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Velazquez-Meza ME, Galarde-López M, Cornejo-Juárez P, Carrillo-Quiroz BA, Velázquez-Acosta C, Bobadilla-del-Valle M, Ponce-de-León A, Alpuche-Aranda CM. Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. in Municipal and Hospital Wastewater: A Longitudinal Study. Microorganisms 2024; 12:645. [PMID: 38674590 PMCID: PMC11051902 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to detect multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. isolates in municipal and hospital wastewater and to determine their elimination or persistence after wastewater treatment. Between August 2021 and September 2022, raw and treated wastewater samples were collected at two hospital and two community wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In each season of the year, two treated and two raw wastewater samples were collected in duplicate at each of the WWTPs studied. Screening and presumptive identification of staphylococci and enterococci was performed using chromoagars, and identification was performed with the Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS®). Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using VITEK 2® automated system. There were 56 wastewater samples obtained during the study period. A total of 182 Staphylococcus sp. and 248 Enterococcus sp. were identified. The highest frequency of Staphylococcus sp. isolation was in spring and summer (n = 129, 70.8%), and for Enterococcus sp. it was in autumn and winter (n = 143, 57.7%). Sixteen isolates of Staphylococcus sp. and sixty-three of Enterococcus sp. persisted during WWTP treatments. Thirteen species of staphylococci and seven species of enterococci were identified. Thirty-one isolates of Staphylococcus sp. and ninety-four of Enterococcus sp. were multidrug-resistant. Resistance to vancomycin (1.1%), linezolid (2.7%), and daptomycin (8.2%/10.9%%), and a lower susceptibility to tigecycline (2.7%), was observed. This study evidences the presence of Staphylococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. resistant to antibiotics of last choice of clinical treatment, in community and hospital wastewater and their ability to survive WWTP treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Velazquez-Meza
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca City 62100, Mexico; (M.E.V.-M.); (M.G.-L.); (B.A.C.-Q.)
| | - Miguel Galarde-López
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca City 62100, Mexico; (M.E.V.-M.); (M.G.-L.); (B.A.C.-Q.)
| | - Patricia Cornejo-Juárez
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (P.C.-J.); (C.V.-A.)
| | - Berta Alicia Carrillo-Quiroz
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca City 62100, Mexico; (M.E.V.-M.); (M.G.-L.); (B.A.C.-Q.)
| | - Consuelo Velázquez-Acosta
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (P.C.-J.); (C.V.-A.)
| | - Miriam Bobadilla-del-Valle
- Laboratorio Nacional de Máxima Seguridad para el Estudio de Tuberculosis y Enfermedades Emergentes, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.B.-d.-V.); (A.P.-d.-L.)
| | - Alfredo Ponce-de-León
- Laboratorio Nacional de Máxima Seguridad para el Estudio de Tuberculosis y Enfermedades Emergentes, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.B.-d.-V.); (A.P.-d.-L.)
| | - Celia Mercedes Alpuche-Aranda
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca City 62100, Mexico; (M.E.V.-M.); (M.G.-L.); (B.A.C.-Q.)
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Yang YJ, Lee GY, Kim SD, Park JH, Lee SI, Kim GB, Yang SJ. Profiles of Non-aureus staphylococci in retail pork and
slaughterhouse carcasses: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic
determinant of fusidic acid resistance. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:225-239. [PMID: 35310565 PMCID: PMC8907790 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As commensal colonizers in livestock, there has been little attention on
staphylococci, especially non-aureus staphylococci (NAS),
contaminating meat production chain. To assess prevalence of staphylococci in
retail pork and slaughterhouse carcass samples in Korea, we collected 578
samples from Korean slaughterhouses (n=311) and retail markets
(n=267) for isolation of staphylococci and determined antimicrobial
resistance phenotypes in all the isolates. The presence of and prevalence of
fusB-family genes (fusB,
fusC, fusD, and fusF) and
mutations in fusA genes were examined in fusidic acid resistant
isolates. A total of 47 staphylococcal isolates of 4 different species
(Staphylococcus aureus, n=4; S.
hyicus, n=1; S. epidermidis, n=10;
Mammaliicoccus sciuri, n=32) were isolated. Fusidic
acid resistance were confirmed in 9/10 S. epidermidis and all
of the 32 M. sciuri (previously S. sciuri)
isolates. Acquired fusidic acid resistance genes were detected in all the
resistant strains; fusB and fusC in S.
epidermidis and fusB/C in M.
sciuri. Multi-locus sequence type analysis revealed that ST63
(n=10, 31%) and ST30 (n=8, 25%) genotypes were most
prevalent among fusidic acid resistant M. sciuri isolates. In
conclusion, the high prevalence of fusB-family genes in
S. epidermidis and M. sciuri strains
isolated from pork indicated that NAS might act as a reservoir for fusidic acid
resistance gene transmissions in pork production chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Yang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary
Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Gi Yong Lee
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang
University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Sun Do Kim
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang
University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Ji Heon Park
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang
University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Soo In Lee
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang
University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Geun-Bae Kim
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang
University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary
Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Corresponding author : Soo-Jin
Yang, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and
Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul
08826, Korea, Tel: +82-2-880-1185, Fax: +82-2-885-0263, E-mail:
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Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Clones Are Widely Distributed in the Hospital and Community. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070792. [PMID: 34201417 PMCID: PMC8308670 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) may be considered contaminants when isolated from clinical specimens but may also be a cause of true infection. This study aimed to compare the clonality and SCCmec type of a collection of CoNS isolated from blood cultures of inpatients, nasal swabs of healthy individuals, and patients with chronic wounds, all from the same community, using SCCmec typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and MLST. Staphylococcus epidermidis, exhibited high clonal diversity, but hospital and community clusters were observed. Nosocomial S. epidermidis clones belonged to sequence types ST2, ST6, and ST23. Some Staphylococcus haemolyticus clones were found to circulate in the hospital and community, while Staphylococcus saprophyticus exhibited very high clonal diversity. Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus warneri, and Staphylococcus capitis revealed several isolates belonging to the same clone in the hospital and community. The detection of different SCCmec types within the same cluster indicated high diversity. S. epidermidis was associated with SCCmec I and III, S. haemolyticus with I and II, S. capitis with type V, Staphylococcus hominis with mec complex type A and ccr1, and S. warneri and S. saprophyticus with SCCmec I. The generation of elements and new combinations of cassette genes were highly associated with CoNS isolates, suggesting that SCCmec may not be a good marker of clonality in these bacteria.
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Investigation of SCCmec types I-IV in clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222874. [PMID: 32347308 PMCID: PMC7214399 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Today methicillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) are important in terms of causing significant nosocomial infections. Besides, MR-CoNS are confirmed as the reservoir of SCCmec elements that carry mecA (methicillin-resistant) gene. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the susceptibility pattern, prevalence and diversity of SCCmec types I, II, III, and IV in MR-CoNS strains. In this cross-sectional study, 44 clinical isolates of MR-CoNS were identified using the cefoxitin disc method and further confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the mecA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was investigated by disc diffusion. The identification of CoNS was done by amplification and sequencing of the tuf gene. Multiplex PCR method was done for the determination of SCCmec types. In the present study, the Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were the most predominant isolates with a prevalence of 45.4%. The highest resistance rates were observed against erythromycin (84.1%) and clindamycin (75%). Multiplex PCR revealed the SCCmec type I as the predominant type in the present study. Our study showed that there was no significant relationship between the presence of different types of SCCmec elements and resistance to antibiotics. The present study highlighted a frequent prevalence of MR-CoNS harboring SCCmec type genes in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. Thus, the molecular typing and periodical monitoring of their drug resistance pattern should be considered in national stewardship programs to designing useful antibiotic prescription strategies.
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Delfani S, Rezaei F, Soroush S, Shakib P. The Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) Analysis and Biofilm Formation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus cohnii Isolated from Clinical Samples in Tehran, Iran. RECENT PATENTS ON ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 16:PRI-EPUB-114068. [PMID: 33568036 DOI: 10.2174/1574891x16666210210101912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci is responsible for hospital and community-acquired infections. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic-resistance patterns, antibiotic-resistance genes, namely, ermA, ermB, ermC, blaZ, msrA, tetK, tetM, mup, and vanA, biofilm formation, and prevalence of different SCCmec types among the Staphylococcus cohniistrains isolated from clinical samples in Tehran, Iran. METHODS In this study,S. cohniiisolates were screened from the clinical samples from March 2012 to February 2013 in Tehran, Iran.Antimicrobial susceptibility test and inducible clindamycin resistance were evaluated by disc diffusion method, andresistance genes were examined using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays. Then, biofilm formation assay was analyzed by Microtiter-plate test to detect the icaA and icaDgenes. The SCCmec and the Arginine Catabolite Mobile Element (ACME) typing were performed using the PCRmethod. RESULTS FromtwentyS. cohnii, all isolates were resistant to cefoxitin. 95% of the S. cohnii was defined as multidrug resistance (MDR)strains. The ermB, ermC, and vanA genes were not detected in any isolates; however, the blaZ gene had the highest frequency.95% of the S. cohnii isolates produced biofilm. Also, 4 SCCmec types, including V, IV, III+ (C2), VIII+ (AB1), were identified. Therefore, the majority of SCCmec were untypable. Based on the ACME typing, arcA and opp3 genes were positive in 13 (65%) and 1 (5%) isolates, respectively. CONCLUSION Due to the high antimicrobial resistance and the spread of untypableSCCmecamong the isolates studied, the control and treatment of methicillin-resistantS. cohnii in hospitals and public health centers is a significant concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Delfani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad. Iran
| | - Faranak Rezaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad. Iran
| | - Setareh Soroush
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad. Iran
| | - Pegah Shakib
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad. Iran
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Lakhundi S, Zhang K. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00020-18. [PMID: 30209034 PMCID: PMC6148192 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00020-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 754] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, has a collection of virulence factors and the ability to acquire resistance to most antibiotics. This ability is further augmented by constant emergence of new clones, making S. aureus a "superbug." Clinical use of methicillin has led to the appearance of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The past few decades have witnessed the existence of new MRSA clones. Unlike traditional MRSA residing in hospitals, the new clones can invade community settings and infect people without predisposing risk factors. This evolution continues with the buildup of the MRSA reservoir in companion and food animals. This review focuses on imparting a better understanding of MRSA evolution and its molecular characterization and epidemiology. We first describe the origin of MRSA, with emphasis on the diverse nature of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). mecA and its new homologues (mecB, mecC, and mecD), SCCmec types (13 SCCmec types have been discovered to date), and their classification criteria are discussed. The review then describes various typing methods applied to study the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary nature of MRSA. Starting with the historical methods and continuing to the advanced whole-genome approaches, typing of collections of MRSA has shed light on the origin, spread, and evolutionary pathways of MRSA clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahreena Lakhundi
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Ekinci B, Edgunlu TG, Bayramoglu G, Atay GU. Molecular investigation of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types and genotypic relations of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from before and after hospital exposed students. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:257-264. [PMID: 30084421 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_17_256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Reservoir of methicillin resistance genes called staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), plasmids and genomic characterisations of isolates have been widely investigated in epidemiologic research. However, the extent to which these organisms are transported by patients or hospital staff is not entirely clear. Aim This study aims to investigate the molecular relatedness and plasmid profiles of MR staphylococci isolated from nursing students before and after hospital training, to find out the possible source. Materials and Methods This study examined 39 methicillin-resistant (MR) staphylococci and 2 inducible clindamycin-resistant, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Specimens were collected before and after 4 months of hospital training from the hands and nares of 75 nursing students. A polymerase chain reaction technique was used to confirm the existence of mecA gene and identify SCCmec types; total DNA was digested by SmaI endonuclease restriction to monitorise clonal relatedness by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); plasmid profiles were monitorised on agarose gel. Results All 39 isolates tested positive for mecA; SCCmec type III was observed most frequently. Interestingly, in one isolate of Staphylococcus epidermidis, four different types of SCCmec elements were observed. There were 23 different types of plasmids, whose sizes ranged from 1.4 to 46.0 kb. After PFGE dendogram analysis, two strains were classified as indistinguishable; six were closely related. Most of the isolates obtained after hospital training showed clonal similarity and seven had multiple SCCmec elements require further investigation for the possible mechanism. Conclusion Most of the isolates obtained after hospital training showed clonal similarity and seven had multiple SCCmec elements require further investigation for the possible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Ekinci
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Tuba Gokdogan Edgunlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Bayramoglu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Gulsen Ulucam Atay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Djoudi F, Bonura C, Touati A, Aléo A, Benallaoua S, Mammina C. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing and mecA sequencing in methicillin-resistant staphylococci from Algeria: a highly diversified element with new mutations in mecA. J Med Microbiol 2017; 65:1267-1273. [PMID: 27902367 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mechanisms of methicillin resistance are still relevant in staphylococci. The aims of this study are to assess the possible exchanges of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) among isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) and to check for known or new mutations in mecA DNA. A total of 35 MRS non-repetitive isolates were recovered, including 20 Staphylococcushaemolyticus, 7 Staphylococcusaureus, 4 Staphylococcussciuri, 2 Staphylococcussaprophyticus and 1 isolate each of Staphylococcusxylosus and Staphylococcuslentus. Only 16 of the 35 strains were assigned to known SCCmec types: 7 SCCmec VII, 6 SCCmec IV and 3 SCCmec III, with possible horizontal transfer of the SCCmec VII from methicillin-resistant S. haemolyticus to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. mecA gene sequencing in ten selected isolates allowed description of nine punctual mutations, seven of which were reported for the first time. The most frequent mutation was G246E, identified in isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, S. sciuri, S. saprophyticus and S. lentus. These results emphasized the high degree of genetic diversity of SCCmec element in MRS and describe new missense mutations in mecA, which might be important in understanding the evolution of methicillin and new β-lactam resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Djoudi
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université A/MIRA, Route de Targa-Ouzemour, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Celestino Bonura
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Abdelaziz Touati
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université A/MIRA, Route de Targa-Ouzemour, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Aurora Aléo
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Said Benallaoua
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université A/MIRA, Route de Targa-Ouzemour, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Caterina Mammina
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
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Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus Epidermidis Isolates Recovered from Patients Admitted to a Referral Hospital in Iran. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.38675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Soumya KR, Sugathan S, Mathew J, Radhakrishnan EK. Studies on coexistence of mec gene, IS256 and novel sasX gene among human clinical coagulase-negative staphylococci. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:233. [PMID: 28330305 PMCID: PMC5088179 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) are major nosocomial pathogens which cause device-related infections. Presence of various virulence factors along with methicillin resistance favor improved CoNS pathogenicity and their dissemination among population. In the present study, mec gene prevalence was analyzed along with SCC mec diversity among 55 human clinical CoNS isolates. PCR screening of insertion sequence (IS256) was also conducted to elucidate their association with methicillin resistance among selected CoNS species. In addition to this, PCR screening and sequence analysis of novel colonization-associated gene sasX was also carried out. High incidences of mec gene, IS256 and their association have been noted among all of the CoNS species tested. Interestingly, eight CoNS isolates were found to harbor sasX gene including S. epidermidis, S. hemolyticus and S. saprophtyicus species. Remarkably they were also found to have the coexistence of mec gene and IS256 in their genome. Increased SCC mec diversity with non-typeable elements was also observed among CoNS isolates. Presence of sasX gene in CoNS with mec gene and insertion sequence 256 and also the identification of non-typeable SCC mec element make the study novel and interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Soumya
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, 686 560, Kerala, India
| | | | - Jyothis Mathew
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, 686 560, Kerala, India
| | - E K Radhakrishnan
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, 686 560, Kerala, India.
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Szczuka E, Krajewska M, Lijewska D, Bosacka K, Kaznowski A. Diversity of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements in nosocomial multiresistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates. J Appl Genet 2016; 57:543-547. [PMID: 27056386 PMCID: PMC5061825 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-016-0346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is the second, most frequently isolated coagulase-negative staphyloccus (CoNS) from patients with hospital-acquired infections, and it is usually resistant to methicillin and other semisynthetic penicillins. The purpose of this study was to characterize staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements and assess the in-vitro activity of antibiotics against 60 S. haemolyticus strains recovered from hospitalized patients. All these strains expressed methicillin resistance and carried a mecA gene. Moreover, all strains possessed a multiresistant phenotype, i.e., exhibited resistance to more than three classes of antibiotics. Eleven strains (18 %) harbored the SCCmec type V, containing ccrC and mec complex C. Three isolates harboring the ccrC gene did not contain a known mec complex. One strain positive for mec complex C was not typeable for ccr. This suggests that ccrC and mec complex C may exist autonomously. Only four strains carried mec complex B, whereas none of the S. haemolyticus harboured mec complex A. A new combination, which is mec complex B-ccrAB ship, was found in S. haemolitycus. The ccrAB ship was also identified in two strains of S. haemolitycus in which the mec gene complex was not identified. The results of the present study indicate that in S. haemolyticus the mec gene complex and the ccr genes are highly divergent. However, ccr sequence analysis does not allow the identification of a new allotype, based on a cut-off value of 85 % identity. The ccr genes in the S. haemolitycus strain showed ≥96 % sequence identity to the ccrAB2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Krajewska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Dagmara Lijewska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Karolina Bosacka
- Department of Microbiological and Laboratory Diagnostics, Bacteriological Laboratory, Regional Hospital in Poznań, Juraszów 7/19, Poznań, 60-479, Poland
| | - Adam Kaznowski
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
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12
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Szczuka E, Bosacka K, Kaznowski A. Characterization of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains Isolated from Biomaterial-Associated Infections and their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns. Pol J Microbiol 2016; 65:215-217. [DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1204482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Diversity of the SCCmec types among Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates from intensive care unit patients. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Soroush S, Jabalameli F, Taherikalani M, Amirmozafari N, Fooladi AAI, Asadollahi K, Beigverdi R, Emaneini M. Investigation of biofilm formation ability, antimicrobial resistance and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec patterns of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis with different sequence types isolated from children. Microb Pathog 2016; 93:126-30. [PMID: 26821355 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the molecular characterizations of 80 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) collected during 2012-2013 in Tehran Children's Medical Center, Iran. About 90% of MRSE isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and the highest resistance was observed to cotrimoxazole and they were quite sensitive to quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid. Though vanA gene was not detected, the majority of isolates showed intermediate resistance to vancomycin (MIC90 16 μg/ml). Resistance to mupirocin was observed in 18 isolates. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types V, III, IV and II were detected in 23.75%, 7.5%, 6.25% and 5% of isolates respectively, in some of which the additional parts of mec or ccr complexes were observed. In 57.5% MRSE isolates SCCmec types were not classified. 41.2% of MRSE isolates were carrying intercellular adhesion (ica) operon and 40% had strong or intermediate biofilm. The types of arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) were limited to type I and II. Nine sequence types (STs) were seen in mupirocin resistant MRSE isolates. The common STs were ST2, ST5 and ST22 with 27.7% (5/18), 22.2% (4/18) and 16.6% (3/18) frequencies, respectively. ST23, ST54 and ST179 plus three novels STs 580, 581,588 were also observed. The majority of STs, 83.3% (15/18) belonged to clonal complex 2 (CC2). The spread of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors among MRSE species is an alarming sign in Children's Hospitals. The combination of these two issues leads to increase the chance of successfully establishing of common STs in hospital environments, and promotes the device-related infections and bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Soroush
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Jabalameli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morovat Taherikalani
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Nour Amirmozafari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khairollah Asadollahi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Reza Beigverdi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Emaneini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Murugesan S, Perumal N, Mahalingam SP, Dilliappan SK, Krishnan P. Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and its Associated SCCmec Types among Nasal Carriage of Methicillin Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci from Community Settings, Chennai, Southern India. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:DC01-5. [PMID: 26435940 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/11733.6307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was designed to find the distribution of SCCmec types and the various antibiotic resistance genes amongst MR-CoNS isolates from asymptomatic individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 145 nasal swabs were collected from asymptomatic healthy individuals from community settings. Identification and speciation of CoNS were done by standard biochemical methods. Screening of methicillin resistance (mecA gene) and detection of various antibiotic resistant genes were done using multiplex PCR method. SCCmec types (I - V) were determined using multiplex PCR. RESULTS 50 (44.6%) isolates were found to be methicillin resistant both by cefoxitin method and multiplex PCR. S. epidermidis (40%) was the predominant species followed by S. haemolyticus (28%), S. hominis (20%) and S. warneri (12%). Highest resistance was shown for cotrimoxazole (26%), followed by ciprofloxacin (24%), tetracycline (20%), erythromycin (18%), fusidic acid (10%) and mupirocin (6%). Among SCCmec types, 44 isolates showed single type, including type I (30%), type IV (24%), type II (18%), type V (14%) and type III (2%). 6 isolates showed two types, III+IV (n= 2), II+V (n=2), IV+V (n=1) and type I+V (n=1). CONCLUSION In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in India to study the distribution of antibiotic resistant genes and SCCmec types among MR-CoNS from community settings. This study highlights high prevalence of MR-CoNS in community and its role in harbouring genetically diverse SCCmec elements as antibiotic resistance determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Murugesan
- Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras , Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Nagaraj Perumal
- Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras , Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Surya Prakash Mahalingam
- Project Trainee, Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras , Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Selva Kumar Dilliappan
- Project Trainee, Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras , Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Padma Krishnan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras , Taramani, Chennai, India
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Seyedmonir E, Yilmaz F, Icgen B. mecA Gene Dissemination Among Staphylococcal and Non-staphylococcal Isolates Shed in Surface Waters. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 95:131-8. [PMID: 25733448 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems represent important vehicles for the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Of particular interest are methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) harboring mecA gene that confers their resistance to β-lactams. Therefore, in this study, water samples collected from different locations of a river impacted by surrounding facilities and domestic effluents were analyzed to learn more about the occurrence of MRS and mecA gene. Out of 290, 12 surface water isolates displayed resistance to both cefoxitin and oxacillin antibiotics. Resistant staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal isolates, identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, were found to harbor mecA gene. The phylogenetic tree of partial mecA sequences obtained from staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal isolates showed sequence similarity values of 8 %-100 %. Surface water bodies receive contaminated waters via runoff, effluents from industrial, agricultural, and municipal discharges. Therefore, surface waters are not only hot spots for mecA harboring staphylococcal isolates but also non-staphylococcal isolates and require special scientific consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Seyedmonir
- Department of Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Iravani Mohammad Abadi M, Moniri R, Khorshidi A, Piroozmand A, Mousavi SGA, Dastehgoli K, Mirzaei Ghazikalayeh H. Molecular Characteristics of Nasal Carriage Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci in School Students. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e18591. [PMID: 26301061 PMCID: PMC4541167 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.18591v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are opportunistic pathogens. Methicillin resistance is common in CoNS and may play an important role as reservoir of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) for Staphylococcus aureus. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine molecular characteristics of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci among students. Materials and Methods: MR-CoNS from both nares of students were collected. Resistance to methicillin was determined by cefoxitin (30μg) disk diffusion test. SCCmec typing was performed using multiplex PCR by mec complex classes and ccr genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined on Mueller-Hinton agar according to CLSI. Results: A total of 600 consecutive students were enrolled in this study; 430 of whom (71.7%) had CoNS. Seventy-two MR-CoNS strains, 21 (29.2%) S. lugdunensis, 17 (23.6%) S. haemolyticus, 17 (23.6%) S. saprophyticus, 9 (12.5%) S. epidermidis and 8 (11.1%) S. schleiferi were isolated. MR-CoNS rate in nasal carriage was 16.7%. All strains were susceptible to vancomycin. Forty-eight (66.7%) had a single SCCmec type including types I (n = 5), II (n = 4), III (n = 7), IV (n = 19) and V (n = 13), whereas 5 (6.9%) had two types including III + IV (n = 2), III + V (n = 1) and IV + V (n = 2). Nineteen strains (26.4%) were non-typeable for their SCCmec and ccr. Types IV and V SCCmec were associated with S. lugdunensis and S. haemolyticus, respectively. Conclusions: SCCmec types IV and V were prevalent in MR-CoNS and few isolates could harbor more than one type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rezvan Moniri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Rezvan Moniri, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-3155540021, Fax: +98-3155541112, E-mail:
| | - Ahmad Khorshidi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Ahmad Piroozmand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | | | - Kamran Dastehgoli
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
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Park S, Chung HS, Lee M. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of six Staphylococcus pettenkoferi isolates from blood samples. Ann Lab Med 2015; 35:250-3. [PMID: 25729730 PMCID: PMC4330178 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2015.35.2.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are reported to be the leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections. Staphylococcus pettenkoferi is a novel member of CoNS that was first isolated from the human blood and bursitis wound in 2002. We have reported cases of 6 S. pettenkoferi strains isolated from blood specimens, including one pathogen and 5 contaminants and catheter colonizers. Brucker Biotyper (Brucker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) and molecular typing with 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed the 6 isolates as S. pettenkoferi. The conventional phenotypic identification of these isolates is not reliable owing to their inconsistent biochemical characteristics. Five of the 6 isolates were found to be resistant to oxacillin, and all isolates showed susceptibility to vancomycin and linezolid. For accurate identification of this novel species, advanced methods by using Brucker Biotyper or molecular methods such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sholhui Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Sun Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Miae Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from a Brazilian neonatal care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33:1089-90. [PMID: 25037043 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To characterize 46 methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from Brazilian neonates, we investigated their SCCmec type, susceptibility and clonality. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were the prevalent species. SCCmec types III or IV were detected in 53.3% S. epidermidis, whereas 63.6% S. haemolyticus were nontypeable. Despite the diversity, specific clones carried specific SCCmec elements, highlighting that effective typing can help in epidemiological analysis.
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20
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Ghotaslou R, Aghazadeh M, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Moshafi MH, Forootanfar H, Hojabri Z, Saffari F. The prevalence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes among coagulase negative staphylococci in Iranian pediatric patients. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20:569-73. [PMID: 25023717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In spite of widespread emergence of aminoglycoside resistance, these drugs are still used in the treatment of staphylococcal infections. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of aminoglycoside resistance and genes encoding aminoglycoside - modifying enzymes (AMEs) as well as Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) type in coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) in pediatric patients. Totally, 93 CoNS isolates were examined for susceptibility to aminoglycosides using disk diffusion and/or E-test methods. AMEs genes and SCCmec types were detected using multiplex PCR. Strain typing was performed using repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) - PCR assay. The non-susceptibility rates to kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, amikacin and netilmicin were 73%, 59%, 49.5%, 16% and 7.5%, respectively. aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, ant(4')-Ia and aph(3')-IIIa were encountered in 56 (60.2%), 38 (40.8%) and 18 (19.3%) isolates, respectively. In aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia- positive isolates, the non- susceptibility rates to kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin and netilmicin were 83%, 74%, 73%, 49% and 43%, respectively. SCCmec types included type IV (n = 31), I (n = 17), II (n = 5), III (n = 4), and V (n = 2). Three isolates had two types; I + III (n = 2) and III + IV (n = 1) whereas 11 isolates were non-typeable. AMEs genes carriers were distributed frequently into type IV. We found diverse fingerprint patterns among our isolates. In conclusion, there was a strong correlation between alarming rate of aminoglycoside resistance and methicillin resistance. Discordances between phenotypic and genotypic detection of aminoglycoside resistance were discernible. AMEs genes might be related to SCCmec types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghotaslou
- Tabriz Research Center of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh
- Tabriz Research Center of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hassan Moshafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zoya Hojabri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Saffari
- Tabriz Research Center of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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21
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The ecological importance of the Staphylococcus sciuri species group as a reservoir for resistance and virulence genes. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:342-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Shore AC, Coleman DC. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec: Recent advances and new insights. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 303:350-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Microbiological and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus hominis isolates from blood. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61161. [PMID: 23585877 PMCID: PMC3622014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS), Staphylococcus hominis represents the third most common organism recoverable from the blood of immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to characterize biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, define the SCCmec (Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec) type, and genetic relatedness of clinical S. hominis isolates. METHODOLOGY S. hominis blood isolates (n = 21) were screened for biofilm formation using crystal violet staining. Methicillin resistance was evaluated using the cefoxitin disk test and the mecA gene was detected by PCR. Antibiotic resistance was determined by the broth microdilution method. Genetic relatedness was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and SCCmec typed by multiplex PCR using two different methodologies described for Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS Of the S. hominis isolates screened, 47.6% (10/21) were categorized as strong biofilm producers and 23.8% (5/21) as weak producers. Furthermore, 81% (17/21) of the isolates were methicillin resistant and mecA gene carriers. Resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim was observed in >70% of isolates screened. Each isolate showed a different PFGE macrorestriction pattern with similarity ranging between 0-95%. Among mecA-positive isolates, 14 (82%) harbored a non-typeable SCCmec type: eight isolates were not positive for any ccr complex; four contained the mec complex A ccrAB1 and ccrC, one isolate contained mec complex A, ccrAB4 and ccrC, and one isolate contained the mec complex A, ccrAB1, ccrAB4, and ccrC. Two isolates harbored the association: mec complex A and ccrAB1. Only one strain was typeable as SCCmec III. CONCLUSIONS The S. hominis isolates analyzed were variable biofilm producers had a high prevalence of methicillin resistance and resistance to other antibiotics, and high genetic diversity. The results of this study strongly suggested that S. hominis isolates harbor new SCCmec structural elements and might be reservoirs of ccrC1 in addition to ccrAB1 and mec complex A.
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Comparative epidemiology of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from patients with catheter-related bacteremia and from healthy volunteers. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1541-7. [PMID: 23486718 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03378-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a major cause of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs). Recent studies suggested the existence of well-adapted, highly resistant, hospital-associated S. epidermidis clones. The molecular epidemiology of S. epidermidis in Belgian hospitals and the Belgian community has not been explored yet. We compared a set of 33 S. epidermidis isolates causing CRBSI in hospitalized patients with a set of 33 commensal S. epidermidis isolates. The factors analyzed included resistance to antibiotics and genetic diversity as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and SCCmec typing. Additionally, the presence of virulence-associated mobile genetic elements, the ica operon and the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME), was assessed and compared against clinical data. CRBSI S. epidermidis isolates were significantly resistant to more antibiotics than commensal S. epidermidis isolates. The two populations studied were very diverse and genetically distinct as only 23% of the 37 PFGE types observed were harbored by both CRBSI and commensal isolates. ACME was found in 76% of S. epidermidis strains, regardless of their origin, while the ica operon was significantly more prevalent in CRBSI isolates than in commensal isolates (P < 0.05). Nine patients presented a clinically severe CRBSI, eight cases of which were due to an ica-positive multiresistant isolate belonging to sequence type 2 (ST2) or ST54. S. epidermidis isolates causing CRBSI were more resistant and more often ica positive than commensal S. epidermidis isolates, which were genetically heterogeneous and susceptible to the majority of antibiotics tested. Clinically severe CRBSIs were due to isolates belonging to two closely related MLST types, ST2 and ST54.
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The epidemiology and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococci sampled from a healthy Jordanian population. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:2384-91. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe prevalence of natural carriage and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) isolates in a Jordanian community were investigated. The MRSA nasal carriage rate in 227 healthy volunteers was 7·5% and the majority (81%) of MRSA harboured the resistance element SCCmectype IVe and were of a novelspatype t9519 (76%); other significantspagene types were t223 (14·7%) and t044 (5·9%). All MRSA isolates were susceptible to other classes of antibiotics, and tested positive for at least three virulence factor encoding genes, but only two harboured thepvlgene. MR-CoNS carriage was 54·2% and these isolates were characterized by single, double and untypable SCCmecelements, withStaphylococcus epidermidisSCCmectype IVa predominating. Of eight subjects with nasal co-colonization of MR-CoNS + MRSA, three shared SCCmectype IV in both groups of organisms. This is the first report of methicillin-resistant staphylococci carriage in a Jordanian community and its findings are important for epidemiological study and infection control measures of these organisms.
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Chancey ST, Zähner D, Stephens DS. Acquired inducible antimicrobial resistance in Gram-positive bacteria. Future Microbiol 2013; 7:959-78. [PMID: 22913355 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A major contributor to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-positive bacterial pathogens is the expansion of acquired, inducible genetic elements. Although acquired, inducible antibiotic resistance is not new, the interest in its molecular basis has been accelerated by the widening distribution and often 'silent' spread of the elements responsible, the diagnostic challenges of such resistance and the mounting limitations of available agents to treat Gram-positive infections. Acquired, inducible antibiotic resistance elements belong to the accessory genome of a species and are horizontally acquired by transformation/recombination or through the transfer of mobile DNA elements. The two key, but mechanistically very different, induction mechanisms are: ribosome-sensed induction, characteristic of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B antibiotics and tetracycline resistance, leading to ribosomal modifications or efflux pump activation; and resistance by cell surface-associated sensing of β-lactams (e.g., oxacillin), glycopeptides (e.g., vancomycin) and the polypeptide bacitracin, leading to drug inactivation or resistance due to cell wall alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Chancey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Sadaka A, Durand ML, Gilmore MS. Bacterial endophthalmitis in the age of outpatient intravitreal therapies and cataract surgeries: host-microbe interactions in intraocular infection. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:316-31. [PMID: 22521570 PMCID: PMC3361607 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial endophthalmitis is a sight threatening infection of the interior structures of the eye. Incidence in the US has increased in recent years, which appears to be related to procedures being performed on an aging population. The advent of outpatient intravitreal therapy for management of age-related macular degeneration raises yet additional risks. Compounding the problem is the continuing progression of antibiotic resistance. Visual prognosis for endophthalmitis depends on the virulence of the causative organism, the severity of intraocular inflammation, and the timeliness of effective therapy. We review the current understanding of the pathogenesis of bacterial endophthalmitis, highlighting opportunities for the development of improved therapeutics and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ama Sadaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Detection of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type XI carrying highly divergent mecA, mecI, mecR1, blaZ, and ccr genes in human clinical isolates of clonal complex 130 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3765-73. [PMID: 21636525 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00187-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin resistance in staphylococci is mediated by penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP 2a), encoded by mecA on mobile staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements. In this study, two clonal complex 130 (CC130) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from patients in Irish hospitals were identified that were phenotypically PBP 2a positive but lacked mecA by conventional PCR and by DNA microarray screening. The isolates were identified as methicillin-susceptible S. aureus using the GeneXpert real-time PCR assay. Whole-genome sequencing of one isolate (M10/0061) revealed a 30-kb SCCmec element encoding a class E mec complex with highly divergent blaZ-mecA-mecR1-mecI, a type 8 cassette chromosome recombinase (ccr) complex consisting of ccrA1-ccrB3, an arsenic resistance operon, and flanking direct repeats (DRs). The SCCmec element was almost identical to that of SCCmec type XI (SCCmec XI) identified by the Sanger Institute in sequence type 425 bovine MRSA strain LGA251 listed on the website of the International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements. The open reading frames (ORFs) identified within SCCmec XI of M10/0061 exhibited 21 to 93% amino acid identity to ORFs in GenBank. A third DR was identified ca. 3 kb downstream of SCCmec XI, indicating the presence of a possible SCC remnant. SCCmec XI was also identified in the second CC130 MRSA isolate by PCR and sequencing. The CC130 MRSA isolates may be of animal origin as previously reported CC130 S. aureus strains were predominantly from bovine sources. The highly divergent nature of SCCmec XI relative to other SCCmec elements indicates that it may have originated in another taxon.
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Urushibara N, Paul SK, Hossain MA, Kawaguchiya M, Kobayashi N. Analysis of Staphylococcal Cassette ChromosomemecinStaphylococcus haemolyticusandStaphylococcus sciuri: Identification of a NovelccrGene Complex with a Newly IdentifiedccrAAllotype (ccrA7). Microb Drug Resist 2011; 17:291-7. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2010.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Urushibara
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shyamal Kumar Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Smyth DS, Wong A, Robinson DA. Cross-species spread of SCCmec IV subtypes in staphylococci. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 11:446-53. [PMID: 21172458 PMCID: PMC3046341 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) is a mobile genetic element that carries resistance genes for beta-lactam antibiotics. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, such as S. epidermidis, are thought to be a reservoir of diverse SCCmec elements that can spread to the most virulent staphylococcal species, S. aureus, but very little is known about the extent of cross-species spread of these elements in natural populations or their dynamics in different species. We addressed these questions using a sample of 86 S. aureus and S. epidermidis isolates with SCCmec type IV that were collected from a single hospital over a period of 6 months. To subtype SCCmec IV, we used multiplex PCR to detect structural variations and we used sequences from a fragment of the ccrB gene and from the dru repeats to detect additional variations. Multiplex PCR had significantly lower typeability than ccrB:dru sequencing, due to more nontypeable isolates among S. epidermidis. No statistically significant differences in diversity were detected by subtyping method or species. Interestingly, while only 4 of 24 subtypes (17%) were shared between species, these so-called shared subtypes represented 58 of 86 isolates (67%). The shared subtypes differed significantly between species in their frequencies. The shared subtypes were also significantly more concordant with genetic backgrounds in S. aureus than in S. epidermidis. Moreover, the shared subtypes had significantly higher minimum inhibitory concentrations to oxacillin in S. aureus than in S. epidermidis. This study has identified particular SCCmec IV subtypes with an important role in spreading beta-lactam resistance between species, and has further revealed some species differences in their abundance, linkage to genetic background, and antibiotic resistance level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davida S. Smyth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Agnes Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - D. Ashley Robinson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Fessler AT, Billerbeck C, Kadlec K, Schwarz S. Identification and characterization of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1576-82. [PMID: 20525989 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study focused on the correlation between geno- and phenotypic tests in the correct assessment of mecA-mediated methicillin resistance among coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and the further characterization of mecA-positive isolates. METHODS A total of 121 CoNS from cases of bovine mastitis were investigated for oxacillin susceptibility by disc diffusion and broth microdilution. Isolates classified as methicillin resistant by either method were tested by PCR for the mecA gene and the SCCmec type. The cefoxitin disc test was also applied. PFGE served to determine the genetic relationships of the resistant isolates. RESULTS Sixteen isolates were classified as methicillin resistant and 96 isolates as methicillin susceptible by both methods. The mecA gene was identified in 15 of the 16 resistant isolates. Nine mecA-negative isolates showed oxacillin MICs of 0.5 or 1 mg/L, oxacillin zone sizes of 18-23 mm and were classified as methicillin susceptible in the cefoxitin disc test. SCCmec cassettes of types V (five Staphylococcus haemolyticus), III (one Staphylococcus saprophyticus), IV (five Staphylococcus epidermidis, one Staphylococcus capitis) and IV with an additional ccrA4/B4 gene (two S. epidermidis) were seen, while one S. epidermidis carried a non-typeable SCCmec element (mec complex B + no ccr gene complex detected). All isolates with SCCmec type IV or non-typeable cassettes exhibited low oxacillin MICs of 1-4 mg/L, whereas isolates with type III or V cassettes had MICs of >or=16 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS CoNS with oxacillin MICs of 0.5 and 1 mg/L should be confirmed for the presence of mecA before reporting them as methicillin resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Fessler
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
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