1
|
Hu J, Liu N, Fan Q, Gu Y, Chen S, Zhu F, Cheng Y. A Fluorous Peptide Amphiphile with Potent Antimicrobial Activity for the Treatment of MRSA-induced Sepsis and Chronic Wound Infection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403140. [PMID: 38393614 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of global antibiotic resistance evokes the urgent need for novel antimicrobial candidates. Cationic lipopeptides have attracted much attention due to their strong antimicrobial activity, broad-spectrum and low resistance tendency. Herein, a library of fluoro-lipopeptide amphiphiles was synthesized by tagging a series of cationic oligopeptides with a fluoroalkyl tail via a disulfide spacer. Among the lipopeptide candidates, R6F bearing six arginine moieties and a fluorous tag shows the highest antibacterial activity, and it exhibits an interesting fluorine effect as compared to the non-fluorinated lipopeptides. The high antibacterial activity of R6F is attributed to its excellent bacterial membrane permeability, which further disrupts the respiratory chain redox stress and cell wall biosynthesis of the bacteria. By co-assembling with lipid nanoparticles, R6F showed high therapeutic efficacy and minimal adverse effects in the treatment of MRSA-induced sepsis and chronic wound infection. This work provides a novel strategy to design highly potent antibacterial peptide amphiphiles for the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Hu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China, Dongchuan Road, No. 500
| | - Nan Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China, Dongchuan Road, No. 500
| | - Qianqian Fan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China, Dongchuan Road, No. 500
| | - Yunqing Gu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China, Dongchuan Road, No. 500
| | - Sijia Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China, Dongchuan Road, No. 500
| | - Fang Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China, Dongchuan Road, No. 500
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China, Dongchuan Road, No. 500
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schier C, Gruhlke MCH, Reucher G, Slusarenko AJ, Rink L. Combating Black Fungus: Using Allicin as a Potent Antifungal Agent against Mucorales. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17519. [PMID: 38139348 PMCID: PMC10743604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal (IF) diseases are a leading global cause of mortality, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further exacerbated this scenario, intensifying comorbid IF infections such as mucormycoses of the nasopharynx. In the work reported here, it is shown that zygomycetes, significant contributors to mycoses, are sensitive to the natural product allicin. Inhibition of Mucorales fungi by allicin in solution and by allicin vapor was demonstrated. Mathematical modeling showed that the efficacy of allicin vapor is comparable to direct contact with the commercially available antifungal agent amphotericin B (ampB). Furthermore, the study revealed a synergistic interaction between allicin and the non-volatile ampB. The toxicity of allicin solution to human cell lines was evaluated and it was found that the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of allicin was 25-72 times higher in the cell lines as compared to the fungal spores. Fungal allicin sensitivity depends on the spore concentration, as demonstrated in a drop test. This study shows the potential of allicin, a sulfur-containing defense compound from garlic, to combat zygomycete fungi. The findings underscore allicin's promise for applications in infections of the nasopharynx via inhalation, suggesting a novel therapeutic avenue against challenging fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schier
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.S.); (A.J.S.)
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Martin C. H. Gruhlke
- GENAWIF e.V.—Society for Natural Compound and Active Ingredient Research, Lukasstraße 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute of Applied Microbiology—iAMB, Aachener Biology and Biotechnology—ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Reucher
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Alan J. Slusarenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.S.); (A.J.S.)
- GENAWIF e.V.—Society for Natural Compound and Active Ingredient Research, Lukasstraße 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang X, Bai S, Wu J, Fan Y, Zou Y, Xia Z, Ao J, Chen T, Zhang M, Yang R. Antifungal Activity and Potential Action Mechanism of Allicin against Trichosporon asahii. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0090723. [PMID: 37199655 PMCID: PMC10269704 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00907-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that causes potentially fatal disseminated trichosporonosis. The global prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses an increasing fungal infection burden caused by T. asahii. Allicin is the main biologically active component with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in garlic. In this study, we performed an in-depth analysis of the antifungal characteristics of allicin against T. asahii based on physiological, cytological, and transcriptomic assessments. In vitro, allicin inhibited the growth of T. asahii planktonic cells and biofilm cells significantly. In vivo, allicin improved the mean survival time of mice with systemic trichosporonosis and reduced tissue fungal burden. Electron microscopy observations clearly demonstrated damage to T. asahii cell morphology and ultrastructure caused by allicin. Furthermore, allicin increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, leading to oxidative stress damage in T. asahii cells. Transcriptome analysis showed that allicin treatment disturbed the biosynthesis of cell membrane and cell wall, glucose catabolism, and oxidative stress. The overexpression of multiple antioxidant enzymes and transporters may also place an additional burden on cells, causing them to collapse. Our findings shed new light on the potential of allicin as an alternative treatment strategy for trichosporonosis. IMPORTANCE Systemic infection caused by T. asahii has recently been recognized as an important cause of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Invasive trichosporonosis remains a significant challenge for clinicians, due to the limited therapeutic options. The present work suggests that allicin holds great potential as a therapeutic candidate for T. asahii infection. Allicin demonstrated potent in vitro antifungal activity and potential in vivo protective effects. In addition, transcriptome sequencing provided valuable insights into the antifungal effects of allicin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Shuang Bai
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Fan
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuekun Zou
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikuan Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Ao
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongya Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019-2020. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21806. [PMID: 36468275 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2020. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review is basically divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of arrays. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other areas such as medicine, industrial processes and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. The reported work shows increasing use of incorporation of new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented nearly 40 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Corbu VM, Gheorghe I, Marinaș IC, Geană EI, Moza MI, Csutak O, Chifiriuc MC. Demonstration of Allium sativum Extract Inhibitory Effect on Biodeteriogenic Microbial Strain Growth, Biofilm Development, and Enzymatic and Organic Acid Production. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237195. [PMID: 34885775 PMCID: PMC8659052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the efficiency of Allium sativum hydro-alcoholic extract (ASE) againstFigure growth, biofilm development, and soluble factor production of more than 200 biodeteriogenic microbial strains isolated from cultural heritage objects and buildings. The plant extract composition and antioxidant activities were determined spectrophotometrically and by HPLC-MS. The bioevaluation consisted of the qualitative (adapted diffusion method) and the quantitative evaluation of the inhibitory effect on planktonic growth (microdilution method), biofilm formation (violet crystal microtiter method), and production of microbial enzymes and organic acids. The garlic extract efficiency was correlated with microbial strain taxonomy and isolation source (the fungal strains isolated from paintings and paper and bacteria from wood, paper, and textiles were the most susceptible). The garlic extract contained thiosulfinate (307.66 ± 0.043 µM/g), flavonoids (64.33 ± 7.69 µg QE/g), and polyphenols (0.95 ± 0.011 mg GAE/g) as major compounds and demonstrated the highest efficiency against the Aspergillus versicolor (MIC 3.12-6.25 mg/mL), A. ochraceus (MIC: 3.12 mg/mL), Penicillium expansum (MIC 6.25-12.5 mg/mL), and A. niger (MIC 3.12-50 mg/mL) strains. The extract inhibited the adherence capacity (IIBG% 95.08-44.62%) and the production of cellulase, organic acids, and esterase. This eco-friendly solution shows promising potential for the conservation and safeguarding of tangible cultural heritage, successfully combating the biodeteriogenic microorganisms without undesirable side effects for the natural ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Maria Corbu
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Botanical Garden, 3 Intrarea Portocalelor St., 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (V.M.C.); (O.C.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, 91-95 Splaiul Independenței St., District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.I.M.); (M.C.C.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independenței St., District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Gheorghe
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, 91-95 Splaiul Independenței St., District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.I.M.); (M.C.C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Botanical Garden, 3 Intrarea Portocalelor St., District 6, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (I.C.M.)
| | - Ioana Cristina Marinaș
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, 91-95 Splaiul Independenței St., District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.I.M.); (M.C.C.)
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (I.C.M.)
| | - Elisabeta Irina Geană
- National R&D Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICIT, Rm. Valcea, 4 Uzinei St., 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania;
| | - Maria Iasmina Moza
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, 91-95 Splaiul Independenței St., District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.I.M.); (M.C.C.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independenței St., District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Botanical Garden, 3 Intrarea Portocalelor St., District 6, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ortansa Csutak
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Botanical Garden, 3 Intrarea Portocalelor St., 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (V.M.C.); (O.C.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independenței St., District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, 91-95 Splaiul Independenței St., District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.I.M.); (M.C.C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Botanical Garden, 3 Intrarea Portocalelor St., District 6, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Scientists, 54 Spl. Independentei St., District 5, 50085 Bucharest, Romania
- The Romanian Academy, 25, Calea Victoriei, Sector 1, District 1, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Allicin, the Odor of Freshly Crushed Garlic: A Review of Recent Progress in Understanding Allicin's Effects on Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061505. [PMID: 33801955 PMCID: PMC8001868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The volatile organic sulfur compound allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) is produced as a defense substance when garlic (Allium sativum) tissues are damaged, for example by the activities of pathogens or pests. Allicin gives crushed garlic its characteristic odor, is membrane permeable and readily taken up by exposed cells. It is a reactive thiol-trapping sulfur compound that S-thioallylates accessible cysteine residues in proteins and low molecular weight thiols including the cellular redox buffer glutathione (GSH) in eukaryotes and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as bacillithiol (BSH) in Gram-positive firmicutes. Allicin shows dose-dependent antimicrobial activity. At higher doses in eukaryotes allicin can induce apoptosis or necrosis, whereas lower, biocompatible amounts can modulate the activity of redox-sensitive proteins and affect cellular signaling. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how bacterial and eukaryotic cells are specifically affected by, and respond to, allicin.
Collapse
|
7
|
Choo S, Chin VK, Wong EH, Madhavan P, Tay ST, Yong PVC, Chong PP. Review: antimicrobial properties of allicin used alone or in combination with other medications. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:451-465. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
8
|
Nakamoto M, Kunimura K, Suzuki JI, Kodera Y. Antimicrobial properties of hydrophobic compounds in garlic: Allicin, vinyldithiin, ajoene and diallyl polysulfides. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1550-1553. [PMID: 32010337 PMCID: PMC6966194 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allium plants, such as garlic, onion and leek have long been known to be effective in the therapy of infectious diseases. In particular, garlic has a greater antimicrobial activity than other Allium plants as it contains several hydrophobic antimicrobial compounds, such as allicin, vinyldithiins, ajoenes and diallyl polysulfides. Allicin is a characteristic sulfur-containing compound found in raw garlic produced from alliin and exhibits antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, allicin has been reported to inhibit the biofilm formation of bacteria, which is a major cause of bacterial resistance to the antibiotic treatment of infections, by regulating quorum sensing in microorganisms. Other hydrophobic compounds also have similar inhibitory effects on bacteria as allicin. These biological properties of garlic-derived hydrophobic compounds can be used to enhance the effects of existing drugs and may thus be used in the treatment of infections, such as by preventing drug resistance through the inhibition of biofilm formation. In this review, we summarize the effects of hydrophobic compounds of garlic on bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakamoto
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Kayo Kunimura
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Suzuki
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kodera
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Loi VV, Huyen NTT, Busche T, Tung QN, Gruhlke MCH, Kalinowski J, Bernhardt J, Slusarenko AJ, Antelmann H. Staphylococcus aureus responds to allicin by global S-thioallylation - Role of the Brx/BSH/YpdA pathway and the disulfide reductase MerA to overcome allicin stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 139:55-69. [PMID: 31121222 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of methicillin-resitant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals and the community poses an increasing health burden, which requires the discovery of alternative antimicrobials. Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) from garlic exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against many multidrug resistant bacteria. The thiol-reactive mode of action of allicin involves its S-thioallylations of low molecular weight (LMW) thiols and protein thiols. To investigate the mode of action and stress response caused by allicin in S. aureus, we analyzed the transcriptome signature, the targets for S-thioallylation in the proteome and the changes in the bacillithiol (BSH) redox potential (EBSH) under allicin stress. Allicin caused a strong thiol-specific oxidative and sulfur stress response and protein damage as revealed by the induction of the PerR, HypR, QsrR, MhqR, CstR, CtsR, HrcA and CymR regulons in the RNA-seq transcriptome. Allicin also interfered with metal and cell wall homeostasis and caused induction of the Zur, CsoR and GraRS regulons. Brx-roGFP2 biosensor measurements revealed a strongly increased EBSH under allicin stress. In the proteome, 57 proteins were identified with S-thioallylations under allicin treatment, including translation factors (EF-Tu, EF-Ts), metabolic and redox enzymes (AldA, GuaB, Tpx, KatA, BrxA, MsrB) as well as redox-sensitive MarR/SarA-family regulators (MgrA, SarA, SarH1, SarS). Phenotype and biochemical analyses revealed that BSH and the HypR-controlled disulfide reductase MerA are involved in allicin detoxification in S. aureus. The reversal of protein S-thioallylation was catalyzed by the Brx/BSH/YpdA pathway. Finally, the BSSB reductase YpdA was shown to use S-allylmercaptobacillithiol (BSSA) as substrate to regenerate BSH in S. aureus. In conclusion, allicin results in an oxidative shift of EBSH and protein S-thioallylation, which can be reversed by YpdA and the Brx/BSH/YpdA electron pathways in S. aureus to regenerate thiol homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Quach Ngoc Tung
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alan John Slusarenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|