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Alves GB, Lemes TSO, Pereira EJG, Jurat-Fuentes JL, Smagghe G, Santos GR, Haddi K, Corrêa RFT, Melo FL, Jumbo LOV, Oliveira EE, Peron AJ, Ribeiro BM, Aguiar RWS. Draft genome of neotropical Bacillus thuringiensis UFT038 and its potential against lepidopteran soybean pests. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:91-99. [PMID: 38017300 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is known for its Cry and Vip3A pesticidal proteins with high selectivity to target pests. Here, we assessed the potential of a novel neotropical Bt strain (UFT038) against six lepidopteran pests, including two Cry-resistant populations of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. We also sequenced and analyzed the genome of Bt UFT038 to identify genes involved in insecticidal activities or encoding other virulence factors. In toxicological bioassays, Bt UFT038 killed and inhibited the neonate growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Bt UFT038 and HD-1 were equally toxic against S. cosmioides, S. frugiperda (S_Bt and R_Cry1 + 2Ab populations), Helicoverpa zea, and H. armigera. However, larval growth inhibition results indicated that Bt UFT038 was more toxic than HD-1 to S. cosmioides, while HD-1 was more active against Chrysodeixis includens. The draft genome of Bt UFT038 showed the cry1Aa8, cry1Ac11, cry1Ia44, cry2Aa9, cry2Ab35, and vip3Af5 genes. Besides this, genes encoding the virulence factors (inhA, plcA, piplC, sph, and chi1-2) and toxins (alo, cytK, hlyIII, hblA-D, and nheA-C) were also identified. Collectively, our findings reveal the potential of the Bt UFT038 strain as a source of insecticidal genes against lepidopteran pests, including S. cosmioides and S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselly B Alves
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, 77413-070, Brazil
| | - Timóteo S O Lemes
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, 77413-070, Brazil
| | - Eliseu J G Pereira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Juan L Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gil R Santos
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, 77413-070, Brazil
| | - Khalid Haddi
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto F T Corrêa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Melo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Luis O Viteri Jumbo
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, 77413-070, Brazil
- Carrera de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Loja (UNL), Loja, 110103, Ecuador
| | - Eugenio E Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Antônio J Peron
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, 77413-070, Brazil
| | - Bergmann M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Raimundo W S Aguiar
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, 77413-070, Brazil.
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2
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Eilers T, Dillen J, Ahannach S, Vander Donck L, Van de Vliet N, Wittouck S, Lebeer S. Lactobacillus isalae sp. nov., isolated from the female reproductive tract. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37823792 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel strain of the genus Lactobacillus, named AMBV1719T, was isolated from the vagina of a healthy participant in our large-scale citizen science project on the female microbiome, named Isala. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 16S rRNA gene of AMBV1719T is most similar to that of Lactobacillus taiwanensis with a sequence similarity of 99.873 %. However, a genome-wide comparison using average nucleotide identity (ANI) revealed that isolate AMBV1719T showed the highest ANI with Lactobacillus paragasseri JCM 5343T, with a value of only 88.17 %. This low ANI value with the most closely related strains known to date indicated that AMBV1719T represents a distinct species. This strain has a limited ability to degrade carbon sources compared to Lactobacillus gasseri, indicating its adaptation to the host. Its genome has a length of 2.12 Mb with a G+C content of 34.8 mol%. We thus propose the name Lactobacillus isalae sp. nov. for this novel species, with AMBV1719T (=LMG 32886T=CECT 30756T) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Eilers
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jelle Dillen
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Ahannach
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leonore Vander Donck
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nele Van de Vliet
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stijn Wittouck
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Yang J, Zhao J, Wang B, Yu Z. Unraveling aerobic cultivable cellulolytic microorganisms within the gastrointestinal tract of sheep ( Ovis aries) and their evaluation for cellulose biodegradation. Can J Microbiol 2022; 68:237-248. [PMID: 34995146 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic cellulolytic microbes in gastrointestinal tract (GT) of ruminants have been well-documented, however, knowledge of aerobic microbes with cellulolytic activities in ruminant GT is comparably limited. Here, we unraveled aerobic cultivable cellulolytic microbes in GT of Ujimqin sheep (Ovis aries) and evaluated the cellulolytic potential of promising isolates. Twenty-two strains were found to possess cellulose degrading potential by Congo-red staining and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA/ITS sequence revealed that all strains belonged to nine genera, i.e., Bacillus, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Brachybacterium, Sanguibacter, Rhizobium, Fusarium, and Aspergillus. Strains with high cellulolytic activities were selected to further evaluate the various enzyme activities on lignocellulosic alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa). Among them, isolate Bacillus subtilis RE2510 showed the highest potential of cellulose degradation considering the high endoglucanase (0.1478 ± 0.0014 IU ml-1), exoglucanase (0.1735 ± 0.0012 IU ml-1) and β-glucosidase (0.3817 ± 0.0031 IU ml-1) after 10-day incubation with alfalfa hay. A significant destruction effect of the cellulose structure and the attachment of B. subtilis RE2510 to the hay were also revealed by using scanning electron microscope. This study expands our knowledge of aerobic cellulolytic isolates from GT of sheep and also highlights their potential application as microbial additive in the aerobic process of cellulose bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Ghent University, 26656, Gent, Belgium;
| | - Jie Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
| | - Bobo Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
| | - Zhisheng Yu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
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4
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Coleman A, Håkansson A, Grahn Håkansson E, Cottrell K, Bialasiewicz S, Zaugg J, Cervin A. In vitro Inhibition of respiratory pathogens by lactobacillus and alpha haemolytic streptococci from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2368-2378. [PMID: 34606144 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the in vitro ability of alpha haemolytic streptococcus (AHS) and lactobacilli (LBs), from Indigenous Australian children, to inhibit the growth of respiratory pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis), also from Indigenous Australian children. METHODS AND RESULTS The bacterial interference of 91 isolates, from Indigenous Australian children both with and without otitis media (OM) or rhinorrhoea, was investigated using agar overlay and cell-free supernatant. Promising isolates underwent whole genome sequencing to investigate upper respiratory tract tropism, antibiotic resistance and virulence. Antibiotic susceptibility was examined for ampicillin, amoxicillin +clavulanic acid and azithromycin. Differences in the strength of bacterial inferences in relation to OM was examined using a case series of three healthy and three children with OM. LBs readily inhibited the growth of pathogens. AHS were less effective, although several isolates inhibited S. pneumoniae. One L. rhamnosus had genes coding for pili to adhere to epithelial cells. We detected antibiotic resistance genes coding for antibiotic efflux pump and ribosomal protection protein. LBs were susceptible to antimicrobials in vitro. Screening for virulence detected genes encoding for two putative capsule proteins. Healthy children had AHS and LB that were more potent inhibitors of respiratory pathogens in vitro than children with OM. CONCLUSIONS L. rhamnosus from remote Indigenous Australian children are potent inhibitors of respiratory pathogens in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Respiratory/ear disease are endemic in Indigenous Australians. There is an urgent call for more effective treatment/prevention; beneficial microbes have not been explored. L. rhamnosus investigated in this study are potent inhibitors of respiratory pathogens in vitro and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Coleman
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Australia.,Townsville University Hospital, Douglas, Australia
| | | | - Eva Grahn Håkansson
- Essum AB, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Kyra Cottrell
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Australia
| | - Seweryn Bialasiewicz
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory, South Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Julian Zaugg
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Anders Cervin
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Australia.,The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia
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5
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De Boeck I, van den Broek MFL, Allonsius CN, Spacova I, Wittouck S, Martens K, Wuyts S, Cauwenberghs E, Jokicevic K, Vandenheuvel D, Eilers T, Lemarcq M, De Rudder C, Thys S, Timmermans JP, Vroegop AV, Verplaetse A, Van de Wiele T, Kiekens F, Hellings PW, Vanderveken OM, Lebeer S. Lactobacilli Have a Niche in the Human Nose. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107674. [PMID: 32460009 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although an increasing number of beneficial microbiome members are characterized for the human gut and vagina, beneficial microbes are underexplored for the human upper respiratory tract (URT). In this study, we demonstrate that taxa from the beneficial Lactobacillus genus complex are more prevalent in the healthy URT than in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Several URT-specific isolates are cultured, characterized, and further explored for their genetic and functional properties related to adaptation to the URT. Catalase genes are found in the identified lactobacilli, which is a unique feature within this mostly facultative anaerobic genus. Moreover, one of our isolated strains, Lactobacillus casei AMBR2, contains fimbriae that enable strong adherence to URT epithelium, inhibit the growth and virulence of several URT pathogens, and successfully colonize nasal epithelium of healthy volunteers. This study thus demonstrates that specific lactobacilli are adapted to the URT and could have a beneficial keystone function in this habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke De Boeck
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marianne F L van den Broek
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Camille N Allonsius
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irina Spacova
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stijn Wittouck
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katleen Martens
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Wuyts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eline Cauwenberghs
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katarina Jokicevic
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dieter Vandenheuvel
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Eilers
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michelle Lemarcq
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Rudder
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thys
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anneclaire V Vroegop
- ENT, Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Disorders, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Alex Verplaetse
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Kiekens
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter W Hellings
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Clinical Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier M Vanderveken
- ENT, Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Disorders, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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6
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Boreczek J, Litwinek D, Żylińska-Urban J, Izak D, Buksa K, Gawor J, Gromadka R, Bardowski JK, Kowalczyk M. Bacterial community dynamics in spontaneous sourdoughs made from wheat, spelt, and rye wholemeal flour. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1009. [PMID: 32045510 PMCID: PMC7142371 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sourdough fermentation is a traditional process that is used to improve bread quality. A spontaneous sourdough ecosystem consists of a mixture of flour and water that is fermented by endogenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts. The aim of this study was to identify bacterial diversity during backslopping of spontaneous sourdoughs prepared from wheat, spelt, or rye wholemeal flour. Culture-dependent analyses showed that the number of LAB (109 CFU/ml) was higher by three orders of magnitude than the number of yeasts (106 CFU/ml), irrespective of the flour type. These results were complemented by next-generation sequencing of the 16S rDNA V3 and V4 variable regions. The dominant phylum in all sourdough samples was Firmicutes, which was represented exclusively by the Lactobacillales order. The two remaining and less abundant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The culture-independent approach allowed us to detect changes in microbial ecology during the 72-hr fermentation period. Weissella sp. was the most abundant genus after 24 hr of fermentation of the rye sourdough, but as the process progressed, its abundance decreased in favor of the Lactobacillus genus similarly as in wheat and spelt sourdoughs. The Lactobacillus genus was dominant in all sourdoughs after 72 hr, which was consistent with our results obtained using culture-dependent analyses. This work was carried out to determine the microbial biodiversity of sourdoughs that are made from wheat, spelt, and rye wholemeal flour and can be used as a source of strains for specific starter cultures to produce functional bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Boreczek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Litwinek
- Department of Carbohydrate Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Żylińska-Urban
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Izak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Buksa
- Department of Carbohydrate Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Gawor
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Gromadka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Karol Bardowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kowalczyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Wuyts S, Van Beeck W, Allonsius CN, van den Broek MF, Lebeer S. Applications of plant-based fermented foods and their microbes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 61:45-52. [PMID: 31733464 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based fermentations and their microbes provide an underexplored source for novel biotechnological applications. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies and analyses of sequencing data highlight that a diverse array of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) frequently dominate these plant fermentations. Because of the long history of safe LAB use in fermented foods, we argue here that various novel probiotic, synbiotic and a range of other industrial applications can be produced based on new insights in the functional and genetic potential of these LAB. To aid in this quest, comparative genomics tools are increasingly available enabling a more rational design of wet-lab experiments to screen for the most relevant properties. This is also true for the exploration of useful enzymatic and (secondary) metabolic production capacities of the LAB that can be isolated from these plant-based fermentations, such as the recent discovery of a cellulase enzyme in specific Lactobacillus plantarum group members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Wuyts
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology (ENdEMIC), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wannes Van Beeck
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology (ENdEMIC), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Camille Nina Allonsius
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology (ENdEMIC), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fl van den Broek
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology (ENdEMIC), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology (ENdEMIC), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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