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Ramírez-Rendón D, Guzmán-Chávez F, García-Ausencio C, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Sánchez S. The untapped potential of actinobacterial lanthipeptides as therapeutic agents. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10605-10616. [PMID: 37934370 PMCID: PMC10676316 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08880-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The increase in bacterial resistance generated by the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in medical practice set new challenges for discovering bioactive natural products as alternatives for therapeutics. Lanthipeptides are an attractive natural product group that has been only partially explored and shows engaging biological activities. These molecules are small peptides with potential application as therapeutic agents. Some members show antibiotic activity against problematic drug-resistant pathogens and against a wide variety of viruses. Nevertheless, their biological activities are not restricted to antimicrobials, as their contribution to the treatment of cystic fibrosis, cancer, pain symptoms, control of inflammation, and blood pressure has been demonstrated. The study of biosynthetic gene clusters through genome mining has contributed to accelerating the discovery, enlargement, and diversification of this group of natural products. In this review, we provide insight into the recent advances in the development and research of actinobacterial lanthipeptides that hold great potential as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Ramírez-Rendón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico City, México
| | - Fernando Guzmán-Chávez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico City, México
| | - Carlos García-Ausencio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico City, México
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico City, México
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico City, México.
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2
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Saleem M, Yahya S, Razzak SA, Khawaja S, Ali A. Shotgun metagenomics and computational profiling of the plastisphere microbiome: unveiling the potential of enzymatic production and plastic degradation. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:359. [PMID: 37884755 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is one of the most resilient types of pollution and is considered a global environmental threat, particularly in the marine environment. This study aimed to identify plastic-degrading bacteria from the plastisphere and their pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential. We collected samples from soil and aquatic plastisphere to identify the bacterial communities using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatic tools. Results showed that the microbiome comprised 93% bacteria, 0.29% archaea, and 3.87% unidentified microbes. Of these 93% of bacteria, 54% were Proteobacteria, 23.9% were Firmicutes, 13% were Actinobacteria, and 2.1% were other phyla. We found that the plastisphere microbiome was involved in degrading synthetic and polyhydroxy alkanoate (PHA) plastic, biosurfactant production, and can thrive under high temperatures. However, no association existed between thermophiles, synthetic plastic or PHA degraders, and biosurfactant-producing bacterial species except for Pseudomonas. Other plastisphere inhabiting plastic degrading microbes include Streptomyces, Bacillus, Achromobacter, Azospirillum, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Clostridium, Paenibacillus, Rhodococcus, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Thermobifida, and Thermomonospora. However, the plastisphere microbiome showed potential for producing secondary metabolites that were found to act as anticancer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and enzyme stabilizers. These results revealed that the plastisphere microbiome upholds clinical and environmental significance as it can open future portals in a multi-directional way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoor Saleem
- Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto University of Science and Technology, Karachi, 75600, Sindh, Pakistan.
| | - Saira Yahya
- Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto University of Science and Technology, Karachi, 75600, Sindh, Pakistan.
| | - Safina Abdul Razzak
- Department of Bioscience, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, 75600, Pakistan
| | - Shariqa Khawaja
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Ali
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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3
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González Plaza JJ, Hradecký J. The tropical cookbook: Termite diet and phylogenetics—Over geographical origin—Drive the microbiome and functional genetic structure of nests. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1089525. [PMID: 36998409 PMCID: PMC10043212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1089525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Termites are key decomposers of dead plant material involved in the organic matter recycling process in warm terrestrial ecosystems. Due to their prominent role as urban pests of timber, research efforts have been directed toward biocontrol strategies aimed to use pathogens in their nest. However, one of the most fascinating aspects of termites is their defense strategies that prevent the growth of detrimental microbiological strains in their nests. One of the controlling factors is the nest allied microbiome. Understanding how allied microbial strains protect termites from pathogen load could provide us with an enhanced repertoire for fighting antimicrobial-resistant strains or mining for genes for bioremediation purposes. However, a necessary first step is to characterize these microbial communities. To gain a deeper understanding of the termite nest microbiome, we used a multi-omics approach for dissecting the nest microbiome in a wide range of termite species. These cover several feeding habits and three geographical locations on two tropical sides of the Atlantic Ocean known to host hyper-diverse communities. Our experimental approach included untargeted volatile metabolomics, targeted evaluation of volatile naphthalene, a taxonomical profile for bacteria and fungi through amplicon sequencing, and further diving into the genetic repertoire through a metagenomic sequencing approach. Naphthalene was present in species belonging to the genera Nasutitermes and Cubitermes. We investigated the apparent differences in terms of bacterial community structure and discovered that feeding habits and phylogenetic relatedness had a greater influence than geographical location. The phylogenetic relatedness among nests' hosts influences primarily bacterial communities, while diet influences fungi. Finally, our metagenomic analysis revealed that the gene content provided both soil-feeding genera with similar functional profiles, while the wood-feeding genus showed a different one. Our results indicate that the nest functional profile is largely influenced by diet and phylogenetic relatedness, irrespective of geographical location.
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Pashou E, Reich SJ, Reiter A, Weixler D, Eikmanns BJ, Oldiges M, Riedel CU, Goldbeck O. Identification and Characterization of Corynaridin, a Novel Linaridin from Corynebacterium lactis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0175622. [PMID: 36541778 PMCID: PMC9927463 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01756-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome analysis of Corynebacterium lactis revealed a bacteriocin gene cluster encoding a putative bacteriocin of the linaridin family of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs). The locus harbors typical linaridin modification enzymes but lacks genes for a decarboxylase and methyltransferase, which is unusual for type B linaridins. Supernatants of Corynebacterium lactis RW3-42 showed antimicrobial activity against Corynebacterium glutamicum. Deletion of the precursor gene crdA clearly linked the antimicrobial activity of the producer strain to the identified gene cluster. Following purification, we observed potent activity of the peptide against Actinobacteria, mainly other members of the genus Corynebacterium, including the pathogenic species Corynebacterium striatum and Corynebacterium amycolatum. Also, low activity against some Firmicutes was observed, but there was no activity against Gram-negative species. The peptide is resilient towards heat but sensitive to proteolytic degradation by trypsin and proteinase K. Analysis by mass spectrometry indicates that corynaridin is processed by cleaving off the leader sequence at a conserved motif and posttranslationally modified by dehydration of all threonine and serin residues, resulting in a monoisotopic mass of 3,961.19 Da. Notably, time-kill kinetics and experiments using live biosensors to monitor membrane integrity suggest bactericidal activity that does not involve formation of pores in the cytoplasmic membrane. As Corynebacterium species are ubiquitous in nature and include important commensals and pathogens of mammalian organisms, secretion of bacteriocins by species of this genus could be a hitherto neglected trait with high relevance for intra- and interspecies competition and infection. IMPORTANCE Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria to fend off competitors in ecological niches and are considered to be important factors influencing the composition of microbial communities. However, bacteriocin production by bacteria of the genus Corynebacterium has been a hitherto neglected trait, although its species are ubiquitous in nature and make up large parts of the microbiome of humans and animals. In this study, we describe and characterize a novel linaridin family bacteriocin from Corynebacterium lactis and show its narrow-spectrum activity, mainly against other actinobacteria. Moreover, we were able to extend the limited knowledge on linaridin bioactivity in general and for the first time describe the bactericidal activity of such a bacteriocin. Interestingly, the peptide, which was named corynaridin, appears bactericidal, but without formation of pores in the bacterial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimia Pashou
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian J. Reich
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Reiter
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dominik Weixler
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Marco Oldiges
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian U. Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldbeck
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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5
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Janssen K, Krasenbrink J, Strangfeld S, Kroheck S, Josten M, Engeser M, Bierbaum G. Elucidation of the Bridging Pattern of the Lantibiotic Pseudomycoicidin. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200540. [PMID: 36399337 PMCID: PMC10107895 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are post-translationally modified antibiotic peptides with lanthionine thioether bridges that represent potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics. The lantibiotic pseudomycoicidin is produced by Bacillus pseudomycoides DSM 12442 and is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. While prior work demonstrated that pseudomycoicidin possesses one disulfide bridge and four thioether bridges, the ring topology has so far remained unclear. Here, we analyzed several pseudomycoicidin analogues that are affected in ring formation via MALDI-TOF-MS and tandem mass spectrometry with regard to their dehydration and fragmentation patterns, respectively. As a result, we propose a bridging pattern involving Thr8 and Cys13, Thr10 and Cys16, Ser18 and Cys21, and Ser20 and Cys26, thus, forming two double ring systems. Additionally, we localized the disulfide bridge to connect Cys3 and Cys7 and, therefore, fully elucidated the bridging pattern of pseudomycoicidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Janssen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Krasenbrink
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Present address: Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department for Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarina Strangfeld
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Kroheck
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michaele Josten
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marianne Engeser
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Diwan D, Cheng L, Usmani Z, Sharma M, Holden N, Willoughby N, Sangwan N, Baadhe RR, Liu C, Gupta VK. Microbial cancer therapeutics: A promising approach. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:931-950. [PMID: 33979677 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The success of conventional cancer therapeutics is hindered by associated dreadful side-effects of antibiotic resistance and the dearth of antitumor drugs' selectivity and specificity. Hence, the conceptual evolution of anti-cancerous therapeutic agents that selectively target cancer cells without impacting the healthy cells or tissues, has led to a new wave of scientific interest in microbial-derived bioactive molecules. Such strategic solutions may pave the way to surmount the shortcomings of conventional therapies and raise the potential and hope for the cure of wide range of cancer in a selective manner. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of anti-carcinogenic properties and underlying mechanisms of bioactive molecules of microbial origin, and discuss the current challenges and effective therapeutic application of combinatorial strategies to attain minimal systemic side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Diwan
- Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 230032, China
| | - Zeba Usmani
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Food Technology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, 173101, India
| | - Nicola Holden
- Centre for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Nicholas Willoughby
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Neelam Sangwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031, India
| | - Rama Raju Baadhe
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK; Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.
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7
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Nan S, Yao M, Zhang X, Wang H, Li J, Niu J, Chen C, Zhang W, Nie C. Fermented grape seed meal promotes broiler growth and reduces abdominal fat deposition through intestinal microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:994033. [PMID: 36299718 PMCID: PMC9589342 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.994033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The fermentation of grape seed meal, a non-conventional feed resource, improves its conventional nutritional composition, promotes the growth and development of livestock and fat metabolism by influencing the structure and diversity of intestinal bacteria. In this study, the nutritional components of Fermented grape seed meal (FGSM) and their effects on the growth performance, carcass quality, serum biochemistry, and intestinal bacteria of yellow feather broilers were investigated. A total of 240 male 14-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly selected and divided into four groups, with three replicates of 20 chickens each. Animals were fed diets containing 0% (Group I), 2% (Group II), 4% (Group III), or 6% (Group IV) FGSM until they were 56 days old. The results showed that Acid soluble protein (ASP) and Crude protein (CP) contents increased, Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents decreased, and free amino acid content increased in the FGSM group. The non-targeted metabolome identified 29 differential metabolites in FGSM, including organic acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and monosaccharides. During the entire trial period, Average daily gain (ADG) increased and Feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased in response to dietary FGSM supplementation (p < 0.05). TP content in the serum increased and BUN content decreased in groups III and IV (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, the serum TG content in group III and the abdominal fat rate in group IV were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The results of gut microbiota analysis showed that FGSM could significantly increase the Shannon and Simpson indices of broilers (35 days). Reducing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes significantly altered cecal microbiota composition by increasing the relative abundance of Firmicutes (p < 0.05). By day 56, butyric acid content increased in the cecal samples from Group III (p < 0.05). In addition, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between broiler growth performance, abdominal fat percentage, SCFAs, and gut microbes. In summary, the addition of appropriate levels of FGSM to rations improved broiler growth performance and reduced fat deposition by regulating gut microbes through differential metabolites and affecting the microbiota structure and SCFA content of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Nan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Min Yao
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hailiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Junli Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Wenju Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Cunxi Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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8
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Xue D, Older EA, Zhong Z, Shang Z, Chen N, Dittenhauser N, Hou L, Cai P, Walla MD, Dong SH, Tang X, Chen H, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M, Li YX, Li J. Correlational networking guides the discovery of unclustered lanthipeptide protease-encoding genes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1647. [PMID: 35347143 PMCID: PMC8960859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial natural product biosynthetic genes, canonically clustered, have been increasingly found to rely on hidden enzymes encoded elsewhere in the genome for completion of biosynthesis. The study and application of lanthipeptides are frequently hindered by unclustered protease genes required for final maturation. Here, we establish a global correlation network bridging the gap between lanthipeptide precursors and hidden proteases. Applying our analysis to 161,954 bacterial genomes, we establish 5209 correlations between precursors and hidden proteases, with 91 prioritized. We use network predictions and co-expression analysis to reveal a previously missing protease for the maturation of class I lanthipeptide paenilan. We further discover widely distributed bacterial M16B metallopeptidases of previously unclear biological function as a new family of lanthipeptide proteases. We show the involvement of a pair of bifunctional M16B proteases in the production of previously unreported class III lanthipeptides with high substrate specificity. Together, these results demonstrate the strength of our correlational networking approach to the discovery of hidden lanthipeptide proteases and potentially other missing enzymes for natural products biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ethan A Older
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Zheng Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Shang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Nanzhu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Nolan Dittenhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lukuan Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Peiyan Cai
- Department of Chemistry and The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Michael D Walla
- The Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Shi-Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hexin Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry and The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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9
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Phillippi DT, Daniel S, Pusadkar V, Youngblood VL, Nguyen KN, Azad RK, McFarlin BK, Lund AK. Inhaled diesel exhaust particles result in microbiome-related systemic inflammation and altered cardiovascular disease biomarkers in C57Bl/6 male mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:10. [PMID: 35135577 PMCID: PMC8827295 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiota plays a vital role in host homeostasis and is associated with inflammation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is a known mediator of inflammation and CVD and is reported to promote dysbiosis and decreased intestinal integrity. However, the role of inhaled traffic-generated PM on the gut microbiome and its corresponding systemic effects are not well-characterized. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that exposure to inhaled diesel exhaust particles (DEP) alters the gut microbiome and promotes microbial-related inflammation and CVD biomarkers. 4–6-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice on either a low-fat (LF, 10% fat) or high-fat (HF, 45% fat) diet were exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration to 35 μg DEP suspended in 35 μl saline or saline only (CON) 2x/week for 30 days. To determine whether probiotics could prevent diet or DEP exposure mediated alterations in the gut microbiome or systemic outcomes, a subset of animals on the HF diet were treated orally with 0.3 g/day (~ 7.5 × 108 CFU/day) of Winclove Ecologic® Barrier probiotics throughout the study. Results Our results show that inhaled DEP exposure alters gut microbial profiles, including reducing Actinobacteria and expanding Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria. We observed increased circulating LPS, altered circulating cytokines (IL-1α, IL-3, IL-13, IL-15, G-CSF, LIF, MIP-2, and TNF-α), and CVD biomarkers (siCAM, PAI-1, sP-Selectin, thrombomodulin, and PECAM) in DEP-exposed and/or HF diet mice. Furthermore, probiotics attenuated the observed reduction of Actinobacteria and expansion of Proteobacteria in DEP-exposed and HF-diet mice. Probiotics mitigated circulating cytokines (IL-3, IL-13, G-CSF, RANTES, and TNF- α) and CVD biomarkers (siCAM, PAI-1, sP-Selectin, thrombomodulin, and PECAM) in respect to DEP-exposure and/or HF diet. Conclusion Key findings of this study are that inhaled DEP exposure alters small intestinal microbial profiles that play a role in systemic inflammation and early CVD biomarkers. Probiotic treatment in this study was fundamental in understanding the role of inhaled DEP on the microbiome and related systemic inflammatory and CVD biomarkers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00452-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle T Phillippi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Sarah Daniel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Vaidehi Pusadkar
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Victoria L Youngblood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Kayla N Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Rajeev K Azad
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.,Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Brian K McFarlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.,UNT Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Amie K Lund
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, EESAT - 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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10
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Kim DR, Kwak YS. A Genome-Wide Analysis of Antibiotic Producing Genes in Streptomyces globisporus SP6C4. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 37:389-395. [PMID: 34365750 PMCID: PMC8357572 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.03.2021.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil is the major source of plant-associated microbes. Several fungal and bacterial species live within plant tissues. Actinomycetes are well known for producing a variety of antibiotics, and they contribute to improving plant health. In our previous report, Streptomyces globisporus SP6C4 colonized plant tissues and was able to move to other tissues from the initially colonized ones. This strain has excellent antifungal and antibacterial activities and provides a suppressive effect upon various plant diseases. Here, we report the genome-wide analysis of antibiotic producing genes in S. globisporus SP6C4. A total of 15 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were predicted using antiSMASH. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis system, and each biosynthetic gene was predicted via protein basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) and rapid annotation using subsystems technology (RAST) server. Three gene clusters were shown to exhibit antifungal or antibacterial activity, viz. cluster 16 (lasso peptide), cluster 17 (thiopeptide-lantipeptide), and cluster 20 (lantipeptide). The results of the current study showed that SP6C4 has a variety of antimicrobial activities, and this strain is beneficial in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ran Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus) and IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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11
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Li C, Alam K, Zhao Y, Hao J, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Li R, Li A. Mining and Biosynthesis of Bioactive Lanthipeptides From Microorganisms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:692466. [PMID: 34395400 PMCID: PMC8358304 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.692466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious public health issues in the worldwide and only a few new antimicrobial drugs have been discovered in recent decades. To overcome the ever-increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, discovery of new natural products (NPs) against MDR pathogens with new technologies is in great demands. Lanthipeptides which are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) display high diversity in their chemical structures and mechanisms of action. Genome mining and biosynthetic engineering have also yielded new lanthipeptides, which are a valuable source of drug candidates. In this review we cover the recent advances in the field of microbial derived lanthipeptide discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Li
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Khorshed Alam
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinfang Hao
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruijuan Li
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Aiying Li
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Abstract
Knowledge of the agricultural soil microbiota, of the microbial consortia that comprise it, and the promotion of agricultural practices that maintain and encourage them, is a promising way to improve soil quality for sustainable agriculture and to provide food security. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the positive effects of beneficial soil microorganisms on crop yields and quality, the use of microbial consortia in agriculture remains low. Microbial consortia have more properties than an individual microbial inoculum, due to the synergy of the microorganisms that populate them. This review describes the main characteristics, ecosystem functions, crop benefits, and biotechnological applications of microbial consortia composed of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and Actinobacteria, to promote the restoration of agricultural soils and, consequently, the quality and health of agricultural crops. The aim is to provide knowledge that will contribute to the development of sustainable and sufficiently productive agriculture, which will adapt in a good way to the pace of the growing human population and to climate change.
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13
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Yang ML, Wang SM. Study on the correlation between soil microbial diversity and ambient environmental factors influencing the safflower distribution in Xinjiang. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:517-531. [PMID: 32301140 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of soil microbial properties and physiographical factors on safflower distributions in the main safflower plantations of Xinjiang province in China were studied. This study may help determine the basis of the environmental factors for evaluating the geoherbalism of this medicinal plant. The soil microbial biodiversity in the bulk soil and rhizosphere of safflower at different growth stages and from different sampling plots were characterized by analyzing the environmental DNAs in the samples. With general primers targeting the 16S ribosomal DNA for bacteria and the internal transcribed spacer 1 gene for fungi, the study was performed using marker gene amplification coupled with Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing technologies. Correlation analysis and a distance-based redundancy analysis were performed to determine the dominant factors affecting the distribution of the microorganism in safflower soils. A total of 16517 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from all the 108 soil samples of nine safflower sampling plots. At the phylum level, 48 phyla have been identified with Actinobacteria (32.9%) and proteobacteria (28.7%) being predominant. For fungi, 8746 OTUs were obtained, which belonged to seven phyla with Ascomycota overwhelmingly superior in relative abundance. A significant positive correlation was found between soil microbe quantity and ASL (above sea level). Safflower was sensitive to changes in elevation, growing more abundantly in the mountainous regions at heights of around 1,200 m above sea level. It is concluded that the dominant factors affecting the distribution of microorganisms in safflower soils were soil moisture, available N, and ASL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mei Ling Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shao Ming Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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14
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Bescos R, Ashworth A, Cutler C, Brookes ZL, Belfield L, Rodiles A, Casas-Agustench P, Farnham G, Liddle L, Burleigh M, White D, Easton C, Hickson M. Effects of Chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral microbiome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5254. [PMID: 32210245 PMCID: PMC7093448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a single blind, cross-over and non-randomized design we investigated the effect of 7-day use of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on the salivary microbiome as well as several saliva and plasma biomarkers in 36 healthy individuals. They rinsed their mouth (for 1 min) twice a day for seven days with a placebo mouthwash and then repeated this protocol with CHX mouthwash for a further seven days. Saliva and blood samples were taken at the end of each treatment to analyse the abundance and diversity of oral bacteria, and pH, lactate, glucose, nitrate and nitrite concentrations. CHX significantly increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, and reduced the content of Bacteroidetes, TM7, SR1 and Fusobacteria. This shift was associated with a significant decrease in saliva pH and buffering capacity, accompanied by an increase in saliva lactate and glucose levels. Lower saliva and plasma nitrite concentrations were found after using CHX, followed by a trend of increased systolic blood pressure. Overall, this study demonstrates that mouthwash containing CHX is associated with a major shift in the salivary microbiome, leading to more acidic conditions and lower nitrite availability in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Bescos
- Institute of Health & Community, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Ann Ashworth
- Institute of Health & Community, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Craig Cutler
- Institute of Health & Community, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Zoe L Brookes
- Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Louise Belfield
- Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Ana Rodiles
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | | | - Garry Farnham
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Luke Liddle
- School of Social Sciences, Bishop Grosseteste University, Lincolnshire, LN1 3DY, UK.,Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, G72 0LH, UK
| | - Mia Burleigh
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, G72 0LH, UK
| | - Desley White
- Institute of Health & Community, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, G72 0LH, UK
| | - Mary Hickson
- Institute of Health & Community, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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El-Shatoury SA, Ameen F, Moussa H, Abdul Wahid O, Dewedar A, AlNadhari S. Biocontrol of chocolate spot disease ( Botrytis cinerea) in faba bean using endophytic actinomycetes Streptomyces: a field study to compare application techniques. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8582. [PMID: 32195043 PMCID: PMC7067178 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture is needing economic applications for disease control. One possibility is offered by local medical plants. Endophytes of medical plants, such as actinomycetes Streptomyces sp. have previously shown antagonistic activities against fungal phytopathogens. In the present field experiment, we aimed to verify the efficiency of endophytic Streptomyces against one of the common pathogens, Botrytis cinerea, causing chocolate spot disease for faba bean (Vicia fabae L.). We tested two strains of Streptomyces (MG788011, MG788012) and three techniques to apply the biocontrol agent: (1) coating the seeds with spores, (2) spraying mycelia and (3) spraying the crude metabolites over the plants. The technique using the crude metabolites was the most efficient to prevent the disease symptoms. Both of the endophytic strains diminished the disease symptoms and improved the plant growth. The study offers a potential biological control technique to prevent chocolate spot disease and, at the same time, increase the yields of faba bean in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar A El-Shatoury
- Botany Department, Faculty of Sciences, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Marine Biology, Al-Hodeidah University, Al-Hodeidah, Yemen
| | - Heba Moussa
- Botany Department, Faculty of Sciences, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Omar Abdul Wahid
- Botany Department, Faculty of Sciences, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Dewedar
- Botany Department, Faculty of Sciences, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Saleh AlNadhari
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine Farms, Yemen, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
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16
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Salwan R, Sharma V. Molecular and biotechnological aspects of secondary metabolites in actinobacteria. Microbiol Res 2020; 231:126374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Singh M, Chaudhary S, Sareen D. Roseocin, a novel two‐component lantibiotic from an actinomycete. Mol Microbiol 2019; 113:326-337. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mangal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry Basic Medical Sciences Block‐II Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry Basic Medical Sciences Block‐II Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Dipti Sareen
- Department of Biochemistry Basic Medical Sciences Block‐II Panjab University Chandigarh India
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18
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Zhang D, He Y, Ye Y, Ma Y, Zhang P, Zhu H, Xu N, Liang S. Little Antimicrobial Peptides with Big Therapeutic Roles. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:564-578. [PMID: 30799781 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190222141905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are short amphipathic biological molecules generally with less than 100 amino acids. AMPs not only present high bioactivities against bacteria, fungi or protists-induced infections, but also play important roles in anticancer activity, immune response and inflammation regulation. AMPs are classified as ribosomally synthesized, non-ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified, non-ribosomally synthesized ones and several synthetic or semisynthetic peptides according to their synthesis with or without the involvement of ribosomes. The molecular characterization and bioactivity action mechanisms are summarized for several ribosomally synthesized AMPs and main non-ribosomally synthesized members (cyclopeptides, lipopeptides, glycopeptides, lipoglycopeptides). We also analyze challenges and new strategies to overcome drug resistance and application limitations for AMP discovery. In conclusion, the growing novel small molecular AMPs have huge therapeutic potentials of antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer and immunoregulatory bioactivities through new techniquesdriven drug discovery strategy including bioinformatics prediction, de novo rational design and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University / Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University / Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University / Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanni Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University / Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University / Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Shufang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University / Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
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19
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Park J, Kim EB. Differences in microbiome and virome between cattle and horses in the same farm. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:1042-1055. [PMID: 32054207 PMCID: PMC7206377 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective The ecosystem of an animal farm is composed of various elements, such as animals, farmers, plants, feed, soil, and microorganisms. A domesticated animal’s health is largely connected with the reservoir of bacteria and viruses in animal farms. Although a few studies have focused on exploring the gut microbiome of animals, communities of microbiota and viruses in feedlots have not been thoroughly investigated. Methods Here, we collected feces and dust samples (4 groups: cattle feces, C_F; horse feces, H_F; cattle dust, C_D; and horse dust, H_D) from cattle and horse farms sharing the same housing and investigated their microbiome/virome communities by Illumina sequencing. Results Dust groups (C_D and H_D) showed higher microbial diversity than feces groups (C_F and H_F) regardless of animal species. From the microbial community analysis, all the samples from the four groups have major phyla such as Proteobacteria (min 37.1% to max 42.8%), Firmicutes (19.1% to 24.9%), Bacteroidetes (10.6% to 22.1%), and Actinobacteria (6.1% to 20.5%). The abundance of Streptococcus, which commonly recognized as equine pathogens, was significantly higher in the horse group (H_D and H_F). Over 99% among the classified virome reads were classified as Caudovirales, a group of tailed bacteriophages, in all four groups. Foot-and-mouth disease virus and equine adenovirus, which cause deadly diseases in cattle and horse, respectively, were not detected. Conclusion Our results will provide baseline information to understand different gut and environmental microbial ecology between two livestock species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbin Park
- Department of Animal Life Science, College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Eun Bae Kim
- Department of Animal Life Science, College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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20
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Ogawara H. Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Antibiotic-Producing and Pathogenic Bacteria. Molecules 2019; 24:E3430. [PMID: 31546630 PMCID: PMC6804068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance poses a tremendous threat to human health. To overcome this problem, it is essential to know the mechanism of antibiotic resistance in antibiotic-producing and pathogenic bacteria. This paper deals with this problem from four points of view. First, the antibiotic resistance genes in producers are discussed related to their biosynthesis. Most resistance genes are present within the biosynthetic gene clusters, but some genes such as paromomycin acetyltransferases are located far outside the gene cluster. Second, when the antibiotic resistance genes in pathogens are compared with those in the producers, resistance mechanisms have dependency on antibiotic classes, and, in addition, new types of resistance mechanisms such as Eis aminoglycoside acetyltransferase and self-sacrifice proteins in enediyne antibiotics emerge in pathogens. Third, the relationships of the resistance genes between producers and pathogens are reevaluated at their amino acid sequence as well as nucleotide sequence levels. Pathogenic bacteria possess other resistance mechanisms than those in antibiotic producers. In addition, resistance mechanisms are little different between early stage of antibiotic use and the present time, e.g., β-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Lastly, guanine + cytosine (GC) barrier in gene transfer to pathogenic bacteria is considered. Now, the resistance genes constitute resistome composed of complicated mixture from divergent environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ogawara
- HO Bio Institute, 33-9, Yushima-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 522-1, Noshio-2, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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21
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Influence of nisin hinge-region variants on lantibiotic immunity and resistance proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3947-3953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Levesque S, de Melo AG, Labrie SJ, Moineau S. Mobilome of Brevibacterium aurantiacum Sheds Light on Its Genetic Diversity and Its Adaptation to Smear-Ripened Cheeses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1270. [PMID: 31244798 PMCID: PMC6579920 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brevibacterium aurantiacum is an actinobacterium that confers key organoleptic properties to washed-rind cheeses during the ripening process. Although this industrially relevant species has been gaining an increasing attention in the past years, its genome plasticity is still understudied due to the unavailability of complete genomic sequences. To add insights on the mobilome of this group, we sequenced the complete genomes of five dairy Brevibacterium strains and one non-dairy strain using PacBio RSII. We performed phylogenetic and pan-genome analyses, including comparisons with other publicly available Brevibacterium genomic sequences. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that these five dairy strains, previously identified as Brevibacterium linens, belong instead to the B. aurantiacum species. A high number of transposases and integrases were observed in the Brevibacterium spp. strains. In addition, we identified 14 and 12 new insertion sequences (IS) in B. aurantiacum and B. linens genomes, respectively. Several stretches of homologous DNA sequences were also found between B. aurantiacum and other cheese rind actinobacteria, suggesting horizontal gene transfer (HGT). A HGT region from an iRon Uptake/Siderophore Transport Island (RUSTI) and an iron uptake composite transposon were found in five B. aurantiacum genomes. These findings suggest that low iron availability in milk is a driving force in the adaptation of this bacterial species to this niche. Moreover, the exchange of iron uptake systems suggests cooperative evolution between cheese rind actinobacteria. We also demonstrated that the integrative and conjugative element BreLI (Brevibacterium Lanthipeptide Island) can excise from B. aurantiacum SMQ-1417 chromosome. Our comparative genomic analysis suggests that mobile genetic elements played an important role into the adaptation of B. aurantiacum to cheese ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Levesque
- Département de Biochimie, de microbiologie, et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Alessandra G de Melo
- Département de Biochimie, de microbiologie, et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sylvain Moineau
- Département de Biochimie, de microbiologie, et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Centre de Référence pour Virus Bactériens Félix d'Hérelle, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Been Koo
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju Republic of Korea
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24
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Genome mining for ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) reveals undiscovered bioactive potentials of actinobacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 112:1477-1499. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Cai L, Gong X, Sun X, Li S, Yu X. Comparison of chemical and microbiological changes during the aerobic composting and vermicomposting of green waste. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207494. [PMID: 30475832 PMCID: PMC6261053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was conducted to compare chemical and microbiological properties during aerobic composting (AC) and vermicomposting (VC) of green waste. Relative to AC, VC significantly decreased the pH and lignin and cellulose contents, and significantly increased the electrical conductivity and total N and available P contents. For AC, BIrii41_norank (order Myxococcales) was the major bacterial genus at 30 d and again became dominant genus from 90–150 d, with relative abundances of 2.88% and 4.77–5.19%, respectively; at 45 d and 60 d, the dominant bacterial genus was Nitrosomonadaceae_uncultured (order Nitrosomonadales) with relative abundances of 2.83–7.17%. For VC, the dominant bacterial genus was BIrii41_norank (except at 45 d), which accounted for 2.11–7.96% of the total reads. The dominant fungal class was Sordariomycetes in AC (relative abundances 39.2–80.6%) and VC (relative abundances 42.1–69.5%). The abundances of microbial taxa and therefore the bacterial and fungal community structures differed between VC and AC. The quality of the green waste compost product was higher with VC than with AC. These results will also help to achieve further composting technology breakthroughs in reducing the composting time and improving compost quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Cai
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Gong
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Sun
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Suyan Li
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Genome mining of Streptomyces xinghaiensis NRRL B-24674 T for the discovery of the gene cluster involved in anticomplement activities and detection of novel xiamycin analogs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9549-9562. [PMID: 30232534 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Marine actinobacterium Streptomyces xinghaiensis NRRL B-24674T has been characterized as a novel species, but thus far, its biosynthetic potential remains unexplored. In this study, the high-quality genome sequence of S. xinghaiensis NRRL B-24674T was obtained, and the production of anticomplement agents, xiamycin analogs, and siderophores was investigated by genome mining. Anticomplement compounds are valuable for combating numerous diseases caused by the abnormal activation of the human complement system. The biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) nrps1 resembles that of complestatins, which are potent microbial-derived anticomplement agents. The identification of the nrps1 BGC revealed a core peptide that differed from that in complestatin; thus, we studied the anticomplement activity of this strain. The culture broth of S. xinghaiensis NRRL B-24674T displayed good anticomplement activity. Subsequently, the disruption of the genes in the nrps1 BGC resulted in the loss of anticomplement activity, confirming the involvement of this BGC in the biosynthesis of anticomplement agents. In addition, the mining of the BGC tep5, which resembles that of the antiviral pentacyclic indolosesquiterpene xiamycin, resulted in the discovery of nine xiamycin analogs, including three novel compounds. In addition to the BGCs responsible for desferrioxamine B, neomycin, ectoine, and carotenoid, 18 BGCs present in the genome are predicted to be novel. The results of this study unveil the potential of S. xinghaiensis as a producer of novel anticomplement agents and provide a basis for further exploration of the biosynthetic potential of S. xinghaiensis NRRL B-24674T for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds by genome mining.
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Ogawara H. Comparison of Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance: Learning from Various Kingdoms. Molecules 2018; 23:E1476. [PMID: 29912169 PMCID: PMC6100412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, especially antibiotic resistance, is a growing threat to human health. To overcome this problem, it is significant to know precisely the mechanisms of drug resistance and/or self-resistance in various kingdoms, from bacteria through plants to animals, once more. This review compares the molecular mechanisms of the resistance against phycotoxins, toxins from marine and terrestrial animals, plants and fungi, and antibiotics. The results reveal that each kingdom possesses the characteristic features. The main mechanisms in each kingdom are transporters/efflux pumps in phycotoxins, mutation and modification of targets and sequestration in marine and terrestrial animal toxins, ABC transporters and sequestration in plant toxins, transporters in fungal toxins, and various or mixed mechanisms in antibiotics. Antibiotic producers in particular make tremendous efforts for avoiding suicide, and are more flexible and adaptable to the changes of environments. With these features in mind, potential alternative strategies to overcome these resistance problems are discussed. This paper will provide clues for solving the issues of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ogawara
- HO Bio Institute, Yushima-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio-2, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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Zhao P, Xue Y, Gao W, Li J, Zu X, Fu D, Feng S, Bai X, Zuo Y, Li P. Actinobacteria-Derived peptide antibiotics since 2000. Peptides 2018; 103:48-59. [PMID: 29567053 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Actinobacteria, including Streptomyces spp., Kutzneria sp. Actinoplanes spp., Actinomycete sp., Nocardia sp., Brevibacteriumsp.,Actinomadura spp., Micromonospora sp., Amycolatopsis spp., Nonomuraea spp., Nocardiopsis spp., Marinactinospora sp., Rhodococcus sp., Lentzea sp., Actinokineospora sp., Planomonospora sp., Streptomonospora sp., and Microbacterium sp., are an important source of structurally diverse classes of short peptides of ∼30 residues or fewer that will likely play an important role in new antibiotic development and discovery. Additionally, many have unique structures that make them recalcitrant to traditional modes of drug resistance via novel mechanisms, and these are ideal therapeutic tools and potential alternatives to current antibiotics. The need for novel antibiotic is urgent, and this review summarizes 199 Actinobacteria compounds published since 2000, including 35 cyclic lipopeptides containing piperazic or pipecolic acids, eight aromatic peptides, five glycopeptides, 21 bicyclic peptides, 44 other cyclic lipopeptides, five linear lipopeptides, six 2,5-diketopiperazines, one dimeric peptide, four nucleosidyl peptides, two thioamide-containing peptides, 25 thiopeptides, nine lasso peptides, and 34 typical cyclic peptides. The current and potential therapeutic applications of these peptides, including their structure, antituberculotic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-brugia, anti-plasmodial, and anti-trypanosomal activities, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yun Xue
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Weina Gao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Jinghua Li
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xiangyang Zu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Dongliao Fu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Shuxiao Feng
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xuefei Bai
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yanjun Zuo
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
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29
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Anticancer Activity of Bacterial Proteins and Peptides. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10020054. [PMID: 29710857 PMCID: PMC6027124 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite much progress in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, tumour diseases constitute one of the main reasons of deaths worldwide. The side effects of chemotherapy and drug resistance of some cancer types belong to the significant current therapeutic problems. Hence, searching for new anticancer substances and medicines are very important. Among them, bacterial proteins and peptides are a promising group of bioactive compounds and potential anticancer drugs. Some of them, including anticancer antibiotics (actinomycin D, bleomycin, doxorubicin, mitomycin C) and diphtheria toxin, are already used in the cancer treatment, while other substances are in clinical trials (e.g., p28, arginine deiminase ADI) or tested in in vitro research. This review shows the current literature data regarding the anticancer activity of proteins and peptides originated from bacteria: antibiotics, bacteriocins, enzymes, nonribosomal peptides (NRPs), toxins and others such as azurin, p28, Entap and Pep27anal2. The special attention was paid to the still poorly understood active substances obtained from the marine sediment bacteria. In total, 37 chemical compounds or groups of compounds with antitumor properties have been described in the present article.
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30
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Deslouches B, Di YP. Antimicrobial peptides with selective antitumor mechanisms: prospect for anticancer applications. Oncotarget 2018; 8:46635-46651. [PMID: 28422728 PMCID: PMC5542299 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last several decades, there have been significant advances in anticancer therapy. However, the development of resistance to cancer drugs and the lack of specificity related to actively dividing cells leading to toxic side effects have undermined these achievements. As a result, there is considerable interest in alternative drugs with novel antitumor mechanisms. In addition to the recent approach using immunotherapy, an effective but much cheaper therapeutic option of pharmaceutical drugs would still provide the best choice for cancer patients as the first line treatment. Ribosomally synthesized cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) or host defense peptides (HDP) display broad-spectrum activity against bacteria based on electrostatic interactions with negatively charged lipids on the bacterial surface. Because of increased proportions of phosphatidylserine (negatively charged) on the surface of cancer cells compared to normal cells, cationic amphipathic peptides could be an effective source of anticancer agents that are both selective and refractory to current resistance mechanisms. We reviewed herein the prospect for AMP application to cancer treatment, with a focus on modes of action of cationic AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthony Deslouches
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Y Peter Di
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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31
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Hasim S, Allison DP, Mendez B, Farmer AT, Pelletier DA, Retterer ST, Campagna SR, Reynolds TB, Doktycz MJ. Elucidating Duramycin's Bacterial Selectivity and Mode of Action on the Bacterial Cell Envelope. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:219. [PMID: 29491859 PMCID: PMC5817074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides provides a promising route to selectively target pathogenic agents and to shape microbiome structure. Lantibiotics, such as duramycin, are one class of bacterially produced peptidic natural products that can selectively inhibit the growth of other bacteria. However, despite longstanding characterization efforts, the microbial selectivity and mode of action of duramycin are still obscure. We describe here a suite of biological, chemical, and physical characterizations that shed new light on the selective and mechanistic aspects of duramycin activity. Bacterial screening assays have been performed using duramycin and Populus-derived bacterial isolates to determine species selectivity. Lipidomic profiles of selected resistant and sensitive strains show that the sensitivity of Gram-positive bacteria depends on the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the cell membrane. Further the surface and interface morphology were studied by high resolution atomic force microscopy and showed a progression of cellular changes in the cell envelope after treatment with duramycin for the susceptible bacterial strains. Together, these molecular and cellular level analyses provide insight into duramycin’s mode of action and a better understanding of its selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Hasim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - David P Allison
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Berlin Mendez
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Abigail T Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Dale A Pelletier
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Scott T Retterer
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Todd B Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Mitchel J Doktycz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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