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Zeng Y, Dai X, Chen Q, Liu Y, Gifty ZB, Sun W, Tang Z. Effect of Dietary Pomelo Peel Powder on Growth Performance, Diarrhea, Immune Function, Antioxidant Function, Ileum Morphology, and Colonic Microflora of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223216. [PMID: 36428442 PMCID: PMC9687033 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This trial evaluated how dietary-accommodated pomelo peel powder (PPP) affected average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG), diarrhea, antioxidation, and colonic microbial in weaned piglets. Thirty piglets weaned at 28 d were divided into three groups: a basal diet (CON); a CON containing 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline (CTC); and a CON containing 8 g/kg (PPP). This trial had a period of 28 days. Piglets supplemented with PPP had higher ADFI and ADG than piglets in CTC and CON (p < 0.05). The diarrhea rate in PPP and CTC was lower than in CON in the 3rd and 4th weeks (p < 0.05). Serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities, and total antioxidant capacity in PPP were higher than those in CON (p < 0.05). Serum interleukin (IL)-4, insulin-like growth factor-I, immunoglobulin (Ig)A, and IgG concentrations in the PPP and CTC groups were higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). Serum IL-1β, IL-8, IL-17, and interferon (IFN)-γ concentrations and the cecal pH in PPP were lower than those in CON (p < 0.05). Serum IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IgA concentrations of piglets in PPP were lower than in CTC (p < 0.05). The villus height and villus height/crypt depth of the ileum of piglets in PPP and CTC were higher than those in CON (p < 0.05), but there was no difference between PPP and CTC (p > 0.05). The Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria relative abundances in PPP and CTC (p < 0.05) were lower than those in CON, whereas the Bacteroidetes relative abundances in PPP and CTC were higher than those in CON. The Prevotellaceae relative abundance in CTC was higher than in CON (p < 0.05), whereas the Lactobacillaceae relative abundance in CTC was lower than in CON (p < 0.05). The Ruminococcaceae relative abundance in PPP was higher than in CON (p < 0.05), whereas the Veillonellaceae relative abundance in PPP was lower than in CON (p < 0.05). PPP can improve ADFI and ADG, relieve diarrhea, and enhance the colonic microflora of weaned piglets. Therefore, PPP is expected to replace CTC as a feed additive to alleviate weaning stress and ensure normal growth and development of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha 410009, China
| | - Xinrui Dai
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha 410009, China
- Laboratory of Bio-Feed and Animal Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingju Chen
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha 410009, China
- Laboratory of Bio-Feed and Animal Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha 410009, China
| | - Ziema Bumbie Gifty
- Laboratory of Bio-Feed and Animal Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Weizhong Sun
- Laboratory of Bio-Feed and Animal Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha 410009, China
- Laboratory of Bio-Feed and Animal Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1399-6192-900
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Chen J, Zou Y, Zheng T, Huang S, Guo L, Lin J, Zheng Q. The in Vitro Fermentation of Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides Changed the Simulated Gut Condition and Influenced Gut Bacterial Motility and Translocation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14193-14204. [PMID: 36305603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The motility ability of intestinal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-producing bacteria determines their translocation to the enterohepatic circulation and works as an infectious complication. In this study, the health effects of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides (CMPs) were re-evaluated based on whether these polysaccharides could affect the motility of gut commensal LPS-producing bacteria and impede their translocation. The results showed that CMP-m fermentation in the gut could change the chemical environment, leading to a decrease in velocity and a shift in the motility pattern. Further study suggested that detachment/fragmentation of flagella, decreased motor forces, and changed chemical conditions might account for this weakened motility. The adhesion and invasion abilities of gut bacteria were also reduced, with lower expression of virulence-related genes. These results indicated that the health regulation effects of CMP-m might be through decreasing the motility of LPS-producing bacteria, hindering their translocation and therefore reducing the LPS level in the enterohepatic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieming Chen
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan Zou
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Taotao Zheng
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shishi Huang
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liqiong Guo
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junfang Lin
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qianwang Zheng
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Xu J, Arakaki R, Tachibana S, Yamashiro T. Fermentation products of the fungus Monascus spp. impairs the physiological activities of toxin-producing Vibrio cholerae. Microbiol Res 2022; 258:126995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.126995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sharma P, Singh N, Singh S, Khare SK, Nain PKS, Nain L. Potent γ-amino butyric acid producing psychobiotic Lactococcus lactis LP-68 from non-rhizospheric soil of Syzygium cumini (Black plum). Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:82. [PMID: 34958412 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is a chemical messenger that plays a significant role in muscle relaxation and brain health. Certain lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce significant levels of GABA and thus act as potential psychobiotic cultures. In the present study, LAB were isolated from non-rhizospheric soil sample of Syzygium cumini (Black plum). A total of 57 LAB were isolated on the basis of their morphological and acid producing characteristic on de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar. Only seven isolates were found to produce GABA (0.09-1.13 gL-1) in MRS broth and were identified as Lactococcus. However, L. lactis LP-68 produced highest amount of GABA and was selected for further optimization of culture conditions (pH, temperature and MSG) by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimization resulted in approximately four-fold increase in GABA production (4.11 gL-1). The results indicate that the L. lactis LP-68 can be used as starter culture for production of GABA-enriched functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Sharma
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Neera Singh
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Surender Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh Nain
- Design and Mechatronic Division, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Lata Nain
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Morimoto YV, Namba K, Minamino T. GFP Fusion to the N-Terminus of MotB Affects the Proton Channel Activity of the Bacterial Flagellar Motor in Salmonella. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1255. [PMID: 32872412 PMCID: PMC7564593 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial flagellar motor converts the energy of proton flow through the MotA/MotB complex into mechanical works required for motor rotation. The rotational force is generated by electrostatic interactions between the stator protein MotA and the rotor protein FliG. The Arg-90 and Glu-98 from MotA interact with Asp-289 and Arg-281 of FliG, respectively. An increase in the expression level of the wild-type MotA/MotB complex inhibits motility of the gfp-motBfliG(R281V) mutant but not the fliG(R281V) mutant, suggesting that the MotA/GFP-MotB complex cannot work together with wild-type MotA/MotB in the presence of the fliG(R281V) mutation. However, it remains unknown why. Here, we investigated the effect of the GFP fusion to MotB at its N-terminus on the MotA/MotB function. Over-expression of wild-type MotA/MotB significantly reduced the growth rate of the gfp-motBfliG(R281V) mutant. The over-expression of the MotA/GFP-MotB complex caused an excessive proton leakage through its proton channel, thereby inhibiting cell growth. These results suggest that the GFP tag on the MotB N-terminus affects well-regulated proton translocation through the MotA/MotB proton channel. Therefore, we propose that the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail of MotB couples the gating of the proton channel with the MotA-FliG interaction responsible for torque generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke V. Morimoto
- Department of Physics and Information Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.N.); (T.M.)
- RIKEN Spring-8 Center & Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.N.); (T.M.)
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Large-scale genome-wide analysis links lactic acid bacteria from food with the gut microbiome. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2610. [PMID: 32451391 PMCID: PMC7248083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are fundamental in the production of fermented foods and several strains are regarded as probiotics. Large quantities of live LAB are consumed within fermented foods, but it is not yet known to what extent the LAB we ingest become members of the gut microbiome. By analysis of 9445 metagenomes from human samples, we demonstrate that the prevalence and abundance of LAB species in stool samples is generally low and linked to age, lifestyle, and geography, with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactococcus lactis being most prevalent. Moreover, we identify genome-based differences between food and gut microbes by considering 666 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) newly reconstructed from fermented food microbiomes along with 154,723 human MAGs and 193,078 reference genomes. Our large-scale genome-wide analysis demonstrates that closely related LAB strains occur in both food and gut environments and provides unprecedented evidence that fermented foods can be indeed regarded as a possible source of LAB for the gut microbiome.
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Usui Y, Wakabayashi Y, Shimizu T, Tahara YO, Miyata M, Nakamura A, Ito M. A Factor Produced by Kaistia sp. 32K Accelerated the Motility of Methylobacterium sp. ME121. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040618. [PMID: 32316239 PMCID: PMC7226442 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile Methylobacterium sp. ME121 and non-motile Kaistia sp. 32K were isolated from the same soil sample. Interestingly, ME121 was significantly more motile in the coculture of ME121 and 32K than in the monoculture of ME121. This advanced motility of ME121 was also observed in the 32K culture supernatant. A swimming acceleration factor, which we named the K factor, was identified in the 32K culture supernatant, purified, characterized as an extracellular polysaccharide (5–10 kDa), and precipitated with 70% ethanol. These results suggest the possibility that the K factor was directly or indirectly sensed by the flagellar stator, accelerating the flagellar rotation of ME121. To the best of our knowledge, no reports describing an acceleration in motility due to coculture with two or more types of bacteria have been published. We propose a mechanism by which the increase in rotational force of the ME121 flagellar motor is caused by the introduction of the additional stator into the motor by the K factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Usui
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan; (Y.U.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuu Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan; (Y.U.); (Y.W.)
| | - Tetsu Shimizu
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, and Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; (T.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Yuhei O. Tahara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (Y.O.T.); (M.M.)
- The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (Y.O.T.); (M.M.)
- The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, and Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; (T.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Masahiro Ito
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan; (Y.U.); (Y.W.)
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-273-82-9202
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Cho DY, Skinner D, Lim DJ, Mclemore JG, Koch CG, Zhang S, Swords WE, Hunter R, Crossman DK, Crowley MR, Grayson JW, Rowe SM, Woodworth BA. The impact of Lactococcus lactis (probiotic nasal rinse) co-culture on growth of patient-derived strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10:444-449. [PMID: 31922358 PMCID: PMC8058912 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Lactococcus strain of bacteria has been introduced as a probiotic nasal rinse for alleged salubrious effects on the sinonasal bacterial microbiome. However, data regarding interactions with pathogenic bacteria within the sinuses are lacking. The purpose of this study is to assess the interaction between L. lactis and patient-derived Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen in recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS Commercially available probiotic suspension containing L. lactis W136 was grown in an anaerobic chamber and colonies were isolated. Colonies were co-cultured with patient-derived P. aeruginosa strains in the presence of porcine gastric mucin (mimicking human mucus) for 72 hours. P. aeruginosa cultures without L. lactis served as controls. Colony forming units (CFUs) were compared. RESULTS Six P. aeruginosa isolates collected from 5 CRS patients (3 isolates from cystic fibrosis [CF], 1 mucoid strain) and laboratory strain PAO1 were co-cultured with L. lactis. There was no statistical difference in CFUs of 5 P. aeruginosa isolates grown with L. lactis compared to CFUs without presence of L. lactis. CFU counts were much higher when the mucoid strain was co-cultured with L. lactis (CFU+L.lactis = 1.9 × 108 ± 1.44 × 107, CFU-L.lactis = 1.3 × 108 ± 8.9 × 106, p = 0.01, n = 7). L. lactis suppressed the growth of 1 P. aeruginosa strain (CFU+L.lactis = 2.15 × 108 ± 2.9 × 107, CFU-L.lactis = 3.95 × 108 ± 4.8 × 106, p = 0.03, n = 7). CONCLUSION L. lactis suppressed the growth of 1 patient P. aeruginosa isolate and induced growth of another (a mucoid strain) in in vitro co-culture setting in the presence of mucin. Further experiments are required to assess the underlying interactions between L. lactis and P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Yeon Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Daniel Skinner
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Dong Jin Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - John G. Mclemore
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Connor G Koch
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - William E. Swords
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ryan Hunter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Michael R. Crowley
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jessica W. Grayson
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Bradford A. Woodworth
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Effects of fermentation products of the commensal bacterium Clostridium ramosum on motility, intracellular pH, and flagellar synthesis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:841-846. [PMID: 30963197 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The flagellum and motility are crucial virulence factors for many pathogenic bacteria. In general, pathogens invade and translocate through motility and adhere to specific tissue via flagella. Therefore, the motility and flagella of pathogens are effectual targets for attenuation. Here, we show that the fermentation products of Clostridium ramosum, a commensal intestinal bacterium, decrease the intracellular pH of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and influence its swimming motility. Quantifications of flagellar rotation in individual EHEC cells showed an increase in reversal frequency and a decrease in rotation rate in the presence of C. ramosum fermentation products. Furthermore, the C. ramosum fermentation products affected synthesis of flagellar filaments. The results were reproduced by a combination of organic acids under acidic conditions. Short-chain fatty acids produced by microbes in the gut flora are beneficial for the host, e.g. they prevent infection. Thus, C. ramosum could affect the physiologies of other enteric microbes and host tissues.
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Qian W, Ma T, Ye M, Li Z, Liu Y, Hao P. Microbiota in the apical root canal system of tooth with apical periodontitis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:189. [PMID: 30967114 PMCID: PMC6456935 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apical periodontitis (AP) is essentially an inflammatory disease of microbial etiology primarily caused by infection of the pulp and root canal system. Variation of the bacterial communities caused by AP, as well as their changes responding to dental therapy, are of utmost importance to understand the pathogensis of the apical periodontitis and establishing effective antimicrobial therapeutic strategies. This study aims to uncover the composition and diversity of microbiota associated to the root apex to identify the relevant bacteria highly involved in AP, with the consideration of root apex samples from the infected teeth (with/without root canal treatment), healthy teeth as well as the healthy oral. Methods Four groups of specimens are considered, the apical part of root from diseased teeth with and without root canal treatment, and wisdom teeth extracted to avoid being impacted (tooth healthy control), as well as an additional healthy oral control from biofilm of the buccal mucosa. DNA was extracted from these specimens and the microbiome was examined through focusing on the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene using sequencing on Illumina MiSeq platform. Composition and diversity of the bacterial community were tested for individual samples, and between-group comparisons were done through differential analysis to identify the significant changes. Results We observed reduced community richness and diversity in microbiota samples from diseased teeth compared to healthy controls. Through differential analysis between AP teeth and healthy teeth, we identified 49 OTUs significantly down-regulated as well as 40 up-regulated OTUs for AP. Conclusion This study provides a global view of the microbial community of the AP associated cohorts, and revealed that AP involved not only bacteria accumulated with a high abundance, but also those significantly reduced ones due to microbial infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5474-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Qian
- Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiyao Li
- Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuanhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Pei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Effect of the MotA(M206I) Mutation on Torque Generation and Stator Assembly in the Salmonella H +-Driven Flagellar Motor. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00727-18. [PMID: 30642987 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00727-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial flagellar motor is composed of a rotor and a dozen stators and converts the ion flux through the stator into torque. Each stator unit alternates in its attachment to and detachment from the rotor even during rotation. In some species, stator assembly depends on the input energy, but it remains unclear how an electrochemical potential across the membrane (e.g., proton motive force [PMF]) or ion flux is involved in stator assembly dynamics. Here, we focused on pH dependence of a slow motile MotA(M206I) mutant of Salmonella The MotA(M206I) motor produces torque comparable to that of the wild-type motor near stall, but its rotation rate is considerably decreased as the external load is reduced. Rotation assays of flagella labeled with 1-μm beads showed that the rotation rate of the MotA(M206I) motor is increased by lowering the external pH whereas that of the wild-type motor is not. Measurements of the speed produced by a single stator unit using 1-μm beads showed that the unit speed of the MotA(M206I) is about 60% of that of the wild-type and that a decrease in external pH did not affect the MotA(M206I) unit speed. Analysis of the subcellular stator localization revealed that the number of functional stators is restored by lowering the external pH. The pH-dependent improvement of stator assembly was observed even when the PMF was collapsed and proton transfer was inhibited. These results suggest that MotA-Met206 is responsible for not only load-dependent energy coupling between the proton influx and rotation but also pH-dependent stator assembly.IMPORTANCE The bacterial flagellar motor is a rotary nanomachine driven by the electrochemical transmembrane potential (ion motive force). About 10 stators (MotA/MotB complexes) are docked around a rotor, and the stator recruitment depends on the load, ion motive force, and coupling ion flux. The MotA(M206I) mutation slows motor rotation and decreases the number of docked stators in Salmonella We show that lowering the external pH improves the assembly of the mutant stators. Neither the collapse of the ion motive force nor a mutation mimicking the proton-binding state inhibited stator localization to the motor. These results suggest that MotA-Met206 is involved in torque generation and proton translocation and that stator assembly is stabilized by protonation of the stator.
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