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Alquero JNM, Estanislao PMS, Hermino SMM, Manding RDM, Robles JED, Canillo CMA, Tantengco OAG. Use of dried blood spots in the detection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review. Indian J Med Microbiol 2024; 51:100700. [PMID: 39127256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 disease continues to be a global health concern. The current protocol for detecting SARS-CoV-2 requires healthcare professionals to draw blood from patients. Recent studies showed that dried blood spot (DBS) is a valuable sampling procedure that can collect a low blood volume without the need for the presence of medical practitioners. This study synthesized the available literature on using DBS as a blood collection tool to diagnose COVID-19 disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search utilizing OVID, CINAHL, and Scopus databases was done from inception to March 2023. Five reviewers collected, extracted and organized the study data. RESULTS This systematic review included 57 articles. DBS was commonly prepared by finger pricking. Most studies showed more favorable results and longer sample stability (more than 1080 days) with lower storage temperature conditions for the DBS. DBS samples were mostly used for serological assays for COVID-19 disease detection. ELISA was the most used detection method (43.66 %). Diagnostic performance of laboratory tests for COVID-19 using DBS sample showed high sensitivity of up to 100 % for immunoassay tests and 100 % specificity in agglutination, PCR, and DELFIA assays. CONCLUSION DBS sampling coupled with serological testing can be an alternative method for collecting blood and detecting COVID-19 disease. These tests using DBS samples showed excellent diagnostic performance across various geographic locations and demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannie Nikolai M Alquero
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines.
| | - Patrizia Marie S Estanislao
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines.
| | - Svethlana Marie M Hermino
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines.
| | - Ranna Duben M Manding
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines.
| | - Joshua Euchie D Robles
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines.
| | - Christene Mae A Canillo
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines.
| | - Ourlad Alzeus G Tantengco
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines; Department of Biology, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila, 1000, Philippines.
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Lalle E, Mazzotta V, Sberna G, Fabeni L, Garbuglia AR, Mastrorosa I, D’Abramo A, Nicastri E, Girardi E, Antinori A, Maggi F, Bordi L. Saliva Is a Sensitive and Accessible Sample Both for SARS-CoV-2 Detection and for the Evaluation of Treatment Effectiveness in Follow-Up Studies. Viruses 2024; 16:1040. [PMID: 39066203 PMCID: PMC11281700 DOI: 10.3390/v16071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite emerging evidence indicating that molecular SARS-CoV-2 tests performed on saliva have diagnostic sensitivity and specificity comparable to those observed with nasopharyngeal swabs (NPSs), most in vivo follow-up studies on the efficacy of drugs against SARS-CoV-2 have been performed on NPSs, not considering saliva as a possible alternative matrix. For this reason, in this study, we used, in parallel, saliva and NPS samples for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by real-time RT-PCR in patients receiving Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab, Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir, or Sotrovimab as a treatment against SARS-CoV-2. Our results showed a good correlation between the NPS and saliva samples for each drug; moreover, comparable changes in the cycle threshold (Ct) levels in saliva and NPSs were observed both 7 days and 30 days after treatment, thus confirming that the saliva represents a good matrix for in vivo follow-up studies verifying the effectiveness of treatments against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Lalle
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Mazzotta
- Clinical and Research Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy (I.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Sberna
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia Fabeni
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mastrorosa
- Clinical and Research Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy (I.M.)
| | - Alessandra D’Abramo
- Clinical and Research Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy (I.M.)
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Clinical and Research Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy (I.M.)
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Scientific Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical and Research Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy (I.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Licia Bordi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
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Groh AM, Vehreschild MJGT, Diaz D, Kuchta AL, Dodoo C, Alvarado LA, Parkin NT, Robbins EM, Moonsamy P, Toptan T, Ciesek S, Berger A. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection biomarkers in a household transmission study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12365. [PMID: 38811590 PMCID: PMC11136983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19. Timely and accurate diagnostic testing is vital to contain the spread of infection, reduce delays in treatment and care, and inform patient management. Optimal specimen type (e.g. nasal swabs or saliva), timing of sampling, viral marker assayed (RNA or antigen), and correlation with viral infectivity and COVID-19 symptoms severity remain incompletely defined. We conducted a field study to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 viral marker kinetics starting from very early times after infection. We measured RNA and antigen levels in nasal swabs and saliva, virus outgrowth in cell culture from nasal swabs, and antibody levels in blood in a cohort of 30 households. Nine household contacts (HHC) became infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the study. Viral RNA was detected in saliva specimens approximately 1-2 days before nasal swabs in six HHC. Detection of RNA was more sensitive than of antigen, but antigen detection was better correlated with culture positivity, a proxy for contagiousness. Anti-nucleocapsid antibodies peaked one to three weeks post-infection. Viral RNA and antigen levels were higher in specimens yielding replication competent virus in cell culture. This study provides important data that can inform how to optimally interpret SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Groh
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Department 2 of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria J G T Vehreschild
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Department 2 of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Damian Diaz
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Department 2 of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Luis A Alvarado
- Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA, USA
- EP Statistical Consulting, LLC, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tuna Toptan
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Annemarie Berger
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Silva ETT, Furtado FB, da Silveira RA, Tasca KI, Silva CN, Godoy AT, de Moraes LN, Hong MV, Alves CG, Simões RP, Kubo AMS, Fortaleza CMCB, Pereira-Lima MC, Valente GT, Grotto RMT. Saliva as a Biological Fluid in SARS-CoV-2 Detection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:922. [PMID: 38732336 PMCID: PMC11083664 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14090922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polymerase chain reaction of upper respiratory tract swab samples was established as the gold standard procedure for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID pandemic. However, saliva collection has attracted attention as an alternative diagnostic collection method. The goal of this study was to compare the use of saliva and nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) samples for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS Ninety-nine paired samples were evaluated for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by saliva and swab for a qualitative diagnosis and quantitative comparison of viral particles. Furthermore, the detection limits for each sample collection technique were determined. The cycle threshold (CT) values of the saliva samples, the vaccination status, and the financial costs associated with each collection technique were compared. RESULTS The results showed qualitative equivalence in diagnosis (96.96%) comparing saliva and swab collection, although there was low quantitative agreement. Furthermore, the detection limit test demonstrated equivalence for both collection methods. We did not observe a statistically significant association between CT values and vaccination status, indicating that the vaccine had no influence on viral load at diagnosis. Finally, we observed that the use of saliva incurs lower financial costs and requires less use of plastic materials, making it more sustainable. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the adoption of saliva collection as a feasible and sustainable alternative to the diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Thalia Teixeira Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (E.T.T.S.); (F.B.F.); (R.A.d.S.); (C.N.S.); (A.T.G.); (L.N.d.M.); (A.M.S.K.)
| | - Fabiana Barcelos Furtado
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (E.T.T.S.); (F.B.F.); (R.A.d.S.); (C.N.S.); (A.T.G.); (L.N.d.M.); (A.M.S.K.)
| | - Rosana Antunes da Silveira
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (E.T.T.S.); (F.B.F.); (R.A.d.S.); (C.N.S.); (A.T.G.); (L.N.d.M.); (A.M.S.K.)
| | - Karen Ingrid Tasca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis, and Radiotherapy, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (K.I.T.); (M.V.H.); (C.G.A.); (C.M.C.B.F.)
| | - Cristiane Nonato Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (E.T.T.S.); (F.B.F.); (R.A.d.S.); (C.N.S.); (A.T.G.); (L.N.d.M.); (A.M.S.K.)
| | - Amanda Thais Godoy
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (E.T.T.S.); (F.B.F.); (R.A.d.S.); (C.N.S.); (A.T.G.); (L.N.d.M.); (A.M.S.K.)
| | - Leonardo Nazario de Moraes
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (E.T.T.S.); (F.B.F.); (R.A.d.S.); (C.N.S.); (A.T.G.); (L.N.d.M.); (A.M.S.K.)
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil;
| | - Michelle Venancio Hong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis, and Radiotherapy, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (K.I.T.); (M.V.H.); (C.G.A.); (C.M.C.B.F.)
| | - Camila Gonçalves Alves
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis, and Radiotherapy, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (K.I.T.); (M.V.H.); (C.G.A.); (C.M.C.B.F.)
| | - Rafael Plana Simões
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil;
| | - Agatha Mayume Silva Kubo
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (E.T.T.S.); (F.B.F.); (R.A.d.S.); (C.N.S.); (A.T.G.); (L.N.d.M.); (A.M.S.K.)
| | - Carlos Magno Castelo Branco Fortaleza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis, and Radiotherapy, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (K.I.T.); (M.V.H.); (C.G.A.); (C.M.C.B.F.)
| | - Maria Cristina Pereira-Lima
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil;
| | - Guilherme Targino Valente
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (E.T.T.S.); (F.B.F.); (R.A.d.S.); (C.N.S.); (A.T.G.); (L.N.d.M.); (A.M.S.K.)
| | - Rejane Maria Tommasini Grotto
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (E.T.T.S.); (F.B.F.); (R.A.d.S.); (C.N.S.); (A.T.G.); (L.N.d.M.); (A.M.S.K.)
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil;
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5
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Uddin MKM, Hossain ME, Ami JQ, Hasan R, Hasan MM, Islam A, Hasan MJ, Shaly NJ, Ahmed S, Samina P, Rahman MZ, Rahman M, Banu S. SalivaDirect: an alternative to a conventional RNA extraction protocol for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a clinical setting. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0327223. [PMID: 38014980 PMCID: PMC10783095 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03272-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Affordable and accessible tests for COVID-19 allow for timely disease treatment and pandemic management. SalivaDirect is a faster and easier method to implement than NPS sampling. Patients can self-collect saliva samples at home or in other non-clinical settings without the help of a healthcare professional. Sample processing in SalivaDirect is less complex and more adaptable than in conventional nucleic acid extraction methods. We found that SalivaDirect has good diagnostic performance and is ideal for large-scale testing in settings where supplies may be limited or trained healthcare professionals are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jenifar Quaiyum Ami
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashedul Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahmudul Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashabul Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jahid Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan Shaly
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Ahmed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pushpita Samina
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayera Banu
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Laxton CS, Peno C, Hahn AM, Allicock OM, Perniciaro S, Wyllie AL. The potential of saliva as an accessible and sensitive sample type for the detection of respiratory pathogens and host immunity. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e837-e850. [PMID: 37516121 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite its prominence in early scientific records, the usefulness of saliva as a respiratory specimen has been de-emphasised over the past century. However, due to its low cost and reliance on specific supply chains and the non-invasive nature of its collection, its benefits over swab-based specimens are again becoming increasingly recognised. These benefits were highlighted over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, where saliva emerged as a more practical, clinically non-inferior sample type for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and saw numerous saliva-based diagnostic tests approved for clinical use. Looking forward, as saliva uniquely contains both respiratory secretions and immunological components, it has potentially wide applications, ranging from clinical diagnostics to post-vaccine disease burden and immunity surveillance. This Personal View seeks to summarise the existing evidence for the use of saliva in detecting respiratory pathogens, beyond SARS-CoV-2, as well as detailing methodological factors that can influence sample quality and thus, clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S Laxton
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chikondi Peno
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne M Hahn
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Orchid M Allicock
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Perniciaro
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Fernandes TJ, Ogrzewalska M, Martins EB, de Siqueira MAMT, Brasil P, Calvet GA. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:696. [PMID: 37759210 PMCID: PMC10537432 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early studies have highlighted the possible development of dysgeusia and anosmia in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and these manifestations should be considered a potential indication of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). As potential contributors to these symptoms, dentists should perform careful oral and oropharyngeal examinations and document suspicious oral lesions in patients with COVID-19, especially in those who complain of loss of taste and smell. The study's objective was to assess the prevalence of oral manifestations among ambulatory unvaccinated symptomatic patients with suspected COVID-19 during the acute phase of the disease. METHODS This cross-sectional study evaluated oral manifestations in adults (aged ≥ 18 years) with suspected and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare data between the groups (rRT-PCR-positive and rRT-PCR-negative patients). RESULTS One hundred thirty-six participants were included. Most were female (n = 79; 58.1%), with a mean age of 39.53 (± 14.17) years. Of these, 54 (39.7%) had a positive rRT-PCR test, and 82 (60.3%) had negative rRT-PCR results. Oral manifestations were observed in 40 participants (74.1%) in the rRT-PCR-positive group and 67 participants (81.7%) in the rRT-PCR-negative group. The most common oral manifestations were xerostomia (n = 85; 62.5%) and dysgeusia/ageusia (n = 57; 41.9%). Different rates of gingivitis (n = 12; 22.2% vs. n = 5; 6.1%; p = 0.005) and halitosis (n = 7; 13.0% vs. n = 1; 1.2%; p = 0.007) were observed between the rRT-PCR-positive and -negative groups, respectively. Mouth ulcers, glossitis, tongue coating, and petechiae were reported in both groups without significant differences. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of oral manifestations was observed in symptomatic patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study highlights the importance of routine oral examinations by dentists as part of the multidisciplinary care of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Jorge Fernandes
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Manguinhos, Brazil.
| | - Maria Ogrzewalska
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- SARS-CoV National Reference Laboratory for the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) and Regional Reference Laboratory in Americas for the Pan-American Health Organization, Washington, USA
| | - Ezequias Batista Martins
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilda Agudo Mendonça Teixeira de Siqueira
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- SARS-CoV National Reference Laboratory for the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) and Regional Reference Laboratory in Americas for the Pan-American Health Organization, Washington, USA
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Amaral Calvet
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Scaglione S, Gotta F, Vay D, Leli C, Roveta A, Maconi A, Rocchetti A. Rapid RT-PCR identification of SARS-CoV-2 in screening donors of fecal microbiota transplantation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17438. [PMID: 37366528 PMCID: PMC10277158 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first appearance in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a major impact on healthcare facilities around the world. Although in the past year, mass vaccination and the development of monoclonal antibody treatments have reduced the number of deaths and severe cases, the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 remains high. Over the past two years, diagnostics have played a crucial role in virus containment both in health care facilities and at the community level. For SARS-CoV-2 detection, the commonly used specimen type is the nasopharyngeal swab, although the virus can be identified in other matrices such as feces. Since fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) assumes significant importance in the treatment of chronic gut infections and that feces may be a potential vehicle for transmission of SARS-CoV-2, in this study we have evaluated the performance of the rapid cartridge-based RT-PCR test STANDARD™ M10 SARS-CoV-2 (SD Biosensor Inc., Suwon, South Korea) using fecal samples. The results obtained indicates that STANDARD™ M10 SARS-CoV-2 can detect SARS-CoV-2 in stool samples even at low concentration. For this reason, STANDARD™ M10 SARS-CoV-2 could be used as reliable methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in fecal samples and for the screening of FMT donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Scaglione
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
| | - Franca Gotta
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
| | - Daria Vay
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
| | - Christian Leli
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
| | - Annalisa Roveta
- Research Training Innovation Infrastructure, Research and Innovation Department (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Antonio Maconi
- Research Training Innovation Infrastructure, Research and Innovation Department (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Andrea Rocchetti
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
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9
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Tee ML, Abrilla AA, Tee CA, Dalmacio LMM, Villaflor VJP, Abubakar AZA, Tagayuna PY, Aquino SSC, Bernardo VAL, Matias RR. Saliva as alternative to naso-oropharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-qPCR: a multicenter cross-sectional diagnostic validation study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12612. [PMID: 35871257 PMCID: PMC9308781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva has been demonstrated as feasible alternative to naso-oropharyngeal swab (NOS) for SARS-CoV-2 detection through reverse transcription quantitative/real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). This study compared the diagnostic agreement of conventional NOS, saliva with RNA extraction (SE) and saliva without RNA extraction (SalivaDirect) processing for RT-qPCR in identifying SARS-CoV-2. All techniques were also compared, as separate index tests, to a composite reference standard (CRS) where positive and negative results were defined as SARS-CoV-2 detection in either one or no sample, respectively. Of 517 paired samples, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 150 (29.01%) NOS and 151 (29.21%) saliva specimens. The saliva-based tests were noted to have a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy (95% confidence interval) of 92.67% (87.26%, 96.28%), 97.55% (95.40%, 98.87%) and 96.13% (94.09%, 97.62%), respectively, for SE RT-qPCR and 91.33% (85.64%, 95.30%), 98.91% (97.23%, 99.70%) and 96.71% (94.79%, 98.07%), respectively, for SalivaDirect RT-qPCR compared to NOS RT-qPCR. Compared to CRS, all platforms demonstrated statistically similar diagnostic performance. These findings suggest that both conventional and streamlined saliva RT-qPCR are at least non-inferior to conventional NOS RT-qPCR in detecting SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Tee
- College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, 1000, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines.
- Medical Center Manila, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines.
| | - Aedrian A Abrilla
- College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, 1000, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines
| | - Cherica A Tee
- College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, 1000, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines
- Medical Center Manila, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines
| | - Leslie Michelle M Dalmacio
- College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, 1000, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines
| | | | | | - Pedrito Y Tagayuna
- Fe Del Mundo Medical Center, Quezon City, National Capital Region, Philippines
| | | | | | - Ronald R Matias
- St. Luke's Medical Center, National Capital Region, Quezon City, Philippines
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