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Ellezian L, Jhawar A, Kyono Y, Flowers SA. Psychotropic Drugs in the Discussion of Antimicrobial-Resistant Microorganisms. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:919-923. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Ellezian
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Archana Jhawar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Kyono
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Flowers
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Casalone E, Vignolini T, Braconi L, Gardini L, Capitanio M, Pavone FS, Dei S, Teodori E. 1-benzyl-1,4-diazepane reduces the efflux of resistance-nodulation-cell division pumps in Escherichia coli. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:987-999. [PMID: 32840130 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the action mechanism of 1-benzyl-1,4-diazepane (1-BD) as efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) in Escherichia coli mutants: ΔacrAB or overexpressing AcrAB and AcrEF efflux pumps. Materials & methods: Effect of 1-BD on: antibiotic potentiation, by microdilution method; membrane functionality, by fluorimetric assays; ethidium bromide accumulation, by fluorometric real-time efflux assay; AcrB expression, by quantitative photoactivated localization microscopy. Results: 1-BD decreases the minimal inhibitory concentration of levofloxacin and other antibiotics and increase ethidium bromide accumulation in E. coli overexpressing efflux pumps but not in the ΔacrAB strain. 1-BD increases membranes permeability, without sensibly affecting inner membrane polarity and decreases acrAB transcription. Conclusion: 1-BD acts as an EPI in E. coli with a mixed mechanism, different from that of major reference EPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Casalone
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Tiziano Vignolini
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Laura Braconi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research & Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Via U. Schiff, 6 - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lucia Gardini
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,National Institute of Optics-National Research Council, Largo Fermi 6, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Capitanio
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco S Pavone
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,National Institute of Optics-National Research Council, Largo Fermi 6, 50125 Florence, Italy.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research & Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Via U. Schiff, 6 - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Teodori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research & Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Via U. Schiff, 6 - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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3
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Vandevelde NM, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. Modulating antibiotic activity towards respiratory bacterial pathogens by co-medications: a multi-target approach. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1114-29. [PMID: 27094105 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-antibiotic drugs can modulate bacterial physiology and/or antibiotic activity, opening perspectives for innovative therapeutic strategies. Focusing on respiratory pathogens and considering in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data, here we examine the effect of these drugs on the expression of resistance mechanisms, biofilm formation, and intracellular survival, as well as their influence on the activity of antibiotics on bacteria. Beyond the description of the effects observed, we also comment on concentrations that are active and discuss the mechanisms of drug-drug or drug-target interactions. This discussion should be helpful in defining useful targets for adjuvant therapy and establishing the corresponding pharmacophores for further drug fine-tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Vandevelde
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul M Tulkens
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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4
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Riou M, Avrain L, Carbonnelle S, El Garch F, Pirnay JP, De Vos D, Plésiat P, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. Increase of efflux-mediated resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during antibiotic treatment in patients suffering from nosocomial pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 47:77-83. [PMID: 26691019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increases in antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa during treatment are commonly observed but their relationship to efflux overexpression remains poorly documented. In this study, pairs of first [at time of diagnosis (D0)] and last [during treatment (DL)] P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained from patients treated for suspicion of nosocomial pneumonia. Pair clonality was determined by repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR. Overexpression of mexA and mexX was assessed by real-time PCR, and expression of mexC and mexE was assessed by PCR. Antibiotics received by patients before and during treatment were determined from clinical charts. For D0 isolates, 24% were from patients without antibiotics for 1 month and 64% were negative for mexA/mexX overexpression and mexC/mexE expression. For DL isolates, approximately one-half of the patients had received piperacillin/tazobactam, amikacin, meropenem and/or cefepime, and 17% had received ciprofloxacin (alone or in combination); 38% did not show changes in expression of the four genes, whereas 38% showed increased expression for one gene (mainly mexA or mexX), 19% for two genes (mainly mexA and mexX) and 5% for three or four genes. Isolates overexpressing mexA or mexX had median MICs above EUCAST clinical resistance breakpoints for ciprofloxacin, cefepime and meropenem, or for ciprofloxacin, amikacin, cefepime and meropenem, respectively. mexA or mexX overexpression was statistically significantly associated with patients' exposure to ciprofloxacin and meropenem or cefepime and meropenem, respectively. Overexpression of genes encoding antibiotic transporters in P. aeruginosa during treatment is frequent and is associated with increases in MICs above EUCAST clinical susceptibility breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Riou
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire & Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sylviane Carbonnelle
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire & Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Farid El Garch
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire & Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratoire de microbiologie, CHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Pirnay
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Neder-over-Heembeek, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel De Vos
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Neder-over-Heembeek, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Plésiat
- Laboratoire de bactériologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Paul M Tulkens
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire & Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire & Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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5
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How Porin Heterogeneity and Trade-Offs Affect the Antibiotic Susceptibility of Gram-Negative Bacteria. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:1113-24. [PMID: 26506392 PMCID: PMC4690030 DOI: 10.3390/genes6041113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in porin proteins are common in Gram-negative pathogens. Altered or absent porins reduce access of polar antibiotics across the outer membrane and can thus contribute to antibiotic resistance. Reduced permeability has a cost however, in lowering access to nutrients. This trade-off between permeability and nutritional competence is the source of considerable natural variation in porin gate-keeping. Mutational changes in this trade-off are frequently selected, so susceptibility to detergents and antibiotics is polymorphic in environmental isolates as well as pathogens. Understanding the mechanism, costs and heterogeneity of antibiotic exclusion by porins will be crucial in combating Gram negative infections.
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Martínez-Puchol S, Gomes C, Pons MJ, Ruiz-Roldán L, Torrents de la Peña A, Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J. Development and analysis of furazolidone-resistant Escherichia coli mutants. APMIS 2015; 123:676-81. [PMID: 26011027 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Furazolidone-resistant mutants were obtained from four clinical isolates of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. The stability of the resistance and the frequency of mutation were established. The minimal inhibitory concentration of furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline was established both in the presence and absence of the efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-β-Naphtylamyde. The presence of mutations in the nitroreductase genes nfsA and nfsB was analysed by PCR; sequencing and their enzymatic activity was assessed by a spectrophotometric assay. Alterations in outer membrane proteins were studied by SDS-PAGE. The frequency of mutation ranged from <9.6 × 10(-10) to 9.59 × 10(-7) . Neither an effect on efflux pumps inhibited by Phe-Arg-β-Naphtylamyde nor cross-resistance with the antibiotics studied was observed. Nineteen mutants (52.94%) presented mutations in the nitroreductase-encoding genes: 17 in the nfsA gene (15 mutants with an internal stop codon, 2 with amino acid changes), 2 in the nfsB (all amino acid changes). Alterations in the outer membrane proteins OmpA and OmpW were also observed. Although more studies are necessary to find other resistance mechanisms, present data showed the low potential of selecting furazolidone-resistant mutants, together with the lack of cross-resistance with unrelated antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martínez-Puchol
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cláudia Gomes
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Pons
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruiz-Roldán
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Torrents de la Peña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Theresa J Ochoa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Gomes C, Martínez-Puchol S, Durand D, Lluque A, Mosquito S, Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J. Which mechanisms of azithromycin resistance are selected when efflux pumps are inhibited? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 42:307-11. [PMID: 23871456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop in vitro azithromycin (AZM)-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. in the presence of Phe-Arg β-naphthylamide (PAβN) and to observe which AZM resistance mechanisms other than efflux pumps were inhibited by PAβN emerge. The frequency of mutation ranged between <6.32 × 10(-10) and 5.22 × 10(-7) for E. coli and between <5.32 × 10(-10) and 1.69 × 10(-7) for Shigella spp. The E. coli mutants showed an increase in the AZM minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) up to 128-fold, whilst the Shigella spp. mutants presented increases in MIC levels of up to 8-fold. In one mutant, the insertion of nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequence IMPRAS was found in the rplV gene. Increases in OmpW expression were observed in all E. coli mutants compared with their respective parental isolates. The combination of antibiotics and efflux pump inhibitors appears to be a good option to reduce the frequency of mutation in clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Gomes
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Gomes C, Pons MJ, Magallon-Tejada A, Durand D, Lluque A, Mosquito S, Riveros M, Mercado E, Prada A, Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J. In VitroDevelopment and Analysis ofEscherichia coliandShigella boydiiAzithromycin–Resistant Mutants. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 19:88-93. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Gomes
- Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J. Pons
- Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariel Magallon-Tejada
- Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Durand
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, University Cayetano Heredia, Peru
| | - Angela Lluque
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, University Cayetano Heredia, Peru
| | - Susan Mosquito
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, University Cayetano Heredia, Peru
| | - Maribel Riveros
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, University Cayetano Heredia, Peru
| | - Erik Mercado
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, University Cayetano Heredia, Peru
| | - Ana Prada
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, University Cayetano Heredia, Peru
| | - Theresa J. Ochoa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, University Cayetano Heredia, Peru
- Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Adaptive and mutational resistance: role of porins and efflux pumps in drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 25:661-81. [PMID: 23034325 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00043-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The substantial use of antibiotics in the clinic, combined with a dearth of new antibiotic classes, has led to a gradual increase in the resistance of bacterial pathogens to these compounds. Among the various mechanisms by which bacteria endure the action of antibiotics, those affecting influx and efflux are of particular importance, as they limit the interaction of the drug with its intracellular targets and, consequently, its deleterious effects on the cell. This review evaluates the impact of porins and efflux pumps on two major types of resistance, namely, mutational and adaptive types of resistance, both of which are regarded as key phenomena in the global rise of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms. In particular, we explain how adaptive and mutational events can dramatically influence the outcome of antibiotic therapy by altering the mechanisms of influx and efflux of antibiotics. The identification of porins and pumps as major resistance markers has opened new possibilities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies directed specifically against these mechanisms.
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Pons MJ, Mensa L, Gascón J, Ruiz J. Fitness and Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Rifaximin in In Vitro Selected Escherichia coli Mutants. Microb Drug Resist 2012; 18:376-9. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Pons
- Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), IDIBAPS—Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Mensa
- Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), IDIBAPS—Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gascón
- Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), IDIBAPS—Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), IDIBAPS—Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain
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Wood KB, Cluzel P. Trade-offs between drug toxicity and benefit in the multi-antibiotic resistance system underlie optimal growth of E. coli. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:48. [PMID: 22631053 PMCID: PMC3462682 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efflux is a widespread mechanism of reversible drug resistance in bacteria that can be triggered by environmental stressors, including many classes of drugs. While such chemicals when used alone are typically toxic to the cell, they can also induce the efflux of a broad range of agents and may therefore prove beneficial to cells in the presence of multiple stressors. The cellular response to a combination of such chemical stressors may be governed by a trade-off between the fitness costs due to drug toxicity and benefits mediated by inducible systems. Unfortunately, disentangling the cost-benefit interplay using measurements of bacterial growth in response to the competing effects of the drugs is not possible without the support of a theoretical framework. RESULTS Here, we use the well-studied multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) system in E. coli to experimentally characterize the trade-off between drug toxicity ("cost") and drug-induced resistance ("benefit") mediated by efflux pumps. Specifically, we show that the combined effects of a MAR-inducing drug and an antibiotic are governed by a superposition of cost and benefit functions that govern these trade-offs. We find that this superposition holds for all drug concentrations, and it therefore allows us to describe the full dose-response diagram for a drug pair using simpler cost and benefit functions. Moreover, this framework predicts the existence of optimal growth at a non-trivial concentration of inducer. We demonstrate that optimal growth does not coincide with maximum induction of the mar promoter, but instead results from the interplay between drug toxicity and mar induction. Finally, we derived and experimentally validated a general phase diagram highlighting the role of these opposing effects in shaping the interaction between two drugs. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis provides a quantitative description of the MAR system and highlights the trade-off between inducible resistance and the toxicity of the inducing agent in a multi-component environment. The results provide a predictive framework for the combined effects of drug toxicity and induction of the MAR system that are usually masked by bulk measurements of bacterial growth. The framework may also be useful for identifying optimal growth conditions in more general systems where combinations of environmental cues contribute to both transient resistance and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Wood
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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12
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Overexpression of the quorum-sensing regulator sdiA and soxS is involved in low-level multidrug resistance induced in Escherichia coli AG100 by haloperidol, diazepam and NaCl. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 39:91-3. [PMID: 21982145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Tavio MM, Aquili VD, Poveda JB, Antunes NT, Sanchez-Cespedes J, Vila J. Quorum-sensing regulator sdiA and marA overexpression is involved in in vitro-selected multidrug resistance of Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1178-86. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps characterized from bacteria of human, animal, plant and environmental origins. These pumps are mostly encoded on the chromosome, although they can also be plasmid-encoded. A previous article in this journal provided a comprehensive review regarding efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria. In the past 5 years, significant progress has been achieved in further understanding of drug resistance-related efflux transporters and this review focuses on the latest studies in this field since 2003. This has been demonstrated in multiple aspects that include but are not limited to: further molecular and biochemical characterization of the known drug efflux pumps and identification of novel drug efflux pumps; structural elucidation of the transport mechanisms of drug transporters; regulatory mechanisms of drug efflux pumps; determining the role of the drug efflux pumps in other functions such as stress responses, virulence and cell communication; and development of efflux pump inhibitors. Overall, the multifaceted implications of drug efflux transporters warrant novel strategies to combat multidrug resistance in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zhi Li
- Human Safety Division, Veterinary Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OK9, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Nikaido
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3202, USA
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Abstract
A complex network of regulatory systems ensures a coordinated and effective response to different types of stress that can act on a bacterium. Bacterial stress response generates changes that influence efflux system and virulence factor expression. Thus, partial or total loss of pathogenicity islands in uropathogenic Escherichia coli can be induced by SOS-dependent or SOS-independent pathways related to selection of quinolone-resistant mutants. Likewise, hyperosmolarity and some chemicals, including fluoroquinolones, salicylate, nonantimicrobial medicaments like diazepam and anti-inflammatory drugs are all able to induce an increased active efflux, cyclohexane tolerance, loss of porins, and decreased susceptibility to multiple antimicrobials in enterobacterial strains, suggesting that bacterial response to the stress caused by an increase in osmolarity might be linked to the development of the multidrug-resistant phenotypes. Finally, a sudden downshift of the growth temperature (cold-shock) triggers a drastic reprogramming of bacterial gene expression to allow cell survival under the new unfavorable conditions. The strategy developed by E. coli to reach this goal consists in the induction of a set of (cold-shock) genes whose expression is regulated at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.
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