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Turnbull JD, Dicks J, Adkin R, Dickinson A, Kaushal D, Semowo M, McGregor H, Alexander S. Notification of bacterial strains made available by the United Kingdom National Collection of Type Cultures in 2022. Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000756.v3. [PMID: 39130739 PMCID: PMC11316570 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000756.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on the one hundred and twenty-five bacterial strains made available by the National Collection of Type Cultures in 2022 alongside a commentary on the strains, their provenance and significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake David Turnbull
- The National Collection of Type Cultures, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Jo Dicks
- The National Collection of Type Cultures, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Rachael Adkin
- The National Collection of Type Cultures, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Alexander Dickinson
- The National Collection of Type Cultures, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Dorota Kaushal
- The National Collection of Type Cultures, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Mojisola Semowo
- The National Collection of Type Cultures, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - The NCTC 2022 Depositors Cohort
- The NCTC 2022 Depositors Cohort consists of individuals who deposited strains into the NCTC and those instrumental in preparing the strains for submission to the NCTC. The NCTC 2022 Depositors Cohort are: Kathy Bernard (ex. National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada), Marie Chattaway (Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK), Ka Lip Chew (Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore), Rachel Gilroy (ex. Microbes in the Food Chain Group, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK), Harriet Gooch (John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK), Thi Thu Hao Van (Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Bundoora Campus, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia), Jane Hawkey (Monash Central Clinical School, The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia), Jay Hinton (Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK), Katie Hopkins (Antimicrobial Resistance & Mechanisms Service, Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK), Claire Jenkins (Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK), Rob Mariman (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM), the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands), Despoina Mavridou (Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA), Mark Pallen (Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK), Gavin Paterson (Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK), Blanca Perez Sepulveda (Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK), Zeli Shen (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA), Sho Shimada (Toho University, Faculty of Medicine, Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo), Sooyeon Song (Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Backje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea), Dmitriy Volokhov (US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA), Thomas Wood (Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA)
| | - Hannah McGregor
- The National Collection of Type Cultures, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Sarah Alexander
- The National Collection of Type Cultures, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
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Dombrowska-Pali A, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Chrustek A, Olszewska-Słonina D, Gospodarek-Komkowska E, Socha MW. Human Milk Microbiome-A Review of Scientific Reports. Nutrients 2024; 16:1420. [PMID: 38794658 PMCID: PMC11124344 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most important bioactive components of breast milk are free breast milk oligosaccharides, which are a source of energy for commensal intestinal microorganisms, stimulating the growth of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides in a child's digestive tract. There is some evidence that maternal, perinatal, and environmental-cultural factors influence the modulation of the breast milk microbiome. This review summarizes research that has examined the composition of the breast milk microbiome and the factors that may influence it. The manuscript highlights the potential importance of the breast milk microbiome for the future development and health of children. The origin of bacteria in breast milk is thought to include the mother's digestive tract (entero-mammary tract), bacterial exposure to the breast during breastfeeding, and the retrograde flow of breast milk from the infant's mouth to the woman's milk ducts. Unfortunately, despite increasingly more precise methods for assessing microorganisms in human milk, the topic of the human milk microbiome is still quite limited and requires scientific research that takes into account various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dombrowska-Pali
- Department of Perinatology, Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Łukasiewicza 1, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (N.W.-K.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Agnieszka Chrustek
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.C.); (D.O.-S.)
| | - Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.C.); (D.O.-S.)
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (N.W.-K.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Maciej W. Socha
- Department of Perinatology, Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Łukasiewicza 1, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Adalberts’s Hospital in Gdańsk, Copernicus Healthcare Entity LLC, Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract
The influx of maternal oral microbes is considered to play an important role in the acquisition and development of infant oral microbiota. In this study, we examined tongue swab samples from 448 mother-infant pairs at 4-month checkups. The bacterial composition of each sample was determined using PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing of the full-length 16S rRNA gene and the amplicon sequence variant (ASV) approach. Although the infant oral microbiota was distinctly different from the mother oral microbiota, ASVs shared with their biological mother accounted for a median relative abundance of 9.7% (range of 0.0 to 99.3%), which was significantly higher than that of ASVs shared with unrelated mothers. This shared abundance was strongly associated with the feeding method of infants rather than their delivery mode or antibiotic exposure, and formula-fed infants had higher shared abundance than exclusively breastfed infants. Our study presents strain-level evidence for mother-to-infant transmission of oral bacteria and suggests that colonization of maternal oral bacteria is higher in formula-fed infants. IMPORTANCE Acquisition of oral bacteria during infancy can affect the subsequent formation of stable oral microbiota. This study focused on the mother-to-infant transmission of oral bacteria, a major acquisition route of infant oral microbiota, and demonstrated that most infants acquired oral bacteria from their biological mother even at the single-nucleotide level. Our results also indicated that the occupancies of maternal oral bacteria in infant oral microbiota were associated with the feeding methods of infants. These data could increase understanding of the early development of oral microbiota in infants and its potential associations with oral microbiota-related diseases.
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Duale A, Singh P, Al Khodor S. Breast Milk: A Meal Worth Having. Front Nutr 2022; 8:800927. [PMID: 35155521 PMCID: PMC8826470 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.800927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A mother is gifted with breast milk, the natural source of nutrition for her infant. In addition to the wealth of macro and micro-nutrients, human milk also contains many microorganisms, few of which originate from the mother, while others are acquired from the mouth of the infant and the surroundings. Among these microbes, the most commonly residing bacteria are Staphylococci, Streptococci, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. These microorganisms initiate and help the development of the milk microbiota as well as the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract in infants, and contribute to developing immune regulatory factors such as cytokines, growth factors, lactoferrin among others. These factors play an important role in reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes, asthma and others later in life. In this review, we will summarize the known benefits of breastfeeding and highlight the role of the breast milk microbiota and its cross-talk with the immune system in breastfed babies during the early years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoud Duale
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, Department of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Parul Singh
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, Department of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Souhaila Al Khodor
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, Department of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Souhaila Al Khodor
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Short- and Long-Term Implications of Human Milk Microbiota on Maternal and Child Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111866. [PMID: 34769296 PMCID: PMC8584477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is considered the most complete food for infants as its nutritional composition is specifically designed to meet infant nutritional requirements during early life. HM also provides numerous biologically active components, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, milk fat globules, IgA, gangliosides or polyamines, among others; in addition, HM has a “bifidogenic effect”, a prebiotic effect, as a result of the low concentration of proteins and phosphates, as well as the presence of lactoferrin, lactose, nucleotides and oligosaccharides. Recently, has been a growing interest in HM as a potential source of probiotics and commensal bacteria to the infant gut, which might, in turn, influence both the gut colonization and maturation of infant immune system. Our review aims to address practical approaches to the detection of microbial communities in human breast milk samples, delving into their origin, composition and functions. Furthermore, we will summarize the current knowledge of how HM microbiota dysbiosis acts as a short- and long-term predictor of maternal and infant health. Finally, we also provide a critical view of the role of breast milk-related bacteria as a novel probiotic strategy in the prevention and treatment of maternal and offspring diseases.
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Laursen MF, Pekmez CT, Larsson MW, Lind MV, Yonemitsu C, Larnkjær A, Mølgaard C, Bode L, Dragsted LO, Michaelsen KF, Licht TR, Bahl MI. Maternal milk microbiota and oligosaccharides contribute to the infant gut microbiota assembly. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:21. [PMID: 36737495 PMCID: PMC9723702 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding protects against diseases, with potential mechanisms driving this being human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and the seeding of milk-associated bacteria in the infant gut. In a cohort of 34 mother-infant dyads we analyzed the microbiota and HMO profiles in breast milk samples and infant's feces. The microbiota in foremilk and hindmilk samples of breast milk was compositionally similar, however hindmilk had higher bacterial load and absolute abundance of oral-associated bacteria, but a lower absolute abundance of skin-associated Staphylococcus spp. The microbial communities within both milk and infant's feces changed significantly over the lactation period. On average 33% and 23% of the bacterial taxa detected in infant's feces were shared with the corresponding mother's milk at 5 and 9 months of age, respectively, with Streptococcus, Veillonella and Bifidobacterium spp. among the most frequently shared. The predominant HMOs in feces associated with the infant's fecal microbiota, and the dominating infant species B. longum ssp. infantis and B. bifidum correlated inversely with HMOs. Our results show that breast milk microbiota changes over time and within a feeding session, likely due to transfer of infant oral bacteria during breastfeeding and suggest that milk-associated bacteria and HMOs direct the assembly of the infant gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ceyda T Pekmez
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Melanie Wange Larsson
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Nursing and Nutrition, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Vendelbo Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Chloe Yonemitsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anni Larnkjær
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Iain Bahl
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Stinson LF, Sindi ASM, Cheema AS, Lai CT, Mühlhäusler BS, Wlodek ME, Payne MS, Geddes DT. The human milk microbiome: who, what, when, where, why, and how? Nutr Rev 2021; 79:529-543. [PMID: 32443154 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains an incredible array of microorganisms. These likely contribute to the seeding of the infant gastrointestinal microbiome, thereby influencing infant immune and metabolic development and later-life health. Given the importance of the HM microbiota in this context, there has been an increase in research efforts to characterize this in different populations and in relation to different maternal and infant characteristics. However, despite a decade of intensive research, there remain several unanswered questions in this field. In this review, the "5 W+H" approach (who, what, when, where, why, and how) is used to comprehensively describe the composition, function, and origin of the HM microbiome. Here, existing evidence will be drawn together and critically appraised to highlight avenues for further research, both basic and applied. Perhaps the most interesting of these is the potential to modulate the HM microbiome using pre/probiotics or dietary interventions. Another exciting possibility is the personalization of donor milk for women with insufficient supply. By gaining a deeper understanding of the HM microbiome, opportunities to intervene to optimize infant and lifelong health may be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F Stinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Azhar S M Sindi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ali S Cheema
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Beverly S Mühlhäusler
- CSIRO, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew S Payne
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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8
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Requena T, Velasco M. The human microbiome in sickness and in health. Rev Clin Esp 2021; 221:233-240. [PMID: 31522775 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The study of the human microbiome has led to an exceptional increase in the current understanding of the importance of microbiota for health throughout all stages of life. Human microbial colonization occurs in the skin, genitourinary system and, mainly, in the oral cavity and intestinal tract. In these locations, the human microbiota establishes a symbiotic relationship with the host and helps maintain the physiological homeostasis. Lifestyle, age, diet and use of antibiotics are the main regulators of the composition and functionality of human microbiota. Recent studies have indicated the reduction in microbial diversity as one of the contributors to the development of diseases. In addition to phylogenetic diversity studies, further metagenomic studies are needed at the functional level of the human microbiome to improve our understanding of its involvement in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Requena
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL-CSIC), Madrid, España.
| | - M Velasco
- Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, España
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Fernández L, Pannaraj PS, Rautava S, Rodríguez JM. The Microbiota of the Human Mammary Ecosystem. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:586667. [PMID: 33330129 PMCID: PMC7718026 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.586667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains a dynamic and complex site-specific microbiome, which is not assembled in an aleatory way, formed by organized microbial consortia and networks. Presence of some genera, such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Cutibacterium (formerly known as Propionibacterium), Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Bifidobacterium, has been detected by both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. DNA from some gut-associated strict anaerobes has also been repeatedly found and some studies have revealed the presence of cells and/or nucleic acids from viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa in human milk. Colostrum and milk microbes are transmitted to the infant and, therefore, they are among the first colonizers of the human gut. Still, the significance of human milk microbes in infant gut colonization remains an open question. Clinical studies trying to elucidate the question are confounded by the profound impact of non-microbial human milk components to intestinal microecology. Modifications in the microbiota of human milk may have biological consequences for infant colonization, metabolism, immune and neuroendocrine development, and for mammary health. However, the factors driving differences in the composition of the human milk microbiome remain poorly known. In addition to colostrum and milk, breast tissue in lactating and non-lactating women may also contain a microbiota, with implications in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and in some of the adverse outcomes associated with breast implants. This and other open issues, such as the origin of the human milk microbiome, and the current limitations and future prospects are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leónides Fernández
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pia S. Pannaraj
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samuli Rautava
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, New Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan M. Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Performance and Application of 16S rRNA Gene Cycle Sequencing for Routine Identification of Bacteria in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:33/4/e00053-19. [PMID: 32907806 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00053-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a state-of-the-art description of the performance of Sanger cycle sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for routine identification of bacteria in the clinical microbiology laboratory. A detailed description of the technology and current methodology is outlined with a major focus on proper data analyses and interpretation of sequences. The remainder of the article is focused on a comprehensive evaluation of the application of this method for identification of bacterial pathogens based on analyses of 16S multialignment sequences. In particular, the existing limitations of similarity within 16S for genus- and species-level differentiation of clinically relevant pathogens and the lack of sequence data currently available in public databases is highlighted. A multiyear experience is described of a large regional clinical microbiology service with direct 16S broad-range PCR followed by cycle sequencing for direct detection of pathogens in appropriate clinical samples. The ability of proteomics (matrix-assisted desorption ionization-time of flight) versus 16S sequencing for bacterial identification and genotyping is compared. Finally, the potential for whole-genome analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS) to replace 16S sequencing for routine diagnostic use is presented for several applications, including the barriers that must be overcome to fully implement newer genomic methods in clinical microbiology. A future challenge for large clinical, reference, and research laboratories, as well as for industry, will be the translation of vast amounts of accrued NGS microbial data into convenient algorithm testing schemes for various applications (i.e., microbial identification, genotyping, and metagenomics and microbiome analyses) so that clinically relevant information can be reported to physicians in a format that is understood and actionable. These challenges will not be faced by clinical microbiologists alone but by every scientist involved in a domain where natural diversity of genes and gene sequences plays a critical role in disease, health, pathogenicity, epidemiology, and other aspects of life-forms. Overcoming these challenges will require global multidisciplinary efforts across fields that do not normally interact with the clinical arena to make vast amounts of sequencing data clinically interpretable and actionable at the bedside.
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11
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Rouhani S, Griffin NW, Yori PP, Olortegui MP, Siguas Salas M, Rengifo Trigoso D, Moulton LH, Houpt ER, Barratt MJ, Kosek MN, Gordon JI. Gut Microbiota Features Associated With Campylobacter Burden and Postnatal Linear Growth Deficits in a Peruvian Birth Cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:1000-1007. [PMID: 31773126 PMCID: PMC7428392 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter infection is associated with impaired growth of children, even in the absence of symptoms. To examine the underlying mechanisms, we evaluated associations between Campylobacter infection, linear growth, and fecal microbial community features in a prospective birth cohort of 271 children with a high burden of diarrhea and stunting in the Amazonian lowlands of Peru. METHODS Campylobacter was identified using a broadly reactive, genus-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 16S rRNA-based analyses were used to identify bacterial taxa in fecal samples at ages 6, 12, 18, and 24 months (N = 928). Associations between infection, growth, and gut microbial community composition were investigated using multiple linear regression adjusting for within-child correlations, age, and breastfeeding. Indicator species analyses identified taxa specifically associated with Campylobacter burden. RESULTS Ninety-three percent (251) of children had Campylobacter present in asymptomatic fecal samples during the follow-up period. A 10% increase in the proportion of stools infected was associated with mean reductions of 0.02 length-for-age z scores (LAZ) at 3, 6, and 9 months thereafter (P < .01). We identified 13 bacterial taxa indicative of cumulative Campylobacter burden and 14 taxa significantly associated with high or low burden of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, norovirus, or Giardia. CONCLUSIONS Campylobacter infection is common in this cohort and associated with changes in microbial community composition. These results support the notion that disruptions to the fecal microbiota may help explain the observed effects of asymptomatic infections on growth in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Rouhani
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas W Griffin
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática Medicina y Salud, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Mery Siguas Salas
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática Medicina y Salud, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Lawrence H Moulton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric R Houpt
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael J Barratt
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Gordon
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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12
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The human microbiome in sickness and in health. Rev Clin Esp 2020; 221:233-240. [PMID: 33998505 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The study of the human microbiome has led to an exceptional increase in the current understanding of the importance of microbiota for health throughout all stages of life. Human microbial colonization occurs in the skin, genitourinary system and, mainly, in the oral cavity and intestinal tract. In these locations, the human microbiota establishes a symbiotic relationship with the host and helps maintain physiological homeostasis. Lifestyle, age, diet and use of antibiotics are the main regulators of the composition and functionality of human microbiota. Recent studies have indicated the reduction in microbial diversity as one of the contributors to the development of diseases. In addition to phylogenetic diversity studies, further metagenomic studies are needed at the functional level of the human microbiome to improve our understanding of its involvement in human health.
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13
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Ruiz L, García-Carral C, Rodriguez JM. Unfolding the Human Milk Microbiome Landscape in the Omics Era. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1378. [PMID: 31293535 PMCID: PMC6604669 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies conducted in the last years have demonstrated that human milk represents a continuous supply of beneficial bacteria to the infant gut, which contribute to the maturation of the digestive and immune functions in the developing infant. Nevertheless, the origin of bacterial populations in milk is not fully understood yet and they have been proposed to originate from maternal skin, infant’s mouth, and (or) endogenously, from the maternal digestive tract through a mechanism involving immune cells. Understanding the composition, functions and assembly of the human milk microbiota has important implications not only for the infant gut microbiota establishment, but also for the mammary health since dysbiosis in the milk bacteria may lead to mastitis. Besides, host, microbial, medical and environmental factors may affect the composition of the human milk microbiome, with implications for the mother-infant health. Application of both culture-dependent and -independent techniques to assess the milk microbiome faces some practical limitations but, together, have allowed providing novel and complementary views on its origin, composition and functioning as summarized in this minireview. In the next future, the application of the ultimate advances in next-generation sequencing and omics approaches, including culturomics, will allow a detailed and comprehensive understanding of the composition and functions of these microbial communities, including their interactions with other milk components, expanding the opportunities to design novel microbiome-based modulation strategies for this ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Carral
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Rodriguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Togo A, Diop A, Camara A, Kuete E, Konate S, Brevaut V, Des Robert C, Delerce J, Armstrong N, Roussel Y, Fournier PE, Thera M, Raoult D, Million M. Lactimicrobium massiliense gen. nov., sp. nov.; Anaerolactibacter massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov.; Galactobacillus timonensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Acidipropionibacterium timonense sp. nov. isolated from breast milk from healthy breastfeeding African women. New Microbes New Infect 2019; 29:100537. [PMID: 31011429 PMCID: PMC6462784 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Four strains isolated by microbial culturomics from breast milk of healthy mothers from Mali were not identified and characterized by taxono-genomics. This led us to propose the new genera and species Lactimicrobium massiliense, Anaerolactibacter massiliensis and Galactobacillus timonensis containing type strain Marseille-P4301T (CSUR P4301T), Marseille-P4302T (CSUR P4302T) and Marseille-P4641T (CSUR P4641T), respectively. The strain Marseille-P4482 represents a novel species, Acidipropionibacterium timonense, in a previously known genus with type strain being Marseille-P4482T (CSUR P4482T).
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Affiliation(s)
- A.H. Togo
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - A. Diop
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - A. Camara
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - E. Kuete
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - S. Konate
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - V. Brevaut
- APHM, CHU Hôpital Nord, Service de médecine néonatale, Marseille, France
| | - C. Des Robert
- APHM, CHU Hôpital de la Conception, Service de médecine néonatale, F-13385, Marseille, France
| | - J. Delerce
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - N. Armstrong
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Y. Roussel
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - P.-E. Fournier
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - M.A. Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, FMOS-FAPH, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - D. Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - M. Million
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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15
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Togo A, Dufour JC, Lagier JC, Dubourg G, Raoult D, Million M. Repertoire of human breast and milk microbiota: a systematic review. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:623-641. [PMID: 31025880 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is a major determinant of human health. Breast milk is not sterile and ecological large-scale sequencing methods have revealed an unsuspected microbial diversity that plays an important role. However, microbiological analysis at the species level has been neglected while it is a prerequisite before understanding which microbe is associated with symbiosis or dysbiosis, and health or disease. We review the currently known bacterial repertoire from the human breast and milk microbiota using a semiautomated strategy. Total 242 articles from 38 countries, 11,124 women and 15,489 samples were included. Total 820 species were identified mainly composed of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. We report variations according to the analytical method (culture or molecular method), the anatomical site (breast, colostrum or milk) and the infectious status (healthy control, mastitis, breast abscess, neonatal infection). In addition, we compared it with the other human repertoires. Finally, we discuss its putative origin and role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Togo
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Charles Dufour
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Hop Timone, BioSTIC, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Gregory Dubourg
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Million
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
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16
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Dzidic M, Abrahamsson TR, Artacho A, Collado MC, Mira A, Jenmalm MC. Oral microbiota maturation during the first 7 years of life in relation to allergy development. Allergy 2018; 73:2000-2011. [PMID: 29602225 DOI: 10.1111/all.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic diseases have become a major public health problem in affluent societies. Microbial colonization early in life seems to be critical for instructing regulation on immune system maturation and allergy development in children. Even though the oral cavity is the first site of encounter between a majority of foreign antigens and the immune system, the influence of oral bacteria on allergy development has not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the bacterial composition in longitudinally collected saliva samples during childhood in relation to allergy development. METHODS Illumina sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene was used to characterize the oral bacterial composition in saliva samples collected at 3, 6, 12, 24 months, and 7 years of age from children developing allergic symptoms and sensitization (n = 47) and children staying healthy (n = 33) up to 7 years of age. RESULTS Children developing allergic disease, particularly asthma, had lower diversity of salivary bacteria together with highly divergent bacterial composition at 7 years of age, showing a clearly altered oral microbiota in these individuals, likely as a consequence of an impaired immune system during infancy. Moreover, the relative amounts of several bacterial species, including increased abundance of Gemella haemolysans in children developing allergies and Lactobacillus gasseri and L. crispatus in healthy children, were distinctive during early infancy, likely influencing early immune maturation. CONCLUSION Early changes in oral microbial composition seem to influence immune maturation and allergy development. Future experiments should test the probiotic potential of L. gasseri and L. crispatus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Dzidic
- Department of Biotechnology Unit of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA‐CSIC) Valencia Spain
- Department of Health and Genomics Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Valencia Spain
- CIBER‐ESP Madrid Spain
- Division of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - T. R. Abrahamsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Division of Pediatrics Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - A. Artacho
- Department of Health and Genomics Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Valencia Spain
- CIBER‐ESP Madrid Spain
| | - M. C. Collado
- Department of Biotechnology Unit of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA‐CSIC) Valencia Spain
| | - A. Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Valencia Spain
- CIBER‐ESP Madrid Spain
| | - M. C. Jenmalm
- Division of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Linköping University Linköping Sweden
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17
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Dzidic M, Collado MC, Abrahamsson T, Artacho A, Stensson M, Jenmalm MC, Mira A. Oral microbiome development during childhood: an ecological succession influenced by postnatal factors and associated with tooth decay. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2292-2306. [PMID: 29899505 PMCID: PMC6092374 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Information on how the oral microbiome develops during early childhood and how external factors influence this ecological process is scarce. We used high-throughput sequencing to characterize bacterial composition in saliva samples collected at 3, 6, 12, 24 months and 7 years of age in 90 longitudinally followed children, for whom clinical, dietary and health data were collected. Bacterial composition patterns changed through time, starting with "early colonizers", including Streptococcus and Veillonella; other bacterial genera such as Neisseria settled after 1 or 2 years of age. Dental caries development was associated with diverging microbial composition through time. Streptococcus cristatus appeared to be associated with increased risk of developing tooth decay and its role as potential biomarker of the disease should be studied with species-specific probes. Infants born by C-section had initially skewed bacterial content compared with vaginally delivered infants, but this was recovered with age. Shorter breastfeeding habits and antibiotic treatment during the first 2 years of age were associated with a distinct bacterial composition at later age. The findings presented describe oral microbiota development as an ecological succession where altered colonization pattern during the first year of life may have long-term consequences for child´s oral and systemic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majda Dzidic
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, CSISP-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Unit of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria C Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Unit of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics, Valencia, Spain
| | - Thomas Abrahamsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, CSISP-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Malin Stensson
- Centre for Oral Health, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, CSISP-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.
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18
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Martín V, Mediano P, Del Campo R, Rodríguez JM, Marín M. Streptococcal Diversity of Human Milk and Comparison of Different Methods for the Taxonomic Identification of Streptococci. J Hum Lact 2016; 32:NP84-NP94. [PMID: 26261225 DOI: 10.1177/0890334415597901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Streptococcus is 1 of the dominant bacterial groups in human milk, but the taxonomic identification of some species remains difficult. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the discriminatory ability of different methods to identify streptococcal species in order to perform an assessment of the streptococcal diversity of human milk microbiota as accurately as possible. METHODS The identification of 105 streptococcal strains from human milk was performed by 16S rRNA, tuf, and sodA gene sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. RESULTS Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus parasanguinis were the streptococcal dominant species in the human milk microbiota. Sequencing of housekeeping genes allowed the classification of 96.2% (16S rRNA), 84.8% ( sodA), and 88.6% ( tuf) of the isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed 3 main streptococcal clusters corresponding with the mitis (73 isolates), salivarius (29), mutans (1)-pyogenic (2) groups, but many of the mitis group isolates (36) could not be assigned to any species. The application of the MALDI-TOF Bruker Biotyper system resulted in the identification of 56 isolates (53.33%) at the species level, but it could not discriminate between S pneumoniae and S mitis isolates, in contrast to the Vitek-MS system. CONCLUSION There was a good agreement among the different methods assessed in this study to identify those isolates of the salivarius, mutans, and pyogenic groups, whereas unambiguous discrimination could not be achieved concerning some species of the mitis group ( S mitis, S pneumoniae, S pseudopneumoniae, S oralis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Martín
- 1 Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Mediano
- 1 Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Campo
- 2 Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- 1 Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Marín
- 1 Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Tena D, López-Garrido B, Losa C. Clinical mastitis in breastfeeding women: study of 56 cases. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:867-8. [PMID: 27387225 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1204662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tena
- a Section of Microbiology , University Hospital of Guadalajara , Guadalajara , Spain
| | | | - Cristina Losa
- a Section of Microbiology , University Hospital of Guadalajara , Guadalajara , Spain
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20
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Whole genome sequencing as a tool for phylogenetic analysis of clinical strains of Mitis group streptococci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1615-25. [PMID: 27325438 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Identification of Mitis group streptococci (MGS) to the species level is challenging for routine microbiology laboratories. Correct identification is crucial for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis, identification of treatment failure, and/or infection relapse. Eighty MGS from Danish patients with infective endocarditis were whole genome sequenced. We compared the phylogenetic analyses based on single genes (recA, sodA, gdh), multigene (MLSA), SNPs, and core-genome sequences. The six phylogenetic analyses generally showed a similar pattern of six monophyletic clusters, though a few differences were observed in single gene analyses. Species identification based on single gene analysis showed their limitations when more strains were included. In contrast, analyses incorporating more sequence data, like MLSA, SNPs and core-genome analyses, provided more distinct clustering. The core-genome tree showed the most distinct clustering.
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21
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Tena D, Fernández C, López-Garrido B, Pérez-Balsalobre M, Losa C, Medina-Pascual MJ, Sáez-Nieto JA. Lactational mastitis caused by Streptococcus lactarius. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 85:490-2. [PMID: 27220606 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human infections caused by Streptococcus lactarius have not been previously reported. In the present report, we describe a lactational mastitis caused by this organism. The infection occurred in a 28-year-old breast-feeding female, with a 10-days history of moderate pain on the right breast. The patient was cured after antibiotic treatment with levofloxacin for 21 days. Our case shows that S. lactarius should be considered as a cause of lactational mastitis. The introduction of molecular microbiology techniques can be extremely useful for knowing the implication of streptococci in lactational mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tena
- Section of Microbiology, University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain.
| | - Cristina Fernández
- Section of Microbiology, University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
| | | | | | - Cristina Losa
- Section of Microbiology, University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
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22
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Groer MW, Gregory KE, Louis-Jacques A, Thibeau S, Walker WA. The very low birth weight infant microbiome and childhood health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:252-64. [PMID: 26663857 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review describes current understandings about the nature of the very low birth weight infant (VLBW) gut microbiome. VLBW infants often experience disruptive pregnancies and births, and prenatal factors can influence the maturity of the gut and immune system, and disturb microbial balance and succession. Many VLBWs experience rapid vaginal or Caesarean births. After birth these infants often have delays in enteral feeding, and many receive little or no mother's own milk. Furthermore the stressors of neonatal life in the hospital environment, common use of antibiotics, invasive procedures and maternal separation can contribute to dysbiosis. These infants experience gastrointestinal dysfunction, sepsis, transfusions, necrotizing enterocolitis, oxygen toxicity, and other pathophysiological conditions that affect the normal microbiota. The skin is susceptible to dysbiosis, due to its fragility and contact with NICU organisms. Dysbiosis in early life may resolve but little is known about the timing of the development of the signature gut microbiome in VLBWs. Dysbiosis has been associated with a number of physical and behavioral problems, including autism spectrum disorders, allergy and asthma, gastrointestinal disease, obesity, depression, and anxiety. Dysbiosis may be prevented or ameliorated in part by prenatal care, breast milk feeding, skin to skin contact, use of antibiotics only when necessary, and vigilance during infancy and early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen W Groer
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida
| | - Katherine E Gregory
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Nursing, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adetola Louis-Jacques
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - W Allan Walker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Paquette SG, Banner D, Huang SSH, Almansa R, Leon A, Xu L, Bartoszko J, Kelvin DJ, Kelvin AA. Influenza Transmission in the Mother-Infant Dyad Leads to Severe Disease, Mammary Gland Infection, and Pathogenesis by Regulating Host Responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005173. [PMID: 26448646 PMCID: PMC4598190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses are typically restricted to the human upper respiratory tract whereas influenza viruses with greater pathogenic potential often also target extra-pulmonary organs. Infants, pregnant women, and breastfeeding mothers are highly susceptible to severe respiratory disease following influenza virus infection but the mechanisms of disease severity in the mother-infant dyad are poorly understood. Here we investigated 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection and transmission in breastfeeding mothers and infants utilizing our developed infant-mother ferret influenza model. Infants acquired severe disease and mortality following infection. Transmission of the virus from infants to mother ferrets led to infection in the lungs and mother mortality. Live virus was also found in mammary gland tissue and expressed milk of the mothers which eventually led to milk cessation. Histopathology showed destruction of acini glandular architecture with the absence of milk. The virus was localized in mammary epithelial cells of positive glands. To understand the molecular mechanisms of mammary gland infection, we performed global transcript analysis which showed downregulation of milk production genes such as Prolactin and increased breast involution pathways indicated by a STAT5 to STAT3 signaling shift. Genes associated with cancer development were also significantly increased including JUN, FOS and M2 macrophage markers. Immune responses within the mammary gland were characterized by decreased lymphocyte-associated genes CD3e, IL2Ra, CD4 with IL1β upregulation. Direct inoculation of H1N1 into the mammary gland led to infant respiratory infection and infant mortality suggesting the influenza virus was able to replicate in mammary tissue and transmission is possible through breastfeeding. In vitro infection studies with human breast cells showed susceptibility to H1N1 virus infection. Together, we have shown that the host-pathogen interactions of influenza virus infection in the mother-infant dyad initiate immunological and oncogenic signaling cascades within the mammary gland. These findings suggest the mammary gland may have a greater role in infection and immunity than previously thought.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Animals, Suckling/virology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ferrets
- Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Lactation
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/virology
- Mammary Glands, Human/virology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Milk/virology
- Mothers
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/pathology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Pregnancy
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane G. Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Banner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S. H. Huang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raquel Almansa
- Infection and Immunity Medical Investigation Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario—Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y Leόn, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto Leon
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luoling Xu
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Bartoszko
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Guangdong, China
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Immune Diagnostics & Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Okamoto M, Imai S, Miyanohara M, Saito W, Momoi Y, Nomura Y, Ikawa T, Ogawa T, Miyabe-Nishiwaki T, Kaneko A, Watanabe A, Watanabe S, Hayashi M, Tomonaga M, Hanada N. Streptococcus panodentissp. nov. from the oral cavities of chimpanzees. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:526-32. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tomoko Ikawa
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics; Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi; Tsurumi-ku Yokohama 230-8501
| | - Takumi Ogawa
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics; Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi; Tsurumi-ku Yokohama 230-8501
| | | | | | | | | | - Misato Hayashi
- Language and Intelligence Section; Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Masaki Tomonaga
- Language and Intelligence Section; Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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Taghizadeh M, Mirlohi M, Poursina F, Madani G, Khoshhali M, Bahreini N, Safaei HG. The influence of impact delivery mode, lactation time, infant gender, maternal age and rural or urban life on total number of Lactobacillus in breast milk Isfahan - Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:141. [PMID: 26322289 PMCID: PMC4549918 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.161546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast milk is known as the most crucial postpartum issue in metabolic and immunologic programming of neonatal health. Human milk microbial changes over Lactation. The factors influencing the milk microbiome as well as potential impact of microbes on infant health have not yet been discovered. The objective was to identify pre- and post-natal factors that can potentially influence the bacterial communities inhabiting human milk. Materials and Methods: Breast milk samples (n = 40) with all full-term breastfed infants were collected from lactating randomized. Information on personal characteristics, dietary habits, information about infants were collected after birth. The samples were plated with serial dilutions on three selective culture media man rogosa sharp and then colonies were counted. Colonies tested for catalase reaction, Gram-staining and microscopic examination. Results: The result of this study showed that the overall incidence of positive Lactobacillus in mother's milk was 87.5%. The results based on (infant gender, mode of delivery, rural or urban and lactation time) rural or urban and lactation time were significant (P < 0.05). The results showed that all of the variables were significant in this regression model (P < 0.001). The median of log10Lactobacillus counts in rural mothers, vaginal delivery, infant male gender and Lactation time for first 3-month were meaningfully high. Conclusions: The findings of this study about the breast milk Lactobacillus potential probiotic bacteria of healthy Iranian mothers, suggested that the breast milk microbiome is significantly influenced by several factors, mode of delivery, rural or urban and lactation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Taghizadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mirlohi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Poursina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Golnoush Madani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehri Khoshhali
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nimah Bahreini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hajieh Ghasemian Safaei
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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26
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Zbinden A, Bostanci N, Belibasakis GN. The novel species Streptococcus tigurinus and its association with oral infection. Virulence 2014; 6:177-82. [PMID: 25483862 PMCID: PMC4601397 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.970472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus tigurinus is a novel species of viridans streptococci, shown to cause severe invasive infections such as infective endocarditis, spondylodiscitis and meningitis. S. tigurinus belongs to the Streptococcus mitis group and is most closely related to Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae and Streptococcus infantis. The presence of S. tigurinus in the human oral cavity has been documented, including in patients with periodontal disease. This review addresses the available scientific knowledge on S. tigurinus and its association with closely related streptococci, and discusses its putative involvement in common oral infections. While there is as yet no strong evidence on the involvement of S. tigurinus with oral infections, its presence in the oral cavity and its association with endocarditis warrants special attention for a link between oral and systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zbinden
- a Institute of Medical Virology; University of Zurich ; Zurich , Switzerland
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27
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Huch M, De Bruyne K, Cleenwerck I, Bub A, Cho GS, Watzl B, Snauwaert I, Franz CMAP, Vandamme P. Streptococcus rubneri sp. nov., isolated from the human throat. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:4026-4032. [PMID: 23749274 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.048538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel, Gram-stain-positive, ovoid, lactic acid bacterial isolates LMG 27205, LMG 27206, LMG 27207(T) and MRI-F 18 were obtained from throat samples of healthy humans. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses indicated that these isolates belong to the genus Streptococcus, specifically the Streptococcus mitis group, with Streptococcus australis and Streptococcus mitis as the nearest neighbours (99.45 and 98.56 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the respective type strains). Genotypic fingerprinting by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), DNA-DNA hybridizations, comparative sequence analysis of pheS, rpoA and atpA and physiological and biochemical tests revealed that these bacteria formed a taxon well separated from its nearest neighbours and other species of the genus Streptococcus with validly published names and, therefore, represent a novel species, for which the name Streptococcus rubneri sp. nov. is proposed, with LMG 27207(T) ( = DSM 26920(T)) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Huch
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrien De Bruyne
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Cleenwerck
- BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Achim Bub
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gyu-Sung Cho
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernhard Watzl
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Isabel Snauwaert
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Ward TL, Hosid S, Ioshikhes I, Altosaar I. Human milk metagenome: a functional capacity analysis. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:116. [PMID: 23705844 PMCID: PMC3679945 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk contains a diverse population of bacteria that likely influences colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies, however, have been limited to characterization of this microbial community by 16S rRNA analysis. In the present study, a metagenomic approach using Illumina sequencing of a pooled milk sample (ten donors) was employed to determine the genera of bacteria and the types of bacterial open reading frames in human milk that may influence bacterial establishment and stability in this primal food matrix. The human milk metagenome was also compared to that of breast-fed and formula-fed infants' feces (n = 5, each) and mothers' feces (n = 3) at the phylum level and at a functional level using open reading frame abundance. Additionally, immune-modulatory bacterial-DNA motifs were also searched for within human milk. RESULTS The bacterial community in human milk contained over 360 prokaryotic genera, with sequences aligning predominantly to the phyla of Proteobacteria (65%) and Firmicutes (34%), and the genera of Pseudomonas (61.1%), Staphylococcus (33.4%) and Streptococcus (0.5%). From assembled human milk-derived contigs, 30,128 open reading frames were annotated and assigned to functional categories. When compared to the metagenome of infants' and mothers' feces, the human milk metagenome was less diverse at the phylum level, and contained more open reading frames associated with nitrogen metabolism, membrane transport and stress response (P < 0.05). The human milk metagenome also contained a similar occurrence of immune-modulatory DNA motifs to that of infants' and mothers' fecal metagenomes. CONCLUSIONS Our results further expand the complexity of the human milk metagenome and enforce the benefits of human milk ingestion on the microbial colonization of the infant gut and immunity. Discovery of immune-modulatory motifs in the metagenome of human milk indicates more exhaustive analyses of the functionality of the human milk metagenome are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya L Ward
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sergey Hosid
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ilya Ioshikhes
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Illimar Altosaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
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Jeurink P, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Jiménez E, Knippels L, Fernández L, Garssen J, Knol J, Rodríguez J, Martín R. Human milk: a source of more life than we imagine. Benef Microbes 2013; 4:17-30. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2012.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of bacteria in human milk has been acknowledged since the seventies. For a long time, microbiological analysis of human milk was only performed in case of infections and therefore the presence of non-pathogenic bacteria was yet unknown. During the last decades, the use of more sophisticated culture-dependent and -independent techniques, and the steady development of the -omic approaches are opening up the new concept of the ‘milk microbiome’, a complex ecosystem with a greater diversity than previously anticipated. In this review, possible mechanisms by which bacteria can reach the mammary gland (contamination versus active migration) are discussed. In addition, the potential roles of human milk for both infant and maternal health are summarised. A better understanding of the link between the milk microbiome and health benefit, the potential factors influencing this relationship and whether or not it can be influenced by nutrition is required to open new avenues in the field of pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.V. Jeurink
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, P.O. Box 7005, 6700 CA Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J. van Bergenhenegouwen
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, P.O. Box 7005, 6700 CA Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - E. Jiménez
- Dpto Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, UCM, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L.M.J. Knippels
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, P.O. Box 7005, 6700 CA Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L. Fernández
- Dpto Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, UCM, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Garssen
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, P.O. Box 7005, 6700 CA Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J. Knol
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, P.O. Box 7005, 6700 CA Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8033, 6700 EJ Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J.M. Rodríguez
- Dpto Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, UCM, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Martín
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, P.O. Box 7005, 6700 CA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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30
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The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease. Pharmacol Res 2012; 69:1-10. [PMID: 22974824 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human milk has been traditionally considered sterile; however, recent studies have shown that it represents a continuous supply of commensal, mutualistic and/or potentially probiotic bacteria to the infant gut. Culture-dependent and -independent techniques have revealed the dominance of staphylococci, streptococci, lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in this biological fluid, and their role on the colonization of the infant gut. These bacteria could protect the infant against infections and contribute to the maturation of the immune system, among other functions. Different studies suggest that some bacteria present in the maternal gut could reach the mammary gland during late pregnancy and lactation through a mechanism involving gut monocytes. Thus, modulation of maternal gut microbiota during pregnancy and lactation could have a direct effect on infant health. On the other hand, mammary dysbiosis may lead to mastitis, a condition that represents the first medical cause for undesired weaning. Selected strains isolated from breast milk can be good candidates for use as probiotics. In this review, their potential uses for the treatment of mastitis and to inhibit mother-to-infant transfer of HIV are discussed.
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