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Hu Q, Zhang L, Yang R, Tang J, Dong G. Quaternary ammonium biocides promote conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance gene in structure- and species-dependent manner. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 189:108812. [PMID: 38878503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
The linkage between biocides and antibiotic resistance has been widely suggested in laboratories and various environments. However, the action mechanism of biocides on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) spread is still unclear. Thus, 6 quaternary ammonium biocides (QACs) with different bonded substituents or alkyl chain lengths were selected to assess their effects on the conjugation transfer of ARGs in this study. Two conjugation models with the same donor (E. coli DH5α (RP4)) into two receptors, E. coli MG1655 and pathogenic S. sonnei SE6-1, were constructed. All QACs were found to significantly promote intra- and inter-genus conjugative transfer of ARGs, and the frequency was highly impacted by their structure and receptors. At the same environmental exposure level (4 × 10-1 mg/L), didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC (C10)) promoted the most frequency of conjugative transfer, while benzathine chloride (BEC) promoted the least. With the same donor, the enhanced frequency of QACs of intra-transfer is higher than inter-transfer. Then, the acquisition mechanisms of two receptors were further determined using biochemical combined with transcriptome analysis. For the recipient E. coli, the promotion of the intragenus conjugative transfer may be associated with increased cell membrane permeability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and proton motive force (PMF)-induced enhancement of flagellar motility. Whereas, the increase of cell membrane permeability and decreased flagellar motility due to PMF disruption but encouraged biofilm formation, maybe the main reasons for promoting intergenus conjugative transfer in the recipient S. sonnei. As one pathogenic bacterium, S. sonnei was first found to acquire ARGs by biocide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jialin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Guoliang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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Chowdhury G, Ghosh D, Zhou Y, Deb AK, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S, Chakraborty S. Field evaluation of a simple and rapid diagnostic test, RLDT to detect Shigella and enterotoxigenic E. coli in Indian children. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8816. [PMID: 38627472 PMCID: PMC11021469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic assays currently used to detect Shigella spp. (Shigella) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are complex or elaborate which make them difficult to apply in resource poor settings where these diseases are endemic. The simple and rapid nucleic acid amplification-based assay "Rapid LAMP-based Diagnostic Test (RLDT)" was evaluated to detect Shigella spp (Shigella) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and determine the epidemiology of these pathogens in Kolkata, India. Stool samples (n = 405) from children under five years old with diarrhea seeking care at the hospitals were tested, and 85(21%) and 68(17%) by RLDT, 91(23%) and 58(14%) by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and 35(9%) and 15(4%) by culture, were positive for Shigella and ETEC, respectively. The RLDT showed almost perfect agreement with qPCR, Kappa 0.96 and 0.89; sensitivity 93% and 98%; specificity 100% and 97% for Shigella and ETEC, respectively. While RLDT detected additional 12% Shigella and 13% ETEC than culture, all culture positives for Shigella and ETEC except one each were also positive by the RLDT, sensitivity 97% and 93% respectively. RLDT is a simple, sensitive, and rapid assay that could be implemented with minimum training in the endemic regions to strengthen the disease surveillance system and rapid outbreak detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Debjani Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Yiyi Zhou
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alok K Deb
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India.
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Bose P, Chowdhury G, Halder G, Ghosh D, Deb AK, Kitahara K, Miyoshi SI, Morita M, Ramamurthy T, Dutta S, Mukhopadhyay AK. Prevalence and changing antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella spp. isolated from diarrheal patients in Kolkata during 2011-2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011964. [PMID: 38377151 PMCID: PMC10906866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, characteristics, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of various Shigella serogroups isolated from patients with acute diarrhea of the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kolkata from 2011-2019. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS During the study period, Shigella isolates were tested for their serogroups, antibiotic resistance pattern and virulence gene profiles. A total of 5.8% of Shigella spp. were isolated, among which S. flexneri (76.1%) was the highest, followed by S. sonnei (18.7%), S. boydii (3.4%), and S. dysenteriae (1.8%). Antimicrobial resistance against nalidixic acid was higher in almost all the Shigella isolates, while the resistance to β-lactamases, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol diverged. The occurrence of multidrug resistance was found to be linked with various genes encoding drug-resistance, multiple mutations in the topoisomerase genes, and mobile genetic elements. All the isolates were positive for the invasion plasmid antigen H gene (ipaH). Dendrogram analysis of the plasmid and pulsed-field electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles revealed 70-80% clonal similarity among each Shigella serotype. CONCLUSION This comprehensive long-term surveillance report highlights the clonal diversity of clinical Shigella strains circulating in Kolkata, India, and shows alarming resistance trends towards recommended antibiotics. The elucidation of this study's outcome is helpful not only in identifying emerging antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella spp. but also in developing treatment guidelines appropriate for this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Bose
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Gourab Halder
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Debjani Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Alok K. Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Kei Kitahara
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Miyoshi
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masatomo Morita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Yassine I, Rafei R, Pardos de la Gandara M, Osman M, Fabre L, Dabboussi F, Hamze M, Weill FX. Genomic analysis of Shigella isolates from Lebanon reveals marked genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance. Microb Genom 2023; 9:001157. [PMID: 38100171 PMCID: PMC10763507 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized 54 clinical isolates of Shigella collected in North Lebanon between 2009 and 2017 through phenotypic and genomic analyses. The most prevalent serogroup was S. sonnei, accounting for 46.3 % (25/54) of the isolates, followed by S. flexneri (27.8 %, 15/54), S. boydii (18.5 %, 10/54) and S. dysenteriae (7.4 %, 4/54). Only three isolates were pan-susceptible, and 87 % (47/54) of the isolates had multidrug resistance phenotypes. Notably, 27.8 % (15/54) of the isolates were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) and 77.8 % (42/54) were resistant to nalidixic acid. 3GC resistance was mediated by the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes bla CTX-M-15 and bla CTX-M-3, which were present on various plasmids. Quinolone resistance was conferred by single point mutations in the gyrA DNA gyrase gene, leading to GyrA S83L, GyrA D87Y or GyrA S83A amino acid substitutions. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to provide genomic insights into the serotypes of Shigella circulating in Lebanon and the various antimicrobial resistance determinants carried by these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Yassine
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
- Present address: Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Maria Pardos de la Gandara
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Marwan Osman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Laetitia Fabre
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
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Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Shigella Species in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111653. [PMID: 36421297 PMCID: PMC9687025 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is the second leading cause of diarrheal mortality among all age groups. However, the global emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Shigella strains, limiting the choice of effective drugs for shigellosis, has become the major challenge in the treatment of Shigella infections. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide an updated picture of the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Shigella species in Asia. A comprehensive and systematic search was performed on three electronic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus), in which 63 eligible studies published between 2010 and 2022 were identified. From our meta-analysis of proportions using a random-effects model, the overall prevalence of Shigella spp. in Asian patients was estimated to be 8.0% (95% CI: 5.5–10.5). The pooled prevalence rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Shigella strains were 68.7% (95% CI: 59.9–77.5) and 23.9% (95% CI: 12.9–34.8), respectively. Concerning recommended antimicrobial drugs for Shigella, the prevalence of resistance was highest for ciprofloxacin (29.8%) and azithromycin (29.2%), followed by ceftriaxone (23.8%), in spite of their importance as first- and second-line treatments for shigellosis. In contrast, resistance to carbapenems, such as ertapenem (0.0%), imipenem (0.1%) and meropenem (0.0%), was almost non-existent among the 49 tested antibiotics. The significantly high prevalence estimation suggests that the multidrug-resistant Shigella is a pressing threat to public health worthy of careful and justified interventions. Effective antibiotic treatment strategies, which may lead to better outcomes for the control and treatment of shigellosis in Asia, are essential.
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Kumar P, Meghvansi MK, Kamboj DV. Isolation, phenotypic characterization and comparative genomic analysis of 2019SD1, a polyvalent enterobacteria phage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22197. [PMID: 34772986 PMCID: PMC8590004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella has the remarkable capability to acquire antibiotic resistance rapidly thereby posing a significant public health challenge for the effective treatment of dysentery (Shigellosis). The phage therapy has been proven as an effective alternative strategy for controlling Shigella infections. In this study, we illustrate the isolation and detailed characterization of a polyvalent phage 2019SD1, which demonstrates lytic activity against Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Enterococcus saccharolyticus and Enterococcus faecium. The newly isolated phage 2019SD1 shows adsorption time < 6 min, a latent period of 20 min and burst size of 151 PFU per bacterial cell. 2019SD1 exhibits considerable stability in a wide pH range and survives an hour at 50 °C. Under transmission electron microscope, 2019SD1 shows an icosahedral capsid (60 nm dia) and a 140 nm long tail. Further, detailed bioinformatic analyses of whole genome sequence data obtained through Oxford Nanopore platform revealed that 2019SD1 belongs to genus Hanrivervirus of subfamily Tempevirinae under the family Drexlerviridae. The concatenated protein phylogeny of 2019SD1 with the members of Drexlerviridae taking four genes (DNA Primase, ATP Dependent DNA Helicase, Large Terminase Protein, and Portal Protein) using the maximum parsimony method also suggested that 2019SD1 formed a distinct clade with the closest match of the taxa belonging to the genus Hanrivervirus. The genome analysis data indicate the occurrence of putative tail fiber proteins and DNA methylation mechanism. In addition, 2019SD1 has a well-established anti-host defence system as suggested through identification of putative anti-CRISPR and anti-restriction endonuclease systems thereby also indicating its biocontrol potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474002, India
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474009, India
| | - Mukesh K Meghvansi
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474002, India
- Bioprocess Technology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474002, India
| | - D V Kamboj
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474002, India.
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India.
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7
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Padh H, Yagnik B, Sharma D, Desai P. EpiMix Based Novel Vaccine Candidate for Shigella: Evidence of Prophylactic Immunity in Balb/c Mice. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 27:1095-1110. [PMID: 33551691 PMCID: PMC7846920 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistant Shigella is one of the leading causes of mortality in children and infants. Availability of vaccine could prevent the Shigella infection and reduce the mortality. Conventional approaches of vaccine development against shigellosis have not resulted in desirable vaccine. As shigellosis may be caused by multiple strains and serotypes, there is a need to develop a multivalent vaccine, capable of providing protection against multiple Shigella strains. To develop broad spectrum vaccine, we had previously derived a pool of conserved epitopes against Shigella by using multiple immunoinformatic tools. In this study, the identified conserved epitopes derived from the Outer Membrane Proteins A and C of Shigella were chemically synthesized, and the EpiMix made up of 5 epitopes coupled to a carrier protein, ovalbumin was developed and validated for its immunogenicity. The intramuscular immunization with EpiMix in Balb/c mice led to increase in EpiMix specific serum IgG, and significant increase in fecal IgA as well as in IL-4, IL-2and IFN-γ levels. Further, the EpiMix immunized mice showed protection when challenged against S. flexneri ATCC 12022 using the intraperitoneal route. Moreover, the analysis of cytokine profile and IFN-γ/IL4 ratio in post Shigella challenge immunized mice suggested the high levels of IFN-γ levels and possible dominance of Th1 response, playing pivotal role in the elimination of Shigella. Collectively, the results demonstrate the immunogenic potential and protective efficacy of the EpiMix in the murine shigellosis model. However, the detailed study and further optimisation of epitopes would substantiate the prospective use of EpiMix as a prophylactic candidate for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Padh
- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Bhrugu Yagnik
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054 India
- BRD School of Bioscience, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Drashya Sharma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054 India
- BRD School of Bioscience, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Priti Desai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054 India
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research (IAR), Institutional Area, Koba, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426 India
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Shahin K, Bouzari M, Komijani M, Wang R. A New Phage Cocktail Against Multidrug, ESBL-Producer Isolates of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri with Highly Efficient Bacteriolytic Activity. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:831-841. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Shahin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Majid Bouzari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Komijani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
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9
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El-Kazzaz SS, Mashaly GES, S. Zeid M. Multidrug Resistant <i>Shigella</i> Associated with Class 1 Integrase and Other Virulence Genes as a Cause of Diarrhea in Pediatric Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmm.2020.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Parajuli P, Rajput MI, Verma NK. Plasmids of Shigella flexneri serotype 1c strain Y394 provide advantages to bacteria in the host. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:86. [PMID: 31035948 PMCID: PMC6489325 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shigella flexneri has an extremely complex genome with a significant number of virulence traits acquired by mobile genetic elements including bacteriophages and plasmids. S. flexneri serotype 1c is an emerging etiological agent of bacillary dysentery in developing countries. In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of two plasmids of S. flexneri serotype 1c strain Y394 was determined and analysed. Results The plasmid pINV-Y394 is an invasive or virulence plasmid of size 221,293 bp composed of a large number of insertion sequences (IS), virulence genes, regulatory and maintenance genes. Three hundred and twenty-eight open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in pINV-Y394, of which about a half (159 ORFs) were identified as IS elements. Ninety-seven ORFs were related to characterized genes (majority of which are associated with virulence and their regulons), and 72 ORFs were uncharacterized or hypothetical genes. The second plasmid pNV-Y394 is of size 10,866 bp and encodes genes conferring resistance against multiple antibiotics of clinical importance. The multidrug resistance gene cassette consists of tetracycline resistance gene tetA, streptomycin resistance gene strA-strB and sulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthase gene sul2. Conclusions These two plasmids together play a key role in the fitness of Y394 in the host environment. The findings from this study indicate that the pathogenic S. flexneri is a highly niche adaptive pathogen which is able to co-evolve with its host and respond to the selection pressure in its environment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1455-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Parajuli
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Munazza I Rajput
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Naresh K Verma
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Evaluating Shigella flexneri Pathogenesis in the Human Enteroid Model. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00740-18. [PMID: 30642900 PMCID: PMC6434113 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00740-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric pathogen Shigella is one of the leading causes of moderate-to-severe diarrhea and death in young children in developing countries. Transformed cell lines and animal models have been widely used to study Shigella pathogenesis. The enteric pathogen Shigella is one of the leading causes of moderate-to-severe diarrhea and death in young children in developing countries. Transformed cell lines and animal models have been widely used to study Shigella pathogenesis. In addition to altered physiology, transformed cell lines are composed of a single cell type that does not sufficiently represent the complex multicellular environment of the human colon. Most available animal models do not accurately mimic human disease. The human intestinal enteroid model, derived from LGR5+ stem cell-containing intestinal crypts from healthy subjects, represents a technological leap in human gastrointestinal system modeling and provides a more physiologically relevant system that includes multiple cell types and features of the human intestine. We established the utility of this model for studying basic aspects of Shigella pathogenesis and host responses. In this study, we show that Shigellaflexneri is capable of infecting and replicating intracellularly in human enteroids derived from different segments of the intestine. Apical invasion by S. flexneri is very limited but increases ∼10-fold when enteroids are differentiated to include M cells. Invasion via the basolateral surface was at least 2-log10 units more efficient than apical infection. Increased secretion of interleukin-8 and higher expression levels of the mucin glycoprotein Muc2 were observed in the enteroids following S. flexneri infection. The human enteroid model promises to bridge some of the gaps between traditional cell culture, animal models, and human infection.
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12
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Terry LM, Barker CR, Day MR, Greig DR, Dallman TJ, Jenkins C. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella dysenteriae isolated from travellers returning to the UK, 2004-2017. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1022-1030. [PMID: 29957175 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of 754 strains of Shigella dysenteriae isolated between 2004 and 2017 from UK travellers reporting symptoms of gastrointestinal (GI) disease were reviewed to look for evidence of emerging AMR associated with travellers' diarrhoea. METHODOLOGY A travel history was provided for 72.7 % (548/754) of cases, of which 90.9 % (498/548) reported travel outside the UK within 7 days of onset of symptoms, and 9.1 % (50/498) reported no travel in that time frame. During the course of this study, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was implemented for GI disease surveillance, and we compared phenotypic AMR profiles with those derived from WGS data (n=133).Results/Key findings. The phenotypic and genotypic AMR results correlated well, with 90.1 % (121/133) isolates having concordant results to 10 classes of antimicrobials. Resistance to the first-line drugs commonly used in the treatment of shigellosis was observed throughout the study (ampicillin, 54.1%; chloramphenicol, 33.7 %; sulphonamides, 76.0 %; trimethoprim, 80.0%). Between 2004 and 2017, resistance to all classes of antimicrobials (except the phenicols) increased. The proportion of isolates exhibiting reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin increased from 3.8 % in 2004 to 75.7 % in 2017, and this was significantly associated with cases reporting travel to Asia compared to Africa (P<0.001). Of the 201 sequenced isolates, 3.0 % (20/201) had either blaCTX-M-15 or blaCMY-4. CONCLUSIONS Increasing MDR, along with resistance to the fluroquinolones and the third generation cephalosporins, in Shigella dysenteriae causing travellers' diarrhoea provides further evidence for the need to regulatethe use of antimicrobial agents and continuous monitoring of emerging AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Terry
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Clare R Barker
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Martin R Day
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - David R Greig
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Timothy J Dallman
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
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Chung The H, Baker S. Out of Asia: the independent rise and global spread of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella. Microb Genom 2018; 4. [PMID: 29595412 PMCID: PMC5989582 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella are ranked among the most prevalent aetiologies of diarrhoeal disease worldwide, disproportionately affecting young children in developing countries and high-risk communities in developed settings. Antimicrobial treatment, most commonly with fluoroquinolones, is currently recommended for Shigella infections to alleviate symptoms and control disease transmission. Resistance to fluoroquinolones has emerged in differing Shigella species (S. dysenteriae, flexneri and sonnei) since the turn of the 21st century, originating in endemic areas, and latterly spreading into non-endemic regions. Despite occurring independently, the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in these different Shigella species shares striking similarities regarding their epidemiology and resistance mechanisms. Here, we review and discuss the current epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella species, particularly in the light of recent genomic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- Enteric Infections, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Enteric Infections, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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14
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Rajpara N, Nair M, Chowdhury G, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ramamurthy T, Niyogi SK, Bhardwaj AK. Molecular analysis of multidrug resistance in clinical isolates of Shigella spp. from 2001-2010 in Kolkata, India: role of integrons, plasmids, and topoisomerase mutations. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:87-102. [PMID: 29391815 PMCID: PMC5769595 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s148726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the genetic basis of high drug resistance in Shigella, 95 clinical isolates of Shigella spp. (2001-2010) were obtained from the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kolkata, India. Ninety-three isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotics. Resistance to nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, streptomycin, and co-trimoxazole was most common in this population. Dendrogram analysis showed that S. sonnei strains were more clonally related when compared to the other Shigella species. The role of mobile genetic elements and chromosome-borne resistance factors was analyzed in detail. Integron analysis indicated the preponderance of class 2 and atypical class 1 integrons in that population. Typical class 1 integron was present in only one S. sonnei isolate and harbored trimethoprim resistance-encoding gene dfrV, while atypical class 1 integrons harbored dfrA1-aadA or blaOXA-aadA gene cassettes responsible for resistance to trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, and β-lactams. Class 2 integrons harbored either dfrA1-sat-aadA or dfrA1-sat gene cassettes. Most importantly, a novel gene cassette array InsE-InsO-dfrA1-sat was found in class 2 integron of S. sonnei NK4846. Many of the resistance traits for antibiotics such as trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole, kanamycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline were transferred from parent Shigella isolates to recipient Escherichia coli during conjugation, establishing the role of plasmids in horizontal transfer of resistance genes. Multiple mutations such as S80→I, S83→L, and D87→G/N/Y in quinolone resistance determining regions of topoisomerases from the representative quinolone-resistant isolates could explain the spectrum of minimal inhibitory concentration values for various quinolones. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report that describes the contribution of mobile (plasmids, integrons, and quinolone resistance genes named qnr) and innate genetic elements (mutations in topoisomerases) in determining the resistance phenotype of all the four species of Shigella over a span of ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rajpara
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar.,Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayaji Rao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat
| | - Mrinalini Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayaji Rao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata
| | - Asish K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Swapan Kumar Niyogi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata
| | - Ashima Kushwaha Bhardwaj
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar
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15
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16
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Parajuli P, Adamski M, Verma NK. Bacteriophages are the major drivers of Shigella flexneri serotype 1c genome plasticity: a complete genome analysis. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:722. [PMID: 28899344 PMCID: PMC5596473 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella flexneri is the primary cause of bacillary dysentery in the developing countries. S. flexneri serotype 1c is a novel serotype, which is found to be endemic in many developing countries, but little is known about its genomic architecture and virulence signatures. We have sequenced for the first time, the complete genome of S. flexneri serotype 1c strain Y394, to provide insights into its diversity and evolution. RESULTS We generated a high-quality reference genome of S. flexneri serotype 1c using the hybrid methods of long-read single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology and short-read MiSeq (Illumina) sequencing technology. The Y394 chromosome is 4.58 Mb in size and shares the basic genomic features with other S. flexneri complete genomes. However, it possesses unique and highly modified O-antigen structure comprising of three distinct O-antigen modifying gene clusters that potentially came from three different bacteriophages. It also possesses a large number of hypothetical unique genes compared to other S. flexneri genomes. CONCLUSIONS Despite a high level of structural and functional similarities of Y394 genome with other S. flexneri genomes, there are marked differences in the pathogenic islands. The diversity in the pathogenic islands suggests that these bacterial pathogens are well adapted to respond to the selection pressures during their evolution, which might contribute to the differences in their virulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Parajuli
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Marcin Adamski
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Naresh K Verma
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia.
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Anandan S, Muthuirulandi Sethuvel DP, Gajendiren R, Verghese VP, Walia K, Veeraraghavan B. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in clinical Shigella isolates during 2014 and 2015: trends in South India. Germs 2017; 7:115-122. [PMID: 28932711 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2017.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella species are an important cause of acute diarrheal disease worldwide. This study describes the prevalence of Shigella spp. serotypes and their resistance profile in Vellore, South India from 2014 to 2015. METHODS From 2014 to 2015, 338 Shigella strains were isolated from stool samples at Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. Identification and serotyping was carried out using standard protocols. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done against commonly used antibiotics. Multidrug resistance was detected in 157 isolates. A subset of 73 isolates was randomly characterized further for acquired antimicrobial resistance genes in this study. RESULTS The resistance profile of the study isolates varied by species and year. S. sonnei isolates were 100% resistant to all tested antibiotics in 2014, whereas in 2015, resistance was found for AMP-NAL-TAX-SXT-FIX. The resistance phenotypes among S. flexneri isolates for the year 2014 and 2015 were AMP-SXT-NAL-NOR-FIX-TAX and AMP-NAL-SXT-TAX-NOR-FIX respectively. Screening for antimicrobial resistance genes in S. flexneri found dhfr1A, sulII, blaOXA, blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1,qnrB, qnrS and AmpC genes while S. sonnei were found to have only dhfr1A, sulII, blaCTX-M-1 and qnrS genes respectively. Antimicrobial resistance genes were predominantly seen in AMP-SXT-NAL and AMP-SXT-NAL-NOR resistance phenotypes. CONCLUSION Shigella prevalence of 4.8% to 4.6% was documented between the years 2014 to 2015 in this study. We show evidence that resistance to commonly used antibiotics continues to increase among Shigella spp. in South India. The presence of qnrS and blaCTX-M-15 in the study isolates further indicates the threat of spreading resistance to quinolones and third-generation cephalosporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Anandan
- MD, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Asha building, Christian Medical College, Ida scudder road, Vellore, 632004, India
| | | | - Revathi Gajendiren
- MSc, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Asha building, Christian Medical College, Ida scudder road, Vellore, 632004, India
| | - Valsan Philip Verghese
- MD, Department of Child Health, ISSCC building, Christian Medical College, Ida scudder road, Vellore, 632004, India
| | - Kamini Walia
- PhD, Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Balaji Veeraraghavan
- PhD, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Asha building, Christian Medical College, Ida scudder road, Vellore, 632004, India
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Shigellosis Caused by CTX-M Type ESBL Producing Shigella flexneri in Two Siblings of Rural Nepal: First Case Report from the Country. Case Rep Infect Dis 2017; 2017:1862320. [PMID: 28321350 PMCID: PMC5339539 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1862320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is an acute infectious disease characterized as severe bloody diarrhea (dysentery) and is accountable for a significant burden of morbidity and mortality especially in children under the age of 5 years. Antimicrobial therapy is required in the cases of severe dysentery associated with Shigella. However, emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Shigella spp. over the last two decades has restricted the use of common therapeutic antimicrobials. In MDR strains, the third-generation cephalosporins have been used for the treatment, but, unfortunately, emerging reports of enzyme mediated β-lactam resistance among Shigella isolates from various parts of the world have greatly compromised the therapy of pediatric dysentery. In Nepal, drug resistant strains of Shigella spp. have been reported, but MDR and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains were previously unknown. Here, we report two Shigella flexneri isolates harboring ESBL genotype-CTX-M associated with acute dysentery in two siblings which were presented and treated in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Muthuirulandi Sethuvel DP, Devanga Ragupathi NK, Anandan S, Veeraraghavan B. Update on: Shigella new serogroups/serotypes and their antimicrobial resistance. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 64:8-18. [PMID: 27783408 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Shigellosis represents a major burden of disease in developing countries. A low infectious dose allows the disease to be spread effectively. Although shigellosis is mostly a self-limiting disease, antibiotics are recommended to reduce deaths, disease symptoms and organism-shedding time. However, in India, antimicrobial resistance among the genus Shigella is more common than among any other enteric bacteria. Notably, new serotypes or subserotypes in Shigella are reported from various parts of the world. Identification of new subserotypes of Shigella spp. is becoming a major issue as these strains are nontypeable by conventional serotyping. The commercially available antisera may not cover all possible epitopes of the O lipopolysaccharide antigen of Shigella serotypes. Therefore, molecular methods which most closely approach the resolution of full serotyping are necessary to identify such strains. In addition, the knowledge of a prevalent serotype in various geographic regions may assist in formulating strategies such as the development of a vaccine to prevent infection especially when the immunity to disease is serotype specific, and to understand the disease burden caused by new Shigella serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S Anandan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - B Veeraraghavan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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20
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Chung The H, Rabaa MA, Pham Thanh D, De Lappe N, Cormican M, Valcanis M, Howden BP, Wangchuk S, Bodhidatta L, Mason CJ, Nguyen Thi Nguyen T, Vu Thuy D, Thompson CN, Phu Huong Lan N, Voong Vinh P, Ha Thanh T, Turner P, Sar P, Thwaites G, Thomson NR, Holt KE, Baker S. South Asia as a Reservoir for the Global Spread of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Shigella sonnei: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1002055. [PMID: 27483136 PMCID: PMC4970813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is a major issue in the Shigellae, particularly as a specific multidrug-resistant (MDR) lineage of Shigella sonnei (lineage III) is becoming globally dominant. Ciprofloxacin is a recommended treatment for Shigella infections. However, ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei are being increasingly isolated in Asia and sporadically reported on other continents. We hypothesized that Asia is a primary hub for the recent international spread of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed whole-genome sequencing on a collection of 60 contemporaneous ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei isolated in four countries within Asia (Vietnam, n = 11; Bhutan, n = 12; Thailand, n = 1; Cambodia, n = 1) and two outside of Asia (Australia, n = 19; Ireland, n = 16). We reconstructed the recent evolutionary history of these organisms and combined these data with their geographical location of isolation. Placing these sequences into a global phylogeny, we found that all ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei formed a single clade within a Central Asian expansion of lineage III. Furthermore, our data show that resistance to ciprofloxacin within S. sonnei may be globally attributed to a single clonal emergence event, encompassing sequential gyrA-S83L, parC-S80I, and gyrA-D87G mutations. Geographical data predict that South Asia is the likely primary source of these organisms, which are being regularly exported across Asia and intercontinentally into Australia, the United States and Europe. Our analysis was limited by the number of S. sonnei sequences available from diverse geographical areas and time periods, and we cannot discount the potential existence of other unsampled reservoir populations of antimicrobial-resistant S. sonnei. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a single clone, which is widespread in South Asia, is likely driving the current intercontinental surge of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei and is capable of establishing endemic transmission in new locations. Despite being limited in geographical scope, our work has major implications for understanding the international transfer of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, with S. sonnei acting as a tractable model for studying how antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacteria spread globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia A. Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Niall De Lappe
- National Salmonella, Shigella, and Listeria monocytogenes Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Cormican
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin P. Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J. Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - To Nguyen Thi Nguyen
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duong Vu Thuy
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Corinne N. Thompson
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Phu Huong Lan
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Ha Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Paul Turner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Poda Sar
- Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Guy Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Lane CR, Sutton B, Valcanis M, Kirk M, Walker C, Lalor K, Stephens N. Travel Destinations and Sexual Behavior as Indicators of Antibiotic Resistant Shigella Strains--Victoria, Australia. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 62:722-729. [PMID: 26679624 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of relationships between antibiotic susceptibility of Shigella isolates and travel destination or other risk factors can assist clinicians in determining appropriate antibiotic therapy prior to susceptibility testing. We describe relationships between resistance patterns and risk factors for acquisition in Shigella isolates using routinely collected data for notified cases of shigellosis between 2008 and 2012 in Victoria, Australia. METHODS We included all shigellosis patients notified during the study period, where Shigella isolates were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints. Cases were interviewed to collect data on risk factors, including recent travel. Data were analyzed using Stata 13.1 to examine associations between risk factors and resistant strains. RESULTS Of the 500 cases of shigellosis, 249 were associated with overseas travel and 210 were locally acquired. Forty-six of 51 isolates of Indian origin displayed decreased susceptibility or resistance to ciprofloxacin. All isolates of Indonesian origin were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Twenty-six travel-related isolates were resistant to all tested oral antimicrobials. Male-to-male sexual contact was the primary risk factor for 80% (120/150) of locally acquired infections among adult males, characterized by distinct periodic Shigella sonnei outbreaks. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should consider travel destination as a marker for resistance to common antimicrobials in returning travelers, where severe disease requires empirical treatment prior to receipt of individual sensitivity testing results. Repeated outbreaks of locally acquired shigellosis among men who have sex with men highlight the importance of prevention and control measures in this high-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Lane
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brett Sutton
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martyn Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra
| | - Cathryn Walker
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne
| | - Karin Lalor
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne
| | - Nicola Stephens
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne
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Acharyya S, Sarkar P, Saha DR, Patra A, Ramamurthy T, Bag PK. Intracellular and membrane-damaging activities of methyl gallate isolated from Terminalia chebula against multidrug-resistant Shigella spp. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:901-909. [PMID: 26272388 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. (Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei) cause bacillary dysentery (shigellosis), which is characterized by bloody mucous diarrhoea. Although a variety of antibiotics have been effective for treatment of shigellosis, options are becoming limited due to globally emerging drug resistance. In the present study, in vitro antibacterial activity of methyl gallate (MG) isolated from Terminalia chebula was determined by performing MIC, minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill kinetic studies. Bacterial membrane-damaging activity of MG was determined by membrane perturbation and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cellular drug accumulation, cell infection and assessment of intracellular activities of MG and reference antibiotics were performed using HeLa cell cultures. The bactericidal activity of MG against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Shigella spp. in comparison with other commonly used drugs including fluoroquinolone was demonstrated here. TEM findings in the present study revealed that MG caused the total disintegration of inner and outer membranes, and leakage of the cytoplasmic contents of S. dysenteriae. The level of accumulation of MG and tetracycline in HeLa cells incubated for 24 h was relatively higher than that of ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (ratio of intracellular concentration/extracellular concentration of antibiotic for MG and tetracycline>ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid). The viable number of intracellular S. dysenteriae was decreased in a time-dependent manner in the presence of MG (4 × MBC) and reduced to zero within 20 h. The significant intracellular activities of MG suggested that it could potentially be used as an effective antibacterial agent for the treatment of severe infections caused by MDR Shigella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Acharyya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge, Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Prodipta Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge, Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Dhira R Saha
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Amarendra Patra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - T Ramamurthy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Prasanta K Bag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge, Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
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González-Torralba A, García-Esteban C, Alós JI. Enteropathogens and antibiotics. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2015; 36:47-54. [PMID: 26277207 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Infectious gastroenteritis remains a public health problem. The most severe cases are of bacterial origin. In Spain, Campylobacter and Salmonella are the most prevalent bacterial genus, while Yersinia and Shigella are much less frequent. Most cases are usually self-limiting and antibiotic therapy is not generally indicated, unless patients have risk factors for severe infection and shigellosis. Ciprofloxacin, third generation cephalosporins, azithromycin, ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and doxycycline are the most recommended drugs. The susceptibility pattern of the different bacteria determines the choice of the most appropriate treatment. The aim of this review is to analyse the current situation, developments, and evolution of resistance and multidrug resistance in these 4 enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana González-Torralba
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, España; Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, España
| | - Coral García-Esteban
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, España
| | - Juan-Ignacio Alós
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, España; Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, España.
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Zhu W, Li Z, Liu X, Yan X, Deng L. Determination ofShigella flexneriby a Novel Fluorescent Aptasensor. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1052974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nag D, Sinha R, Mitra S, Barman S, Takeda Y, Shinoda S, Chakrabarti MK, Koley H. Heat killed multi-serotype Shigella immunogens induced humoral immunity and protection against heterologous challenge in rabbit model. Immunobiology 2015. [PMID: 26210044 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently we have shown the homologous protective efficacy of heat killed multi-serotype Shigella (HKMS) immunogens in a guinea pig colitis model. In our present study, we have advanced our research by immunizing rabbits with a reduced number of oral doses and evaluating the host's adaptive immune responses. The duration of immunogenicity and subsequently protective efficacy was determined against wild type heterologous Shigella strains in a rabbit luminal model. After three successive oral immunizations with HKMS immunogens, serum and lymphocyte supernatant antibody titer against the heterologous shigellae were reciprocally increased and remained at an elevated level up to 180 days. Serogroup and serotype specific O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide and immunogenic proteins of heterologous challenge strains were detected by immunoblot assay. Up-regulation of IL-12p35, IFN-γ and IL-10 mRNA expression was detected in immunized rabbit peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after stimulation with HKMS in vitro. HKMS-specific plasma cell response was confirmed by production of a relatively higher level of HKMS-specific IgG in immunized PBMC supernatant compared to control group. Furthermore, the immunized groups of rabbits exhibited complete protection against wild type heterologous shigellae challenge. Thus HKMS immunogens induced humoral and Th1-mediated adaptive immunity and provided complete protection in a rabbit model. These immunogens could be a broad spectrum non-living vaccine candidate for human use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrubajyoti Nag
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ritam Sinha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Soma Mitra
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Soumik Barman
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Yoshifumi Takeda
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sumio Shinoda
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - M K Chakrabarti
- Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
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The Rising Dominance of Shigella sonnei: An Intercontinental Shift in the Etiology of Bacillary Dysentery. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003708. [PMID: 26068698 PMCID: PMC4466244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is the major global cause of dysentery. Shigella sonnei, which has historically been more commonly isolated in developed countries, is undergoing an unprecedented expansion across industrializing regions in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. The precise reasons underpinning the epidemiological distribution of the various Shigella species and this global surge in S. sonnei are unclear but may be due to three major environmental pressures. First, natural passive immunization with the bacterium Plesiomonas shigelloides is hypothesized to protect populations with poor water supplies against S. sonnei. Improving the quality of drinking water supplies would, therefore, result in a reduction in P. shigelloides exposure and a subsequent reduction in environmental immunization against S. sonnei. Secondly, the ubiquitous amoeba species Acanthamoeba castellanii has been shown to phagocytize S. sonnei efficiently and symbiotically, thus allowing the bacteria access to a protected niche in which to withstand chlorination and other harsh environmental conditions in temperate countries. Finally, S. sonnei has emerged from Europe and begun to spread globally only relatively recently. A strong selective pressure from localized antimicrobial use additionally appears to have had a dramatic impact on the evolution of the S. sonnei population. We hypothesize that S. sonnei, which exhibits an exceptional ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance genes from commensal and pathogenic bacteria, has a competitive advantage over S. flexneri, particularly in areas with poorly regulated antimicrobial use. Continuing improvement in the quality of global drinking water supplies alongside the rapid development of antimicrobial resistance predicts the burden and international distribution of S. sonnei will only continue to grow. An effective vaccine against S. sonnei is overdue and may become one of our only weapons against this increasingly dominant and problematic gastrointestinal pathogen.
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Abstract
Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia cause a well-characterized spectrum of disease in humans, ranging from asymptomatic carriage to hemorrhagic colitis and fatal typhoidal fever. These pathogens are responsible for millions of cases of food-borne illness in the United States each year, with substantial costs measured in hospitalizations and lost productivity. In the developing world, illness caused by these pathogens is not only more prevalent but also associated with a greater case-fatality rate. Classic methods for identification rely on selective media and serology, but newer methods based on mass spectrometry and polymerase chain reaction show great promise for routine clinical testing.
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Activity spectrum of colicins produced by Shigella sonnei and genetic mechanism of colicin resistance in conspecific S. sonnei strains and Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:152-8. [PMID: 25331695 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04122-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Colicin-mediated killing is an example of allelopathy, which has been found among several bacteria. Screening of 42 strains of Shigella sonnei isolated from diarrheal patients revealed that 39 (93%) S. sonnei strains were positive for colicin production against Escherichia coli DH5α. In the PCR-based detection of the colicin types, 36 (92.3%) were identified as E3, 2 (5.1%) as E3 and E8, and 1 (2.6%) as E3 and E2. Representative S. sonnei strains producing heterologous colicins exhibited antagonism against diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) groups. Although it is known that mutation in the colicin receptor renders the host resistant to colicin, there is a dearth of information on the genetic characterization of such mutants. In the fluctuation test, colicin-resistant E. coli mutants were found to occur spontaneously at the rates of 2.51 × 10(-8) and 5.52 × 10(-8) per generation when exposed to colicins E3 and E8 and colicins E3 and E2, respectively. Genotypic characterization of colicin-resistant E. coli (EC(Cr)) and S. sonnei (SS(Cr)) strains displayed mutations in the btuB gene, which encodes the receptor for vitamin B12 uptake. This gene was interrupted by various insertion sequences, such as IS1, IS2, and IS911. Complementation of EC(Cr) and SS(Cr) with plasmid-borne btuB (pbtuB) accomplished restoration of the colicin-susceptible phenotype. The vitamin B12 uptake assay gave an insight into the physiological relevance of the btuB mutation. Our studies provide insights into the latent influence of S. sonnei colicins in governing the existence of some of the shigellae and all of the DEC and the genetic mechanism underlying the emergence of resistance.
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Ghosh S, Pazhani GP, Niyogi SK, Nataro JP, Ramamurthy T. Genetic characterization of Shigella spp. isolated from diarrhoeal and asymptomatic children. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:903-910. [PMID: 24790083 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.070912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Shigella spp. isolated from diarrhoeal and asymptomatic children aged up to 5 years were analysed in this study. In total, 91 and 17 isolates were identified from diarrhoeal (case) and asymptomatic (control) children, respectively. All the isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance, the presence of integrons, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), virulence-associated genes and Shigella pathogenicity island (SH-PAI). The majority of the Shigella spp. from cases (68.1%) and controls (82.3%) were found to be resistant to fluoroquinolones. Integron carriage was detected more in cases (76.9%) than in controls (35.5%). Atypical class 1 integron was detected exclusively in Shigella flexneri from cases but not from the controls. PMQR genes such as aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrS1 were detected in 82.4 and 14.3% of the isolates from cases and in 53 and 17.6% in controls, respectively. Shigella isolates from cases as well as from controls were positive for the invasive plasmid antigen H-encoding gene ipaH. The other virulence genes such as virF, sat, setA, setB, sen and ial were detected in Shigella isolates in 80.2, 49.4, 27.4, 27.4, 80.2 and 79.1% of cases and in 64.7, 52.9, 17.6, 17.6, 64.7 and 64.7% of controls, respectively. The entire SH-PAI was detected in S. flexneri serotype 2a from cases and controls. In an isolate from a control child, the SH-PAI was truncated. Integrons, PMQR and virulence-encoding genes were detected more frequently in cases than in controls. In diarrhoea endemic areas, asymptomatic carriers may play a crucial role in the transmission of multidrug-resistant Shigella spp. with all the putative virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Gururaja P Pazhani
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Swapan Kumar Niyogi
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - James P Nataro
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Ruekit S, Wangchuk S, Dorji T, Tshering KP, Pootong P, Nobthai P, Serichantalergs O, Poramathikul K, Bodhidatta L, Mason CJ. Molecular characterization and PCR-based replicon typing of multidrug resistant Shigella sonnei isolates from an outbreak in Thimphu, Bhutan. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:95. [PMID: 24555739 PMCID: PMC3936901 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shigella species are an important cause of diarrhea in developing countries. These bacteria normally acquire their antibiotic resistance via several different mobile genetic elements including plasmids, transposons, and integrons involving gene cassettes. During a diarrhea surveillance study in Thimphu, Bhutan in June and July, 2011, Shigella sonnei were isolated more frequently than expected. This study describes the antibiotic resistance of these S. sonnei isolates. Methods A total of 29 S. sonnei isolates from Thimphu, Bhutan was characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility by disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. All isolates were tested by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with restriction enzyme XbaI and were tested for plasmid. The plasmid patterns and the PFGE patterns were analyzed by Bionumerics software. DNA sequencing was performed on amplified products for gyraseA gene and class 1 and class 2 integrons. S. sonnei isolates were classified for incompatibility of plasmids by PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT). Results These S. sonnei were resistant to multiple drugs like ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracycline but susceptible to azithromycin. All isolates had class 2 integrons dfrA1, sat1 and aadA1 genes. Two point mutations in Gyrase A subunit at position Ser83Leu and Asp87Gly were detected in these quinolone resistant isolates. The plasmid and PFGE patterns of S. sonnei isolates suggested a clonal relationship of the isolates. All isolates carried common ColE plasmid. ColE plasmid co-resided with B/O plasmid (nine isolates) or I1 plasmid (one isolate). Conclusions The characteristics of 29 S. sonnei isolates from Thimphu, Bhutan in June and July, 2011 are identical in PFGE, plasmid and resistance pattern. This study suggests that these recent S. sonnei isolates are clonally related and multidrug-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirigade Ruekit
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand.
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Iqbal MS, Rahman M, Islam R, Banik A, Amin MB, Akter F, Talukder KA. Plasmid-mediated sulfamethoxazole resistance encoded by the sul2 gene in the multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri 2a isolated from patients with acute diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85338. [PMID: 24416393 PMCID: PMC3887042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, mechanisms of plasmid-mediated sulfamethoxazole resistances in the clinical strains of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Shigella flexneri 2a were elucidated for the first time in Bangladesh. From 2006 to 2011, a total of 200 S. flexneri 2a strains were randomly selected from the stock of the Enteric and Food Microbiology Laboratory of icddr,b. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains showed 73%, 98%, 93%, 58%, 98%, 64% and 4% resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone respectively. Plasmid profiling revealed heterogeneous patterns and interestingly, all the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistant (SXT(R)) strains yielded a distinct 4.3 MDa plasmid compared to that of the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole susceptible (SXT(S)) strains. Curing of this 4.3 MDa plasmid resulted in the susceptibility to sulfamethoxazole alone suggesting the involvement of this plasmid in the resistance of sulfamethoxazole. Moreover, PCR analysis showed the presence of sul2 gene in SXT(R) strains which is absent in SXT(S) strains as well as in the 4.3 MDa plasmid-cured derivatives, confirming the involvement of sul2 in the resistance of sulfamethoxazole. Furthermore, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis revealed that both the SXT(R) and SXT(S) strains were clonal. This study will significantly contributes to the knowledge on acquired drug resistance of the mostly prevalent S. flexneri 2a and further warrants continuous monitoring of the prevalence and correlation of this resistance determinants amongst the clinical isolates of Shigella and other enteric pathogens around the world to provide effective clinical management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd S. Iqbal
- Centre for Food and Waterborne Diseases (CFWD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
- Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases (CCCD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
| | - Mostafizur Rahman
- Centre for Food and Waterborne Diseases (CFWD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
| | - Rafiad Islam
- Centre for Food and Waterborne Diseases (CFWD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
| | - Atanu Banik
- Centre for Food and Waterborne Diseases (CFWD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
| | - M. Badrul Amin
- Centre for Food and Waterborne Diseases (CFWD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
| | - Fatema Akter
- Centre for Food and Waterborne Diseases (CFWD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
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Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AKM, Wertheim HFL, Sumpradit N, Vlieghe E, Hara GL, Gould IM, Goossens H, Greko C, So AD, Bigdeli M, Tomson G, Woodhouse W, Ombaka E, Peralta AQ, Qamar FN, Mir F, Kariuki S, Bhutta ZA, Coates A, Bergstrom R, Wright GD, Brown ED, Cars O. Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:1057-98. [PMID: 24252483 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2522] [Impact Index Per Article: 229.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels of society; the consequences affect everybody in the world. Similarities with climate change are evident. Many efforts have been made to describe the many different facets of antibiotic resistance and the interventions needed to meet the challenge. However, coordinated action is largely absent, especially at the political level, both nationally and internationally. Antibiotics paved the way for unprecedented medical and societal developments, and are today indispensible in all health systems. Achievements in modern medicine, such as major surgery, organ transplantation, treatment of preterm babies, and cancer chemotherapy, which we today take for granted, would not be possible without access to effective treatment for bacterial infections. Within just a few years, we might be faced with dire setbacks, medically, socially, and economically, unless real and unprecedented global coordinated actions are immediately taken. Here, we describe the global situation of antibiotic resistance, its major causes and consequences, and identify key areas in which action is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanan Laxminarayan
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, Washington, DC, USA; Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
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Barman S, Koley H, Ramamurthy T, Chakrabarti MK, Shinoda S, Nair GB, Takeda Y. Protective immunity by oral immunization with heat-killedShigellastrains in a guinea pig colitis model. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:762-71. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Barman
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases; P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM
| | - Hemanta Koley
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases; P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM
| | | | | | - Sumio Shinoda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India; 67 Dr. S. C. Banerjee Road, ID Hospital Campus, Beliaghata Kolkata 700 010
| | - Gopinath Balakrish Nair
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute; Plot No. 496, Phase-III, Udyog Vihar Gurgaon Haryana 122 016 India
| | - Yoshifumi Takeda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India; 67 Dr. S. C. Banerjee Road, ID Hospital Campus, Beliaghata Kolkata 700 010
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Abstract
Renewed awareness of the substantial morbidity and mortality that Shigella infection causes among young children in developing countries, combined with technological innovations in vaccinology, has led to the development of novel vaccine strategies in the past 5 years. Along with advancement of classic vaccines in clinical trials and new sophisticated measurements of immunological responses, much new data has been produced, lending promise to the potential for production of safe and effective Shigella vaccines. Herein, we review the latest progress in Shigella vaccine development within the framework of persistent obstacles.
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Ramana J, Tamanna. dbDiarrhea: The database of pathogen proteins and vaccine antigens from diarrheal pathogens. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1647-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gu B, Cao Y, Pan S, Zhuang L, Yu R, Peng Z, Qian H, Wei Y, Zhao L, Liu G, Tong M. Comparison of the prevalence and changing resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin of Shigella between Europe-America and Asia-Africa from 1998 to 2009. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 40:9-17. [PMID: 22483324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Shigella is becoming an increasing public health problem due to development of multiple antimicrobial resistance, frequently resulting in treatment failure. A systematic review was conducted based on a literature search of computerised databases. Random or fixed-effects models were used, based on the P-value considering the possibility of heterogeneity between studies, for meta-analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA 10.0. In the area of Asia-Africa, resistance rates to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were 33.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 21.8-46.6%] and 5.0% (95% CI 2.8-7.8%), respectively, 10.5 and 16.7 times those of Europe-America. Moreover, resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin in Asia-Africa progressively increased each year, reaching 64.5% (95% CI 13.8-99.3%) and 29.1% (95% CI 0.9-74.8%), respectively, in 2007-2009, whilst isolates in Europe-America remained at low levels of resistance (<5.0% and <1.0%, respectively). All Shigella flexneri strains showed higher resistance than Shigella sonnei in Europe-America: overall, 3.5% (95% CI 1.4-6.4%) vs. 2.6% (95% CI 1.0-5.0%) resistant to nalidixic acid and 1.0% (95% CI 0.3-2.2%) vs. 0.1% (95% CI 0.0-0.3%) resistant to ciprofloxacin. In Asia-Africa, a similar trend was found for ciprofloxacin [3.0% (95% CI 1.4-5.3%) vs. 0.5% (95% CI 0.2-0.8%)], whereas the trend was reversed for nalidixic acid [32.6% (95% CI 14.5-53.9%) vs. 44.3% (95% CI 26.9-62.5%). In conclusion, quinolone resistance in Shigella has increased at an alarming speed, reinforcing the importance of continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in Shigella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road No. 300, Nanjing 210029, China
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