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Zhao J, Teng T, Wang J. An Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus-encoded microRNA, AcMNPV-miR-4, downregulates the expression of host gene alg-2. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35830328 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autographa california multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate viral genes to achieve infection have been reported previously. Here, we report another AcMNPV encoded miRNA, AcMNPV-miR-4 (Ac-miR-4), which downregulated the host gene, apoptosis-linked gene (alg-2). This regulation was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assays. The effects of Ac-miR-4 on virus infection were assessed. The results showed that the production of infectious budded virions (BV) was decreased and the occlusion-derived virion (ODV) embedding into polyhedra was delayed when Sf9 cells were administered an overdose of Ac-miR-4. All these findings suggest that Ac-miR-4 prolongs cell lifespan and reduces virus virulence at a relatively early stage but increases ODV at a very late stage. This finding may be attributed to the downregulation effects of alg-2, which lead to weakened ALG-2 related functions, such as cell apoptosis, vesicle budding and protein transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 518107, PR China
| | - Tingkai Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jinwen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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2
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Llopis-Giménez A, Parenti S, Han Y, Ros VID, Herrero S. A proctolin-like peptide is regulated after baculovirus infection and mediates in caterpillar locomotion and digestion. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:230-244. [PMID: 33783135 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses constitute a large group of invertebrate DNA viruses, predominantly infecting larvae of the insect order Lepidoptera. During a baculovirus infection, the virus spreads throughout the insect body producing a systemic infection in multiple larval tissues, included the central nervous system (CNS). As a main component of the CNS, neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules functioning as neurohormones, neurotransmitters, or neuromodulators. These peptides are involved in regulating animal physiology and behavior and could be altered after baculovirus infection. In this study, we have investigated the effect of Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) infection on expression of Spodoptera exigua neuropeptides and neuropeptide-like genes. Expression of the gene encoding a polypeptide that resembles the well-known insect neuropeptide proctolin and named as proctolin-like peptide (PLP), was downregulated in the larval brain following infection and was chosen for further analysis. A recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) overexpressing the C-terminal part of the PLP was generated and used in bioassays using S. exigua larvae to study its influence on the viral infection and insect behavior. AcMNPV-PLP-infected larvae showed less locomotion activity and a reduction in growth compared to larvae infected with wild type AcMNPV or mock-infected larvae. These results are indicative of this new peptide as a neuromodulator that regulates visceral and skeletal muscle contractions and offers a novel effector involved in the behavioral changes during baculovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Llopis-Giménez
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Stefano Parenti
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yue Han
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Current address. Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Feng M, Kolliopoulou A, Zhou YH, Fei SG, Xia JM, Swevers L, Sun JC. The piRNA response to BmNPV infection in the silkworm fat body and midgut. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:662-679. [PMID: 32367653 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a DNA virus that causes huge losses to the silkworm industry but the piRNA responses during BmNPV infection in the silkworm remain uninvestigated. Here, silkworm piRNA profiles of uninfected and BmNPV-infected fat body and midgut were determined by high-through sequencing in the early stages of BmNPV infection. A total of 2675 and 3396 genome-derived piRNAs were identified from fat body and midgut, respectively. These genome-derived piRNAs mainly originated from unannotated instead of transposon regions in the silkworm genome. In total, 572 piRNAs were associated with 280 putative target genes in fat body and 805 piRNAs with 380 target genes in midgut. Compared to uninfected tissues, 322 and 129 piRNAs were significantly upregulated in BmNPV-infected fat body and midgut, respectively. In addition, 276 and 117 piRNAs were significantly downregulated. Moreover, differentially expressed (DE) piRNAs during BmNPV infection differed significantly between fat body and midgut. Putative DE piRNA-targeted genes were associated with "response to stimulus" and "environmental information processing" in fat body after infection with BmNPV, which may indicate an active piRNA response to BmNPV infection in fat body. This study may lay the foundation for future research of the potential roles of the piRNA pathway and specific piRNAs in BmNPV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Yao-Hong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Gang Fei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ming Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Jing-Chen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Singh CP. Role of microRNAs in insect-baculovirus interactions. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 127:103459. [PMID: 32961323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a novel class of gene expression regulators and are found to be involved in regulating a wide range of biological processes such as development, cell cycle, metabolism, apoptosis, immunity, host-pathogen interactions etc. Generally miRNAs negatively regulate the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding to the complementary target mRNA sequences. These tiny molecules are abundantly found in higher eukaryotes and viruses. Most of the DNA viruses of animals and insects encode miRNAs including baculoviruses. Baculoviruses are the insect-specific viruses that cause severe infection and mortality mainly in insect larvae of the order Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. These enveloped viruses have multiple applications in biotechnology and biological pest control methods. For a better understanding of baculoviruses, it is necessary to elucidate the molecular basis of insect-baculovirus interactions. Recent advancement in the technologies for studying the gene expression has accelerated the discovery of new players in the insect-baculovirus interactions. MiRNAs are the emerging and fate-determining players of host-viral interactions. The long history of host and virus co-evolution suggests that the virus keeps on evolving its arsenals to succeed in infection whereas the host continues investing in antiviral defense mechanisms. In this review, I aim to highlight the recent information and understanding of the baculovirus-encoding miRNAs and their functions in regulating viral as well as host genes. Additionally, insect-derived miRNAs response to baculovirus infection is also discussed. A detailed critical view about the regulatory roles of miRNAs in insect-baculovirus interactions will help us to understand molecular networks amid these interactions and develop a sustainable antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, Rajasthan, India.
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Wang J, Xing K, Xiong P, Liang H, Zhu M, Zhao J, Yu X, Ning X, Li R, Wang X. Identification of miRNAs encoded by Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol 2020; 102. [PMID: 33236978 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) encoded miRNAs, AcMNPV-miR-1 and AcMNPV-miR-3, have been reported by us in 2013 and 2019, respectively. Here, we present an integrated investigation of AcMNPV-encoded miRNAs, which include the above two miRNAs and three additional newly identified miRNAs. Six candidate miRNAs were predicted through small RNA deep sequencing and bioinformatics, of which, five were validated. Three miRNAs are located opposite the coding sequences, the other two are located in the coding sequences of viral genes. Targets in both virus and host were predicted and subsequently tested using dual-luciferase reporter assays. The validated targets were found mainly in AcMNPV, except for the targets of AcMNPV-miR-4, which are all host genes. Based on reporter assays, the five miRNAs predominantly function by down-regulating their targets. The transcription start sites of these miRNAs were bioinformatic screened based on known baculovirus promoter motifs. Our study reveals that AcMNPV-encoded miRNAs function as fine modulators of the interactions between host and virus by regulating viral and/or host genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Ke Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Peiwen Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Hai Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Mengxiao Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xinghua Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xiaolian Ning
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Runcai Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xunzhang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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[Anti-viral responses in insect cells]. Uirusu 2019; 69:47-60. [PMID: 32938894 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ran Z, Shi X, Han F, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Yin J, Li R, Zhong J. Expressing MicroRNA Bantam Sponge Drastically Improves the Insecticidal Activity of Baculovirus via Increasing the Level of Ecdysteroid Hormone in Spodoptera exigua Larvae. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1824. [PMID: 30131792 PMCID: PMC6090145 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bantam is a conserved miRNA highly expressed in insects. We previously showed that the antisense inhibitor (antagomiR) of bantam improved the infection by baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) in Spodoptera exigua and S. litura larvae. Here, we constructed a recombinant AcMNPV (vPH-banS) expressing bantam sponge, an mRNA containing eight antisense binding sites for bantam. Infection with wild type AcMNPV (WT) or the control recombinant virus vPH resulted in a significant increase of bantam level, whereas infection with vPH-banS led to an approximately 40% reduction of bantam in both Sf9 cells and S. exigua larvae. Although, comparable production of budded virus and polyhedra were detected in vPH-banS-, vPH-, and WT-infected Sf9 cells, vPH-banS showed remarkably increased insecticidal activity in S. exigua larvae. The 50% lethal concentration and the median lethal time of vPH-banS was only 1/40 and 1/2, respectively, of both vPH and WT. Further analysis showed that the level of molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) was significantly higher in larvae infected with vPH-banS than those infected with vPH or WT. This was confirmed by the result that the larvae treated with bantam inhibitor also had a markedly increased 20E level. Moreover, feeding larvae with 20E increased the virus-mediated mortality, whereas feeding with juvenile hormone partially reverted the high insecticidal effect of vPH-banS. Together, our results revealed that vPH-banS infection suppresses the level of bantam, and in turn elevates level of 20E in infected insects, resulting in increased susceptibility to baculovirus infection. Our study provided a novel approach to improve a baculovirus bio-insecticide by interfering with a key homeostasis-regulating miRNA of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangting Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Baculovirus-Encoded MicroRNAs: A Brief Overview and Future Prospects. Curr Microbiol 2018; 76:738-743. [PMID: 29487989 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with ∼22 nucleotides, which are able to regulate various biological processes, including the viral life cycle and host-pathogen interactions. Long primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) are initially transcribed in nucleus, and subsequently processed by Dicer in cytoplasm to generate mature miRNAs. Baculoviruses consist of large, enveloped, insect-pathogenic viruses with a double-stranded circular DNA genome. Recent studies suggest that baculoviruses encode some miRNAs to manipulate expression regulation of host genes, whereas host modulate viral gene expression via miRNAs to limit viral infection. In the review, we will focus on the biogenesis and functions of miRNAs and the interactions between baculoviruses, insect, and miRNAs. It will be helpful to delve into the related mechanisms of BmNPV-encoded miRNAs that contribute to infection and pathogenesis.
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9
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Nayyar N, Kaur I, Malhotra P, Bhatnagar RK. Quantitative proteomics of Sf21 cells during Baculovirus infection reveals progressive host proteome changes and its regulation by viral miRNA. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10902. [PMID: 28883418 PMCID: PMC5589936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
System level knowledge of alterations in host is crucial to elucidate the molecular events of viral pathogenesis and to develop strategies to block viral establishment and amplification. Here, we applied quantitative proteomics approach to study global proteome changes in the host; Spodoptera frugiperda upon infection by a baculovirus, Spodoptera litura NPV at two stages i.e. 12 h and 72 h post infection. At 12 hpi, >95% of host proteins remained stable, however at 72 hpi, 52% host proteins exhibited downregulation of 2-fold or more. Functional analysis revealed significant upregulation of transposition and proteasomal machinery while translation, transcription, protein export and oxidative phosphorylation pathways were adversely affected. An assessment of perturbed proteome after viral infection and viral miRNA expression led to the identification of 117 genes that are potential targets of 10 viral miRNAs. Using miRNA mimics, we confirmed the down regulation of 9 host genes. The results comprehensively show dynamics of host responses after viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Nayyar
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- Malaria Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Raj K Bhatnagar
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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10
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Williams T, Virto C, Murillo R, Caballero P. Covert Infection of Insects by Baculoviruses. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1337. [PMID: 28769903 PMCID: PMC5511839 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses (Baculoviridae) are occluded DNA viruses that are lethal pathogens of the larval stages of some lepidopterans, mosquitoes, and sawflies (phytophagous Hymenoptera). These viruses have been developed as biological insecticides for control of insect pests and as expression vectors in biotechnological applications. Natural and laboratory populations frequently harbor covert infections by baculoviruses, often at a prevalence exceeding 50%. Covert infection can comprise either non-productive latency or sublethal infection involving low level production of virus progeny. Latency in cell culture systems involves the expression of a small subset of viral genes. In contrast, covert infection in lepidopterans is associated with differential infection of cell types, modulation of virus gene expression and avoidance of immune system clearance. The molecular basis for covert infection may reside in the regulation of host-virus interactions through the action of microRNAs (miRNA). Initial findings suggest that insect nudiviruses and vertebrate herpesviruses may provide useful analogous models for exploring the mechanisms of covert infection by baculoviruses. These pathogens adopt mixed-mode transmission strategies that depend on the relative fitness gains that accrue through vertical and horizontal transmission. This facilitates virus persistence when opportunities for horizontal transmission are limited and ensures virus dispersal in migratory host species. However, when host survival is threatened by environmental or physiological stressors, latent or persistent infections can be activated to produce lethal disease, followed by horizontal transmission. Covert infection has also been implicated in population level effects on host-pathogen dynamics due to the reduced reproductive capacity of infected females. We conclude that covert infections provide many opportunities to examine the complexity of insect-virus pathosystems at the organismal level and to explore the evolutionary and ecological relationships of these pathogens with major crop and forest pests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Virto
- Bioinsecticidas Microbianos, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pública de NavarraMutilva, Spain
- Laboratorio de Entomología Agrícola y Patología de Insectos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Rosa Murillo
- Bioinsecticidas Microbianos, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pública de NavarraMutilva, Spain
- Laboratorio de Entomología Agrícola y Patología de Insectos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Primitivo Caballero
- Bioinsecticidas Microbianos, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pública de NavarraMutilva, Spain
- Laboratorio de Entomología Agrícola y Patología de Insectos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de NavarraPamplona, Spain
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11
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Ghosh S, Singh G, Sachdev B, Kumar A, Malhotra P, Mukherjee SK, Bhatnagar RK. RNAi Screening in Spodoptera frugiperda. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1470:199-212. [PMID: 27581295 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6337-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference is a potent and precise reverse genetic approach to carryout large-scale functional genomic studies in a given organism. During the past decade, RNAi has also emerged as an important investigative tool to understand the process of viral pathogenesis. Our laboratory has successfully generated transgenic reporter and RNAi sensor line of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) cells and developed a reversal of silencing assay via siRNA or shRNA guided screening to investigate RNAi factors or viral pathogenic factors with extraordinary fidelity. Here we describe empirical approaches and conceptual understanding to execute successful RNAi screening in Spodoptera frugiperda 21-cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhanita Ghosh
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gatikrushna Singh
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Academic Building, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Bindiya Sachdev
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ajit Kumar
- Centre for Bioinformatics, M.D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Sunil K Mukherjee
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| | - Raj K Bhatnagar
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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