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Thompson AJ, Wu NC, Canales A, Kikuchi C, Zhu X, de Toro BF, Cañada FJ, Worth C, Wang S, McBride R, Peng W, Nycholat CM, Jiménez-Barbero J, Wilson IA, Paulson JC. Evolution of human H3N2 influenza virus receptor specificity has substantially expanded the receptor-binding domain site. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:261-275.e4. [PMID: 38307019 PMCID: PMC11057904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Hemagglutinins (HAs) from human influenza viruses descend from avian progenitors that bind α2-3-linked sialosides and must adapt to glycans with α2-6-linked sialic acids on human airway cells to transmit within the human population. Since their introduction during the 1968 pandemic, H3N2 viruses have evolved over the past five decades to preferentially recognize human α2-6-sialoside receptors that are elongated through addition of poly-LacNAc. We show that more recent H3N2 viruses now make increasingly complex interactions with elongated receptors while continuously selecting for strains maintaining this phenotype. This change in receptor engagement is accompanied by an extension of the traditional receptor-binding site to include residues in key antigenic sites on the surface of HA trimers. These results help explain the propensity for selection of antigenic variants, leading to vaccine mismatching, when H3N2 viruses are propagated in chicken eggs or cells that do not contain such receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Angeles Canales
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chika Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beatriz Fernández de Toro
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Cañada
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; CIBERES, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Charli Worth
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shengyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wenjie Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIBERES, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; CIC bioGUNE Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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2
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Li X, Li Y, Shang X, Kong H. A sequence-based machine learning model for predicting antigenic distance for H3N2 influenza virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345794. [PMID: 38314434 PMCID: PMC10834737 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Seasonal influenza A H3N2 viruses are constantly changing, reducing the effectiveness of existing vaccines. As a result, the World Health Organization (WHO) needs to frequently update the vaccine strains to match the antigenicity of emerged H3N2 variants. Traditional assessments of antigenicity rely on serological methods, which are both labor-intensive and time-consuming. Although numerous computational models aim to simplify antigenicity determination, they either lack a robust quantitative linkage between antigenicity and viral sequences or focus restrictively on selected features. Methods Here, we propose a novel computational method to predict antigenic distances using multiple features, including not only viral sequence attributes but also integrating four distinct categories of features that significantly affect viral antigenicity in sequences. Results This method exhibits low error in virus antigenicity prediction and achieves superior accuracy in discerning antigenic drift. Utilizing this method, we investigated the evolution process of the H3N2 influenza viruses and identified a total of 21 major antigenic clusters from 1968 to 2022. Discussion Interestingly, our predicted antigenic map aligns closely with the antigenic map generated with serological data. Thus, our method is a promising tool for detecting antigenic variants and guiding the selection of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Li
- School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Big Data Storage and Management MIIT Lab, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Big Data Storage and Management MIIT Lab, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuequn Shang
- School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Big Data Storage and Management MIIT Lab, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huihui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
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3
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Liu L, Chen G, Huang S, Wen F. Receptor Binding Properties of Neuraminidase for influenza A virus: An Overview of Recent Research Advances. Virulence 2023; 14:2235459. [PMID: 37469130 PMCID: PMC10361132 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2235459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a serious risk to both human and animal health. IAVs' receptor binding characteristics account for a major portion of their host range and tissue tropism. While the function of neuraminidase (NA) in promoting the release of progeny virus is well-known, its role in the virus entry process remains poorly understood. Studies have suggested that certain subtypes of NA can act as receptor-binding proteins, either alone or in conjunction with haemagglutinin (HA). An important distinction is that NA from the avian influenza virus have a second sialic acid-binding site (2SBS) that is preserved in avian strains but missing in human or swine strains. Those observations suggest that the 2SBS may play a key role in the adaptation of the avian influenza virus to mammalian hosts. In this review, we provide an update of the recent research advances in the receptor-binding role of NA and highlight its underestimated importance during the early stages of the IAV life cycle. By doing so, we aim to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying IAV host adaptation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Feng Wen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Kikuchi C, Antonopoulos A, Wang S, Maemura T, Karamanska R, Lee C, Thompson AJ, Dell A, Kawaoka Y, Haslam SM, Paulson JC. Glyco-engineered MDCK cells display preferred receptors of H3N2 influenza absent in eggs used for vaccines. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6178. [PMID: 37794004 PMCID: PMC10551000 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution of human H3N2 influenza viruses driven by immune selection has narrowed the receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin (HA) to a restricted subset of human-type (Neu5Acα2-6 Gal) glycan receptors that have extended poly-LacNAc (Galβ1-4GlcNAc) repeats. This altered specificity has presented challenges for hemagglutination assays, growth in laboratory hosts, and vaccine production in eggs. To assess the impact of extended glycan receptors on virus binding, infection, and growth, we have engineered N-glycan extended (NExt) cell lines by overexpressing β3-Ν-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 in MDCK, SIAT, and hCK cell lines. Of these, SIAT-NExt cells exhibit markedly increased binding of H3 HAs and susceptibility to infection by recent H3N2 virus strains, but without impacting final virus titers. Glycome analysis of these cell lines and allantoic and amniotic egg membranes provide insights into the importance of extended glycan receptors for growth of recent H3N2 viruses and relevance to their production for cell- and egg-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Shengyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tadashi Maemura
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rositsa Karamanska
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Chiara Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Gao R, Pascua PNQ, Nguyen HT, Chesnokov A, Champion C, Mishin VP, Wentworth DE, Gubareva LV. New insights into the neuraminidase-mediated hemagglutination activity of influenza A(H3N2) viruses. Antiviral Res 2023; 218:105719. [PMID: 37717821 PMCID: PMC10549826 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) can act as a receptor-binding protein, a role commonly attributed to hemagglutinin (HA). In influenza A(H3N2) viruses, three NA amino acid residues have previously been associated with NA-mediated hemagglutination: T148, D151, and more recently, H150. These residues are part of the 150-loop of the NA monomer. Substitutions at 148 and 151 arise from virus propagation in laboratory cell cultures, whereas changes at 150 occurred during virus evolution in the human host. In this study, we examined the effect of natural amino acid polymorphism at position 150 on NA-mediated hemagglutination. Using the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 backbone, we generated a comprehensive panel of recombinant A(H3N2) viruses that have different NAs but shared an HA that displays poor binding to red blood cells (RBCs). None of the tested substitutions at 150 (C, H, L, R, and S) promoted NA-binding. However, we identified two new determinants of NA-binding, Q136K and T439R, that emerged during virus culturing. Similar to T148I, both Q136K and T439R reduced NA enzyme activity by 48-86% and inhibition (14- to 173-fold) by the NA inhibitor zanamivir. NA-binding was observed when a virus preparation contained approximately 10% of NA variants with either T148I or T439R, highlighting the benefit of using deep sequencing in virus characterization. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the ability of NA to function as a binding protein. Information gained may aid in the design of new and improved NA-targeting antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyuan Gao
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Ha T Nguyen
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anton Chesnokov
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chloe Champion
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA; Chippewa Government Solutions, Sault Sainte Marie, MI, USA
| | - Vasiliy P Mishin
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dave E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Larisa V Gubareva
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.
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6
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Zareh-Khoshchehreh R, Salimi V, Nasab GSF, Naseri M, Fard FAN, Azad TM. Genetic Characterization of the H Gene of MeV Strains (H1, B3, and D4) Recently Circulated in Iran for Improving the Molecular Measles Surveillance in the National Measles Lab. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:1730-1738. [PMID: 37744531 PMCID: PMC10512145 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i8.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite decreasing the global burden of measles disease after the introduction of vaccination, measles remains one of the most devastating childhood diseases. Since genotype B3 is reported as a predominant Measles Virus (MeV) genotype recently, the current study aimed to better understand MeV genetic variation by analyzing the complete sequence of Hemagglutinin (H) gene associated with outbreaks of circulated genotypes in Iran. Methods Nine positive measles specimens were selected from three circulated different genotypes H1, B3, and D4. Two different regions of MeV RNA were detected by RT-PCR assay. Sequence data and phylogenetic trees were analyzed and constructed by MEGA X software program. Moreover, missense and silent mutations in critical positions of the MeV-H protein were investigated. Results The result of phylogenetic analysis from the C-terminus of the Nucleoprotein gene (NP-450) and the complete H gene revealed that the mean sequence diversity was 0.06%-0.08% and 0.04%, respectively. Genotype H1 had the highest mutation in this study; however, the substitutions in genotype B3 fundamentally occurred in critical epitopes. Moreover, genotype D4 was more stable than genotypes B3 and H1. Conclusion Mutations were investigated in the whole sequence of H protein. Moreover, the mutations that occur in the critical sites of the protein have an important effect on the pathogenicity of the virus. In this way, we were able to illustrate why genotype B3 is more transmissible than other measles genotypes and is the most important circulating genotype around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Zareh-Khoshchehreh
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Sadat Fatemi Nasab
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Naseri
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Adjami Nezhad Fard
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Liu DJ, Liu CC, Zhong XQ, Wu X, Zhang HH, Lu SW, Shen ZL, Song WW, Zhao SL, Peng YS, Zheng HP, Wan MY, Chen YQ, Deng L. Boost immunizations with NA-derived peptide conjugates achieve induction of NA inhibition antibodies and heterologous influenza protections. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112766. [PMID: 37421618 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase is suggested as an important component for developing a universal influenza vaccine. Targeted induction of neuraminidase-specific broadly protective antibodies by vaccinations is challenging. To overcome this, we rationally select the highly conserved peptides from the consensus amino acid sequence of the globular head domains of neuraminidase. Inspired by the B cell receptor evolution process, a reliable sequential immunization regimen is designed to result in immuno-focusing by steering bulk immune responses to a selected region where broadly protective B lymphocyte epitopes reside. After priming neuraminidase protein-specific antibody responses in C57BL/6 or BALB/c inbred mice strains by immunization or pre-infection, boost immunizations with certain neuraminidase-derived peptide-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugates significantly strengthened serum neuraminidase inhibition activities and cross-protections. Overall, this study provides proof of concept for a peptide-based sequential immunization strategy for achieving targeted induction of cross-protective antibody response, which provides references for designing universal vaccines against other highly variable pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Jian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hui-Hui Zhang
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shang-Wen Lu
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhuo-Ling Shen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wen-Wen Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shi-Long Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - You-Song Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - He-Ping Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mu-Yang Wan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yao-Qing Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518107, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Beijing Weimiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Haidian District, Beijing 100000, China.
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8
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Scheibner D, Salaheldin AH, Bagato O, Zaeck LM, Mostafa A, Blohm U, Müller C, Eweas AF, Franzke K, Karger A, Schäfer A, Gischke M, Hoffmann D, Lerolle S, Li X, Abd El-Hamid HS, Veits J, Breithaupt A, Boons GJ, Matrosovich M, Finke S, Pleschka S, Mettenleiter TC, de Vries RP, Abdelwhab EM. Phenotypic effects of mutations observed in the neuraminidase of human origin H5N1 influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011135. [PMID: 36745654 PMCID: PMC9934401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Global spread and regional endemicity of H5Nx Goose/Guangdong avian influenza viruses (AIV) pose a continuous threat for poultry production and zoonotic, potentially pre-pandemic, transmission to humans. Little is known about the role of mutations in the viral neuraminidase (NA) that accompanied bird-to-human transmission to support AIV infection of mammals. Here, after detailed analysis of the NA sequence of human H5N1 viruses, we studied the role of A46D, L204M, S319F and S430G mutations in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo. Although H5N1 AIV carrying avian- or human-like NAs had similar replication efficiency in avian cells, human-like NA enhanced virus replication in human airway epithelia. The L204M substitution consistently reduced NA activity of H5N1 and nine other influenza viruses carrying NA of groups 1 and 2, indicating a universal effect. Compared to the avian ancestor, human-like H5N1 virus has less NA incorporated in the virion, reduced levels of viral NA RNA replication and NA expression. We also demonstrate increased accumulation of NA at the plasma membrane, reduced virus release and enhanced cell-to-cell spread. Furthermore, NA mutations increased virus binding to human-type receptors. While not affecting high virulence of H5N1 in chickens, the studied NA mutations modulated virulence and replication of H5N1 AIV in mice and to a lesser extent in ferrets. Together, mutations in the NA of human H5N1 viruses play different roles in infection of mammals without affecting virulence or transmission in chickens. These results are important to understand the genetic determinants for replication of AIV in mammals and should assist in the prediction of AIV with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ahmed H. Salaheldin
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed F. Eweas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; Department of Science, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Rustaq, Rustaq, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Solène Lerolle
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hatem S. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Al-Buheira, Egypt
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, the Netherlands
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Panickan S, Bhatia S, Bhat S, Bhandari N, Pateriya AK, Kalaiyarasu S, Sood R, Tripathi M. Reverse genetics based H5N2 vaccine provides clinical protection against H5N1, H5N8 and H9N2 avian influenza infection in chickens. Vaccine 2022; 40:6998-7008. [PMID: 36374710 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to develop broadly protective vaccines for avian influenza. In an earlier study, HA stalk (universal flu vaccine) was found to be broadly protective against different subtypes of influenza virus in mice. Hence, we were interested to know its breadth of protective efficacy either alone or combined with inactivated rgH5N2 (clade 2.3.2.1a) vaccine against challenge viruses of homologous H5N1, heterologous H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4) and heterosubtypic H9N2 virus in specific pathogen-free chickens. The rgH5N2 vaccine alone or in combination with HA stalk elicited sufficient pre-challenge immunity in the form of haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies and neutralizing antibodies (MNT) against H5N1, H5N8, and H9N2 in chickens. The rgH5N2 vaccine alone or in combination with HA stalk also attenuated the shedding of H5N1, H5N8 and H9N2 in chickens and protected against the lethal challenge of H5N1 or H5N8. In contrast, all HA stalk immunised chickens died upon H5N1 or H5N8 challenge and H9N2 challenged chickens survived. Our study suggests that the rgH5N2 vaccine can provide clinical protection against H5N1, H5N8 and can attenuate the viral shedding of H9N2 in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankar Panickan
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India; ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India.
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India.
| | - Sushant Bhat
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, United Kingdom
| | - Nisha Bhandari
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Atul Kumar Pateriya
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India
| | | | - Richa Sood
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India
| | - Meghna Tripathi
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India
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10
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Wang Y, Tang CY, Wan XF. Antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2841-2881. [PMID: 34905077 PMCID: PMC8669429 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic characterization of emerging and re-emerging viruses is necessary for the prevention of and response to outbreaks, evaluation of infection mechanisms, understanding of virus evolution, and selection of strains for vaccine development. Primary analytic methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent/lectin assays, hemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase inhibition, micro-neutralization assays, and antigenic cartography, have been widely used in the field of influenza research. These techniques have been improved upon over time for increased analytical capacity, and some have been mobilized for the rapid characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as its variants, facilitating the development of highly effective vaccines within 1 year of the initially reported outbreak. While great strides have been made for evaluating the antigenic properties of these viruses, multiple challenges prevent efficient vaccine strain selection and accurate assessment. For influenza, these barriers include the requirement for a large virus quantity to perform the assays, more than what can typically be provided by the clinical samples alone, cell- or egg-adapted mutations that can cause antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and circulating viruses, and up to a 6-month duration of vaccine development after vaccine strain selection, which allows viruses to continue evolving with potential for antigenic drift and, thus, antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and the emerging epidemic strain. SARS-CoV-2 characterization has faced similar challenges with the additional barrier of the need for facilities with high biosafety levels due to its infectious nature. In this study, we review the primary analytic methods used for antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the barriers of these methods and current developments for addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Cynthia Y Tang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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11
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Universal influenza vaccine technologies and recombinant virosome production. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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H3N2 Influenza Viruses with 12- or 16-Amino Acid Deletions in the Receptor-Binding Region of Their Hemagglutinin Protein. mBio 2021; 12:e0151221. [PMID: 34872354 PMCID: PMC8649756 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01512-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human influenza viruses evade host immune responses by accumulating mutations around the receptor-binding region of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, which is composed of three key elements, the 130-loop, the 190-helix, and the 220-loop. Here, we characterized two human H3N2 influenza viruses with 12- and 16-amino acid deletions around the HA receptor-binding site that were isolated after antigenic selection of mutated H3N2 viruses. Structural modeling suggested that the 12-amino acid deletion eliminated the 190-helix. The 16-amino acid deletion comprises two stretches of 11- and 5-amino acid deletions. As the result of a frameshift, “novel” amino acids (not found in wild-type HA at these positions) are encoded between the deleted regions. Interestingly, structural modeling predicted that the novel sequence forms a structure resembling the 190-helix. However, compared to wild-type HA, the 16-amino acid deletion mutant lacks two antiparallel beta-sheets that connect the 190-helix and the 220-loop in wild-type HA. Nonetheless, both HA deletion mutants replicated in mammalian cells, and the 16-amino acid deletion mutant (with a remodeled 190-helix) also replicated in Syrian hamsters, albeit at low titers. Wild-type virus bound preferentially to α2,6-linked sialic acids, whereas both mutants gained affinity for α2,3-linked sialic acids. Moreover, the 12- and 16-amino acid deletions may affect the antigenic properties of the viruses. Thus, viruses with sizeable deletions around the HA receptor-binding site are viable but may display altered sialic acid preferences, altered antigenic properties, and attenuated replicative ability in cultured cells and virulence in Syrian hamsters.
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13
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Functionality of the putative surface glycoproteins of the Wuhan spiny eel influenza virus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6161. [PMID: 34697321 PMCID: PMC8546056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of influenza virus-like sequences were recently documented in fish and amphibians. Of these, the Wuhan spiny eel influenza virus (WSEIV) was found to phylogenetically cluster with influenza B viruses as a sister clade. Influenza B viruses have been documented to circulate only in humans, with certain virus isolates found in harbor seals. It is therefore interesting that a similar virus was potentially found in fish. Here we characterize the putative hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface glycoproteins of the WSEIV. Functionally, we show that the WSEIV NA-like protein has sialidase activity comparable to B/Malaysia/2506/2004 influenza B virus NA, making it a bona fide neuraminidase that is sensitive to NA inhibitors. We tested the functionality of the HA by addressing the receptor specificity, stability, preferential airway protease cleavage, and fusogenicity. We show highly specific binding to monosialic ganglioside 2 (GM2) and fusogenicity at a range of different pH conditions. In addition, we found limited antigenic conservation of the WSEIV HA and NA relative to the B/Malaysia/2506/2004 virus HA and NA. In summary, we perform a functional and antigenic characterization of the glycoproteins of WSEIV to assess if it is indeed a bona fide influenza virus potentially circulating in ray-finned fish.
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14
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Du W, de Vries E, van Kuppeveld FJM, Matrosovich M, de Haan CAM. Second sialic acid-binding site of influenza A virus neuraminidase: binding receptors for efficient release. FEBS J 2021; 288:5598-5612. [PMID: 33314755 PMCID: PMC8518505 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are a major cause of human respiratory tract infections and cause significant disease and mortality. Human IAVs originate from animal viruses that breached the host species barrier. IAV particles contain sialoglycan receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) and receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) in their envelope. When IAV crosses the species barrier, the functional balance between HA and NA needs to be adjusted to the sialoglycan repertoire of the novel host species. Relatively little is known about the role of NA in host adaptation in contrast to the extensively studied HA. NA prevents virion aggregation and facilitates release of (newly assembled) virions from cell surfaces and from decoy receptors abundantly present in mucus and cell glycocalyx. In addition to a highly conserved catalytic site, NA carries a second sialic acid-binding site (2SBS). The 2SBS preferentially binds α2,3-linked sialic acids and enhances activity of the neighboring catalytic site by bringing/keeping multivalent substrates in close contact with this site. In this way, the 2SBS contributes to the HA-NA balance of virus particles and affects virus replication. The 2SBS is highly conserved in all NA subtypes of avian IAVs, with some notable exceptions associated with changes in the receptor-binding specificity of HA and host tropism. Conservation of the 2SBS is invariably lost in human (pandemic) viruses and in several other viruses adapted to mammalian host species. Preservation or loss of the 2SBS is likely to be an important factor of the viral host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Section of VirologyDivision of Infectious Diseases & ImmunologyDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Section of VirologyDivision of Infectious Diseases & ImmunologyDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Section of VirologyDivision of Infectious Diseases & ImmunologyDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Section of VirologyDivision of Infectious Diseases & ImmunologyDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
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15
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Broszeit F, van Beek RJ, Unione L, Bestebroer TM, Chapla D, Yang JY, Moremen KW, Herfst S, Fouchier RAM, de Vries RP, Boons GJ. Glycan remodeled erythrocytes facilitate antigenic characterization of recent A/H3N2 influenza viruses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5449. [PMID: 34521834 PMCID: PMC8440751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During circulation in humans and natural selection to escape antibody recognition for decades, A/H3N2 influenza viruses emerged with altered receptor specificities. These viruses lost the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes critical for antigenic characterization and give low yields and acquire adaptive mutations when cultured in eggs and cells, contributing to recent vaccine challenges. Examination of receptor specificities of A/H3N2 viruses reveals that recent viruses compensated for decreased binding of the prototypic human receptor by recognizing α2,6-sialosides on extended LacNAc moieties. Erythrocyte glycomics shows an absence of extended glycans providing a rationale for lack of agglutination by recent A/H3N2 viruses. A glycan remodeling approach installing functional receptors on erythrocytes, allows antigenic characterization of recent A/H3N2 viruses confirming the cocirculation of antigenically different viruses in humans. Computational analysis of HAs in complex with sialosides having extended LacNAc moieties reveals that mutations distal to the RBD reoriented the Y159 side chain resulting in an extended receptor binding site.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Erythrocytes/metabolism
- Erythrocytes/virology
- Glycomics/methods
- Glycosides/chemistry
- Glycosides/metabolism
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/chemistry
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Microarray Analysis/methods
- Polysaccharides/chemistry
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Sialic Acids/chemistry
- Sialic Acids/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Broszeit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Rosanne J van Beek
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Unione
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Most currently used conventional influenza vaccines are based on 1940s technology. Advances in vaccine immunogen design and delivery emerging over the last decade promise new options for improving influenza vaccines. In addition, new technologies for immune profiling provide better-defined immune correlates of protection and precise surrogate biomarkers for vaccine evaluations. Major technological advances include single-cell analysis, high-throughput antibody discovery, next-generation sequencing of antibody gene transcripts, antibody ontogeny, structure-guided immunogen design, nanoparticle display, delivery and formulation options, and better adjuvants. In this review, we provide our prospective outlook for improved influenza vaccines in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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17
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Assay Harmonization and Use of Biological Standards To Improve the Reproducibility of the Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay: a FLUCOP Collaborative Study. mSphere 2021; 6:e0056721. [PMID: 34319129 PMCID: PMC8530177 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00567-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay is an established technique for assessing influenza immunity, through measurement of antihemagglutinin antibodies. Improved reproducibility of this assay is required to provide meaningful data across different testing laboratories. This study assessed the impact of harmonizing the HAI assay protocol/reagents and using standards on interlaboratory variability. Human pre- and postvaccination sera from individuals (n = 30) vaccinated against influenza were tested across six laboratories. We used a design of experiment (DOE) method to evaluate the impact of assay parameters on interlaboratory HAI assay variability. Statistical and mathematical approaches were used for data analysis. We developed a consensus protocol and assessed its performance against in-house HAI testing. We additionally tested the performance of several potential biological standards. In-house testing with four reassortant viruses showed considerable interlaboratory variation (geometric coefficient of variation [GCV] range of 50% to 117%). The age, concentration of turkey red blood cells, incubation duration, and temperature were key assay parameters affecting variability. Use of a consensus protocol with common reagents, including viruses, significantly reduced GCV between laboratories to 22% to 54%. Pooled postvaccination human sera from different vaccination campaigns were effective as biological standards. Our results demonstrate that the harmonization of protocols and critical reagents is effective in reducing interlaboratory variability in HAI assay results and that pools of postvaccination human sera have potential as biological standards that can be used over multiple vaccination campaigns. Moreover, the use of standards together with in-house protocols is as potent as the use of common protocols and reagents in reducing interlaboratory variability. IMPORTANCE The hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay is the most commonly used serology assay to detect antibodies from influenza vaccination or influenza virus infection. This assay has been used for decades but requires improved standardization of procedures to provide meaningful data. We designed a large study to assess selected parameters for their contribution to assay variability and developed a standard protocol to promote consistent HAI testing methods across laboratories. The use of this protocol and common reagents resulted in lower levels of variability in results between participating laboratories than achieved using in-house HAI testing. Human sera sourced from vaccination campaigns over several years, and thus including antibody to different influenza vaccine strains, served as effective assay standards. Based on our findings, we recommend the use of a common protocol and/or human serum standards, if available, for testing human sera for the presence of antibodies against seasonal influenza using turkey red blood cells.
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18
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Targeting Antigens for Universal Influenza Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060973. [PMID: 34073996 PMCID: PMC8225176 DOI: 10.3390/v13060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional influenza vaccines generate strain-specific antibodies which cannot provide protection against divergent influenza virus strains. Further, due to frequent antigenic shifts and drift of influenza viruses, annual reformulation and revaccination are required in order to match circulating strains. Thus, the development of a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) is critical for long-term protection against all seasonal influenza virus strains, as well as to provide protection against a potential pandemic virus. One of the most important strategies in the development of UIVs is the selection of optimal targeting antigens to generate broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive T cell responses against divergent influenza virus strains. However, each type of target antigen for UIVs has advantages and limitations for the generation of sufficient immune responses against divergent influenza viruses. Herein, we review current strategies and perspectives regarding the use of antigens, including hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, matrix proteins, and internal proteins, for universal influenza vaccine development.
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19
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Thompson AJ, Paulson JC. Adaptation of influenza viruses to human airway receptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100017. [PMID: 33144323 PMCID: PMC7948470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.013309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Through annual epidemics and global pandemics, influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a significant threat to human health as the leading cause of severe respiratory disease. Within the last century, four global pandemics have resulted from the introduction of novel IAVs into humans, with components of each originating from avian viruses. IAVs infect many avian species wherein they maintain a diverse natural reservoir, posing a risk to humans through the occasional emergence of novel strains with enhanced zoonotic potential. One natural barrier for transmission of avian IAVs into humans is the specificity of the receptor-binding protein, hemagglutinin (HA), which recognizes sialic-acid-containing glycans on host cells. HAs from human IAVs exhibit “human-type” receptor specificity, binding exclusively to glycans on cells lining the human airway where terminal sialic acids are attached in the α2-6 configuration (NeuAcα2-6Gal). In contrast, HAs from avian viruses exhibit specificity for “avian-type” α2-3-linked (NeuAcα2-3Gal) receptors and thus require adaptive mutations to bind human-type receptors. Since all human IAV pandemics can be traced to avian origins, there remains ever-present concern over emerging IAVs with human-adaptive potential that might lead to the next pandemic. This concern has been brought into focus through emergence of SARS-CoV-2, aligning both scientific and public attention to the threat of novel respiratory viruses from animal sources. In this review, we summarize receptor-binding adaptations underlying the emergence of all prior IAV pandemics in humans, maintenance and evolution of human-type receptor specificity in subsequent seasonal IAVs, and potential for future human-type receptor adaptation in novel avian HAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA.
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20
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Comparability of Titers of Antibodies against Seasonal Influenza Virus Strains as Determined by Hemagglutination Inhibition and Microneutralization Assays. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00750-20. [PMID: 32493784 PMCID: PMC7448638 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00750-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared titers of antibodies against A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B influenza virus strains collected pre- and postvaccination using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays and data from two vaccine trials: study 1, performed with a cell-grown trivalent influenza vaccine (TIVc) using cell-grown target virus in both assays, and study 2, performed with an egg-grown adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine (aQIVe) using egg-grown target virus. The relationships between HI- and MN-derived log-transformed titers were examined using different statistical techniques. We compared titers of antibodies against A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B influenza virus strains collected pre- and postvaccination using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays and data from two vaccine trials: study 1, performed with a cell-grown trivalent influenza vaccine (TIVc) using cell-grown target virus in both assays, and study 2, performed with an egg-grown adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine (aQIVe) using egg-grown target virus. The relationships between HI- and MN-derived log-transformed titers were examined using different statistical techniques. Deming regression analyses showed point estimates for slopes generally close to 1 across studies and strains. The slope of regression was closest to 1 for A/H3N2 strain when either cell- or egg-grown viral target virus was used. Bland-Altman plots indicated a very small percentage of results outside 2 and 3 standard deviations. The magnitudes and directions of differences between titers in the two assays varied by study and strain. Mean differences favored the MN assay for A/H1N1 and B strains in study 1, whereas the titers determined by HI were higher than those determined by MN against the A/H3N2 strain. In study 2, mean differences favored the MN assay for A/H3N2 and B strains. Overall, the directions and magnitudes of the mean differences were similar between the two vaccines. The concordance correlation coefficient values ranged from 0.74 (A/H1N1 strain, study 1) to 0.97 (A/H3N2 strain, study 1). The comparative analysis demonstrates an overall strong positive correlation between the HI and MN assays. These data support the use of the MN assay to quantify the immune response of influenza vaccines in clinical studies, particularly for the A/H3N2 strain.
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21
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Retrospective Assessment of the Antigenic Similarity of Egg-Propagated and Cell Culture-Propagated Reference Influenza Viruses as Compared with Circulating Viruses across Influenza Seasons 2002-2003 to 2017-2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155423. [PMID: 32731417 PMCID: PMC7432082 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Suboptimal vaccine effectiveness against seasonal influenza is a significant public health concern, partly explained by antigenic differences between vaccine viruses and viruses circulating in the environment. Haemagglutinin mutations within vaccine viruses acquired during serial passage in eggs have been identified as a source of antigenic variation between vaccine and circulating viruses. This study retrospectively compared the antigenic similarity of circulating influenza isolates with egg- and cell-propagated reference viruses to assess any observable trends over a 16-year period. Using annual and interim reports published by the Worldwide Influenza Centre, London, for the 2002-2003 to 2017-2018 influenza seasons, we assessed the proportions of circulating viruses which showed antigenic similarity to reference viruses by season. Egg-propagated reference viruses were well matched against circulating viruses for A/H1N1 and B/Yamagata. However, A/H3N2 and B/Victoria cell-propagated reference viruses appeared to be more antigenically similar to circulating A/H3N2 and B/Victoria viruses than egg-propagated reference viruses. These data support the possibility that A/H3N2 and B/Victoria viruses are relatively more prone to egg-adaptive mutation. Cell-propagated A/H3N2 and B/Victoria reference viruses were more antigenically similar to circulating A/H3N2 and B/Victoria viruses over a 16-year period than were egg-propagated reference viruses.
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22
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Brown JC, Barclay WS, Galiano M, Harvey R. Passage of influenza A/H3N2 viruses in human airway cells removes artefactual variants associated with neuraminidase-mediated binding. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:456-466. [PMID: 31702542 PMCID: PMC7414449 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological assays with modern influenza A/H3N2 viruses have become problematic due to the progressive reduction in the ability of viruses of this subtype to bind and agglutinate red blood cells (RBCs). This is due to reduced ability of the viral haemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein to bind to the sialic acid-containing receptors presented by these cells. Additionally, as a result of reduced HA-mediated binding in cell culture, modern A/H3N2 viruses often acquire compensatory mutations during propagation that enable binding of cellular receptors through their neuraminidase (NA) surface protein. Viruses that have acquired this NA-mediated binding agglutinate RBCs through their NA, confusing the results of serological assays designed to assess HA antigenicity. Here we confirm with a large dataset that the acquisition of mutations that confer NA binding of RBCs is a culture artefact, and demonstrate that modern A/H3N2 isolates with acquired NA-binding mutations revert to a clinical-like NA sequence after a single passage in human airway epithelial (HAE) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Brown
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Monica Galiano
- Public Health England, London, UK
- Present address: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ruth Harvey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
- Present address: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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23
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de Vries E, Du W, Guo H, de Haan CA. Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase-Receptor Balance: Preserving Virus Motility. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:57-67. [PMID: 31629602 PMCID: PMC7172302 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) occasionally cross the species barrier and adapt to novel host species. This requires readjustment of the functional balance of the sialic acid receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) and the receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) to the sialoglycan-receptor repertoire of the new host. Novel techniques have revealed mechanistic details of this HA-NA-receptor balance, emphasizing a previously underappreciated crucial role for NA in driving the motility of receptor-associated IAV particles. Motility enables virion penetration of the sialylated mucus layer as well as attachment to, and uptake into, underlying epithelial cells. As IAVs are essentially irreversibly bound in the absence of NA activity, the fine-tuning of the HA-NA-receptor balance rather than the binding avidity of IAV particles per se is an important factor in determining host species tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik de Vries
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A.M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands,Correspondence:
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24
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Jang YH, Seong BL. The Quest for a Truly Universal Influenza Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:344. [PMID: 31649895 PMCID: PMC6795694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet public health need for a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) to provide broad and durable protection from influenza virus infections. The identification of broadly protective antibodies and cross-reactive T cells directed to influenza viral targets present a promising prospect for the development of a UIV. Multiple targets for cross-protection have been identified in the stalk and head of hemagglutinin (HA) to develop a UIV. Recently, neuraminidase (NA) has received significant attention as a critical component for increasing the breadth of protection. The HA stalk-based approaches have shown promising results of broader protection in animal studies, and their feasibility in humans are being evaluated in clinical trials. Mucosal immune responses and cross-reactive T cell immunity across influenza A and B viruses intrinsic to live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) have emerged as essential features to be incorporated into a UIV. Complementing the weakness of the stand-alone approaches, prime-boost vaccination combining HA stalk, and LAIV is under clinical evaluation, with the aim to increase the efficacy and broaden the spectrum of protection. Preexisting immunity in humans established by prior exposure to influenza viruses may affect the hierarchy and magnitude of immune responses elicited by an influenza vaccine, limiting the interpretation of preclinical data based on naive animals, necessitating human challenge studies. A consensus is yet to be achieved on the spectrum of protection, efficacy, target population, and duration of protection to define a “universal” vaccine. This review discusses the recent advancements in the development of UIVs, rationales behind cross-protection and vaccine designs, and challenges faced in obtaining balanced protection potency, a wide spectrum of protection, and safety relevant to UIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Du W, Guo H, Nijman VS, Doedt J, van der Vries E, van der Lee J, Li Z, Boons GJ, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Vries E, Matrosovich M, de Haan CAM. The 2nd sialic acid-binding site of influenza A virus neuraminidase is an important determinant of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase-receptor balance. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007860. [PMID: 31181126 PMCID: PMC6586374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) neuraminidase (NA) receptor-destroying activity and hemagglutinin (HA) receptor-binding affinity need to be balanced with the host receptor repertoire for optimal viral fitness. NAs of avian, but not human viruses, contain a functional 2nd sialic acid (SIA)-binding site (2SBS) adjacent to the catalytic site, which contributes to sialidase activity against multivalent substrates. The receptor-binding specificity and potentially crucial contribution of the 2SBS to the HA-NA balance of virus particles is, however, poorly characterized. Here, we elucidated the receptor-binding specificity of the 2SBS of N2 NA and established an important role for this site in the virion HA-NA-receptor balance. NAs of H2N2/1957 pandemic virus with or without a functional 2SBS and viruses containing this NA were analysed. Avian-like N2, with a restored 2SBS due to an amino acid substitution at position 367, was more active than human N2 on multivalent substrates containing α2,3-linked SIAs, corresponding with the pronounced binding-specificity of avian-like N2 for these receptors. When introduced into human viruses, avian-like N2 gave rise to altered plaque morphology and decreased replication compared to human N2. An opposite replication phenotype was observed when N2 was combined with avian-like HA. Specific bio-layer interferometry assays revealed a clear effect of the 2SBS on the dynamic interaction of virus particles with receptors. The absence or presence of a functional 2SBS affected virion-receptor binding and receptor cleavage required for particle movement on a receptor-coated surface and subsequent NA-dependent self-elution. The contribution of the 2SBS to virus-receptor interactions depended on the receptor-binding properties of HA and the identity of the receptors used. We conclude that the 2SBS is an important and underappreciated determinant of the HA-NA-receptor balance. The rapid loss of a functional 2SBS in pandemic viruses may have served to balance the novel host receptor-repertoire and altered receptor-binding properties of the corresponding HA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera S. Nijman
- Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Doedt
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joline van der Lee
- Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Erik de Vries
- Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mikhail Matrosovich
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MM); (CAMdH)
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MM); (CAMdH)
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26
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Ortiz de Lejarazu Leonardo R, Rojo Rello S, Sanz Muñoz I. Diagnostic challenges in influenza. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2019; 37 Suppl 1:47-55. [PMID: 31138423 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(19)30182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2018 there are still microbiology laboratories that do not subtype or detect influenza viruses, one of the main agents of community-acquired pneumonia. A major challenge is to introduce multiplex-type technologies into most clinical virological diagnostic laboratories, increasing the feasibility of timely etiological diagnosis of influenza and other respiratory viruses whenever required and thus limiting antibiotic treatments. Other diagnostic tools such as markers of severity and the detection of resistance are pending challenges to complete and expand. Viral culture, an essential tool in the epidemiological surveillance of viruses, has been relegated by more sensitive and affordable molecular techniques. Sequencing of the influenza virus together with the antigenic characterisation and detection techniques of antibodies against hemagglutinin and neuraminidase will, in future, be used in tandem with other techniques to detect antibodies against other structural proteins, helping to elucidate the complicated epidemiology of these viruses and the production of new vaccines and their evaluation. Supplement information: This article is part of a supplement entitled «SEIMC External Quality Control Programme. Year 2016», which is sponsored by Roche, Vircell Microbiologists, Abbott Molecular and Francisco Soria Melguizo, S.A. © 2019 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosasy Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ortiz de Lejarazu Leonardo
- Centro Nacional de Gripe de Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España; Servicio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
| | - Silvia Rojo Rello
- Centro Nacional de Gripe de Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España; Servicio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
| | - Iván Sanz Muñoz
- Centro Nacional de Gripe de Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
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27
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Du R, Cui Q, Rong L. Competitive Cooperation of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase during Influenza A Virus Entry. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050458. [PMID: 31137516 PMCID: PMC6563287 DOI: 10.3390/v11050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A virus possess antagonistic activities on interaction with sialic acid (SA), which is the receptor for virus attachment. HA binds SA through its receptor-binding sites, while NA is a receptor-destroying enzyme by removing SAs. The function of HA during virus entry has been extensively investigated, however, examination of NA has long been focused to its role in the exit of progeny virus from infected cells, and the role of NA in the entry process is still under-appreciated. This review summarizes the current understanding of the roles of HA and NA in relation to each other during virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikun Du
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266122, China.
| | - Qinghua Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266122, China.
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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28
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Kosik I, Yewdell JW. Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase: Yin⁻Yang Proteins Coevolving to Thwart Immunity. Viruses 2019; 11:E346. [PMID: 31014029 PMCID: PMC6520700 DOI: 10.3390/v11040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virions possess two surface glycoproteins-the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)-which exert opposite functions. HA attaches virions to cells by binding to terminal sialic acid residues on glycoproteins/glycolipids to initiate the infectious cycle, while NA cleaves terminal sialic acids, releasing virions to complete the infectious cycle. Antibodies specific for HA or NA can protect experimental animals from IAV pathogenesis and drive antigenic variation in their target epitopes that impairs vaccine effectiveness in humans. Here, we review progress in understanding HA/NA co-evolution as each acquires epistatic mutations to restore viral fitness to mutants selected in the other protein by host innate or adaptive immune pressure. We also discuss recent exciting findings that antibodies to HA can function in vivo by blocking NA enzyme activity to prevent nascent virion release and enhance Fc receptor-based activation of innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kosik
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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29
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Wen F, Wan XF. Influenza Neuraminidase: Underrated Role in Receptor Binding. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:477-479. [PMID: 30930001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus neuraminidase cleaves sialic acid groups from cell glycoproteins, enabling release of the virus from host cells. Neuraminidase also contributes to virus binding to the sialic acid groups of cell glycoproteins, which could complement the receptor-binding function of hemagglutinin, enhancing enzymatic activities of neuraminidase, and facilitate virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
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30
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Gianchecchi E, Torelli A, Montomoli E. The use of cell-mediated immunity for the evaluation of influenza vaccines: an upcoming necessity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:1021-1030. [PMID: 30614754 PMCID: PMC6605831 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1565269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines are a fundamental tool for preventing the disease and reducing its consequences, particularly in specific high-risk groups. In order to be licensed, influenza vaccines have to meet strict criteria established by European Medicines Agency. Although the licensure of influenza vaccines started 65 years ago, Hemagglutination Inhibition and Single Radial Hemolysis are the only serological assays that can ascertain correlates of protection. However, they present evident limitations. The present review focuses on the evaluation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI), which plays an important role in the host immune response in protecting against virus-related illness and in the establishment of long-term immunological memory. Although correlates of protection are not currently available for CMI, it would be advisable to investigate this kind of immunological response for the evaluation of next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Torelli
- a VisMederi srl , Siena , Italy.,b Department of Life Sciences , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - E Montomoli
- a VisMederi srl , Siena , Italy.,c Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
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31
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McAuley JL, Gilbertson BP, Trifkovic S, Brown LE, McKimm-Breschkin JL. Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Structure and Functions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:39. [PMID: 30761095 PMCID: PMC6362415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the constant threat of emergence of a novel influenza virus pandemic, there must be continued evaluation of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to virulence. Although the influenza A virus surface glycoprotein neuraminidase (NA) has been studied mainly in the context of its role in viral release from cells, accumulating evidence suggests it plays an important, multifunctional role in virus infection and fitness. This review investigates the various structural features of NA, linking these with functional outcomes in viral replication. The contribution of evolving NA activity to viral attachment, entry and release of virions from infected cells, and maintenance of functional balance with the viral hemagglutinin are also discussed. Greater insight into the role of this important antiviral drug target is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brad P Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sanja Trifkovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lorena E Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer L McKimm-Breschkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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32
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Makarkov AI, Patel AR, Bainov V, Ward BJ. A novel serological assay for influenza based on DiD fluorescence dequenching that is free from observer bias and potentially automatable – A proof of concept study. Vaccine 2018; 36:4485-4493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Krammer F, Fouchier RAM, Eichelberger MC, Webby RJ, Shaw-Saliba K, Wan H, Wilson PC, Compans RW, Skountzou I, Monto AS. NAction! How Can Neuraminidase-Based Immunity Contribute to Better Influenza Virus Vaccines? mBio 2018; 9:e02332-17. [PMID: 29615508 PMCID: PMC5885027 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02332-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase is one of the two surface glycoproteins of influenza A and B viruses. It has enzymatic activity that cleaves terminal sialic acid from glycans, and that activity is essential at several points in the virus life cycle. While neuraminidase is a major target for influenza antivirals, it is largely ignored in vaccine development. Current inactivated influenza virus vaccines might contain neuraminidase, but the antigen quantity and quality are varied and not standardized. While there are data that show a protective role of anti-neuraminidase immunity, many questions remain unanswered. These questions, among others, concern the targeted epitopes or antigenic sites, the potential for antigenic drift, and, connected to that, the breadth of protection, differences in induction of immune responses by vaccination versus infection, mechanisms of protection, the role of mucosal antineuraminidase antibodies, stability, and the immunogenicity of neuraminidase in vaccine formulations. Reagents for analysis of neuraminidase-based immunity are scarce, and assays are not widely used for clinical studies evaluating vaccines. However, efforts to better understand neuraminidase-based immunity have been made recently. A neuraminidase focus group, NAction!, was formed at a Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance meeting at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD, to promote research that helps to understand neuraminidase-based immunity and how it can contribute to the design of better and broadly protective influenza virus vaccines. Here, we review open questions and knowledge gaps that have been identified by this group and discuss how the gaps can be addressed, with the ultimate goal of designing better influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, New York, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, New York, USA
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maryna C Eichelberger
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathryn Shaw-Saliba
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongquan Wan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence (NYICE), New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, the Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Section of Rheumatology, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard W Compans
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arnold S Monto
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)‡
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence (NYICE), New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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