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Rice KC, Davis KAT. Brief Communication: Confocal microscopy of oral streptococcal biofilms grown in simulated microgravity using a random positioning machine. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:89. [PMID: 39251626 PMCID: PMC11385976 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00427-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are a concern for spaceflight missions, given their propensity for biofouling systems and their potential threat to astronaut health. Herein, we describe a random positioning machine-based method for growing fluorescent protein-expressing streptococcal biofilms under simulated microgravity. Biofilms can be subsequently imaged by confocal microscopy without further manipulation, minimizing disruption of architecture. This methodology could be adaptable to other bacteria, potentially standardizing biofilm growth and study under simulated microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Rice
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Ke Aira T Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Health Sciences (Biotechnology), Central Georgia Technical College, Macon, GA, 31206, USA
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Ibrahim AZ, Hussein AS, Said Gulam Khan HB, Ghazali N. Antibacterial activity of microwave synthesized hydroxyapatite against cariogenic bacteria: A preliminary study. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:1117-1122. [PMID: 39176152 PMCID: PMC11337952 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effects of hydroxyapatite (HA) on oral bacteria and biofilm remains inconclusive, with conflicting results. Studies assessing its effect against caries-causing bacteria are limited. Objective This study aimed to explore the antibacterial activity of HA synthesized using microwave against two of the most common cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus). Methods HA was chemically synthesized using a microwave. To verify the existence of the crystalline phase and the calcium and phosphate content, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were employed, respectively. Reduction in bacterial growth was used to assess the antibacterial effects of 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % HA against the tested bacteria. Results The presence of the hydroxyapatite crystallite phase was verified using XRD, while EDX revealed the Calcium to Phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio to be 1.6. In response to the 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % HA, S. mutans were reduced by 14.5 %, 15.6 %, and 23.4 %, whereas S. sobrinus decreased by 17.1 %, 60.8 %, and 98.6 %, respectively. Conclusion Microwave-synthesized HA could have antibacterial properties against caries-causing bacteria with different potencies depending on concentration and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Zharif Ibrahim
- Centre of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alaa Sabah Hussein
- Centre of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasnah Begum Said Gulam Khan
- Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norzalina Ghazali
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Farva K, Sattar H, Ullah H, Raziq A, Mehmood MD, Tareen AK, Sultan IN, Zohra Q, Khan MW. Phenotypic Analysis, Molecular Characterization, and Antibiogram of Caries-Causing Bacteria Isolated from Dental Patients. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1952. [PMID: 37630520 PMCID: PMC10457851 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated, sugar-driven, multifactorial, dynamic disease that results in the phasic demineralization and remineralization of dental hard tissues. Despite scientific advances in cariology, dental caries remains a severe global concern. The aim of this study was to determine the optimization of microbial and molecular techniques for the detection of cariogenic pathogens in dental caries patients, the prevalence of cariogenic bacteria on the basis of socioeconomic, climatological, and hygienic factors, and in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of selected synthetic antibiotics and herbal extracts. In this study, oral samples were collected from 900 patients for bacterial strain screening on a biochemical and molecular basis. Plant extracts, such as ginger, garlic, neem, tulsi, amla, and aloe vera, were used to check the antimicrobial activity against the isolated strains. Synthetic antimicrobial agents, such as penicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, metronidazole, doxycycline, ceftazidime, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, were also used to access the antimicrobial activity. Among 900 patients, 63% were males and 37% were females, patients aged between 36 and 58 (45.7%) years were prone to disease, and the most common symptom was toothache (61%). For oral diseases, 21% used herbs, 36% used antibiotics, and 48% were self-medicated, owing to sweets consumption (60.66%) and fizzy drinks and fast food (51.56%). Staphylococcus mutans (29.11%) and Streptococcus sobrinus (28.11%) were found as the most abundant strains. Seven bacterial strains were successfully screened and predicted to be closely related to genera S. sobrinus, S. mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Eubacterium nodatum, Propionibacterium acidifaciens, and Treponema Pallidum. Among plant extracts, the maximum zone of inhibition was recorded by ginger (22.36 mm) and amla (20.01 mm), while among synthetic antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were most effective against all microbes. This study concluded that phyto extracts of ginger and amla were considered suitable alternatives to synthetic antibiotics to treat dental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Farva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Huma Sattar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hayat Ullah
- Metabolic Engineering Lab, Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Abdur Raziq
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Muhammad Danish Mehmood
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Afrasiab Khan Tareen
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Imrana Niaz Sultan
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Quratulaain Zohra
- Department of Biotechnology, Project of Sahara for Life Trust, The Sahara College Narowal, Punjab 51601, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
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Thwin KM, Tun TZ, Kaneko N, Nohno K, Ogawa H. Clinical and Microbial Evaluation of Dental Caries Status and Associated Factors Among Primary Schoolchildren in Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asia Pac J Public Health 2023; 35:42-49. [PMID: 36426605 DOI: 10.1177/10105395221139347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of dental caries on primary teeth and to evaluate the cariogenic bacteria in dental plaque and saliva among Myanmar schoolchildren. A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 264 schoolchildren from three primary schools in the urban area of Yangon city in 2019. Clinical oral examinations, caries risk tests, and questionnaire surveys were conducted. Overall caries prevalence was 84.1% with a mean decayed, missing, filled primary teeth (dmft) count of 5.84 ± 4.57. Children's caries experience and debris scores were significantly associated with their bacteria score level. Father's occupation was significantly associated with caries prevalence (P = .024) and dmft (P = .021). Father's occupation, snack types, habit of eating sweet food combinations, drink types, and debris score were five significant predictors of dental caries in our study. Dental caries is currently a public health problem among Myanmar children. Caries experience and oral hygiene status were strongly influenced by cariogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaung Myat Thwin
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tin Zar Tun
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Noboru Kaneko
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaname Nohno
- Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Korona-Glowniak I, Skawinska-Bednarczyk A, Wrobel R, Pietrak J, Tkacz-Ciebiera I, Maslanko-Switala M, Krawczyk D, Bakiera A, Borek A, Malm A, Mielnik-Blaszczak M. Streptococcus sobrinus as a Predominant Oral Bacteria Related to the Occurrence of Dental Caries in Polish Children at 12 Years Old. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192215005. [PMID: 36429724 PMCID: PMC9690266 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is listed by the WHO as one of the major non-communicable diseases that need to be prevented and treated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of caries expressed as the Decayed, Missing and Filled Permanent Teeth (DMFT) index in 12-year-old Polish children and to verify bacterial species related to the occurrence of dental caries. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of DNA isolated from saliva samples was performed to detect 8 cariogenic and periopathogenic bacterial strains. A total of 118 Polish children were enrolled in the study. They had low mean DMFT scores of 1.58 ± 1.98. The prevalence of dental caries in the children tested was low (53.4%), with a tendency to decrease compared to previous oral surveys. Bacterial abundance of other species in the dental caries and caries-free groups did not differ; however, periopathogenic Prevotella pallens, Fusobacterium nucleatum along with cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus fermentum were significantly strongly correlated in the caries-active subjects. The prevalence of S. sobrinus was significantly higher in children with dental caries (p = 0.023) and correlated with higher DMFT. It may temporarily play an important role in the initiation of the cariogenic process or in its enhancement due to an ecological imbalance in dental microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Korona-Glowniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Rafal Wrobel
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Pietrak
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | - Dorota Krawczyk
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrian Bakiera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Borek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Malm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Swanson CS, Dhand R, Cao L, Ferris J, Elder CS, He Q. Microbiome Profiles of Nebulizers in Hospital Use. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2022; 35:212-222. [PMID: 35230145 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2021.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nebulizers are used to provide treatment to respiratory patients. Concerns over nosocomial infection risks from contaminated nebulizers raise the critical need to identify all microbial populations in nebulizers used by patients. However, conventional culture-dependent techniques are inadequate with the ability to identify specific microbial populations only. Therefore, the aims of this study were to acquire complete profiles of microbiomes in nebulizers used by in-patients with culture-independent high-throughput sequencing and identify sources of microbial contaminants for the development of effective practices to reduce microbial contamination in nebulizer devices. Methods: This study was conducted at the University of Tennessee Medical Center in Knoxville, TN. Nebulizers were collected between May 2018 and October 2018 from inpatients admitted to the floors for pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Nebulizers were sampled for 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing to profile nebulizer microbiomes and perform phylogenetic analysis. A Bayesian community-wide culture-independent microbial source tracking technique was used to quantify the contribution of human-associated microbiota as potential sources of nebulizer contamination. Results: Culture-independent sequencing detected diverse microbial populations in nebulizers, represented by 18 abundant genera. Stenotrophomonas was identified as the most abundant genus, accounting for 12.4% of the nebulizer microbiome, followed by Rhizobium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Ralstonia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of multiple phylotypes with close relationship to potential pathogens. Contributing up to 15% to nebulizer microbiomes, human-associated microbiota was not identified as the primary sources of nebulizer contamination. Conclusion: Culture-independent sequencing was demonstrated to be capable of acquiring comprehensive profiles of microbiomes in nebulizers used by in-patients. Phylogenetic analysis identified differences in pathogenicity between closely related phylotypes. Microbiome profile-enabled community-wide culture-independent microbial source tracking suggested greater importance of environmental sources than human sources as contributors to nebulizer microbiomes, providing important insight for the development of effective strategies for the monitoring and control of nebulizer devices to mitigate infection risks in the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford S Swanson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rajiv Dhand
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Liu Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer Ferris
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - C Scott Elder
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, The University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.,Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Thymoquinone against Different Dental Pathogens: An In Vitro Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216451. [PMID: 34770860 PMCID: PMC8588385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Thymoquinone (TQ) on four different oral microorganisms. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC), Broth microdilution, and Well diffusion tests were used to determine the optimum antimicrobial concentrations of TQ against Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus over 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. Chlorhexidine 0.12% was selected as a positive control. The inhibitory effect of TQ on bacterial growth was most noticeable with S. salivarius, while the least affected was S. aureus. TQ’s MBC and MIC for S. oralis and S. aureus were comparable 2 mg/mL and 3 mg/mL, respectively. S. salivarius was most resistant to TQ and displayed a value of 5 mg/mL and 4 mg/mL for MIC and MBC, respectively. The viable count of different strains after exposure to TQ’s MBC values was most noticeable with S. aureus followed by S. oralis and S. mutans, while S. salivarius was least affected. This study emphasized the promising antimicrobial effect of TQ against the four main oral microorganisms. It has a potential preventive effect against dental caries as well as other oral diseases.
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Villhauer A, Lynch D, Postler T, Dawson D, Drake D. Mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli: Colonization Patterns and Genotypic Characterization of Cariogenic Bacterial Species in American Indian Children. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.740900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus species in an American Indian population displaying a high incidence of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and to explore the genotypic diversity and fidelity of transmission of S. sobrinus in this population.Methods: We report here on the microbial profiles of 71 children compiled from birth to 36 months of age and initial exploration of genotypic diversity in a subset of 40 mother/child dyads. Whole mouth plaque samples were collected from mother/child dyads in a Northern Plains American Indian cohort. Mutans streptococci (MS) and Lactobacillus counts were recorded and presence/absence of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus was noted for each child. S. sobrinus was isolated and genotyped via arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR).Results: The children in this study were divided into caries active (CA) and caries free (CF) groups. S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus species were detected more frequently in CA groups. Distribution of MS and Lactobacillus counts was significantly different between the two groups, as was the distribution of three species colonization profiles. Twelve S. sobrinus genotypes were detected in the subset of mother/child dyads. Individual participants displayed a range of 0–3 distinct genotypes while mother/child pairs displayed a range of 1–5 genotypes. Eighty-three percent of children shared at least one genotype with his/her mother.Conclusion: Caries active children in this population display different microbial profiles than the caries free children in this cohort. A small number of S. sobrinus genotypes appear to be very common in this population. A high rate of vertical transmission of S. sobrinus from mother to child is seen in these mother/child dyads.
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Babaeekhou L, Ghane M, Ezatzade F, Eftekhari Toroghi S. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus distribution in the saliva and plaque of Iranian population: Higher prevalence of S. mutans serotypes f and k. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 19:193-200. [PMID: 33369141 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to find the relation of the MS co-existence with the decayed, missing (Extracted) and filled teeth (DMFT) score and the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans serotypes in the Iranian population. METHODS In this cross-sectional research conducted in 2018, volunteers aged 10-60< years were measured by population selection criteria. PCR technique was used to screen MS serotypes in the homogenized saliva and plaque samples. RESULTS 499 subjects met the selection criteria of the study population. Out of 499 samples, 448 samples were finalized for serotype determination and DMFT relation evaluation. From 448, 348 (77.6%) samples harboured only S. mutans, 44 (9.8%) had both S. mutans and S. sobrinus, 6 (1.3%) were positive for S. sobrinus alone, and 94 (20.9%) were free of both specious. The mean DMFT score in people with S. mutans (6.7) was higher than S. mutans negative (4.6) participants (p < 0.05). In people with both S. mutans and S. sobrinus, the mean DMFT did not change significantly. The frequency of c, e, f and k serotypes was 47.7, 22.7, 27.5 and 22.1%, respectively. The mean DMFT score in participants with serotype e was significantly higher than others (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS People can acquire different S. mutans serotypes over a lifetime. The high prevalence rate of serotype k, a systemic S. mutans serotype, calls worldwide studies on the prevalence of serotype k strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Babaeekhou
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghane
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Farshad Ezatzade
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
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Han KI, Jung EG, Kwon HJ, Patnaik BB, Baliarsingh S, Kim WJ, Nam KW, Lee JS, Han MD, Kang SW. Gene expression analysis of inflammation-related genes in macrophages treated with α-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-D-glucan extracted from Streptococcus mutans. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:45-53. [PMID: 33068623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a gram-positive bacterium that causes tooth decay. The exopolyssacharides, mostly glucans synthesized by the bacterium are responsible for establishing pathogenic bio-films associated with dental caries disease. The regulatory immune and inflammatory reactions implicated by the synthesized glucans are still not clearly understood. In this study, a water-soluble exopolyssacharide (WSP) was extracted from culture of Str. mutans. The structural properties of WSP, [α-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-D-glucan] were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effects of WSP on the global gene expression of the macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells were analyzed using mRNA-seq analysis. Using Gene Ontology analysis, we compiled a total of 24,421 genes that were upregulated or downregulated by more than 5.0-fold and 0.3-fold, respectively. Most of the transcripts were grouped under immune response and inflammation-related gene categories. Among the 802 immunity-related genes analyzed, chemokine ligand 7 (Ccl7), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were upregulated after WSP exposure. In addition, among a total of 344 genes related to inflammation, Ccl7, IL-1α and IL-6 were upregulated. These results suggest that [α-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-D-glucan] from Str. mutans produces activates macrophages and may contribute to the immune and inflammatory response to periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kook-Il Han
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Gil Jung
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kwon
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- PG Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore 756 089, India; School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India
| | - Snigdha Baliarsingh
- School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India
| | - Wan-Jong Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Kung-Woo Nam
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sook Lee
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Deuk Han
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Kang
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Daood U, Matinlinna JP, Pichika MR, Mak KK, Nagendrababu V, Fawzy AS. A quaternary ammonium silane antimicrobial triggers bacterial membrane and biofilm destruction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10970. [PMID: 32620785 PMCID: PMC7335202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the antimicrobial effects of quaternary ammonium silane (QAS) exposure on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus bacterial biofilms at different concentrations. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus biofilms were cultured on dentine disks, and incubated for bacterial adhesion for 3-days. Disks were treated with disinfectant (experimental QAS or control) and returned to culture for four days. Small-molecule drug discovery-suite was used to analyze QAS/Sortase-A active site. Cleavage of a synthetic fluorescent peptide substrate, was used to analyze inhibition of Sortase-A. Raman spectroscopy was performed and biofilms stained for confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Dentine disks that contained treated dual-species biofilms were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analysis of DAPI within biofilms was performed using CLSM. Fatty acids in bacterial membranes were assessed with succinic-dehydrogenase assay along with time-kill assay. Sortase-A protein underwent conformational change due to QAS molecule during simulation, showing fluctuating alpha and beta strands. Spectroscopy revealed low carbohydrate intensities in 1% and 2% QAS. SEM images demonstrated absence of bacterial colonies after treatment. DAPI staining decreased with 1% QAS (p < 0.05). Fatty acid compositions of dual specie biofilm increased in both 1% and 2% QAS specimens (p < 0.05). Quaternary ammonium silane demonstrated to be a potent antibacterial cavity disinfectant and a plaque inhibitor and can be of potential significance in eliminating caries-forming bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Daood
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jukka P Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Malikarjuna Rao Pichika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kit-Kay Mak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amr S Fawzy
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
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Bramantoro T, Setijanto RD, Palupi R, Aghazy AZ, Irmalia WR. Dental Caries and Associated Factors among Primary School Children in Metropolitan City with the Largest Javanese Race Population: A Crosssectional Study. Contemp Clin Dent 2020; 10:274-283. [PMID: 32308290 PMCID: PMC7145260 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_517_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dental caries is the most prevalent and chronic oral disease, particularly in childhood age. Dental caries is a progressive infectious process with multifactorial etiology. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of dental caries and its associated factors among primary school children at Surabaya, as the metropolitan city with the largest Javanese race population in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Surabaya in August 2017. Cluster random sampling technique was used to select the children. Structured questionnaire by the World Health Organization (WHO) was used to interview children and/or parents to collect sociodemographic variables. Clinical dental information was obtained by experienced dentist using dental caries criteria set by the WHO. Binary and multiple logistic regression analysis were computed to investigate the factors associated with dental caries. Results: Of 213 children, 50.4% were boys. Majority (99%) of the children cleaned their teeth using toothbrush. The proportion of children having dental caries was 53%. Decay-Missing-Filled (DMF) score was 1, decayed-extracted-filled (def) score was 1.08, and total DMF and def score were 2.07. Toothbrush usage, soda consumption, and educational level of fathers were the associated factors for dental caries. Conclusion: Toothbrush usage, soda consumption, and educational level of fathers were the associated factors for dental caries. Therefore, prevention measures, such as health education on oral hygiene, dietary habits, and importance of dental visit, are obligatory for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taufan Bramantoro
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - R Darmawan Setijanto
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Retno Palupi
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Zamzam Aghazy
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Wahyuning Ratih Irmalia
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Rohim RAA, Ahmad WMAW, Ismail NH, Ghazali FMM, Alam MK. Modeling the Growth of Bacteria Streptococcus sobrinus Using Exponential Regression. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2020.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Ancuceanu R, Anghel AI, Ionescu C, Hovaneț MV, Cojocaru-Toma M, Dinu M. Clinical Trials with Herbal Products for the Prevention of Dental Caries and Their Quality: A Scoping Study. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E884. [PMID: 31861065 PMCID: PMC6995540 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is currently recognized that an injudicious strategy about caries in the last decades has been not only focusing of research mostly in children, but also the narrow focusing on fluoride, because despite sufficient availability of fluoride in water and oral healthcare products, caries levels escalate steadily as people get older and caries remain a main public health issue to be settled. In the last two decades the scientific community intensified efforts of exploring other products for caries prevention, herbal products being one of these approaches. Preliminary evidence indicated that clinical trials for caries prevention with herbal products are heterogeneous in design, quality and products evaluated, we therefore performed a scoping review intended to explore the main characteristics of such clinical trials. From an initial collection of 1986 unique papers from different literature databases, 56 articles satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The species investigated, dosage forms, study designs, duration of intervention, controls, endpoints, quality of reporting, and risk of bias are discussed. Of the trials reviewed here, 85.71% reported positive results but given the methodological flaws and biases affecting them, it is difficult to conclude on the efficacy of those products based on the studies published thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ancuceanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania (M.V.H.); (M.D.)
| | - Adriana Iuliana Anghel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania (M.V.H.); (M.D.)
| | - Camelia Ionescu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010221 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Marilena Viorica Hovaneț
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania (M.V.H.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Cojocaru-Toma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolae Testemițanu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2025 Chisinau, Moldavia;
| | - Mihaela Dinu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania (M.V.H.); (M.D.)
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15
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Noori AJ, Kareem FA. The effect of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of glass-ionomer cement. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02568. [PMID: 31667407 PMCID: PMC6812241 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study examined the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC) modified by the addition of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles. Materials and methods MgO nanoparticles were characterised by XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis and tested for its activity against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. MgO nanoparticles were incorporated into GIC powder (Ketac Molar Easymix) at different concentrations and the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity was evaluated using agar disk diffusion and biofilm-CFU counting assays. ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used for the analysis, and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results MgO nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against both microorganisms (MIC = 500 μg/ml and MBC = 1000 μg/ml). A significant difference in the zones of inhibition was detected (p < 0.005). The effect was evident in the 2.5% MgO nanoparticle modified GIC while the CFU counting biofilm assay showed the effect of the added nanoparticles from 1% with a significant difference between the tested material groups (p < 0.005). Conclusions The MgO nanoparticle modified GIC showed effective antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against two cariogenic microorganisms and could be considered for further development as a biocompatible antibacterial dental restorative cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arass Jalal Noori
- Department of Pedodontics, Orthodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq
| | - Fadil Abdullah Kareem
- Department of Pedodontics, Orthodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq
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16
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Philip N, Bandara HMHN, Leishman SJ, Walsh LJ. Effect of polyphenol-rich cranberry extracts on cariogenic biofilm properties and microbial composition of polymicrobial biofilms. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 102:1-6. [PMID: 30951891 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of cranberry extracts on saliva-derived polymicrobial biofilms with regards to biofilm biomass, acidogenicity, exopolysaccharide (EPS)/microbial biovolumes, colony forming unit (CFU) counts, and the relative abundance of specific caries- and health-associated bacteria. METHODS Saliva-derived polymicrobial biofilms were grown for 96 h in a cariogenic environment and treated for 2 min every 12 h over the entire biofilm growth period with 500 μg/mL cranberry extract or vehicle control. The effect of the cranberry extract on biofilm behaviour was evaluated using different assays and its influence on key cariogenic and health-associated bacterial populations was assessed with a microarray real-time quantitative PCR method. RESULTS Cranberry-treated biofilms showed significant drops in biomass (38% reduction, P < 0.001), acidogenicity (44% reduction, P < 0.001), EPS/microbial biovolume ratios (P = 0.033), and CFU counts (51% reduction, P = 0.001). Furthermore, the cranberry extracts effected a significantly lower relative abundance of caries-associated Streptococcus sobrinus (fold change 0.004, P = 0.002) and Provotella denticola (0.002, P < 0.001), and a significantly higher relative abundance of the health-associated Streptococcus sanguinis (fold change 90.715, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The cranberry extract lowered biofilm biomass, acidogenicity, EPS/microbial biovolumes, CFU counts, and modulated a beneficial microbial ecological change in saliva-derived polymicrobial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebu Philip
- The University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - H M H N Bandara
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laurence J Walsh
- The University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia
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Genetic diversity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c isolated from white spot and cavitated caries lesions from schoolchildren. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 100:33-41. [PMID: 30776704 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the genetic diversity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) serotype c isolated from white spot and cavitated caries lesions of schoolchildren. METHODS S. mutans isolates were obtained and identify by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from 28 schoolchildren. A total of 92 S. mutans isolates, identified as serotype c by PCR, were analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis after digestion of genomic DNA with SmaI enzyme. 62 isolates were obtained from white spot and cavitated caries lesions of schoolchildren that presented both lesions simultaneously and 30 isolates were from saliva and biofilm samples of schoolchildren without dental caries. Cluster analyses were performed using the Dice coefficient of the BioNumerics software version 6.0. RESULTS It was possible to determine the serotype in 190 isolates out of 255 isolates identified as S. mutans. Serotype c was the most frequent (n = 139), followed by serotype f (n = 31) and serotype e (n = 20). After analyzing the dendograms of the 92 serotype c isolates, this study identified three strains present in both types of lesions, two strains specific to the type of lesion: one strain from the white spot lesion and one strain from the cavitated caries lesion, and five strains specific to children with caries versus four strains for children without caries. CONCLUSION S. mutans serotype c genetic variability is similar in terms of the number of strains present according to the caries status and type of lesion.
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18
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Xu RR, Yang WD, Niu KX, Wang B, Wang WM. An Update on the Evolution of Glucosyltransferase ( Gtf) Genes in Streptococcus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2979. [PMID: 30568640 PMCID: PMC6290343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many caries-promoting Streptococcus species, glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) are recognized as key enzymes contributing to the modification of biofilm structures, disruption of homeostasis of healthy microbiota community and induction of caries development. It is therefore of great interest to investigate how Gtf genes have evolved in Streptococcus. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive survey of Gtf genes among 872 streptococci genomes of 37 species and identified Gtf genes from 364 genomes of 18 species. To clarify the relationships of these Gtf genes, 45 representative sequences were used for phylogenic analysis, which revealed two clear clades. Clade I included 12 Gtf genes from nine caries-promoting species of the Mutans and Downei groups, which produce enzymes known to synthesize sticky, water-insoluble glucans (WIG) that are critical for modifying biofilm structures. Clade II primarily contained Gtf genes responsible for synthesizing water-soluble glucans (WSG) from all 18 species, and this clade further diverged into three subclades (IIA, IIB, and IIC). An analysis of 16 pairs of duplicated Gtf genes revealed high divergence levels at the C-terminal repeat regions, with ratios of the non-synonymous substitution rate (dN) to synonymous substitution rate (dS) ranging from 0.60 to 1.03, indicating an overall relaxed constraint in this region. However, among the clade I Gtf genes, some individual repeat units possessed strong functional constraints by the same criterion. Structural variations in the repeat regions were also observed, with detection of deletions or recent duplications of individual repeat units. Overall, by establishing an updated phylogeny and further elucidating their evolutionary patterns, this work enabled us to gain a greater understanding of the origination and divergence of Gtf genes in Streptococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Xu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke-Xin Niu
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Mei Wang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Zheng Y, Zhang M, Li J, Li Y, Teng F, Jiang H, Du M. Comparative Analysis of the Microbial Profiles in Supragingival Plaque Samples Obtained From Twins With Discordant Caries Phenotypes and Their Mothers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:361. [PMID: 30460203 PMCID: PMC6232758 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC), the most frequent disease of oral cavity in preschool children, is the consequence of microbial, genetic, biochemical, socioeconomic, physical, environmental and health-influencing behavioral factors. To investigate the role of the oral microbiome and the impact of host and environmental factors in the occurrence and development of ECC, we studied the supragingival plaques of 14 twin pairs and a set of triplets with discordant caries phenotypes and 15 mothers, applying the Human Oral Microbe Identification using Next Generation Sequencing technique (HOMINGS). A total of 2,293,650 reads revealed 11 phyla, 116 genera, and 139 species of micromiome. Comparative analysis between the caries and caries-free group at species level revealed that the relative abundance of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus fermentum, Actinomyces islaelii, Neisseria sica, and Veilonella dispar was much higher in caries group (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, monozygotic twins exhibited a higher degree of similarity than dizygotic twins. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between environmental factors and the oral microbiome, and our results indicat that the frequency of taking sweet food is associated with ECC. We conclude the following. First, the occurrence of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus fermentum, Neisseria sica, and Veilonella dispar is strongly associated with the occurrence of ECC. Second, host genetic factors influence the oral microbiome composition, while environmental and behavioral factors like the frequency of taking sweet foods have an impact on the distribution of caries-related bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiao Zheng
- Hubei-Most KLOS&KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Hubei-Most KLOS&KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, China
| | - Jin Li
- Hubei-Most KLOS&KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Hubei-Most KLOS&KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong, ref-listChina
| | - Han Jiang
- Hubei-Most KLOS&KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, China
| | - Minquan Du
- Hubei-Most KLOS&KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, China
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20
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Ravikumar D, R M, Ningthoujam S, Robindro W, R G, Priya V V. Genotypic characterization of Streptococcus mutans in child-mother pair-A PCR based study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2018; 8:225-230. [PMID: 30191114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives At present, there is lack of evidence in literature regarding the transmission of Streptococcus Mutans from a caries-free mother to child by genetic methods, so the present study aimed to identify the genetic characterization of Streptococcus Mutans strains isolated from caries-free and caries active children and their mother being caries-free in both the groups and also to identify the genetic patterns of Streptococcus Mutans between caries-free and caries-active individuals. Methods Twenty child-mother pair were selected and divided into 2 groups and the mothers being caries-free in both the groups. Saliva samples were collected using a sterile tube, followed by microbial culture of Streptococcus mutans, DNA isolation and PCR amplification. The molecular weights of each band were converted into a binary data and data were entered into SPSS software version 20.0 to generate similarity dendrograms. Results Amplified products of Streptococcus Mutans demonstrated a same genetic distance between the mother-child pair, indicative of a closely related species. Dendrogram interpretation represented a greater genetic polymorphism of Streptococcus Mutans between caries-free and caries-active children. Conclusions Identical genetic distance between child-mother pair showed that, these Streptooccus Mutans were closely related and could have vertically transmitted from their mothers. Different genotypic pattern between caries-free and caries active subjects showed a genetic polymorphism among the Streptococcus Mutans strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanalakshmi Ravikumar
- PhD Scholar, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai
| | - Mahesh R
- PhD Scholar, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai
| | | | - Waikhom Robindro
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, RIMS, Imphal, India
| | - Gayathri R
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vishnu Priya V
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Complete Genome Sequences of Streptococcus sobrinus SL1 (ATCC 33478 = DSM 20742), NIDR 6715-7 (ATCC 27351), NIDR 6715-15 (ATCC 27352), and NCTC 10919 (ATCC 33402). Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA00804-18. [PMID: 30533864 PMCID: PMC6211348 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00804-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Streptococcus sobrinus causes tooth decay in humans. We present complete circularized genome sequences for four strains of S. sobrinus, type strain SL1, strain NIDR 6715-7 and the related NIDR 6715-15, and strain NCTC 10919. The bacterium Streptococcus sobrinus causes tooth decay in humans. We present complete circularized genome sequences for four strains of S. sobrinus, type strain SL1, strain NIDR 6715-7 and the related NIDR 6715-15, and strain NCTC 10919. The finished genomes will enable genomic comparisons between S. sobrinus and other cariogenic microbes.
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Ruiz-Ruiz JC, Moguel-Ordoñez YB, Segura-Campos MR. Biological activity of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and their relationship to health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:2680-2690. [PMID: 26479769 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1072083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni has nutrients and phytochemicals, which make it an adequate source for the extraction and production of functional food ingredients. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest therapeutic and pharmacological applications for stevia and their extracts because they are not toxic and exhibit several biological activities. This review presents the biological activity of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and their relationship to antidiabetic, anticariogenic, antioxidant, hypotensive, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. Consumption and adverse effects were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carlos Ruiz-Ruiz
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Química-Bioquímica , Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida , Mérida, Yucatán , México
| | - Yolanda Beatriz Moguel-Ordoñez
- b Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Mococh , Carretera Mérida-Motul, Yucatán , México
| | - Maira Rubi Segura-Campos
- c Facultad de Ingeniería Química , Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, Mérida, Yucatán , México
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Villhauer AL, Lynch DJ, Drake DR. Improved method for rapid and accurate isolation and identification of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus from human plaque samples. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 139:205-209. [PMID: 28606792 PMCID: PMC5988259 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutans streptococci (MS), specifically Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Streptococcus sobrinus (SS), are bacterial species frequently targeted for investigation due to their role in the etiology of dental caries. Differentiation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus is an essential part of exploring the role of these organisms in disease progression and the impact of the presence of either/both on a subject's caries experience. Of vital importance to the study of these organisms is an identification protocol that allows us to distinguish between the two species in an easy, accurate, and timely manner. While conducting a 5-year birth cohort study in a Northern Plains American Indian tribe, the need for a more rapid procedure for isolating and identifying high volumes of MS was recognized. We report here on the development of an accurate and rapid method for MS identification. Accuracy, ease of use, and material and time requirements for morphological differentiation on selective agar, biochemical tests, and various combinations of PCR primers were compared. The final protocol included preliminary identification based on colony morphology followed by PCR confirmation of species identification using primers targeting regions of the glucosyltransferase (gtf) genes of SM and SS. This method of isolation and identification was found to be highly accurate, more rapid than the previous methodology used, and easily learned. It resulted in more efficient use of both time and material resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa L Villhauer
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, 801 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David J Lynch
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, 801 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David R Drake
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, 801 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Kressirer CA, Smith DJ, King WF, Dobeck JM, Starr JR, Tanner ACR. Scardovia wiggsiae and its potential role as a caries pathogen. J Oral Biosci 2017; 59:135-141. [PMID: 29104444 PMCID: PMC5665406 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus mutans has been strongly associated with dental caries but caries also occurs in its absence. Association of a new species, Scardovia wiggsiae with childhood caries suggests this could be a new caries pathogen. HIGHLIGHT S. mutans is considered a caries pathogen based on its association with caries, and on its ability to produce acid, to survive low pH environments, and to induce caries in experimental animals. S. wiggsiae was significantly associated with severe-early childhood caries in the presence and absence of S. mutans. Further S. wiggsiae was elevated in initial carious lesions in adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances. S. wiggsiae detection was enriched on a low pH agar suggesting acid-tolerance. S. wiggsiae isolates were acid tolerant and produced acid from several sugars at low initial pH values, and were not arginine deiminase positive, characteristics consistent with potential cariogenicity. Cariogenicity of S. wiggsiae was tested in a rat animal model in parallel with S. mutans. While S. wiggsiae by itself showed minimal caries induction, when co-inoculated with S. mutans, there was significant cavity production. CONCLUSION S. wiggsiae was associated with advanced and initial caries, is acid tolerant and produces acid to low pH at initial neutral and low pH conditions. In combination with S. mutans, S. wiggsiae was detected in caries in an animal model. Together, these data suggest that S. wiggsiae has many of the characteristics consistent with its being a caries-associated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Kressirer
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Jacqueline R. Starr
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anne C. R. Tanner
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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25
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Sharma P, Goswami M, Singh D, Massod SS, Nganba K. Correlation of Streptococcus mutans count in Mother-child Pair of Working and Nonworking Mothers: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017; 9:342-348. [PMID: 28127167 PMCID: PMC5233702 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans (MS) in mother-child pairs and to evaluate the correlation in the levels of salivary MS of working and nonworking mothers with that of their children and their associations with other related factors. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among 100 mother-child pairs residing in New Multan Nagar Colony, New Delhi, India. A total of 50 children with their mothers were included in the working group and another 50 were included in the nonworking group. A questionnaire regarding the feeding habits, oral hygiene habits, daily intake of sugars of the children along with their weaning time was carried out. All mothers and children were clinically examined for recording decayed, extracted, and filled teeth (deft)/decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT), and whole unstimulated saliva was collected and cultured for MS in the laboratory. The data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis using chi-square, Spearman’s correlation, and logistic regression analysis. Results The prevalence of salivary MS in the children was 69%. A statistically significant correlation was found between the oral levels of MS in nonworking and working mother-child pairs. Regression analysis showed that those children who feed by bottle for more than 12 months, have daily sweet intake, have sugars in feeding bottle and have higher defts were more likely to have mutans score of 1 or 2. Conclusion The mother, working or nonworking, being the primary care provider is the major source of transmission of MS to their child irrespective of the amount of time spent with them. How to cite this article Sharma P, Goswami M, Singh D, Massod SS, Nganba K. Correlation of Streptococcus mutans count in Mother-child Pair of Working and Nonworking Mothers: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(4):342-348.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics, I.T.S Dental College, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mousumi Goswami
- Head, Department of Pedodontics, I.T.S Dental College, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Darrel Singh
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics, I.T.S Dental College, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shahid S Massod
- Student, Department of Pedodontics, I.T.S Dental College, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Khundrakpam Nganba
- Student, Department of Pedodontics, I.T.S Dental College, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh, India
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Investigation of simulated microgravity effects on Streptococcus mutans physiology and global gene expression. NPJ Microgravity 2017. [PMID: 28649626 PMCID: PMC5460135 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-016-0006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts have been previously shown to exhibit decreased salivary lysozyme and increased dental calculus and gingival inflammation in response to space flight, host factors that could contribute to oral diseases such as caries and periodontitis. However, the specific physiological response of caries-causing bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans to space flight and/or ground-based simulated microgravity has not been extensively investigated. In this study, high aspect ratio vessel S. mutans simulated microgravity and normal gravity cultures were assessed for changes in metabolite and transcriptome profiles, H2O2 resistance, and competence in sucrose-containing biofilm media. Stationary phase S. mutans simulated microgravity cultures displayed increased killing by H2O2 compared to normal gravity control cultures, but competence was not affected. RNA-seq analysis revealed that expression of 153 genes was up-regulated ≥2-fold and 94 genes down-regulated ≥2-fold during simulated microgravity high aspect ratio vessel growth. These included a number of genes located on extrachromosomal elements, as well as genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, translation, and stress responses. Collectively, these results suggest that growth under microgravity analog conditions promotes changes in S. mutans gene expression and physiology that may translate to an altered cariogenic potential of this organism during space flight missions. The gene expression patterns, metabolism and physiology of tooth cavities-causing microbes change in a space-like gravity environment. These findings could help explain why astronauts are at a greater risk for dental diseases when in space. Kelly Rice and colleagues from the University of Florida, Gainesville, USA, cultured Streptococcus mutans bacteria under simulated microgravity and normal gravity conditions. The bacteria grown in microgravity were more susceptible to killing with hydrogen peroxide, tended to aggregate in more compact cellular structures, showed changes in their metabolite profile and expressed around 250 genes at levels that were either much higher or lower than normal gravity control cultures. These genes included many involved in carbohydrate metabolism, protein production and stress responses. The observed changes collectively suggest that space flight and microgravity could alter the cavities-causing potential of S. mutans.
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Oda Y, Hayashi F, Wakita A, Nagatani Y, Okada M. Five-year longitudinal study of dental caries risk associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in individuals with intellectual disabilities. J Oral Sci 2016; 59:39-46. [PMID: 28049966 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) are important etiologic agents in human dental caries. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for the presence of those strains, we examined 145 outpatients with intellectual disability (ID), calculated the proportion of each of these strains to total bacteria, and compared dental caries incidence over 5 years. Plaque samples were collected from all erupted tooth sites, and dental examinations were performed annually to determine numbers of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT score; World Health Organization caries diagnostic criteria). Elevated DMFT scores were calculated as ∆DMFT, and sites of newly affected caries (∆SNAC) were identified. Sixty-six patients had both strains. The proportion of S. mutans to total bacteria was moderately correlated with DMFT in year 2, ∆DMFT in years 2 and 5, and ∆SNAC in years 2 and 5 (correlation coefficient = 0.470, P < 0.001), while the proportion of S. sobrinus to total bacteria was moderately correlated with DMFT in years 2 and 5, ∆DMFT in years 1, 2, and 5, and ∆SNAC in years 2 and 5 (correlation coefficient = 0.695, P < 0.001). Individuals with ID who harbored both bacterial strains had a higher risk of dental caries and a significantly higher proportion of S. sobrinus to total bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Oda
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital
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Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Candida albicans in oral samples from caries-free and caries-active children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2016; 17:367-375. [PMID: 27357362 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-016-0239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM This was to examine the occurrence of S. mutans, S. sobrinus and C. albicans in dental plaque and saliva from caries-free and caries-active Greek children. METHODS Saliva and dental plaque samples from 46 caries-free and 51 caries-active 3-to-13-year-old children were examined using selective media for the three microbes. Identification of isolated mutans streptococci (S. mutans and S. sobrinus) was performed with biochemical test and specific DNA probes. The salivary levels of mutans streptococci were additionally determined by a chair-side test (Dentocult® SM strips). RESULTS The isolation frequencies of S. mutans, S. sobrinus and C. albicans were 66, 11 and 18 %, respectively. Caries-active children harboured more frequently and at significantly higher numbers the specific microbes than caries-free children. A similar pattern was observed with the Dentocult® SM strip scores. No correlation was found between the presence of these microbes and the age or gender of the children. CONCLUSIONS Caries experience was statistically significantly related to the presence of all three microbes under study, both in dental plaque and saliva.
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OLIVEIRA RVDD, ALBUQUERQUE YE, SPOLIDORIO DMP, KOGA-ITO CY, GIRO EMA, BRIGHENTI FL. Effect of dietary sugars on dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus – a pilot study. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Frequent consumption of sugars and the presence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are correlated with higher caries experience. Objective The aim of this pilot study was to elucidate the effect of different fermentable carbohydrates on biomass formation and acidogenicity of S. mutans and S. sobrinus biofilms. Material and method Single and dual-species biofilms of S. mutans ATCC 25175 and S. sobrinus ATCC 27607 were grown at the bottom of microtiter plates at equal concentrations for 24 h at 37 °C under micro-aerobic atmosphere. Carbohydrates were added at 2% concentration: maltose, sucrose, glucose and lactose. BHI Broth (0.2% glucose) was used as negative control. Acidogenicity was assessed by measuring the pH of spent culture medium after 24 h, immediately after refreshing the culture medium and for the next 1 h and 2 h. Crystal violet staining was used as an indicator of the total attached biofilm biomass after 24 h incubation. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Significance level was set at 5%. Result All carbohydrates resulted in higher biomass formation in single- and dual-species biofilms when compared to the control group. Sucrose, lactose and maltose showed higher acidogenicity than the control group in both single- and dual-species biofilms after 24 h. Conclusion These findings indicate that the type of biofilm (single- or dual-species) and the carbohydrate used may influence the amount of biomass formed and rate of pH reduction.
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Tu H, Fan Y, Lv X, Han S, Zhou X, Zhang L. Activity of Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptide GH12 against Oral Streptococci. Caries Res 2016; 50:48-61. [PMID: 26859135 DOI: 10.1159/000442898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the growth of cariogenic microorganisms such as oral streptococci is an adjunct therapy for caries-active individuals to prevent and treat caries. Here we investigated the antimicrobial activity of the synthetic amphipathic α- helical antimicrobial peptide GH12 (GLLWHLLHHLLH-NH2) against oral streptococci in vitro. Circular dichroism studies showed that GH12 takes on an α-helical conformation in the presence of membrane-mimicking solvents, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that GH12 remains stable in saliva. The peptide showed bactericidal activity against oral streptococci, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 6.7 to 32.0 μg/ml. GH12 concentrations 4-fold higher than the minimum bactericidal concentration completely killed oral streptococci within 20 min. Treating oral streptococci with GH12 caused noticeable changes in bacterial viability and morphology based on confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Effects of GH12 on biofilm formation and on viability of mature biofilm were quantified by crystal violet staining and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. GH12 effectively inhibited biofilm formation and metabolic activity in biofilms of oral streptococci, especially S. mutans, S. sobrinus and S. salivarius. These results suggest that GH12 shows rapid and strong antimicrobial activity against oral streptococci in vitro, opening the door to preclinical and clinical studies to explore its potential for caries prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Süntar I, Oyardı O, Akkol EK, Ozçelik B. Antimicrobial effect of the extracts from Hypericum perforatum against oral bacteria and biofilm formation. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:1065-70. [PMID: 26510970 PMCID: PMC11133939 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1102948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT One traditional medicines, Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae), possesses several beneficial effects against depression, ulcers, dyspepsia, abdominal pains, burns, bacterial infections, migraine headaches, and sciatica. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract (HP-EtOH) of H. perforatum and its sub-extracts, namely n-hexane (HP-hexane), chloroform (HP-CHCl3), ethyl acetate (HP-EtOAc), n-butanol (HP-n-BuOH), and water (HP-H2O) extracts, against Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Enterococcus faecalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity, flowering aerial parts of H. perforatum were extracted with EtOH and then this extract was fractionated to obtain five sub-extracts in different polarities. Antimicrobial activities of HP-EtOH and its sub-extracts against Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, L. plantarum, and E. faecalis were assessed by using colorimetric micro-well dilution at concentration ranges of 64-0.5 μg/ml as well as resazurin microplate and modified microtiter-plate assays between the ranges of 100 and 0.78125 μg/ml. RESULTS According to the results of the present study, HP-H2O sub-extract displayed strong antibacterial activity (MIC values 8 μg/mL) against S. sobrinus and L. plantarum, and exerted moderate activity against S. mutans and E. faecalis at 32 and 16 μg/mL concentrations, respectively. Other sub-extracts also demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. sobrinus at a concentration of 16 μg/mL. HP-EtOAc and HP-n-BuOH showed antimicrobial activity against L. plantarum and HP-EtOAc and HP-H2O were also active against E. faecalis at the same concentrations (16 μg/mL). CONCLUSION According to the results, we suggest that H. perforatum could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent in oral care products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozlem Oyardı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Berrin Ozçelik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Oda Y, Hayashi F, Okada M. Longitudinal study of dental caries incidence associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in patients with intellectual disabilities. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:102. [PMID: 26328921 PMCID: PMC4557917 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutans streptococci (Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus) are considered to be major etiologic agents of dental caries. Using a polymerase chain reaction method, we detected those bacteria from 145 outpatients (6–30 years old) with intellectual disabilities (ID) and their presence was compared with the incidence of dental caries. Methods Plaque samples were collected from all erupted tooth sites in subjects with a sterile toothbrush. A dental examination was performed to determine the number of decayed and filled teeth (DFT score) in permanent dentition using the WHO caries diagnostic criteria. A Mann–Whitney U-test was employed to compare the caries scores between combinations of the bacteria, and with a Wilcoxon rank test used to compare caries scores between the baseline and after 1 year. Results Among all subjects, S. mutans and S. sobrinus were possessed by 78.7 and 83.5 %, respectively, while 13.1 % were positive for S. mutans alone, 17.9 % for S. sobrinus alone, and 65.6 % for both organisms, with 3.4 % were negative for both. The mean DFT score of subjects positive for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus at after 1 year was significantly higher than that of those positive for S. mutans alone (P < 0.01). The increase in caries increment was also significantly greater in subjects with both bacteria detected (P < 0.001). Conclusion Our results indicate that patients with ID harboring both S. mutans and S. sobrinus have a significantly higher incidence of dental caries than those with S. mutans alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Oda
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Hayashi
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Mitsugi Okada
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
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Tao Y, Zhou Y, Ouyang Y, Lin HC. Association of oral streptococci community dynamics with severe early childhood caries as assessed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis targeting the rnpB gene. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:936-945. [PMID: 26002941 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the possible association between the dynamics of oral streptococci community profiles and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) development, compared with caries-free (CF) controls. Supragingival plaque samples were evaluated from 8-32-month-old children who had previously been assessed for overall profiles of their oral microbial community. Twelve children were in each group. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted and amplified using rnpB-specific primers for streptococci; the products were then subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequence analysis. We observed that the mean values for species richness (N) and diversity of oral streptococci (H') were significantly lower in the S-ECC group than in the CF group (N = 1.25 ± 4.14 vs 14.92 ± 2.84; H' = 1.41 ± 0.29 vs 1.64 ± 0.18) at 32 months of age (P < 0.05). Significantly higher detection rates of Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii were found in the CF group compared with the S-ECC group at 32 months of age (P < 0.05). Cluster analysis of DGGE profiles showed that most of the clusters were constructed from one individual over time. These results suggested that the onset of S-ECC is accompanied by reduced diversity of oral streptococci, that the detection rates of S. sanguinis and S. gordonii have negative correlations with S-ECC; and that there are high levels of intra-individual similarity for the oral streptococci community over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yong Ouyang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huan Cai Lin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus colonization and caries experience in 3- and 5-year-old Thai children. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 19:1955-64. [PMID: 25753978 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the colonization of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in supra-gingival plaque samples and to determine their correlation with the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in Thai children. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 344 Thai children, ages 3 and 5 years, were invited to participate in this study. Caries status of the children was examined. Supra-gingival plaque samples were collected. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to evaluate DNA levels of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. RESULTS Eighty-five percent of the children were colonized by S. mutans and 50.9% of them were colonized by S. sobrinus. The prevalence of ECC was 43.8% and 56.2% among 3- and 5-year-old children, respectively, and was significantly associated with the presence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The severity of ECC was significantly correlated with increased DNA levels of the two bacteria. Children who were positive for S. mutans and S. sobrinus (Sm+/Sb+) were 8 times or 44 times more likely to experience ECC than children who were Sm-/Sb + or were Sm-/Sb-. CONCLUSIONS The study evidence further suggest that children colonized by both S. mutans and S. sobrinus are at the higher risk for ECC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Molecular-based qPCR can be used to detect and quantify S. mutans and S. sobrinus colonization for epidemiological and clinical studies for ECC risk assessment.
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Mulu W, Demilie T, Yimer M, Meshesha K, Abera B. Dental caries and associated factors among primary school children in Bahir Dar city: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:949. [PMID: 25540044 PMCID: PMC4307198 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries is the most common chronic infectious disease of childhood caused by the interaction of bacteria, mainly Streptococcus mutans and sugary foods on tooth enamel. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated factors of dental caries among primary school children at Bahir Dar city. METHODS A school based cross-sectional study was conducted at Bahir Dar city from October 2013 to January 2014. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select the children. Structured questionnaire was used to interview children and/or parents to collect socio demographic variables. Clinical dental information obtained by experienced dentist using dental caries criteria set by World Health Organization. Binary and multiple logistic regression analysis were computed to investigate factors associated with dental caries. RESULTS Of the 147 children, 82 (55.4%) were girls. Majority of the children (67.6%) cleaned their teeth using traditional method (small stick of wood made of a special type of plant). The proportion of children having dental caries was 32 (21.8%). Primary tooth decay accounted for 24 (75%) of dental caries. The proportion of missed teeth was 7 (4.8%). The overall proportion of toothache and dental plaque among school children were 40 (27.2%) and 99 (67.3%), respectively. Grade level of 1-4 (AOR = 3.9, CI = 1.49 -10.4), poor habit of tooth cleaning (AOR = 2.6, CI = 1.08 - 6.2), dental plaque (AOR = 5.3, CI = 1.6 - 17.7) and toothache (AOR = 6.3, CI = 2.4 - 15.4) were significantly associated with dental caries. CONCLUSION Dental caries is a common public health problem in school children associated with poor oral hygiene, dietary and dental visit habits. Therefore, prevention measures such as health education on oral hygiene, dietary habits and importance of dental visit are obligatory for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondemagegn Mulu
- />Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tazebew Demilie
- />Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Yimer
- />Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Kassaw Meshesha
- />Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Bayeh Abera
- />Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Conrads G, de Soet JJ, Song L, Henne K, Sztajer H, Wagner-Döbler I, Zeng AP. Comparing the cariogenic species Streptococcus sobrinus and S. mutans on whole genome level. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:26189. [PMID: 25475081 PMCID: PMC4256546 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.26189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two closely related species of mutans streptococci, namely Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are associated with dental caries in humans. Their acidogenic and aciduric capacity is directly associated with the cariogenic potential of these bacteria. To survive acidic and temporarily harsh conditions in the human oral cavity with hundreds of other microbial co-colonizers as competitors, both species have developed numerous mechanisms for adaptation. Objectives The recently published novel genome information for both species is used to elucidate genetic similarities but especially differences and to discuss the impact on cariogenicity of the corresponding phenotypic properties including adhesion, carbohydrate uptake and fermentation, acid tolerance, signaling by two component systems, competence, and oxidative stress resistance. Conclusions S. sobrinus can down-regulate the SpaA-mediated adherence to the pellicle. It has a smaller number of two-component signaling systems and bacteriocin-related genes than S. mutans, but all or even more immunity proteins. It lacks the central competence genes comC, comS, and comR. There are more genes coding for glucosyltransferases and a novel energy production pathway formed by lactate oxidase, which is not found in S. mutans. Both species show considerable differences in the regulation of fructan catabolism. However, both S. mutans and S. sobrinus share most of these traits and should therefore be considered as equally virulent with regard to dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry & Periodontology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany;
| | - Johannes J de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lifu Song
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems, Technical University Hamburg, Harburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Henne
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry & Periodontology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Helena Sztajer
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems, Technical University Hamburg, Harburg, Germany
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Zou Y, Lee Y, Huh J, Park JW. Synergistic effect of xylitol and ursolic acid combination on oral biofilms. Restor Dent Endod 2014; 39:288-95. [PMID: 25383348 PMCID: PMC4223099 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2014.39.4.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the synergistic antibacterial effect of xylitol and ursolic acid (UA) against oral biofilms in vitro. Materials and Methods S. mutans UA 159 (wild type), S. mutans KCOM 1207, KCOM 1128 and S. sobrinus ATCC 33478 were used. The susceptibility of S. mutans to UA and xylitol was evaluated using a broth microdilution method. Based on the results, combined susceptibility was evaluated using optimal inhibitory combinations (OIC), optimal bactericidal combinations (OBC), and fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC). The anti-biofilm activity of xylitol and UA on Streptococcus spp. was evaluated by growing cells in 24-well polystyrene microtiter plates for the biofilm assay. Significant mean differences among experimental groups were determined by Fisher's Least Significant Difference (p < 0.05). Results The synergistic interactions between xylitol and UA were observed against all tested strains, showing the FICs < 1. The combined treatment of xylitol and UA inhibited the biofilm formation significantly and also prevented pH decline to critical value of 5.5 effectively. The biofilm disassembly was substantially influenced by different age of biofilm when exposed to the combined treatment of xylitol and UA. Comparing to the single strain, relatively higher concentration of xylitol and UA was needed for inhibiting and disassembling biofilm formed by a mixed culture of S. mutans 159 and S. sobrinus 33478. Conclusions This study demonstrated that xylitol and UA, synergistic inhibitors, can be a potential agent for enhancing the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm efficacy against S. mutans and S. sobrinus in the oral environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zou
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Huh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Molecular detection of bacteria associated to dental caries in 4-12-year-old Tunisian children. Microb Pathog 2014; 71-72:32-6. [PMID: 24814824 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of several microbial species in the oral cavity of 4-12-year-old Tunisian children was investigated. Samples were taken from 158 children (81 caries actives and 77 caries free). Genomic DNA was extracted and analyzed for the presence of 17 microbial species using a polymerase chain reaction assay. All samples were positive for at least one of the target microbial strains. Streptococcus mutans was the most prevalent species (76.5%) detected in genomic DNA collected from carious lesions. Other prevalent species were Candida spp (63%), Streptococcus salivarius (59%) and Streptococcus oralis (42%). The frequency of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus casei-group in caries lesions was 29.5%, 34.5% and 22% respectively. Pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus was found in 28.5% of carious lesion samples compared to 15.5% in the control. Frequency of Porphyromonas endodontali, Actinomyces radicidentis and Treponema denticola recovery did not differ significantly between origins of samples. PCR analysis of genomic DNA detect various oral bacteria that differ between caries actives and caries-free children. In addition, the association of same aciduric bacteria (S. mutans, S. salivarius, L. acidophilus) and caries formation was noticed.
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Gomar-Vercher S, Cabrera-Rubio R, Mira A, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM. Relationship of children's salivary microbiota with their caries status: a pyrosequencing study. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 18:2087-94. [PMID: 24532386 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Different dental caries status could be related with alterations in oral microbiota. Previous studies have collected saliva as a representative medium of the oral ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to assess the composition of oral microbiota and its relation to the presence of dental caries at different degrees of severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred ten saliva samples from 12-year-old children were taken and divided into six groups defined in strict accordance with their dental caries prevalence according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II criteria. These samples were studied by pyrosequencing PCR products of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. RESULTS The results showed statistically significant intergroup differences at the class and genus taxonomic levels. Streptococcus is the most frequent genus in all groups; although it did not show intergroup statistical differences. In patients with cavities, Porphyromonas and Prevotella showed an increasing percentage compared to healthy individuals. Bacterial diversity diminished as the severity of the disease increased, so those patients with more advanced stages of caries presented less bacterial diversity than healthy subjects. CONCLUSION Although microbial composition tended to be different, the intragroup variation is large, as evidenced by the lack of clear intragroup clustering in principal component analyses. Thus, no clear differences were found, indicating that using bacterial composition as the sole source of biomarkers for dental caries may not be reliable in the unstimulated saliva samples used in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gomar-Vercher
- Stomatology Department, University of Valencia, C/Gascó Oliag 1, 46010, Valencia, Spain
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Sánchez-Acedo M, Montiel-Company JM, Dasí-Fernández F, Almerich-Silla JM. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction and their relation to dental caries in 12 and 15 year-old schoolchildren in Valencia (Spain). Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18:e839-45. [PMID: 23722138 PMCID: PMC3854074 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and the association of the two in a random sample (n=614) of the child population of the region of Valencia (Spain). Saliva samples were analyzed by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to study the relation of these bacteria to caries prevalence and the DMFT index.
The prevalence of S. mutans was 35.4% at age 12 and 22.9% at age 15, that of S. sobrinus 18.9% and 8.4% and that of the S. mutans-S. sobrinus association 18.2% and 6.8% respectively. At both 12 and 15 years of age, the caries prevalence rates were lower in the Streptococcus-free group of children (37.6% and 48.5% respectively) and higher in the S.mutans-only group (67.3% and 74.0%). At the age of 12, the DMFT index was significantly higher in the mutans-only carriers (2.1) than in the Streptococcus-free and S. mutans-S. sobrinus association groups (both 0.9). At the age of 15, the DMFT index was significantly higher in the S. mutans-S. sobrinus association (3.71) and mutans-only (3.1) carrier groups than in the Streptococcus-free group (1.4).
Determination of S. mutans and S. sobrinus by real-time quantitative PCR can provide valuable information for caries risk assessment in epidemiological studies.
Key words:Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, polymerase chain reaction, dental caries, cross-sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Sánchez-Acedo
- Departament d'Estomatologia, Clínica Odontológica, Universitat de València, C/ Gascó Oliag 1, Valencia 46010 Spain,
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Yasunaga A, Yoshida A, Morikawa K, Maki K, Nakamura S, Soh I, Awano S, Ansai T. Monitoring the prevalence of viable and dead cariogenic bacteria in oral specimens and in vitro biofilms by qPCR combined with propidium monoazide. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:157. [PMID: 23848601 PMCID: PMC3717283 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are associated with the development of dental caries in humans. However, previous diagnostic systems are unsuitable for monitoring viable cell numbers in oral specimens. Assessing the relationship between the numbers of viable and dead bacterial cells and oral status is important for understanding oral infectious diseases. Propidium monoazide (PMA) has been reported to penetrate dead cells following membrane damage and to cross-link DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA amplification. In the present study, we established an assay for selective analysis of two viable human cariogenic pathogens, S. mutans and S. sobrinus, using PMA combined with real-time PCR (PMA-qPCR). Results We designed species-specific primer sets for S. mutans and S. sobrinus, generated standard curves for measuring cell numbers, and evaluated the dynamic range of the assay. To determine the effectiveness of the assay, PMA was added to viable and autoclave-killed cell mixtures. PMA treatment effectively prevented DNA amplification from dead cells. No amplification of DNA from dead cells was observed in these organisms. In addition, we applied this assay to analyze viable cell numbers in oral specimens. A significant correlation was found between the number of viable S. mutans cells in saliva and that in plaque among caries-free patients, whereas no correlation was observed between saliva and carious dentin. The total and viable cell numbers in caries-positive saliva were significantly higher than those in caries-free saliva. Finally, we analyzed the usefulness of this assay for in vitro oral biofilm analysis. We applied PMA-qPCR for monitoring viable S. mutans cell numbers in vitro in planktonic cells and oral biofilm treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In planktonic cells, the number of viable cells decreased significantly with increasing H2O2 concentration, whereas only a small decrease was observed in biofilm cell numbers. Conclusions PMA-qPCR is potentially useful for quantifying viable cariogenic pathogens in oral specimens and is applicable to oral biofilm experiments. This assay will help to elucidate the relationship between the number of viable cells in oral specimens and the oral status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Yasunaga
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
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Rupf S, Merte K, Eschrich K, Kneist S. Streptococcus sobrinus in children and its influence on caries activity. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2013; 7:17-22. [PMID: 17140523 DOI: 10.1007/bf03320810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This was to study the longitudinal assessment of caries activity of Streptococcus sobrinus (SS) positive children during their mixed dentition. METHODS The occurrence of mutans streptococci (MS) in plaque and saliva was determined in a representative sample of 55 children aged 8 to 12 years over a period of 4 years. A total of 708 bacterial strains was isolated which were identified as MS or SS. Caries activity (DeltaD(1-4)MFS) as well as plaque and gingival inflammation were recorded. RESULTS During the period of observation 52 of the 55 children harboured MS; 12 of these children were SS positive. SS was not permanently detectable and 3 of the children were MS and SS negative. SS was not found without the presence of MS. Children that were infected with both SS and MS showed a slightly higher increase in caries compared with children that were infected exclusively by MS (DeltaD(1,2)MFS 6.2 vs. 3.0 and DeltaD(3,4)MFS 5.3 vs. 3.8) over the period of 4 years. An SS infection accelerated the increase of DeltaD(3,4)MFS significantly by a factor of 4 one year after its detection, whereas the DeltaD(1,2)MFS was 3 times as high during the period of infection. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that an SS infection represents an important additional risk factor for dental caries due to its obvious aggravating of caries activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rupf
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Beyond Streptococcus mutans: dental caries onset linked to multiple species by 16S rRNA community analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47722. [PMID: 23091642 PMCID: PMC3472979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries in very young children may be severe, result in serious infection, and require general anesthesia for treatment. Dental caries results from a shift within the biofilm community specific to the tooth surface, and acidogenic species are responsible for caries. Streptococcus mutans, the most common acid producer in caries, is not always present and occurs as part of a complex microbial community. Understanding the degree to which multiple acidogenic species provide functional redundancy and resilience to caries-associated communities will be important for developing biologic interventions. In addition, microbial community interactions in health and caries pathogenesis are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate bacterial community profiles associated with the onset of caries in the primary dentition. In a combination cross-sectional and longitudinal design, bacterial community profiles at progressive stages of caries and over time were examined and compared to those of health. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used for bacterial community analysis. Streptococcus mutans was the dominant species in many, but not all, subjects with caries. Elevated levels of S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, and S. parasanguinis were also associated with caries, especially in subjects with no or low levels of S. mutans, suggesting these species are alternative pathogens, and that multiple species may need to be targeted for interventions. Veillonella, which metabolizes lactate, was associated with caries and was highly correlated with total acid producing species. Among children without previous history of caries, Veillonella, but not S. mutans or other acid-producing species, predicted future caries. Bacterial community diversity was reduced in caries as compared to health, as many species appeared to occur at lower levels or be lost as caries advanced, including the Streptococcus mitis group, Neisseria, and Streptococcus sanguinis. This may have implications for bacterial community resilience and the restoration of oral health.
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Okada M, Kawamura M, Oda Y, Yasuda R, Kojima T, Kurihara H. Caries prevalence associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in Japanese schoolchildren. Int J Paediatr Dent 2012; 22:342-8. [PMID: 22225789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263x.2011.01203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are known to be associated with dental caries in humans. AIM We used a polymerase chain reaction method to detect S. mutans and S. sobrinus in 128 Japanese schoolchildren and then compared their presence with the dental caries experience. DESIGN Plaque samples were collected from all erupted tooth sites with a sterile toothbrush, and dental examinations were performed to determine the numbers of decayed and filled teeth in primary (dft) and permanent (DFT) dentition using the WHO caries diagnostic criteria. Fisher's PLSD test was employed to compare caries scores between combinations of the detected bacteria. RESULTS Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus were present in 38.3% and 68.0%, respectively, whereas 14.8% were positive for S. mutans alone, 44.5% for S. sobrinus alone, and 23.5% for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus, with 17.2% negative for both. The DFT, dft, and total (DFT + dft) scores for subjects positive for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus were significantly higher than those positive for S. mutans alone (P < 0.05, in triplicate). CONCLUSION These results suggest that schoolchildren harbouring both S. mutans and S. sobrinus have a significant higher dental caries experience in both permanent and primary teeth as compared to those with S. mutans alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsugi Okada
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Baca P, Castillo AM, Liébana MJ, Castillo F, Martín-Platero A, Liébana J. Horizontal transmission of Streptococcus mutans in schoolchildren. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2012; 17:e495-500. [PMID: 22143733 PMCID: PMC3476088 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.17592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetive: The aim of this study was to analyze possible horizontal transmission patterns of S. mutans among 6-7-yr-old schoolchildren from the same class, identifying genotypes and their diversity and relationship with caries disease status.
Study Design: Caries indexes and saliva mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts were recorded in 42 schoolchildren. Mutans streptococci colonies were identified by means of biochemical tests and all S. mutans strains were genotyped by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. A child was considered free of S. mutans when it could not be isolated in 3 samples at 1-week intervals.
Results: S. mutans was isolated in 30 schoolchildren: 20 having one genotype and 10 two genotypes. Higher mutans streptococci and caries index values were found in those with two genotypes. Five genotypes were isolated in more than 1 schoolchild and one of these was isolated in 3 schoolchildren. Our results suggest that horizontal transmission may take place.
Conclusion: Schoolchildren aged 6-7 yrs may be the source of mutual transmission of S. mutans.
Key words:Streptococcus mutans, Horizontal transmission, AP-PCR, genotyping
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Baca
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Granada, Spain.
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Hahnel S, Mühlbauer G, Hoffmann J, Ionescu A, Bürgers R, Rosentritt M, Handel G, Häberlein I. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus biofilm formation and metabolic activity on dental materials. Acta Odontol Scand 2012; 70:114-21. [PMID: 21780966 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2011.600703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine potential correlations between streptococcal biofilm formation and lactate production in streptococcal biofilms formed on the surface of dental materials with different surface characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of a glass-ionomer cement (Ketac Molar) and a ceramic (Empress 2) were incubated with whole saliva and suspensions of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 or Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC 33478 for initiating single-species biofilm formation for either 4 or 24 h. The relative amount of adherent, viable cells was determined using a Resazurin and a MTT assay. Metabolic activity was assessed by quantifying lactate production with a modification of the commercial Clinpro Cario L-Pop kit. RESULTS Both assays identified similar S. sobrinus biofilm formation on the two substrata; for S. mutans, the MTT test showed significantly fewer streptococci on the glass-ionomer cement than on the ceramic. Concerning metabolic activity, for S. sobrinus, significantly higher lactate production was observed for biofilms formed on the glass-ionomer cement in comparison to the ceramic, whereas similar values were identified for S. mutans. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of the study, the results suggest that the pure amount of adherent streptococci does not a priori indicate the metabolic activity of the cariogenic bacteria organized in the respective biofilm. Thus, comparisons between the relative amount of adherent streptococci and their metabolic activity may allow for an improved understanding of the effect of dental material surfaces on the formation and metabolic activity of streptococcal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hahnel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany.
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Tanner ACR, Kent RL, Holgerson PL, Hughes CV, Loo CY, Kanasi E, Chalmers NI, Johansson I. Microbiota of severe early childhood caries before and after therapy. J Dent Res 2011; 90:1298-305. [PMID: 21868693 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511421201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe early childhood caries (ECC) is difficult to treat successfully. This study aimed to characterize the microbiota of severe ECC and evaluate whether baseline or follow-up microbiotas are associated with new lesions post-treatment. Plaque samples from 2- to 6-year-old children were analyzed by a 16S rRNA-based microarray and by PCR for selected taxa. Severe-ECC children were monitored for 12 months post-therapy. By microarray, species associated with severe-ECC (n = 53) compared with caries-free (n = 32) children included Slackia exigua (p = 0.002), Streptococcus parasanguinis (p = 0.013), and Prevotella species (p < 0.02). By PCR, severe-ECC-associated taxa included Bifidobacteriaceae (p < 0.001), Scardovia wiggsiae (p = 0.003), Streptococcus mutans with bifidobacteria (p < 0.001), and S. mutans with S. wiggsiae (p = 0.001). In follow-up, children without new lesions (n = 36) showed lower detection of taxa including S. mutans, changes not observed in children with follow-up lesions (n = 17). Partial least-squares modeling separated the children into caries-free and two severe-ECC groups with either a stronger bacterial or a stronger dietary component. We conclude that several species, including S. wiggsiae and S. exigua, are associated with the ecology of advanced caries, that successful treatment is accompanied by a change in the microbiota, and that severe ECC is diverse, with influences from selected bacteria or from diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C R Tanner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Jiang W, Jiang Y, Li C, Liang J. Investigation of supragingival plaque microbiota in different caries status of Chinese preschool children by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 61:342-352. [PMID: 20927511 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-010-9753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to detect differences in the richness of total supragingival plaque microbiota as well as the species composition of oral streptococci involved in the different stages of dental caries. Forty-five plaque samples were collected from caries-moderate (CM, 4 ≤ dmfs ≤ 6), caries-susceptible (CS, dmfs ≥ 10), and age-matched caries-free children separately. Total DNA was isolated directly from each sample, and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analyses using universal and primers specific for oral streptococci were carried out. Using 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE, 34 different species of bacteria were identified in a culture-independent manner and classified into 11 genera according to phylogenetic analysis. Among them, Mitis group streptococci and Campylobacter, which were present in health status, no longer appeared in caries-susceptible samples. In addition, Capnocytophaga, Burkholderia, and Prevotella were found significantly less frequently in the CS group samples (P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences among the prevalence of Neisseria, Leptotrichia, Haemophilus, Mutans group streptococci, Corynebacterium, and Actinomyces in the three groups. Further DGGE analysis of rnpB gene amplicons obtained with oral streptococci species-specific primers showed that a total of 23 species of oral streptococci were identified. Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus oralis showed a significantly higher prevalence in healthy children (P < 0.05), while that of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus did not vary among the three groups. Overall, these results suggest that supragingival plaque microbiota as a whole undergoes a more complicated shift in the caries process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
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Martinez AR, Abranches J, Kajfasz JK, Lemos JA. Characterization of the Streptococcus sobrinus acid-stress response by interspecies microarrays and proteomics. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 25:331-42. [PMID: 20883222 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2010.00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are considered the primary organisms responsible for human dental caries. The ability to generate acids and to adapt to low pH conditions is directly associated with the cariogenic potential of these bacteria. To survive acidic conditions, both species have been shown to mount an acid-tolerance response (ATR). However, previous characterization of the S. sobrinus ATR identified critical differences in the mechanisms of acid adaptation between S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Here, interspecies microarray and proteomic approaches were used to identify novel, previously unrecognized genes and pathways that participate in the S. sobrinus acid-stress response. The results revealed that, among other things, metabolic alterations that enhance energy generation and upregulation of the malolactic fermentation enzyme activity constitute important acid-resistance properties in S. sobrinus. Some of these acid adaptive traits are shared by S. mutans and might be considered optimal targets for therapeutic treatments designed to control dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Martinez
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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D’Ercole S, Di Giulio M, Grande R, Di Campli E, Di Bartolomeo S, Piccolomini R, Cellini L. Effect of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate on Streptococcus spp. biofilms. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:193-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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