)90073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Intergeneric hybridization betweenMonascus anka andAspergillus oryzae by protoplast fusion. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00604935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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32
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Chadegani M, Brink JJ, Shehata A, Ahmadjian V. Optimization of protoplast formation, regeneration, and viability in Microsporum gypseum. Mycopathologia 1989; 107:33-50. [PMID: 2811981 DOI: 10.1007/bf00437588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Factors affecting high yields, regeneration frequencies, and viability of protoplasts from clonal cultures of Microsporum gypseum were investigated. Maximum yields of protoplasts were obtained after 6 hrs digestion of 2-4 days old mycelium with Novozyme 234 using CaCl2 (0.4 M) as an osmotic stabilizer and glycine + HCl (pH 4.5) as the buffer system. Mercaptoethanol + dithiothreitol (0.01 M) proved to be the best pretreatment of mycelium prior to digestion with enzyme. A regeneration frequency of 94.4% was obtained using the top agar method with complete medium (pH 6.5) containing 0.5% agar and 0.4 M CaCl2 as an osmoticum. Colonies from regenerated protoplasts on medium containing CaCl2 were pigmented and completely powdery with high sporulation. Protoplast viability was studied in osmotic stabilizer supplemented with glucose or glutamine. After 24 hrs, glucose (2%) and glutamine (2%) enhanced protoplast viability by 22% and 23%, respectively. Protein synthesis, as measured by 3H-lysine uptake, matched the viability profile determined by fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chadegani
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610-1477
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33
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Peberdy JF. Presidential address: Fungi without coats — protoplasts as tools for mycological research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(89)80129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Carramolino L, Lozano M, Pérez-Aranda A, Rubio V, Sánchez F. Transformation of Penicillium chrysogenum to sulfonamide resistance. Gene 1989; 77:31-8. [PMID: 2501160 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium chrysogenum has been transformed to sulfonamide resistance by vectors containing the dihydropteroate synthetase gene from plasmid R388 controlled by the promoter and terminator sequences of the P. chrysogenum trpC gene. Transformation frequencies of four to ten transformants per microgram of vector DNA were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carramolino
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Antibióticos, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Ogawa K, Ohara H, Koide T, Toyama N. Intraspecific hybridization of Trichoderma reesei by protoplast fusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(89)90124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Das A, Gokhale D, Peberdy J. Protoplast fusion and genetic recombination in intra- and interstrain crossing in Aspergillus niger. Enzyme Microb Technol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(89)90104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Diploid construction by protoplast fusion in Fulvia fulva (syn. Cladosporium fulvum): genetic analysis of an imperfect fungal plant pathogen. Curr Genet 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00434082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Homolka L. Preparation, reversion, mutagenesis and intra-species fusion of protoplasts ofOudemansiella mucida. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02925625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Heterokaryon formation by protoplast fusion of drug-resistant mutants in Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(88)90007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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41
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Pingyan L, Kaiying C. Virus transmission through interspecies protoplast fusion in Aspergillus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(87)80060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Ogawa K, Brown J, Wood TM. Intraspecific hybridization of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 by protoplast fusion using colour mutants. Enzyme Microb Technol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(87)90021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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43
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Silveira W, Azevedo J. Protoplast fusion and genetic recombination in Metarhizium anisopliae. Enzyme Microb Technol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(87)90068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Further studies on the genetics ofCephalosporium acremonium using protoplast fusion methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Anne J, Eyssen H. Isolation of inter-species hybrids of Penicillium citrinumand Penicillium cyaneo-fulvumfollowing protoplast fusion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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46
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Kirimura K, Lee SP, Kawabe S, Usami S. Haploid recombinants formed as sectors in the intraspecific fusants of Aspergillus niger producing citric acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0385-6380(87)90116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Abstract
An auxotrophic mutant of Penicillium chrysogenum with a DNA rearrangement that affects the trpC region has been transformed to the Trp+ phenotype by using a plasmid that contains the trifunctional wild-type gene. A frequency of 40-80 transformants per microgram of input DNA was usually achieved. A low frequency of plasmid integration at the recipient mutated trpC gene was detected; however, most of the transformants integrated the plasmid DNA elsewhere into the genome. Some of the transformants contain multiple rearranged copies of the vector integrated in a tandem fashion.
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48
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Use of a protoplast fusion test to establish the status of mycotohin genes in an edibleFusarium. Biotechnol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01025967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Pina A, Calderón IL, Benítez T. Intergeneric hybrids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces fermentati obtained by protoplast fusion. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 51:995-1003. [PMID: 3089152 PMCID: PMC239000 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.5.995-1003.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To obtain strains that are able to efficiently produce ethanol from different carbohydrates, mainly cellulose hydrolysates, several species of the genus Candida and a Zygosaccharomyces fermentati strain were examined for their ability to utilize cellobiose and produce ethanol, as well as for their thermotolerance and the possibility of genetic manipulation. Candida obtusa and Zygosaccharomyces fermentati tolerated the maximal temperature for growth, possessed the highest cellobiase activity, and offered the possibility of genetic manipulation, although neither of them proved to be a good producer of ethanol. Intergeneric hybrids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Z. fermentati were obtained after protoplast fusion. They were selected as prototrophic strains, after isolation of auxotrophic mutants from Z. fermentati and fusion with an S. cerevisiae strain which was also auxotrophic. The hybrids, which appeared at a frequency of 2 X 10(-7), presented characteristics of both parents, such as resistance to certain drugs and the ability to grow with either cellobiose or lactic acid as the sole carbon source; they were very stable, even under nonselective conditions. These hybrids may have important industrial applications as good fermenting strains.
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50
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Kirimura K, Yaguchi T, Usami S. Intraspecific protoplast fusion of citric acid-producing strains of Aspergillus niger. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0385-6380(86)90069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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