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El-Remaily MAEAAA, Aboelez MO, Ezelarab HAA, Selim HMRM, Taha EA, Mohamed SK, Soliman AM, Abdallah MS, Fawy MA, Hassany MA, Ahmed N, Alsaggaf AT, El Hamd MA, Kamel MS. Guanidine dicycloamine-based analogs: green chemistry synthesis, biological investigation, and molecular docking studies as promising antibacterial and antiglycation leads. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10816-w. [PMID: 38324159 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10816-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Dicyandiamide (DCD) reacted with amino acids 1a-f to produce biguanides 2 and 4 and guanidine pyrazolones 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8, according to the reaction. DCD exhibited the following reactions: imidodicarbonimidicdiamide 9, diazocan-2-ylguanidine 10, methyl biguanidylthion 11, N-carbamothioylimidodicarbonimidicdiamide 12, 2-guanidinebenzoimidazole 13a, 2-guanidinylbenzoxazole 13b, and 2-guanidinylbenzothiazol 13c. These reactions were triggered by 6-amino caproic acid, thioacetamide, thiourea, o-aminophenol, o-aminothiophenol, and anthranilic acid, respectively. Compound 2 had the least antimicrobial activity, while compound 13c demonstrated the most antibacterial impact against all bacterial strains. Furthermore, in terms of antiglycation efficacy (AGEs), 12, 11, and 7 were the most effective AGE cross-linking inhibitors. Eight and ten, which showed a considerable inhibition on cross-linking AGEs, come next. Compounds 4 and 6 on the other hand have shown the least suppression of AGE production. The most promising antiglycation scaffolds 8, 11, and 12 in the Human serum albumin (HAS) active site were shown to be able to adopt crucial binding interactions with important amino acids based on the results of in silico molecular docking. The most promising antiglycation compounds 8, 11, and 12 were also shown to have better hydrophilicity, acceptable lipophilicity, gastrointestinal tract absorption (GIT), and blood-brain barrier penetration qualities when their physicochemical properties were examined using the egg-boiled method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moustafa O Aboelez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
| | - Hend A A Ezelarab
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Heba Mohammed Refat M Selim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Diriyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Enas A Taha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shaaban K Mohamed
- The Environment and School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Ahmed M Soliman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Abdallah
- The Environment and School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Mariam A Fawy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hassany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Nessar Ahmed
- The Environment and School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Mohamed A El Hamd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, 11961, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Moumen S Kamel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
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Deshpande DD, Maniar D, Bhargava A, Joshi PT, Kadur Sundar Raj R, Dubey A. Antibacterial Effect of Two Novel Sealants: A Laboratory-Based Study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S206-S208. [PMID: 38595342 PMCID: PMC11001147 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_459_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This research sought to assess the impact of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) and 1,3,5-triacryloyl hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (TAT) on the antibacterial activity of an experimental resin sealant. Materials and Methods The two experimental sealants were formulated based on previous research, and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) was tested for biofilm and planktonic bacteria's antibacterial properties. In 48 hours, 300 L of frozen S. mutans in skim milk was stored in an oven at 37°C in a microaerophilic atmosphere with 5% of CO2 and put on a petri plate containing brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth with agar at 15 g/L. By combining 100 mL of the subculture broth with 900 mL of a sterile saline solution (0.9%) in an Eppendorf tube, the initial inoculum used for the experiments was evaluated. The colonies were measured in colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) after being counted visually. To measure the antibacterial activity, log CFU/mL was used to express the number of bacteria in the broth that had been in contact with the samples for 24 hours. Results Outcomes of antibacterial activity against planktonic bacteria and against biofilm development on polymerized materials. The two innovative sealant materials were found to differ significantly from one another, while group 2's mean and standard deviation values were larger. Conclusion Dental sealants designed with PHMGH and TCPTAT for anticaries application showed less bacterial growth throughout time the cavity prevention properties of the resin sealant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali D. Deshpande
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dirgham Maniar
- Associate Dentist, Smit Dental Clinic, Valsad, Gujarat, India
| | - Ankita Bhargava
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parinika T. Joshi
- Intern at Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Alok Dubey
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Choi JH, Kim K. Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Phosphate Enhanced Procoagulant Activity through Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Phosphatidylserine Exposure in Platelets. TOXICS 2024; 12:50. [PMID: 38251006 PMCID: PMC10820372 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p) is a common biocidal disinfectant that is widely used in industry and household products. However, PHMG-p was misused as a humidifier disinfectant (HD) in South Korea, which had fatal health effects. Various health problems including cardiovascular diseases were observed in HD-exposed groups. However, the potential underlying mechanism of HD-associated cardiovascular diseases is poorly understood. Here, we examined the procoagulant activity of platelets caused by PHMG-p and clarified the underlying mechanism. PHMG-p enhanced phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure through alteration of phospholipid transporters, scramblase, and flippase. Intracellular calcium elevation, intracellular ATP depletion, and caspase-3 activation appeared to underlie phospholipid transporter dysregulation caused by PHMG-p, which was mediated by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, antioxidant enzyme catalase and calcium chelator EGTA reversed PHMG-p-induced PS exposure and thrombin generation, confirming the contributive role of oxidative stress and intracellular calcium in the procoagulant effects of PHMG-p. These series of events led to procoagulant activation of platelets, which was revealed as enhanced thrombin generation. Collectively, PHMG-p triggered procoagulant activation of platelets, which may promote prothrombotic risks and cardiovascular diseases. These findings improve our understanding of HD-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keunyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
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de Barros RA, Rodrigues MA, Ambrósio SR, SolaVeneziani RC, Júnior DP, Parreira RLT, Ambrósio MALV, de Souza Silva T, de Freitas Pereira L, Pessinato MG, da Silva Cardoso de Brito VJ, Branco CH, Dias FGG. Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride as promising active ingredient for oral antiseptic products to eliminate microorganisms threatening the health of endangered wild cats: a comparative study with chlorhexidine digluconate. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3211-3220. [PMID: 37651088 PMCID: PMC10689303 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of polyhexamethylene hydrochloride guanidine (PHMGH) compared to chlorhexidine digluconate (CLX) for use as an oral antiseptic during dental procedures in wild cats. This research is crucial due to limited information on the diversity of oral microorganisms in wild cats and the detrimental local and systemic effects of oral diseases, which highlights the importance of improving prevention and treatment strategies. Samples were collected from the oral cavities of four Puma concolor, one Panthera onca, and one Panthera leo, and the number of colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) was counted and semi-automatically identified. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacterial isolates was determined using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time-kill kinetics of PHMGH and CLX. A total of 16 bacterial isolates were identified, consisting of six Gram-positive and 10 Gram-negative. PHMGH displayed MIC and MBC from 0.24 to 125.00 μg/mL, lower than those of CLX against three isolates. Time-kill kinetics showed that PHMGH reduced the microbial load by over 90% for all microorganisms within 30 min, whereas CLX did not. Only two Gram-positive isolates exposed to the polymer showed incomplete elimination after 60 min of contact. The results could aid in the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies for oral diseases in large felids. PHMGH showed promising potential at low concentrations and short contact times compared to the commercial product CLX, making it a possible active ingredient in oral antiseptic products for veterinary use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Alves de Barros
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, University of Franca (UNIFRAN), Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, CEP 14, Franca, SP, 404-600, Brazil
| | - Marcela Aldrovani Rodrigues
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, University of Franca (UNIFRAN), Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, CEP 14, Franca, SP, 404-600, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, University of Franca (UNIFRAN), Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, CEP 14, Franca, SP, 404-600, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cássio SolaVeneziani
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, University of Franca (UNIFRAN), Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, CEP 14, Franca, SP, 404-600, Brazil
| | - Daniel Paulino Júnior
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, University of Franca (UNIFRAN), Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, CEP 14, Franca, SP, 404-600, Brazil
| | - Renato Luis Tame Parreira
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Sciences, University of Franca (UNIFRAN), Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, CEP 14, Franca, SP, 404-600, Brazil
| | - Maria Anita Lemos Vasconcelos Ambrósio
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Sciences, University of Franca (UNIFRAN), Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, CEP 14, Franca, SP, 404-600, Brazil
| | - Thayná de Souza Silva
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Sciences, University of Franca (UNIFRAN), Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, CEP 14, Franca, SP, 404-600, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Freitas Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Franca (UNIFRAN), Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, CEP 14, Franca, SP, 404-600, Brazil
| | - Messias Gonçalves Pessinato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Franca (UNIFRAN), Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, CEP 14, Franca, SP, 404-600, Brazil
| | - Vinícius José da Silva Cardoso de Brito
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Animal Science in the Tropics, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Milton Santos, s/n° - Ondina, CEP, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - César Henrique Branco
- Fábio Barreto Municipal Zoo Forest, Rua da Liberdade, s/n°, Campos Elísios, CEP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14085-250, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gosuen Gonçalves Dias
- Department of Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, University of Franca (UNIFRAN), Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, CEP 14, Franca, SP, 404-600, Brazil.
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Zhang J, Jiang X, Li X, Sun H, Wang M, Zhang W, Li H, Wang H, Zhuang M, Zhang L, Lu L, Tang J. Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment after a Single Intratracheal Inhalation of Chlorhexidine Aerosol in Mice. TOXICS 2023; 11:910. [PMID: 37999562 PMCID: PMC10675078 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Guanidine disinfectants are important chemical agents with a broad spectrum of activity that are effective against most microorganisms. Chlorhexidine, one of the most used guanidine disinfectants, is added to shampoo and mouthwash and applied in medical device sterilization. During the use of chlorhexidine, aerosols with micron particle size may be formed, which may cause inhalation toxicity. To assess the toxicity of inhaled chlorhexidine aerosol, mice underwent the intratracheal instillation of different concentrations of chlorhexidine (0, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%) using a MicroSprayer Aerosolizer. The mice were exposed for eight weeks and then sacrificed to obtain lung tissue for subsequent experiments. Histopathology staining revealed damaged lung tissues and increased collagen exudation. At the same time, pulmonary function tests showed that chlorhexidine exposure could cause restrictive ventilatory dysfunction, consistent with pulmonary fibrosis. The results of transcriptome analyses suggest that chlorhexidine may trigger an inflammatory response and promote the activation of pathways related to extracellular matrix deposition. Further, we identified that chlorhexidine exposure might enhance mucus secretion by up-regulating Muc5b and Muc5ac genes, thereby inducing fibrosis-like injury. These findings underscore the need for standardized use of disinfectants and the assessment of their inhalation toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xinmin Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - He Sun
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (H.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Min Zhuang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (H.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Lin Lu
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Jinglong Tang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250001, China; (J.Z.); (X.J.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.L.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (H.L.)
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Silvestrin LB, Garcia IM, Visioli F, Collares FM, Leitune VCB. Physicochemical and biological properties of experimental dental adhesives doped with a guanidine-based polymer: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:3627-3636. [PMID: 35001214 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to formulate experimental dental adhesives with different polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride concentrations (PHMGH) and evaluate their physical, chemical, and biological properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental adhesives were formulated with 0 (control, GCTRL), 0.5 (G0.5%), 1 (G1%), or 2 (G2%) wt.% into the adhesive. The adhesives were analyzed for degree of conversion (DC%), softening in solvent (ΔKHN%), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), microtensile bond strength (μTBS) immediately and after 1 year of aging, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxicity. RESULTS There were no differences among groups for DC%, ΔKHN%, and UTS (p > 0.05%). There were no differences between each PHMGH-doped adhesive compared to GCTRL in the immediate μ-TBS (p > 0.05). Adhesives with at least 1 wt.% of PHMGH presented better stability of μ-TBS. PHMGH-doped adhesives showed improved longitudinal μ-TBS compared to GCTRL (p < 0.05). Lower Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation was observed for PHMGH-doped adhesives (p < 0.05). There was lower viability of planktonic S. mutans in the media in contact with the samples when at least 1 wt.% of PHGMGH was incorporated (p < 0.05). The formulated adhesives showed no cytotoxicity against pulp cells (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The adhesive with 2 wt.% of PHMGH showed the highest antibacterial activity, without affecting the physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity, besides conferring stability for the dental adhesion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE PHMGH, a positively charged polymer, conveyed antibacterial activity to dental adhesives. Furthermore, it did not negatively affect the essential physicochemical and biocompatibility properties of the adhesives. More importantly, the incorporation of PHMGH provided stability for the μ-TBS compared to the control group without this additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Bonfanti Silvestrin
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Isadora Martini Garcia
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Oral Pathology Departament, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Mezzomo Collares
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Vicente Castelo Branco Leitune
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Lee J, Choi SJ, Jeong JS, Kim SY, Lee SJ, Baek SK, Kwon N, Lee SH, Kim W, Cho JW, Koh EM, Lee K, Jeong EJ, Nam SY, Yu WJ. Adverse postnatal developmental effects in offspring from humidifier disinfectant biocide inhaled pregnant rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131636. [PMID: 34358894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P), one of the primary biocides used in humidifier disinfectants, caused a fatal pulmonary disease in Korea. Pregnant women were also exposed to PHMG-P, and subsequent studies showed that PHMG-P inhalation during pregnancy adversely affects their health and embryo-fetal development. However, the postnatal developmental effects after birth on prenatally PHMG-P-exposed offspring have not yet been investigated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to examine the postnatal development of prenatally PHMG-P-exposed offspring. Pregnant rats (22 or 24 females per group) were exposed to PHMG-P during pregnancy in a whole-body inhalation chamber at the target concentrations of 0, 0.14, 1.60, and 3.20 mg/m3. After parturition, the prenatally exposed offspring were transferred to non-exposed surrogate mothers to minimize the secondary effects of severe maternal toxicities. Postnatal development of offspring was then examined with a modified extended one-generation reproductive toxicity study design. At 3.20 mg/m3 PHMG-P, increased perinatal death rates and decreased viability index (postnatal survival of offspring between birth and postnatal day 4) were observed. In addition, F1 offspring had lower body weight at birth that persisted throughout the study. PHMG-P-exposed pregnant rats also had severe systemic toxicities and increased gestation period. At 1.60 mg/m3 PHMG-P, a decreased viability index was also observed with systemic toxicities of PHMG-P-exposed pregnant rats. These results indicate that prenatal PHMG-P exposure adversely affects the offspring's future health and could be used for human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Lee
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Choi
- Department of Chemical Assessment, Korea Environment Corporation, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seong Jeong
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ki Baek
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayun Kwon
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyub Lee
- Department of Chemical Assessment, Korea Environment Corporation, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Kim
- Toxicologic Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Cho
- Toxicologic Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Koh
- Bioanalytical and Immunoanalytical Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea; Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Chemical Risk Assessment Research Committee, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Nam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Joon Yu
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Shin YJ, Kim SH, Park CM, Kim HY, Kim IH, Yang MJ, Lee K, Kim MS. Exposure to cigarette smoke exacerbates polyhexamethylene guanidine-induced lung fibrosis in mice. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:487-497. [PMID: 34602533 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is the leading cause of chronic pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of repeated CS exposure on polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. A single intratracheal instillation of 0.6 mg/kg PHMG enhanced the immune response of mice by increasing the number of total and specific inflammatory cell types in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. It induced histopathological changes such as granulomatous inflammation/fibrosis and macrophage infiltration in the lungs. These responses were upregulated upon exposure to a combination of PHMG and CS. In contrast, a 4-hr/day exposure to 300 mg/m3 CS alone for 2 weeks by nose-only inhalation resulted in minimal inflammation in the mouse lung. Furthermore, PHMG administration increased the expression of fibrogenic mediators, especially in the pulmonary tissues of the PHMG + CS group compared with that in the PHMG alone group. However, there was no upregulation in the expression of inflammatory cytokines following exposure to a combination of PHMG and CS. Our results demonstrate that repeated exposure to CS may promote the development of PHMG-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Shin
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factors, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea
| | - Chul Min Park
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Young Kim
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factors, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea
| | - In-Hyeon Kim
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factors, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factors, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea.,Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea
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9
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Shatalov DO, Kedik SA, Ivanov IS, Aydakova AV, Akhmedova DA, Minenkov DS, Beliakov SV, Herbst A, Greiner L, Kozlovskaya LI, Volok VP. Development of a Promising Method for Producing Oligomeric Mixture of Branched Alkylene Guanidines to Improve Substance Quality and Evaluate Their Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2021; 26:3472. [PMID: 34200418 PMCID: PMC8201297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis of branched alkylene guanidines using microfluidic technologies. We describe the preparation of guanidine derivatives at lower temperatures, and with significantly less time than that required in the previously applicable method. Furthermore, the use of microfluidics allows the attainment of high-purity products with a low residual monomer content, which can expand the range of applications of this class of compounds. For all the samples obtained, the molecular-weight characteristics are calculated, based on which the optimal condensation conditions are established. Additionally, in this work, the antiviral activity of the alkylene guanidine salt against the SARS-CoV-2 virus is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis O. Shatalov
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies Named after Lomonosov, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (S.A.K.); (I.S.I.); (A.V.A.); (S.V.B.)
| | - Stanislav A. Kedik
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies Named after Lomonosov, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (S.A.K.); (I.S.I.); (A.V.A.); (S.V.B.)
| | - Ivan S. Ivanov
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies Named after Lomonosov, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (S.A.K.); (I.S.I.); (A.V.A.); (S.V.B.)
| | - Anna V. Aydakova
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies Named after Lomonosov, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (S.A.K.); (I.S.I.); (A.V.A.); (S.V.B.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Diana A. Akhmedova
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies Named after Lomonosov, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (S.A.K.); (I.S.I.); (A.V.A.); (S.V.B.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergei V. Beliakov
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies Named after Lomonosov, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.S.); (S.A.K.); (I.S.I.); (A.V.A.); (S.V.B.)
| | | | - Lasse Greiner
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Liubov I. Kozlovskaya
- FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (L.I.K.); (V.P.V.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor P. Volok
- FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (L.I.K.); (V.P.V.)
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10
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Dias FGG, Pereira LDF, Parreira RLT, Veneziani RCS, Bianchi TC, Fontes VFNDP, Galvani MDC, Cerce DDP, Martins CHG, Rinaldi-Neto F, Ferreira NH, da Silva LHD, de Oliveira LTS, Esperandim TR, de Sousa FA, Ambrósio SR, Tavares DC. Evaluation of the antiseptic and wound healing potential of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride as well as its toxic effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 160:105739. [PMID: 33524503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) polymer presents antifungal and antimicrobial activities in vitro. However, in vivo reports regarding its antiseptic and healing activity are scarce in the scientific literature. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and healing effects, as well as toxicological parameters, of a topical solution containing 0.5% PHMGH (Akwaton®) in the treatment of superficial skin wounds experimentally induced on the dorsum of rodents. In addition, non-clinical safety studies were also conducted for use in human health, such as acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity tests. Animals did clinically not present dermatitis. After two days of topical treatment, PHMGH showed a significant antiseptic effect compared to the untreated group, reducing the number of colony-forming units by 72%, reaching 100% on the fourth day of treatment. The animals treated with PHMGH showed a significant area reduction of the skin lesions in relation to the untreated group, indicating a healing effect of the polymer. Moreover, PHMGH treatment led to a significant increase in fibroblasts when compared to the untreated group, revealing its healing action. No significant differences were observed between the biochemical indicators of hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity, nor genotoxicity between the PHMGH-treated and the negative control groups. The results of acute oral toxicity showed that PHMGH at 5% presents a lethal dose 50% greater than the 2000 mg/kg. At a concentration of 5%, PHMGH did not show genotoxicity nor cytotoxicity at doses up to 1500 mg/kg through the micronucleus assay in mice. Therefore, 0.5% PHMGH showed an antimicrobial and healing effect, with no toxicity, and could be a promising adjunct in the microbial control of healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gosuen Gonçalves Dias
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lucas de Freitas Pereira
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Luis Tame Parreira
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cassio Sola Veneziani
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thamires Chiquini Bianchi
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marina de Carlos Galvani
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Dal Picolo Cerce
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121 - Santa Mônica, 38408-100, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco Rinaldi-Neto
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Helen Ferreira
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Henrique Domingos da Silva
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Teixeira Souza de Oliveira
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tábata Rodrigues Esperandim
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francielle Aparecida de Sousa
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Crispim Tavares
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 - Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Lee YH, Seo DS. Toxicity of humidifier disinfectant polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride by two-week whole body-inhalation exposure in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 33:265-277. [PMID: 33239844 PMCID: PMC7677626 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG·HCl) as a humidifier
disinfectant caused an outbreak of pulmonary disease, leading to the deaths of pregnant
women and children in South Korea. However, limited information is available on the
inhalation toxicity of PHMG·HCl. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the subacute
inhalation toxicity of PHMG·HCl by whole-body exposure in rats. F344 rats were exposed to
0 mg/m3, 1 mg/m3, 5 mg/m3, or 25 mg/m3 of
PHMG·HCl for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for two weeks via whole-body inhalation. Emaciation and
rale were observed in rats in the 25 mg/m3 PHMG·HCl group. Significant changes
in body weight, hematology, serum chemistry and organ weight were observed in all
PHMG·HCl-exposed groups. Gross lesions showed ballooning or red focus in the lungs of rats
in the PHMG·HCl-exposed groups. In histopathological examination, most of histological
lesions (including degeneration, atrophy, ulcer, inflammatory cell infiltration,
inflammation, and fibrosis in nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and lungs) indicated tissue
damage by PHMG·HCl in all PHMG·HCl-exposed groups. Additionally, atrophy of the spleen,
thymus, and reproductive organs; immaturity of the testes; and cell debris in the
epididymides were affected by the reduction in body weight in PHMG·HCl-exposed groups. In
conclusion, two-week repeated whole-body inhalation exposure of rats to PHMG·HCl reveled
toxic effects on the respiratory system and secondary effects on other organs. The results
of this study indicate that the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for PHMG·HCl is
below 1 mg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hoon Lee
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 339-30 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Seo
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 339-30 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Republic of Korea
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12
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Chandki R, Nikhil V, Kalyan SS. Comparative evaluation of substantivity of two biguanides - 0.2% polyhexanide and 2% chlorhexidine on human dentin. J Conserv Dent 2020; 23:46-50. [PMID: 33223641 PMCID: PMC7657421 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_256_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Substantivity is one of the desirable characteristics of root canal irrigants. Among conventional endodontic irrigants, only chlorhexidine (CHX) is known to exert significant substantivity on root canal dentin. This study explored the substantivity activity of a polymeric biguanide-poly hexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the substantivity of a polymeric biguanide - 0.2% PHMB and compare it with that of 2% CHX. Materials and Methods: To evaluate and compare the substantivity of 0.2% PHMB and 2% CHX on root canal dentin, dentin disks were prepared and substantivity after 1 h, 24 h, 7 days and 21 days was measured using spectrophotometry. Statistical Analysis Used: The data so obtained were analyzed, and the intergroup comparison was made using unpaired t-test. Results: The results of this study indicated that 0.2%. PHMB exerts significantly greater substantivity than 2% CHX on human dentin. Conclusion: Within the limitations, this study supports the use of 0.2% polyhexanide as an endodontic irrigant based on its property of substantivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Chandki
- Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttarpradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Nikhil
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Sai Kalyan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni, Maharashtra, India
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13
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Zhu X, Kong X, Ma S, Liu R, Li X, Gao S, Ren D, Zheng Y, Tang J. TGFβ/Smad mediated the polyhexamethyleneguanide areosol-induced irreversible pulmonary fibrosis in subchronic inhalation exposure. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:419-430. [PMID: 33148071 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1836091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) is widely used as a disinfectant with broad spectra of bactericidal activity and low oral toxicity. However, inhalation of PHMG can cause pulmonary injury and severe pulmonary fibrosis. The mechanism underlying PHMG aerosol induced pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to examine the subchronic lung injury and determine potential cytokines involved in PHMG aerosol induced fibrosis. METHODS C57BL/6N mice were exposed to 1.03 mg/m3 PHMG through aerosol inhalation for 3 weeks, or 3 weeks followed by other 3 weeks recovery. RESULTS The results indicated that the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and extracellular matrix remodeling markers were up-regulated in the PHMG-treated mice and these parameters were aggravated after 3 weeks recovery. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) analysis showed that the number of total cells was significantly decreased in exposure group. The percentage of macrophages in BALFs decreased significantly whereas the percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes increased. Extensive collagen deposition was observed in the peribronchiolar and interstitial areas in the PHMG exposed lungs. CONCLUSION In conclusion, even low-does PHMG aerosol exposure could induce mice pulmonary local inflammation and irreversible fibrosis. In addition, TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway mediated the extracellular matrix remodeling involved in the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Kong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaobo Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dunqiang Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinglong Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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14
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Lim YM, Kim H, Lim SK, Yoo J, Lee JY, Eom IC, Yoon BI, Kim P, Yu SD, Shim I. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Dodecylguanidine Hydrochloride. TOXICS 2020; 8:E76. [PMID: 32971939 PMCID: PMC7560342 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity profiles of the widely used guanidine-based chemicals have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of eight guanidine-based chemicals, focusing on inhalation toxicity. Among the eight chemicals, dodecylguanidine hydrochloride (DGH) was found to be the most cytotoxic (IC50: 0.39 μg/mL), as determined by the water soluble tetrazolium salts (WST) assay. An acute inhalation study for DGH was conducted using Sprague-Dawley rats at 8.6 ± 0.41, 21.3 ± 0.83, 68.0 ± 3.46 mg/m3 for low, middle, and high exposure groups, respectively. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and cytokines (MIP-2, TGF-β1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed acute inflammation with necrosis in the nasal cavity and inflammation around terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts in the lungs after DGH inhalation. The LC50 of DGH in rats after exposure for 4 h was estimated to be >68 mg/m3. Results from the inhalation studies showed that DGH was more toxic in male rats than in female rats. Overall, DGH was found to be the most cytotoxic chemical among guanidine-based chemicals. Exposure to aerosols of DGH could induce harmful pulmonary effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Mi Lim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Haewon Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Seong Kwang Lim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Jean Yoo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Ig-Chun Eom
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Pilje Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Seung-Do Yu
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Ilseob Shim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea; (Y.-M.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-Y.L.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
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15
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Collares FM, Garcia IM, Bohns FR, Motta A, Melo MA, Leitune VCB. Guanidine hydrochloride polymer additive to undertake ultraconservative resin infiltrant against Streptococcus mutans. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Garcia IM, Rodrigues SB, Rodrigues Gama ME, Branco Leitune VC, Melo MA, Collares FM. Guanidine derivative inhibits C. albicans biofilm growth on denture liner without promote loss of materials' resistance. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:228-232. [PMID: 32123776 PMCID: PMC7036732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce the burden of denture stomatitis and oral candidiasis, an aqueous solution containing polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) was investigated as an antifungal disinfectant against the leading cause of these oral conditions, Candida albicans. The solutions formulated with concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 0.50 wt% enabled increasing disinfection at the initial 5min-contact with 72h-mature candida biofilms formed on denture liner specimens. After 10 min-contact, the solution at lower concentration has reached total fungal elimination. The results also indicated that the denture liners preserved their mechanical property after the maximum contact time with the solution at the highest tested concentration. The PHMGH aqueous solutions at 0.125 wt% could be applied to promote interim denture liner disinfection without promoting the loss of materials' mechanical property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Martini Garcia
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Rio Branco, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stéfani Becker Rodrigues
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Rio Branco, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Rodrigues Gama
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Rio Branco, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vicente Castelo Branco Leitune
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Rio Branco, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mary Anne Melo
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Operative Dentistry Division, General Dentistry Department University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Fabrício Mezzomo Collares
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Rio Branco, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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17
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Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Phosphate Damages Tight Junctions and the F-Actin Architecture by Activating Calpain-1 via the P2RX7/Ca 2+ Signaling Pathway. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010059. [PMID: 31878359 PMCID: PMC7016582 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p), a member of the polymeric guanidine family, has strong antimicrobial activity and may increase the risk of inflammation-associated pulmonary fibrosis. However, the effect of PHMG-p on the barrier function of the bronchial epithelium is unknown. Epithelial barrier functioning is maintained by tight junctions (TJs); damage to these TJs is the major cause of epithelial barrier breakdown during lung inflammation. The present study showed that, in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells, exposure to PHMG-p reduced the number of TJs and the E-cadherin level and impaired the integrity of the F-actin architecture. Furthermore, exposure to PHMG-p stimulated the calcium-dependent protease calpain-1, which breaks down TJs. However, treatment with the calpain-1 inhibitor, ALLN, reversed the PHMG-p-mediated impairment of TJs and the F-actin architecture. Furthermore, exposure to PHMG-p increased the intracellular Ca2+ level via P2X purinoreceptor 7 (P2RX7) and inhibition of P2RX7 abolished the PHMG-p-induced calpain-1 activity and protein degradation and increased the intracellular Ca2+ level. Although exposure to PHMG-p increased the extracellular ATP level, hydrolysis of extracellular ATP by apyrase did not influence its detrimental effect on bronchial epithelial cells. These results implicate the impairment of TJs and the F-actin architecture in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases.
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18
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Kim SH, Kwon D, Lee S, Ki SH, Jeong HG, Hong JT, Lee YH, Jung YS. Polyhexamethyleneguanidine Phosphate-Induced Cytotoxicity in Liver Cells Is Alleviated by Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) via a Reduction in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091023. [PMID: 31484321 PMCID: PMC6770470 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) is a widely used polymeric antimicrobial agent known to induce significant pulmonary toxicity. Several studies have reported that the liver also can be a target organ of polyhexamethyleneguanidine (PHMG) toxicity, but the exact effect of this compound on liver cells is not well understood. To identify the mechanism of PHMG hepatotoxicity, HepG2 cells were exposed to PHMG-P for 72 h. The cell viability was significantly decreased by PHMG-P in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The mitochondrial membrane potential was markedly reduced by PHMG-P and the apoptotic signaling cascade was activated. The increases observed in C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), p-IRE, and p-JNK levels in PHMG-P-treated cells indicated the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. To verify the role of ER stress in PHMG-P-induced cytotoxicity, HepG2 cells were pretreated with the chemical chaperone, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and then co-treated with TUDCA and PHMG-P for 24 h. Interestingly, TUDCA inhibited PHMG-P-induced ER stress and cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The apoptotic cell death and mitochondrial depolarization were also prevented by TUDCA. The proteins involved in the apoptotic pathway were all normalized to their control levels in TUDCA-treated cells. In conclusion, the results suggest that PHMG-P induced significant cytotoxicity in liver cells and ER stress-mediated apoptosis, which may be an important mechanism mediating this hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou Hyun Kim
- Lab of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Doyoung Kwon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2280, USA.
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Lab of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
| | - Yun-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- Lab of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Park YJ, Jeong MH, Bang IJ, Kim HR, Chung KH. Guanidine-based disinfectants, polyhexamethylene guanidine-phosphate (PHMG-P), polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), and oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl guanidinium chloride (PGH) induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 alveolar epithelial cells. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:161-166. [PMID: 31179775 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1624896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstracts Objective: The major active ingredient of humidifier disinfectant, polyhexamethylene guanidine-phosphate (PHMG-P), caused hundreds of deaths with pulmonary fibrosis. However, structurally similar guanidine-based disinfectants are still in use in various fields. Moreover, as they are precursors of excellent antimicrobial compounds, new chemicals with guanidine-based structures have been synthesized and introduced. In this study, we evaluated pulmonary fibrotic responses induced by PHMG-P, polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), and oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl guanidinium chloride (PGH) and their toxicity mechanisms in type II alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Materials and methods: Cellular damage was compared by using the cytotoxicity test (WST-1 assay) and plasma membrane toxicity tests (Lactate dehydrogenase leakage detection assay and plasma membrane staining). As a measure of fibrotic response, induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was evaluated by measuring E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein expression (epithelial and mesenchymal marker, respectively). Results: All tested compounds showed membrane damage; PHMG-P and PGH induced the highest and lowest damage, respectively. Moreover, they induced EMT when the test chemicals were treated with similar cytotoxic concentrations. Conclusions: Our study indicates that three guanidine-based disinfectants are potential fibrosis-inducing chemicals that induce EMT through cellular damage. Therefore, use of guanidine-based polymers should be strictly regulated by considering their potential adverse effects on the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Joo Park
- a School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ho Jeong
- a School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - In Jae Bang
- a School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- b College of Pharmacy , Daegu Catholic University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- a School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
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20
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Garcia IM, Rodrigues SB, Leitune VCB, Collares FM. Antibacterial, chemical and physical properties of sealants with polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e019. [PMID: 30892413 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) in the physico-chemical properties and antibacterial activity of an experimental resin sealant. An experimental resin sealant was formulated with 60 wt.% of bisphenol A glycol dimethacrylate and 40 wt.% of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate with a photoinitiator/co-initiator system. PHMGH was added at 0.5 (G0.5%), 1 (G1%), and 2 (G2%) wt.% and one group remained without PHMGH, used as control (GCTRL). The resin sealants were analyzed for degree of conversion (DC), Knoop hardness (KHN), and softening in solvent (ΔKHN), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), contact angle (θ) with water or α-bromonaphthalene, surface free energy (SFE), and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans for biofilm formation and planktonic bacteria. There was no significant difference for DC (p > 0.05). The initial Knoop hardness ranged from 17.30 (±0.50) to 19.50 (± 0.45), with lower value for GCTRL (p < 0.05). All groups presented lower KHN after immersion in solvent (p < 0.05). The ΔKHN ranged from 47.22 (± 4.30) to 57.22 (± 5.42)%, without significant difference (p > 0.05). The UTS ranged from 54.72 (± 11.05) MPa to 60.46 (± 6.50) MPa, with lower value for G2% (p < 0.05). PHMGH groups presented no significant difference compared to GCTRL in θ (p > 0.05). G2% showed no difference in SFE compared to GCTRL (p > 0.05). The groups with PHMGH presented antibacterial activity against biofilm and planktonic bacteria, with higher antibacterial activity for higher PHMGH incorporation (p < 0.05). PHMGH provided antibacterial activity for all resin sealant groups and the addition up to 1 wt.% showed reliable physico-chemical properties, maintaining the caries-protective effect of the resin sealant over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Martini Garcia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, School of Dentistry, Dental Materials Laboratory, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stéfani Becker Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, School of Dentistry, Dental Materials Laboratory, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vicente Castelo Branco Leitune
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, School of Dentistry, Dental Materials Laboratory, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Mezzomo Collares
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, School of Dentistry, Dental Materials Laboratory, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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21
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Song J, Jung KJ, Yoon SJ, Lee K, Kim B. Polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate induces cytotoxicity through disruption of membrane integrity. Toxicology 2019; 414:35-44. [PMID: 30629986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) is a polymeric biocide with a guanidine group. It has multiple positive charges in physiological conditions due to nitrogen atom in the guanidine and this cationic property contributes antimicrobial effect by disrupting cell membranes. To determine whether the cationic nature of PHMG-P results in cytotoxicity in human cell lines, anionic compounds were treated with PHMG-P. The cytotoxic effect was evaluated with ROS production and HMGB1 release into media. To verify the protection effect of anion against PHMG-P-induced cell death in vivo, a zebrafish assay was adopted. In addition, membrane disruption by PHMG-P was evaluated using fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodine staining. As a result, anionic substances such as DNA and poly-l-glutamic acids, decreased PHMG-P induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. While HMGB1 and ROS production increased with PHMG-P concentration, the addition of anionic compounds with PHMG-P reduced the ROS production and HMGB1 release. The mortality of the zebrafish increased with PHMG-P concentration and co-treatment of anionic compounds with PHMG-P decreased mortality in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, FDA and PI staining confirmed that PHMG-P disrupts plasma membrane. Taken together, a cationic property is considered to be one of the main causes of PHMG-P-induced mammalian cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongah Song
- Animal Disease Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Jung
- Analytical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Joo Yoon
- Systems Toxicology Center, Predictive Toxicology Department, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30, Baekhak 1-Gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea; Human and Environment Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Ghamrawi S, Bouchara JP, Tarasyuk O, Rogalsky S, Lyoshina L, Bulko O, Bardeau JF. Promising silicones modified with cationic biocides for the development of antimicrobial medical devices. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 75:969-979. [PMID: 28415553 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have tested silicones containing 2% or 5% of the cationic biocides polyhexamethylene guanidine dodecylbenzenesulfonate (PHMG-DBS), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (OMIM-BF4) or 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (DMIM-BF4) against the major relevant bacterial and yeast species in health care-associated infections (HCAI). Study conducted according to the international standard ISO 22196 revealed that silicones containing 2% or 5% DMIM-BF4 or 5% PHMG-DBS presented the highest antimicrobial activity, leading to a logarithmic growth reduction of 3.03 to 6.46 and 3.65 to 4.85 depending on the bacterial or fungal species. Heat-pretreated silicones containing 2% DMIM-BF4 kept a high activity, with at least a 3-log reduction in bacterial growth, except against P. aeruginosa where there was only a 1.1-log reduction. After 33days, the release ratio of cationic biocide from silicone films containing 5% of DMIM-BF4 was found to be 5.6% in pure water and 1.9% in physiological saline solution, respectively. No leaching of PHMG-DBS polymeric biocide was detected under the same conditions. These results demonstrate unambiguously that silicones containing 2% DMIM-BF4 or 5% PHMG-DBS present high antimicrobial activity, as well as high leaching resistance and therefore may be good candidates for the development of safer medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ghamrawi
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, EA 3142, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Université Bretagne - Loire, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, EA 3142, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Université Bretagne - Loire, Angers, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
| | - Oksana Tarasyuk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 50 Kharkivske Schose, Kyiv 02160, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy Rogalsky
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 50 Kharkivske Schose, Kyiv 02160, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmila Lyoshina
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 48 Academika Zabolotnoho Str., Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Olga Bulko
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 48 Academika Zabolotnoho Str., Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Jean-François Bardeau
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Université Bretagne - Loire, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France.
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23
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Berlinck RGS, Romminger S. The chemistry and biology of guanidine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:456-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00108k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present review discusses the isolation, structure determination, synthesis, biosynthesis and biological activities of secondary metabolites bearing a guanidine group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stelamar Romminger
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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24
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Fluorescent determination of poly(hexamethylene guanidine) via the aggregates it forms with quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Vitt A, Sofrata A, Slizen V, Sugars RV, Gustafsson A, Gudkova EI, Kazeko LA, Ramberg P, Buhlin K. Antimicrobial activity of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate in comparison to chlorhexidine using the quantitative suspension method. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2015; 14:36. [PMID: 26182984 PMCID: PMC4504446 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) belongs to the polymeric guanidine family of biocides and contains a phosphate group, which may confer better solubility, a detoxifying effect and may change the kinetics and dynamics of PHMG-P interactions with microorganisms. Limited data regarding PHMG-P activity against periodontopathogenic and cariogenic microorganisms necessitates studies in this area. Aim is to evaluate polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate antimicrobial activity in comparison to chlorhexidine. Methods Quantitative suspension method was used enrolling Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Results Both tested antiseptics at their clinically-used concentrations, of 0.2% (w/v) and 1% (w/v), correspondingly provided swift bactericidal effects against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli andC. albicans, A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis with reduction factors higher than 6.0. Diluted polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate and chlorhexidine to 0.05% continued to display anti-bacterial activity and decreased titers of standard quality control, periopathogens to below 1.0 × 103 colony forming units/ml, albeit requiring prolonged exposure time. To achieve a bactericidal effect against S. mutans, both antiseptics at all concentrations required a longer exposure time. We found that a clinically-used 1% of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate concentration did not have activity against L. acidophilus. Conclusion High RF of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate and retention of bactericidal effects, even at 0.05%, support the use of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate as a biocide with sufficient anti-microbial activity against periopathogens. Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate displayed bactericidal activity against periopathogens and S. mutans and could potentially be applied in the management of oral diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12941-015-0097-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vitt
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden. .,First Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - A Sofrata
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - V Slizen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - R V Sugars
- Division of Oral Facial Diagnostics and Surgery, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - A Gustafsson
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - E I Gudkova
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - L A Kazeko
- First Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - P Ramberg
- Division of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - K Buhlin
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden.
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26
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Brill FHH, Gabriel H. Is polyhexamethylene-guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) sporicidal? A critical review. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:307-308. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florian H. H. Brill
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Stiegstück 34, DE-22339 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Gabriel
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Stiegstück 34, DE-22339 Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate aerosol particles induce pulmonary inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:617-32. [PMID: 25716161 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) phosphate was used as a disinfectant for the prevention of microorganism growth in humidifiers, without recognizing that a change of exposure route might cause significant health effects. Epidemiological studies reported that the use of humidifier disinfectant containing PHMG-phosphate can provoke pulmonary fibrosis. However, the pulmonary toxicity of PHMG-phosphate aerosol particles is unknown yet. This study aimed to elucidate the toxicological relationship between PHMG-phosphate aerosol particles and pulmonary fibrosis. An in vivo nose-only exposure system and an in vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) co-culture model were applied to confirm whether PHMG-phosphate induces inflammatory and fibrotic responses in the respiratory tract. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to PHMG-phosphate aerosol particles for 3 weeks and recovered for 3 weeks in a nose-only exposure chamber. In addition, three human lung cells (Calu-3, differentiated THP-1 and HMC-1 cells) were cultured at ALI condition for 12 days and were treated with PHMG-phosphate at set concentrations and times. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, airway barrier injuries and inflammatory and fibrotic responses were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. The rats exposed to PHMG-phosphate aerosol particles in nanometer size showed pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis including inflammatory cytokines and fibronectin mRNA increase, as well as histopathological changes. In addition, PHMG-phosphate triggered the ROS generation, airway barrier injuries and inflammatory responses in a bronchial ALI co-culture model. Those results demonstrated that PHMG-phosphate aerosol particles cause pulmonary inflammatory and fibrotic responses. All features of fibrogenesis by PHMG-phosphate aerosol particles closely resembled the pathology of fibrosis that was reported in epidemiological studies. Finally, we expected that PHMG-phosphate infiltrated into the lungs in the form of aerosol particles would induce an airway barrier injury via ROS, release fibrotic inflammatory cytokines, and trigger a wound-healing response, leading to pulmonary fibrosis. A simultaneous state of tissue destruction and inflammation caused by PHMG-phosphate had whipped up a "perfect storm" in the respiratory tract.
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28
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Pasberg-Gauhl C. A need for new generation antibiotics against MRSA resistant bacteria. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2015; 11:109-16. [PMID: 24847660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
New antibiotics are highly needed due to continuously emerging resistances, in particular for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Only a few new generation antibiotics with new mechanisms of action are available or in development in the recent years. Promising emerging drug candidates with a new mechanism of action are the synthetic guanidine-based polymers based on Akacid. They are highly potent against a wide range of microorganisms and have a beneficial safety profile as reflected in their excellent tolerability when applied to skin, mucosa or eyes. There is a high potential for topical and systemic use of Akacid as an antibiotic in humans and animals, in particular in cases of resistant microorganisms.
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29
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Artemyeva AA, Samarina TO, Sharov AV, Abramchuk SS, Ovcharenko ЕО, Dityuk AI, Efimov KM, Beklemishev MK. Highly sensitive determination of poly(hexamethylene guanidine) by Rayleigh scattering using aggregation of silver nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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30
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Oulé MK, Staines K, Lightly T, Roberts L, Traoré YL, Dickman M, Bernier AM, Diop L. Fungicidal activity of AKWATON and in vitro assessment of its toxic effects on animal cells. J Med Microbiol 2014; 64:59-66. [PMID: 25411261 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.079467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired superficial fungal infections are among the most common infections. It is necessary to create new effective and non-toxic disinfectants. AKWATON is a new disinfectant of the polymeric guanidine family. Its fungicidal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and its in vitro toxicity assessment were determined in this study. The MIC, minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and time required for its fungicidal activity at the MFC were evaluated using the official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, with modifications as recommended by the Canadian General Standards Board. The toxic effects of AKWATON and of four commercial disinfectants were evaluated on rat pancreatic (C2C12) and muscle (RnM5F) cells, using the trypan blue and MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] methods. The MIC, MFC and time required for the fungicidal activity of AKWATON at the MFC were 0.025 % (w/v), 0.045 % (w/v) and 2.5 min, respectively. Cell cultures and the different tests carried out showed that the AKWATON-based disinfectant killed fewer cells than the commercial disinfectants, sparing 80 % of C2C12 cells and 65 % of RnM5F cells, whilst some of the well-known disinfectants currently on the market killed 85-100 % of cells. This study demonstrates that AKWATON has great potential as an odourless, colourless, non-corrosive and safe disinfectant for use in hospitals, the agriculture industry, farming and household facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Kégnon Oulé
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface 200, de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 0H7
| | - Kenton Staines
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface 200, de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 0H7
| | - Tasia Lightly
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface 200, de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 0H7
| | - Loren Roberts
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface 200, de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 0H7
| | - Yannick Léandre Traoré
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface 200, de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 0H7
| | - Michael Dickman
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface 200, de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 0H7
| | - Anne-Marie Bernier
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface 200, de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 0H7
| | - Lamine Diop
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface 200, de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 0H7
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Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Mahmood SA, Awortwe C, Nyarko AK. A preliminary safety evaluation of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:523-31. [PMID: 25359731 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814553036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) is used worldwide as an antimicrobial agent with broad spectra of activity and also for treating pool water. This non-GLP preliminary study aims at investigating in a subchronic toxicity study possible effects at supra-optimal doses of this biocide. Both acute and subchronic toxicity studies were conducted. LD(50) for PHMGH was estimated to be 600 mg/kg (ie LC(50) 2 ml of 7.5% solution) when administered as a single dose by gavage via a stomach tube in accordance with the expected route of administration. The acute studies showed that the median lethal dose (LD(50)) of 600 mg/kg was accompanied by signs of neurotoxicity. Haematological and biochemical parameters of subchronic toxicity studies were non-significant. Subchronic doses of 0.006 mg/kg, 0.012 mg/kg and 0.036 mg/kg were administered. 20% of the animals at a dose of 0.006 mg/kg and 0.036 mg/kg showed mild degrees of hydropic changes in proximal tubules while 10% of animals at all the doses had their liver tissues showing local areas of mild pericentral hepatocytes degeneration. PHMGH did not produce any major organ defect with regard to the kidney, heart, and liver. The LD(50) was much higher than the recommended dosage by a factor of about 50,000. The recommended residual concentration is far less than the median lethal dose using rats as test subjects. These results could serve as a basis for investigating the full toxicological profile if it is to be used for the treatment of raw water to make it potable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles Awortwe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alexander Kwadwo Nyarko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, Accra, Ghana
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Zhou Z, Wei D, Lu Y. Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride shows bactericidal advantages over chlorhexidine digluconate against ESKAPE bacteria. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 62:268-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Dafu Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials; Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai People's Republic of China
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Wang B, Liu B, Peng G, Meng X, Jiang Z, Chen H. Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of a guanidine-based oligomer grafted with a reactive cationic surfactant through Michael addition. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bailing Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu; 610041; China
| | | | | | | | - Hualin Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu; 610041; China
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34
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Schneider PM. New technologies and trends in sterilization and disinfection. Am J Infect Control 2013; 41:S81-6. [PMID: 23622756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Continued improvements in low-temperature sterilization systems have resulted in reduced processing times and expanded capabilities for instrument reprocessing. As the relationship of environmental surface contamination and health care-associated infections has become more defined, area disinfection systems and antimicrobial surface technologies have emerged as new strategies for disinfection of surfaces.
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