Lysobacter alkalisoli sp. nov., a chitin-degrading strain isolated from saline-alkaline soil

Genomic and transcriptomic analyses provide new insights into the allelochemical degradation preference of a novel Acinetobacter strain

A novel n-alkane- and phenolic acid-degrading Acinetobacter strain (designated C16S1T) was isolated from rhizosphere soil. The strain was identified as a novel species named Acinetobacter suaedae sp. nov. using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain C16S1T showed preferential degradation of three compounds: p-hydroxybenzoate (PHBA) > ferulic acid (FA) > n-hexadecane. In a medium containing two or three of these allelochemicals, coexisting n-hexadecane and PHBA accelerated each other's degradation and that of FA. FA typically hindered the degradation of n-hexadecane but accelerated PHBA degradation. The upregulated expression of n-hexadecane- and PHBA-degrading genes induced, by their related substrates, was mutually enhanced by coexisting PHBA or n-hexadecane; in contrast, expression of both gene types was reduced by FA. Coexisting PHBA or n-hexadecane enhanced the upregulation of FA-degrading genes induced by FA. The expressions of degrading genes affected by coexisting chemicals coincided with the observed degradation efficiencies. Iron shortage limited the degradation efficiency of all three compounds and changed the degradation preference of Acinetobacter. The present study demonstrated that the biodegradability of the chemicals, the effects of coexisting chemicals on the expression of degrading genes and the strain's growth, the shortage of essential elements, and the toxicity of the chemicals were the four major factors affecting the removal rates of the coexisting allelochemicals.

Three novel Luteimonas species from a root and rhizosphere soil of Kalidium cuspidatum: Luteimonas endophytica sp. nov., Luteimonas rhizosphaericola sp. nov. and Luteimonas kalidii sp. nov

Three Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated RD2P54T, M1R5S18T and M1R5S59T, were isolated from a root and rhizosphere soil of Kalidium cuspidatum, in Baotou, PR China. The three strains showed 94.1–98.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Luteimonas strains, indicating they belonged to the genus Luteimonas . The phylogenomic tree based on core genomes showed that strain RD2P54T tightly clustered with Luteimonas salinisoli SJ-92T, while strains M1R5S18T and M1R5S59T clustered with each other and with Luteimonas viscosa XBU10T and Luteimonas saliphila SJ-9T. Though strains M1R5S18T and M1R5S59T showed high 16S rRNA similarity (99.4 %) to each other, the low average nucleotide identity based on blast (ANIb; 88.6 %) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH; 31.6 %) values between them indicated that they belonged to two different species. The ANIb and dDDH values of strains RD2P54T, M1R5S18T and M1R5S59T with their closely neighbours are well below the delineation threshold values for identifying strains as representing different species. All three strains take iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 9 (C16 : 0 10-methyl and/or iso-C17 : 1  ω9c) as major fatty acids, and ubiquinone-8 as the sole respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of all three strains are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic data, these three strains should be considered to represent three novel species of the genus Luteimonas , for which the names Luteimonas endophytica sp. nov. (type strain RD2P54T=CGMCC 1.61535T =KCTC 92470T), Luteimonas rhizosphaericola sp. nov. (type strain M1R5S18T=CGMCC 1.61537T =KCTC 92469T) and Luteimonas kalidii sp. nov. (type strain M1R5S59T=CGMCC 1.61536T =KCTC 92471T) are proposed.

Lysobacter changpingensis sp. nov., a novel species of the genus Lysobacter isolated from a rhizosphere soil of strawberry in China

In the present work, we characterized in detail strain CM-3-T8T, which was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of strawberries in Beijing, China, in order to elucidate its taxonomic position. Cells of strain CM-3-T8T were Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, short rod. Growth occurred at 25-37 °C, pH 5.0-10.0, and in the presence of 0-8% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CM-3-T8T formed a stable clade with Lysobacter soli DCY21T and Lysobacter panacisoli CJ29T, with the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.91% and 98.50%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain SG-8 T and the two reference type strains listed above were 76.3%, 79.6%, and 34.3%, 27%, respectively. The DNA G + C content was 68.4% (mol/mol). The major cellular fatty acids were comprised of C15:0 iso (36.15%), C17:0 iso (8.40%), and C11:0 iso 3OH (8.28%). The major quinone system was ubiquinone Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylethanolamine (PME), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), and aminophospholipid (APL). On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic evidence, strain CM-3-T8T (= ACCC 61714 T = JCM 34576 T) represents a new species within the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter changpingensis sp. nov. is proposed.

Isoptericola croceus sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from saline-alkali soil

A novel actinomycete, designated strain q2^T, was isolated from the saline-alkaline soil, collected from Daqing, Heilongjiang province, China. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain q2^T belongs to the genus Isoptericola, and showed the highest sequence similarity to Isoptericola halotolerans KCTC 19046^T (98.48%) and Isoptericola chiayiensis KCTC 19740^T (98.13%), respectively. The average nucleotide identity values between strain q2^T and other members of the genus Isoptericola were lower than 95% recommended for distinguishing novel prokaryotic species. Cells of strain q2^T were Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming. Colonies of strain q2^T were golden-yellow pigmented, tidy edged and smooth surfaced. Growth occurred at 15-37 °C (optimum, 29 °C), pH 7.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 8.0). The predominant respiratory quinones were MK-9(H₄) and MK-9(H₂). The main detected polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The peptidoglycan compositions were L-alanine, D-aspartic, L-glutamic acid and L-lysine (type A4α). The major cellular fatty acids (> 10%) were anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0, and anteiso-C_17:0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 69.7%. Based on the phenotypic, physiological, genotypic, and phylogenetic data, strain q2^T represents a novel species of the genus Isoptericola, for which the name Isoptericola croceus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is q2^T (= GDMCC 1.2923^T = KCTC 49759^T).

Three marine species of the genus Fulvivirga, rich sources of carbohydrate-active enzymes degrading alginate, chitin, laminarin, starch, and xylan

Bacteroidota is a group of marine polysaccharide degraders, which play a crucial role in the carbon cycle in the marine ecosystems. In this study, three novel gliding strains, designated as SS9-22^T, W9P-11^T, and SW1-E11^T, isolated from algae and decaying wood were proposed to represent three novel species of the genus Fulvivirga. We identified a large number of genes encoding for carbohydrate-active enzymes, which potentially participate in polysaccharide degradation, based on whole genome sequencing. The 16S rRNA sequence similarities among them were 94.4-97.2%, and against existing species in the genus Fulvivirga 93.1-99.8%. The complete genomes of strains SS9-22^T, W9P-11^T, and SW1-E11^T comprised one circular chromosome with size of 6.98, 6.52, and 6.39 Mb, respectively; the GC contents were 41.9%, 39.0%, and 38.1%, respectively. The average nucleotide identity and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values with members in the genus Fulvivirga including the isolates were in a range of 68.9-85.4% and 17.1-29.7%, respectively, which are low for the proposal of novel species. Genomic mining in three genomes identified hundreds of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) covering up to 93 CAZyme families and 58-70 CAZyme gene clusters, exceeding the numbers of genes present in the other species of the genus Fulvivirga. Polysaccharides of alginate, chitin, laminarin, starch, and xylan were degraded in vitro, highlighting that the three strains are rich sources of CAZymes of polysaccharide degraders for biotechnological applications. The phenotypic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and genomic characteristics supported the proposal of three novel species in the genus Fulvivirga, for which the names Fulvivirga ulvae sp. nov. (SS9-22^T = KCTC 82072^T = GDMCC 1.2804^T), Fulvivirga ligni sp. nov. (W9P-11^T = KCTC 72992^T = GDMCC 1.2803^T), and Fulvivirga maritima sp. nov. (SW1-E11^T = KCTC 72832^T = GDMCC 1.2802^T) are proposed.

Lysobacter selenitireducens sp. nov., isolated from river sediment

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, motile, flagellated and rod-shaped bacterium, designated as 13A^T, was isolated from a river sediment sample of Fuyang River in Hengshui City, Hebei Province, PR China. Strain 13A^T grew at 10-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5.0-11.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and at 0-7 % (w/v) NaCl concentration (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain 13A^T belongs to the genus Lysobacter, and was most closely related to Lysobacter spongiicola DSM 21749^T (97.8 %), Lysobacter concretionis DSM 16239^T (97.5 %), Lysobacter daejeonensis GIM 1.690^T (97.3 %) and Lysobacter arseniciresistens CGMCC 1.10752^T (96.9 %). Meanwhile, the type species Lysobacter enzymogenes ATCC 29487^T was selected as a reference strain (95.2 %). The genomic size of strain 13A^T was 3.0 Mb and the DNA G+C content was 69.0 %. The average nucleotide identity values between strain 13A^T and each of the reference type strains L. spongiicola DSM 21749^T, L. concretionis DSM 16239^T, L. daejeonensis GIM 1.690^T, L. arseniciresistens CGMCC 1.10752^T and L. enzymogenes ATCC 29487^T were 75.9, 76.1, 77.7, 78.0 and 73.2 %, respectively. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 13A^T and each of the reference type strains were 21.7, 22.2, 21.9, 22.7 and 23.2 %, respectively. The average amino acid identity values between strain 13A^T and each of the reference type strains were 72.5, 72.9, 72.3, 75.0 and 69.2 %, respectively. The major fatty acids were iso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_16 : 0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C_17 : 1  ω9c and/or C_16 : 0 10-methyl). The sole respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone-8. The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified lipid, four unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified glycolipids. Based on the phenotypic, physiological, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data, strain 13A^T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter selenitireducens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 13A^T (=JCM 34786^T=GDMCC 1.2722^T).

Halomonas alkalisoli sp. nov., a novel haloalkalophilic species from saline-alkaline soil, and reclassification of Halomonas daqingensis Wu et al. 2008 as a later heterotypic synonym of Halomonas desiderata Berendes et al. 1996

Two Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, moderately halophilic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacteria, designated M5N1S17T and M5N1S15, were isolated from saline soil in Baotou, China. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the two strains clustered closely with Halomonas montanilacus PYC7WT and shared 99.1 and 99.3% sequence similarities, respectively. The average nucleotide identity based on BLAST (ANIb) and MUMmer (ANIm) values of the two strains with each other were 95.5% and 96.7%, respectively, while the ANIb and ANIm values between the two strains and 15 closer Halomonas species were 74.8-91.3% and 84.1-92.6%, respectively. The major polar lipids of M5N1S17T are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and an unidentified phospholipid. The major polar lipids of M5N1S15 are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids, and an unidentified lipid. The predominant ubiquinone in the two strains is Q-9. The major fatty acids of the two strains are C18:1ω6c and/or C18:1ω7c, C16:0, and C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic, and physiological results, strains M5N1S17T and M5N1S15 should be identified as a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which Halomonas alkalisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M5N1S17T (= CGMCC 1.19023T = KCTC 92130T). The phylogenetic trees showed that Halomonas daqingensis CGMCC 1.6443T clustered tightly with Halomonas desiderata FB2T, and the two strains shared >98.0% of ANI values with each other. Therefore, we propose the reclassification of H. daqingensis Wu et al. 2008 as a later heterotypic synonym of H. desiderata Berendes et al. 1996.

Parvicella tangerina gen. nov., sp. nov. (Parvicellaceae fam. nov., Flavobacteriales), first cultured representative of the marine clade UBA10066, and Lysobacter luteus sp. nov., from activated sludge of a seawater-processing wastewater treatment plant

Two strains isolated from a sample of activated sludge that was obtained from a seawater-based wastewater treatment plant on the southeastern Mediterranean coast of Spain have been characterized to achieve their taxonomic classification, since preliminary data suggested they could represent novel taxa. Given the uniqueness of this habitat, as this sort of plants are rare in the world and this one used seawater to process an influent containing intermediate products from amoxicillin synthesis, we also explored their ecology and the annotations of their genomic sequences. Analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that one of them, which was orange-pigmented, was distantly related to Vicingus serpentipes (family Vicingaceae ) and to other representatives of neighbouring families in the order Flavobacteriales (class Flavobacteriia ) by 88–89 % similarities; while the other strain, which was yellow-pigmented, was a putative new species of Lysobacter (family Xanthomonadaceae , order Xanthomonadales , class Gammaproteobacteria ) with Lysobacter arseniciresistens as closest relative (97.3 % 16S rRNA sequence similarity to its type strain). Following a polyphasic taxonomic approach, including a genome-based phylogenetic analysis and a thorough phenotypic characterization, we propose the following novel taxa: Parvicella tangerina gen. nov., sp. nov. (whose type strain is AS29M-1T=CECT 30217T=LMG 32344T), Parvicellaceae fam. nov. (whose type genus is Parvicella), and Lysobacter luteus sp. nov. (whose type strain is AS29MT=CECT 30171T=LMG 32343T).

Ruania suaedae sp. nov. and Ruania halotolerans sp. nov., two actinobacteria isolated from saline soil, and reclassification of Haloactinobacterium kanbiaonis as Occultella kanbiaonis comb. nov

Two Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, strictly aerobic, yellow-coloured, rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated LR1S40T and M4N3S171T, were isolated from rhizosphere and bulk saline soil of Suaeda salsa collected in Inner Mongolia, China. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequences showed that the two strains clustered tightly with strains of the genus Ruania . Strains LR1S40T and M4N3S171T had 95.5% 16S rRNA gene similarity to each other, and strain LR1S40T had 98.8, 98.7, 97.4 and <97.0% similarity to Ruania alkalisoli RN3S43T, Ruania rhizosphaerae LNNU 22110T, Ruania alba YIM 93306T and all other current type strains, while strain M4N3S171T had 98.6 and <97.0% similarity to R. alba YIM 93306T, and all other current type strains, respectively. The average nucleotide identity based on blast (ANIb) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of LR1S40T and M4N3S171T with each other and to the other type strains of Ruania were well below the threshold values (95% for ANIb, 70% for dDDH) for differentiating a species. Diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol were the major polar lipids in both strains. The predominant menaquinone in both strains was both MK-8. The genome of strain LR1S40T consisted of a 3557440 bp circular chromosome, with a G+C content of 71.1 mol%, while the genome of strain M4N3S171T consisted of 4270413 bp, with a G+C content of 67.6 mol%. The phylogenetic, physiological and phenotypic characteristics allowed discrimination of the two strains from their relatives. The names Ruania suaedae sp. nov. [type strain LR1S40T (=CGMCC 1.19028T=KCTC 49726T)] and Ruania halotolerans sp. nov. [type strain M4N3S171T (=CGMCC 1. 19142T=KCTC 49727T)] are therefore proposed. During the publication of Haloactinobacterium kanbiaonis , Haloactinobacterium glacieicola (type strain T3246-1T), which was selected as the reference strain for the identification of H. kanbiaonis , was reclassified as Occultella glacieicola . The two phylogenetic trees showed that H. kanbiaonis HY164T tightly clustered with Occultella aeris F300T, and had the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity (99.8%) to O. aeris F300T. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and the publication record, Haloactinobacterium kanbiaonis should be reclassified as Occultella kanbiaonis comb. nov.

Marinilactibacillus kalidii sp. nov., an Indole Acetic Acid-Producing Endophyte Isolated from a Shoot of Halophyte Kalidium cuspidatum

A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-sporulating, motile with single polar flagellum, rod-shaped, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing bacterium, named M4U5P12^T, was isolated from a shoot of Kalidium cuspidatum, Inner Mongolia, China. Strain M4U5P12^T grew at pH 6.0-11.0 (optimum 7.5), 4-40 °C (optimum 25 °C), and in the presence of 0-15% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 4%). Positive for catalase, urease, methyl red (M.R.) reaction, and hydrolysis of starch; and negative for oxidase, Voges-Proskauer (V-P) test, and hydrolysis of cellulose. The phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences and the whole genome sequences both revealed that it clustered with Marinilactibacillus piezotolerans JCM 12337^T (99.3%) and Marinilactibacillus psychrotolerans M13-2^T (99.1%). The dDDH and ANIb values of strain M4U5P12^T to M. piezotolerans DSM 16108^T and M. psychrotolerans M13-2^T were 19.3 and 18.9%, and 74.3 and 74.0%, respectively. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid, and two unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were C_16:0, C_18:1 ω9c, C_16:1 ω9c, and C_15:1 ω5c. The genomic DNA G + C content was 37.3%. On the basis of physiological, phenotypic, and phylogenetic characteristics, strain M4U5P12^T should be classified as a novel species. Therefore, Marinilactibacillus kalidii sp. nov. is proposed, and the type strain is M4U5P12^T (= CGMCC 1.17696^T = KCTC 43247^T).

Description and characterization of three endophytic Bacillaceae from the halophyte Suaeda salsa: Paenalkalicoccus suaedae gen. nov., sp. nov., Cytobacillus suaedae sp. nov., and Bacillus suaedae sp. nov

Three strains of members of the family Bacillaceae, which can inhibit the growth of some Gram-stain-positive strains, designated M4U3P1^T, HD4P25^T and RD4P76^T, were isolated from Suaeda salsa halophytes in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, PR China. A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and the whole genome sequences revealed that HD4P25^T clustered with Cytobacillus luteolus YIM 93174^T with a similarity of 98.4 %, and RD4P76^T shared the highest similarity of 16S rRNA gene with Bacillus mesophilus SA4^T (97.5 %). M4U3P1^T clustered with strains of genera Salipaludibacillus and Alkalicoccus based on whole-genome sequence analyses, but its 16S rRNA gene had the highest similarity to 'Evansella tamaricis' EGI 80668 (96.1 %). The average nucleotide's identity by blast (ANIb) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of the three isolated strains to their close relatives were well below the threshold value for identifying a novel species.On the basis of the phylogenetic, physiological and phenotypic results, Paenalkalicoccus suaedae gen. nov., sp. nov. [type strain M4U3P1^T (=CGMCC 1.17076^T=JCM 33851^T)], Cytobacillus suaedae sp. nov. [type strain HD4P25^T (=CGMCC 1.18651^T =JCM 34524^T)], and Bacillus suaedae sp. nov. [type strain RD4P76^T (=CGMCC 1.18659^T=JCM 34525^T)] were proposed, respectively. All three species are ubiquitous in the bulk saline-alkaline soils, but only the species represented by strain RD4P76^T was widely distributed in the rhizosphere soil, the above-ground part and the roots of S. salsa. The species represented by M4U3P1^T can be detected in the roots of S. salsa, and rarely detected in the above-ground parts of S. salsa. The species represented by HD4P25^T was rarely detected in the interior of S. salsa. The three strains could inhibit some of the Gram-stain-positive bacteria (i.e. members of the genera Planococcus, Zhihengliuella and Sanguibacter) in the saline-alkali soil. A genomic analysis of these three strains revealed that they can synthesize different antagonistic compounds, such as aminobenzoate and bacitracin or subtilisin.

Gracilibacillus suaedae sp. nov., an indole acetic acid-producing endophyte isolated from a root of Suaeda salsa

A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming, motile with unipolar biflagella, rod-shaped, indole acetic acid-producing bacterium, named LD4P30^T, was isolated from a root of Suaeda salsa collected in Inner Mongolia, northern China. Strain LD4P30^T grew at pH 6.0-11.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), 10-40 °C (35 °C) and in the presence of 1-15% (w/v) NaCl (5%). The strain was positive for oxidase and negative for catalase. The major cellular fatty acids of strain LD4P30^T were iso-C_15:0, C_15:1 ω5c and anteiso-C_15:0; the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol; and menaquinone-7 was the only respiratory quinone. The genomic DNA G+C content was 36.7 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LD4P30^T clustered with Gracilibacillus thailandensis TP2-8^T, Gracilibacillus saliphilus YIM 91119^T and Gracilibacillus lacisalsi BH312^T, and showed 99.0, 98.9, 98.0 and <97.7% 16S rRNA gene similarity to G. thailandensis TP2-8^T, G. saliphilus YIM 91119^T, G. lacisalsi BH312^T and all other current type strains, respectively. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity based on blast values between strain LD4P30^T and G. saliphilus YIM 91119^T, G. thailandensis TP2-8^T and G. lacisalsi BH312^T were 44.9, 44.7 and 44.4%, and 91.1, 91.0 and 90.8%, respectively. Based on its phenotypic, physiological and phylogenetic characteristics, strain LD4P30^T represents a novel species, for which the name Gracilibacillus suaedae is proposed. The type strain is LD4P30^T (=CGMCC 1.17697^T=KCTC 82375^T).

Ruania alkalisoli sp. nov., Isolated from Saline-Alkaline Soil

A Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, ivory-colored, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated RN3S43^T, was isolated from saline-alkaline soil, in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, China. Strain RN3S43^T grew at 10-40 °C (optimum 30 °C), pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum pH 9.0), and 0-12.5% NaCl (optimum 2-4%). It was positive to oxidase, catalase, urease, and nitrate reductase. The methyl red and Voges-Proskauer tests were negative. The phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences and genome both showed that strain RN3S43^T clustered with Ruania alba YIM 93306 ^T and shared 95.5% and < 95.0% of 16S rRNA gene similarities with R. alba YIM 93306 ^T and all the other type strains. MK-8 was the major respiratory quinone. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and an unidentified lipid were the major polar lipids. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_15:0. The genome consisted of a 4,448,708-bp circular chromosome, with a G+C content of 68.2%, predicting 3,911 coding sequence genes, 44 tRNA genes and two rRNA operons. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), amino acid identity (AAI), and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain RN3S43^T to R. alba YIM 93306^T were 79.0%, 79.2%, and 23.4%, respectively. The results of phylogenetic, physiological, and phenotypic tests allowed the discrimination of strain RN3S43^T from its phylogenetic relatives. Ruania alkalisoli sp. nov. is therefore proposed, and the type strain is RN3S43^T (=CGMCC 1.18652^T = KCTC 49471^T).

Lysobacter arenosi sp. nov. and Lysobacter solisilvae sp. nov. isolated from soil

Two Gram-stain negative, yellow-pigmented, and mesophilic bacteria, designated strains R7^T and R19^T, were isolated from sandy and forest soil, South Korea, respectively. Both strains were non-motile rods showing catalase- and oxidase-positive activities. Both strains were shown to grow at 10-37°C and pH 6.0-9.0, and in the presence of 0-1.5% (w/v) NaCl. Strain R7^T contained iso-C_14:0, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, and summed feature 9 (comprising C_16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C_17:1ω9c), whereas strain R19^T contained iso-C_11:0 3-OH, C_16:1ω7c alcohol, iso-C_11:0, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, and summed feature 9 (comprising C_16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C_17:1ω9c) as major cellular fatty acids (> 5%). Both strains contained ubiquin-one-8 as the sole isoprenoid quinone and phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and an unidentified phospholipid as the major polar lipids. The DNA G + C contents of strains R7^T and R19^T calculated from their genomes were 66.9 mol% and 68.9 mol%, respectively. Strains R7^T and R19^T were most closely related to Lysobacter panacisoli C8-1^T and Lysobacter niabensis GH34-4^T with 98.7% and 97.8% 16S rRNA sequence similarities, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains R7^T and R19^T formed distinct phylogenetic lineages within the genus Lysobacter. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and molecular features, strains R7^T and R19^T represent novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the names Lysobacter arenosi sp. nov. and Lysobacter solisilvae sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains of L. arenosi and L. solisilvae are R7^T (= KACC 21663^T = JCM 34257^T) and R19^T (= KACC 21767^T = JCM 34258^T), respectively.

Lysobacter penaei sp. nov., isolated from intestinal content of a Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

The polyphasic taxonomic approach was used to characterize a novel bacteria strain, designated SG-8^T, which was isolated from intestinal content of a Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-gliding rods. Growth occurred at 10-45 °C (optimum, 20-30 °C), pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum, 6.0-7.0) and in 0-6.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-4.0 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SG-8^T showed the highest sequence similarity to Lysobacter maris KMU-14^T (98.6 %). On phylogenetic trees, strain SG-8^T formed a stable cluster with Lysobacter maris KMU-14^T, Lysobacter alkalisoli SJ-36^T, Lysobacter spongiae 119BY6-57^T and Lysobacter aestuarii S2-C^T. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain SG-8^T and the four reference type strains listed above were 83.3, 82.3, 83.5, 83.3% and 22.8, 22.7, 22.7, 22.9 %, respectively. The major fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C_15 : 0, summed feature 9 (iso-C_17 : 1  ω9c and/or 10-methyl C_16 : 0), iso-C_16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1  ω6c and/or C_16 : 1  ω7c), iso-C_17 : 0, iso-C_11 : 0 3OH and iso-C_11 : 0. Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the only respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content was 68.8 mol%. Based on the results of genomic, phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain SG-8^T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter penaei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SG-8^T (=GDMCC 1.1817^T=KACC 21942^T).

Echinicola soli sp. nov., isolated from alkaline saline soil

Strains of Echinicola , thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity during decomposition of polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments. A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. Strain LN3S3T grew at 10–40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with 0–12.5 % NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with Echinicola rosea JL3085T and Echinicola strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to E. rosea JL3085T, E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1  ω7c and/or C16 : 1  ω6c). The genome consisted of a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to E. rosea JL3085T and E. strongylocentroti MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. Based on physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain LN3S3T could be discriminated from its phylogenetic relatives. Echinicola soli sp. nov. is therefore proposed with strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) as the type strain.

Lysobacter profundi sp. nov., isolated from freshwater sediment and reclassification of Lysobacter panaciterrae as Luteimonas panaciterrae comb. nov

A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on strains CHu50b-3-2T and CHu40b-3-1 isolated from a 67 cm-long sediment core collected from the Daechung Reservoir at a water depth of 17 m, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. The cells of the strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile and rod-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed a clear affiliation of two strains with γ-Proteobacteria, which showed the highest pairwise sequence similarities to Lysobacter hankyongensis KTce-2T (96.5 %), Lysobacter pocheonensis Gsoil193T (96.3 %), Lysobacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 357T (96.1 %), Lysobacter solanacearum T20R-70T (96.1 %), Lysobacter brunescens KCTC 12130T (95.4 %) and Lysobacter capsici YC5194T (95.3 %). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains formed a clear phylogenetic lineage with the genus Lysobacter . The major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1  ω9c and/or C18 : 1 10-methyl), iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. The respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 66.8 mol% (genome) for strain CHu50b-3-2T and 66.4 mol% (HPLC) for strain CHu40b-3-1. Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic data, we propose that strains CHu50b-3-2T and CHu40b-3-1 represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter , for which the name Lysobacter profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CHu50b-3-2T (=KCTC 72973T=CCTCC AB 2019129T). Besides Lysobacter panaciterrae Gsoil 068T formed a phylogenetic group together with strain Luteimonas aquatica RIB1-20T (EF626688) that is clearly separated from all other known Lysobacter strains. Based on the phylogenetic relationships together with fatty acid compositions, Lysobacter panaciterrae Gsoil 068T should be reclassified as a member of the genus Luteimonas: Luteimonas aquatica comb. nov. (type strain Gsoil 068T=KCTC 12601T=DSM 17927T).

Sphingomonas suaedae sp. nov., a chitin-degrading strain isolated from rhizosphere soil of Suaeda salsa

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, chitin-degrading, motile bacterial strain with a single polar flagellum, designated XS-10T, was isolated from saline soil sampled from the rhizosphere of Suaeda salsa, Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, PR China. Strain XS-10T grew at 10–40 °C (optimum, 35 °C), pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and 0–12.5% NaCl (optimum 2.0 %). The phylogenetic analysis based on both the 16S rRNA gene and the phylogenomic tree revealed that strain XS-10T formed a clade with Sphingomonas turrisvirgatae MCT13T and Sphingomonas koreensis JSS-26T, sharing 98.4 and 97.5 % 16S rRNA gene similarities to S. koreensis JSS-26T and S. turrisvirgatae MCT13T, respectively. Spermidine and Q-10 were the major polyamine and the major respiratory quinone, respectively. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid, two unidentified lipids and an unidentified aminophospholipid. The major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1  ω7c and/or C18 : 1  ω6c), C16 : 0 and C17 : 1  ω6c. The genome of strain XS-10T consisted of a 4 154 291 bp chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 65.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values of strain XS-10T with S. turrisvirgatae MCT13T and S. koreensis JSS-26T were 77.8 and 78.6 %, 75.9 and 76.3 %, and 22.0 and 22.9 %, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic, and genotypic characteristics, strain XS-10T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas , for which the name Sphingomonas suaedae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XS-10T (=CGMCC 1.17078T=JCM 33850T).