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Ejmalian N, Mirzaei S, Mirzaie-Asl A, Chaichi M. A Potential Involvement of Metallothionein in the Zinc Tolerance of Trichoderma harzianum: Experimental Findings. Protein J 2024; 43:503-512. [PMID: 38488956 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Metallothioneins are a group of cysteine-rich proteins that play an important role in the homeostasis and detoxification of heavy metals. The objective of this research was to explore the significance of metallothionein in Trichoderma harzianum tolerance to zinc. At the inhibitory concentration of 1000 ppm, the fungus adsorbed 16.7 ± 0.4 mg/g of metal. The HPLC and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis data suggested that the fungus production of metallothionein was twice as high in the presence of zinc as in the control group. The examination of the genes; metallothionein expression activator (MEA) and Cu fist revealed that the MEA, with a C2H2 zinc finger domain, increased significantly in the presence of zinc. It was observed that in T. harzianum, the enhanced expression of the metallothionein gene was managed by the metallothionein activator under zinc overload conditions. According to our knowledge, this is the first report on the role of metallothionein in the resistance of T. harzianum to zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Ejmalian
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Soheila Mirzaei
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Asghar Mirzaie-Asl
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Chaichi
- Department of Seed and Plant Improvement Research, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources, Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Hamedan, Iran
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Lofgren L, Nguyen NH, Kennedy P, Pérez-Pazos E, Fletcher J, Liao HL, Wang H, Zhang K, Ruytinx J, Smith AH, Ke YH, Cotter HVT, Engwall E, Hameed KM, Vilgalys R, Branco S. Suillus: an emerging model for the study of ectomycorrhizal ecology and evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1448-1475. [PMID: 38581203 PMCID: PMC11045321 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Research on mycorrhizal symbiosis has been slowed by a lack of established study systems. To address this challenge, we have been developing Suillus, a widespread ecologically and economically relevant fungal genus primarily associated with the plant family Pinaceae, into a model system for studying ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations. Over the last decade, we have compiled extensive genomic resources, culture libraries, a phenotype database, and protocols for manipulating Suillus fungi with and without their tree partners. Our efforts have already resulted in a large number of publicly available genomes, transcriptomes, and respective annotations, as well as advances in our understanding of mycorrhizal partner specificity and host communication, fungal and plant nutrition, environmental adaptation, soil nutrient cycling, interspecific competition, and biological invasions. Here, we highlight the most significant recent findings enabled by Suillus, present a suite of protocols for working with the genus, and discuss how Suillus is emerging as an important model to elucidate the ecology and evolution of ECM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotus Lofgren
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nhu H. Nguyen
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Māno, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Peter Kennedy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Pazos
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jessica Fletcher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver 1151 Arapahoe St, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Rd Quincy, FL 3235, USA
- Department of Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, 1692 McCarty Dr, Room 2181, Building A, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Haihua Wang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Rd Quincy, FL 3235, USA
- Department of Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, 1692 McCarty Dr, Room 2181, Building A, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kaile Zhang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Rd Quincy, FL 3235, USA
| | - Joske Ruytinx
- Research Group of Microbiology and Plant Genetics, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium, USA
| | - Alexander H. Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver 1151 Arapahoe St, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Yi-Hong Ke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - H. Van T. Cotter
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Herbarium, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eiona Engwall
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Khalid M. Hameed
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sara Branco
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver 1151 Arapahoe St, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
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Chot E, Medicherla KM, Reddy MS. Comparative transcriptome analysis of ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus albus in response to individual and combined stress of copper and cadmium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:118616-118633. [PMID: 37917254 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
An ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus albus establishes the natural symbiosis with plant roots on extreme heavy metal (HM)-rich soil and enables their survival in toxic metal concentrations. Understanding P. albus key genes and pathways behind strong metal tolerance is crucial for its successful application in the rehabilitation of metal-contaminated barren lands. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the whole transcriptome profile of P. albus under individual and combined metal stress of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd). At 480 µM Cu and 16 µM Cd toxic concentrations, P. albus has shown growth and survival and accumulated high metal (1.46 µg Cu and 1.13 µg Cd per mg of dry mycelia). The study found a stronger response of P. albus to single-metal stress in high concentration as compared to multi-metal stress in relatively lower concentration. Hence, the intensity of fungal response to HM stress is mainly determined by the metal concentration involved in stress. We have found a total of 11 pathways significantly associated with HM stress, among which amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolisms were highly affected. The functional enrichment of differentially expressed genes has shown the induced biosynthesis of arginine, melanin, metal chelating agents, membrane phospholipids, fatty acids, folate, pantothenate, ergothioneine, and other antioxidant agents; upregulation of zinc ion uptake, potassium transporters, and lysine degradation; and reduction of phosphatidylcholine degradation, incorrect protein folding, iron uptake, and potassium efflux as the top efficient tolerance mechanisms of P. albus against HM stress. The current study would contribute to understanding fungal HM tolerance and its further utilization in the bioremediation of metal-contaminated abandoned lands. The validation of RNA-sequencing analysis with RT-qPCR of selected genes showed the high credibility of the presented data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eetika Chot
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bhadson Road, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | | | - Mondem Sudhakara Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bhadson Road, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India.
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Jan S, Anna C, Antonín K, Jiří Š, Jan B, Tereza L, Pavel K. Intracellular sequestration of cadmium and zinc in ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria (Agaricales, Amanitaceae) and characterization of its metallothionein gene. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 162:103717. [PMID: 35764233 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amanita muscaria is an ectomycorrhizal mushroom that commonly grows at metal-polluted sites. Sporocarps from the lead smelter-polluted area near Příbram (Central Bohemia, Czech Republic) showed elevated concentrations of Cd and Zn. Size exclusion chromatography of the cell extracts of the sporocarps from both polluted and unpolluted sites indicated that substantial part of intracellular Cd and Zn was sequestered in 6-kDa complexes, presumably with metallothionein(s) (MT). When the cultured mycelial isolates were compared, those from Příbram were more Cd-tolerant and accumulated slightly less Cd and Zn than those from the unpolluted site. The analysis of the available A.muscaria sequence data returned a 67-amino acid (AA) MT encoded by the AmMT1 gene. Weak Cd and Zn responsiveness of AmMT1 in the mycelia suggested its metal homeostasis function in A.muscaria, rather than a major role in detoxification. The AmMT1 belongs to a ubiquitous peptide group in the Agaricomycetes consisting of 60-70-AA MTs containing seven cysteinyl domains and a conserved histidyl, features observed also in a newly predicted, atypical 45-AA RaMT1 of the Zn-accumulator Russula bresadolae in which the C-terminal cysteinyl domains VI and VII are missing. Heterologous expression in metal-sensitive yeast mutants indicated that AmMT1 and RaMT1 encode functional peptides that can protect cells against Cd, Zn, and Cu toxicity. The metal protection phenotype observed in yeasts with mutant variants of AmMT1 and RaMT1 further indicated that the conserved histidyl seems to play a structural, not metal binding role, and the cysteinyls of the C-terminal domains VI and VII are important for Cu binding. The data provide an important insight into the metal handling of site-associated ectomycorrhizal species disturbed by excess metals and the properties of MTs common in Agaricomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sácký Jan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Chaloupecká Anna
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kaňa Antonín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šantrůček Jiří
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Borovička Jan
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Leonhardt Tereza
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kotrba Pavel
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Chot E, Reddy MS. Role of Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis Behind the Host Plants Ameliorated Tolerance Against Heavy Metal Stress. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:855473. [PMID: 35418968 PMCID: PMC8996229 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.855473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil heavy metal (HM) pollution, which arises from natural and anthropogenic sources, is a prime threat to the environment due to its accumulative property and non-biodegradability. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is highly efficient in conferring enhanced metal tolerance to their host plants, enabling their regeneration on metal-contaminated lands for bioremediation programs. Numerous reports are available regarding ECM fungal potential to colonize metal-contaminated lands and various defense mechanisms of ECM fungi and plants against HM stress separately. To utilize ECM–plant symbiosis successfully for bioremediation of metal-contaminated lands, understanding the fundamental regulatory mechanisms through which ECM symbiosis develops an enhanced metal tolerance in their host plants has prime importance. As this field is highly understudied, the present review emphasizes how plant’s various defense systems and their nutrient dynamics with soil are affected by ECM fungal symbiosis under metal stress, ultimately leading to their host plants ameliorated tolerance and growth. Overall, we conclude that ECM symbiosis improves the plant growth and tolerance against metal stress by (i) preventing their roots direct exposure to toxic soil HMs, (ii) improving plant antioxidant activity and intracellular metal sequestration potential, and (iii) altering plant nutrient uptake from the soil in such a way to enhance their tolerance against metal stress. In some cases, ECM symbiosis promotes HM accumulation in metal stressed plants simultaneous to improved growth under the HM dilution effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eetika Chot
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Mondem Sudhakara Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
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Liu B, Dong P, Zhang X, Feng Z, Wen Z, Shi L, Xia Y, Chen C, Shen Z, Lian C, Chen Y. Identification and characterization of eight metallothionein genes involved in heavy metal tolerance from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14430-14442. [PMID: 34617232 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are small, cysteine-rich, heavy metal-binding proteins involved in metal homeostasis and detoxification. The increasing numbers of available genomic sequences of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi enable deeper insights into the characteristics of MT genes in these fungi that form the most important symbiosis with the host trees in forest ecosystems. The aim of this study was to establish a comprehensive, genome-wide inventory of MT genes from the ECM fungus Laccaria bicolor. Eight MT genes in L. bicolor were cloned, and the expression patterns of their transcripts at various developmental stages based on expressed sequence tag (EST) counts were analyzed. The expression levels of four MTs were significantly increased during symbiosis stages. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that transcripts of LbMT1 were dominant in free-living mycelia and strongly induced by excessive copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). To determine whether these eight MTs functioned as metal chelators, we expressed them in the Cu- and Cd-sensitive yeast mutants, cup1∆ and yap1∆, respectively. All LbMT proteins provided similar levels of Cu(II) or Cd(II) tolerance, but did not affect by H2O2. Our findings provide novel data on the evolution and diversification of fungal MT gene duplicates, a valuable resource for understanding the vast array of biological processes in which these proteins are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pengcheng Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinzhe Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhihang Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhugui Wen
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunlan Lian
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midoricho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midoricho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan.
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Clary Sage Cultivation and Mycorrhizal Inoculation Influence the Rhizosphere Fungal Community of an Aged Trace-Element Polluted Soil. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061333. [PMID: 34205382 PMCID: PMC8234821 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fungal communities play a central role in natural systems and agroecosystems. As such, they have attracted significant research interest. However, the fungal microbiota of aromatic plants, such as clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.), remain unexplored. This is especially the case in trace element (TE)-polluted conditions and within the framework of phytomanagement approaches. The presence of high concentrations of TEs in soils can negatively affect not only microbial diversity and community composition but also plant establishment and growth. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the soil fungal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community composition and their changes over time in TE-polluted soils in the vicinity of a former lead smelter and under the cultivation of clary sage. We used Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing to evaluate the effects of in situ clary sage cultivation over two successive years, combined or not with exogenous AMF inoculation, on the rhizospheric soil and root fungal communities. We obtained 1239 and 569 fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASV), respectively, in the rhizospheric soil and roots of S. sclarea under TE-polluted conditions. Remarkably, 69 AMF species were detected at our experimental site, belonging to 12 AMF genera. Furthermore, the inoculation treatment significantly shaped the fungal communities in soil and increased the number of AMF ASVs in clary sage roots. In addition, clary sage cultivation over successive years could be one of the explanatory parameters for the inter-annual variation in both fungal and AMF communities in the soil and root biotopes. Our data provide new insights on fungal and AMF communities in the rhizospheric soil and roots of an aromatic plant, clary sage, grown in TE-polluted agricultural soil.
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Sácký J, Černý J, Šantrůček J, Borovička J, Leonhardt T, Kotrba P. Cadmium hyperaccumulating mushroom Cystoderma carcharias has two metallothionein isoforms usable for cadmium and copper storage. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 153:103574. [PMID: 34015433 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystoderma carcharias is one of the few macrofungal species that can hyperaccumulate Cd. As we have previously documented in C. carcharias collected from a smelter-polluted area, it stores 40% of Cd and nearly 90% of Cu in sporocarps in complex(es) of identical size. In this paper we examined whether metallothionein (MT) peptides that bind Cd and Cu through cysteinyl-thiolate bonds were associated with the metals in these complexes. Screening of a sporocarp cDNA expression library in yeasts allowed the identification of two transcripts, CcMT1 and CcMT2, encoding functional 34-amino acid (AA) MTs sharing 56% identity and appearing to be encoded by duplicate genes. CcMT1 conferred reasonable tolerance to Cu and a substantially higher tolerance to Cd than CcMT2, while CcMT2 clearly protected the yeasts better against Cu toxicity. While size-exclusion chromatography revealed that CcMT1 was contained in all Cd/Cu complexes isolated from wild grown sporocarps, CcMT2 was detected in a much narrower subset of the fractions. The striking difference between the CcMTs is that CcMT1 lacks the third metal-biding cysteinyl (C) within an otherwise highly conserved-in-agaricomycetes-MTs C-AA4-C-AA-C-AA3-C-AA-C-AA4-C-AA-C motif. The elimination of the corresponding cysteinyl in CcMT2 only reduced the Cu-tolerant phenotype in yeasts to the levels observed with CcMT1. Altogether, these results indicate that CcMT2 is rather adjusted to perform Cu-related tasks and point to CcMT1 as the ligand for the storage of both Cd and Cu in C.carcharias, which is the first macrofungal species in which the potential of MT in Cd handling can be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sácký
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Černý
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Leonhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kotrba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Robinson JR, Isikhuemhen OS, Anike FN. Fungal-Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and Homeostasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:225. [PMID: 33803838 PMCID: PMC8003315 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles used as antifungals have increased the occurrence of fungal-metal interactions. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these interactions cause genomic and physiological changes, which can produce fungal superbugs. Despite interest in these interactions, there is limited understanding of resistance mechanisms in most fungi studied until now. We highlight the current knowledge of fungal homeostasis of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and silver to comprehensively examine associated mechanisms of resistance. Such mechanisms have been widely studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but limited reports exist in filamentous fungi, though they are frequently the subject of nanoparticle biosynthesis and targets of antifungal metals. In most cases, microarray analyses uncovered resistance mechanisms as a response to metal exposure. In yeast, metal resistance is mainly due to the down-regulation of metal ion importers, utilization of metallothionein and metallothionein-like structures, and ion sequestration to the vacuole. In contrast, metal resistance in filamentous fungi heavily relies upon cellular ion export. However, there are instances of resistance that utilized vacuole sequestration, ion metallothionein, and chelator binding, deleting a metal ion importer, and ion storage in hyphal cell walls. In general, resistance to zinc, copper, iron, and manganese is extensively reported in yeast and partially known in filamentous fungi; and silver resistance lacks comprehensive understanding in both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.R.R.); (F.N.A.)
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El Sayed MT, El-Sayed ASA. Bioremediation and tolerance of zinc ions using Fusarium solani. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05048. [PMID: 33024860 PMCID: PMC7527588 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the mechanism of tolerance and biotransformation Zn(II) ions by Fusarium solani based on the different physiological was the objective of this work. The physical properties of synthesized ZnONPs was determined by UV-spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray powder diffraction. The structural and anatomical changes of F. solani in response to Zn(II) was examined by TEM and SEM. From the HPLC profile, oxalic acid by F. solani was strongly increased by about 10.5 folds in response to 200 mg/l Zn(II) comparing to control cultures. The highest biosorption potential were reported at pH 4.0 (alkali-treated biomass) and 5.0 (native biomass), at 600 mg/l Zn(II) concentration, incubation temperature 30 °C, and contact time 40 min (alkali-treated biomass) and 6 h (native biomass). From the FT-IR spectroscopy, the main functional groups implemented on this remediation were C-S stretching, C=O C=N, C-H bending, C-N stretching and N-H bending. From the EDX spectra, fungal cellular sulfur and phosphorus compounds were the mainly compartments involved on ZN(II) binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal T El Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt
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11
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Iqbal A, Mushtaq MU, Khan AHA, Nawaz I, Yousaf S, Iqbal M. Influence of Pseudomonas japonica and organic amendments on the growth and metal tolerance of Celosia argentea L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:24671-24685. [PMID: 31428967 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a pot experiment was piloted in a greenhouse to evaluate the potential of Celosia argentea var. cristata L. for tolerating/accumulating heavy metals in synthetic wastewater in the presence of Pseudomonas japonica and organic amendment, i.e., moss and compost. Two-week-old seedlings were transferred to pots, and after 4 weeks, the bacterial strain was inoculated, then watered with synthetic wastewater for 5 weeks and harvested after 9 weeks. After harvesting, physiological and biochemical parameters, as well as metal contents of plants, were quantified. The results indicated highest growth and biomass production in moss- and compost-associated plants while highest metal uptake has been found in the presence of P. japonica and synthetic wastewater-irrigated plants. Synthetic wastewater-irrigated plants have shown highest Pb uptake of 2899 mg kg-1 DW, while with P. japonica in soil those plants have shown highest Cd, Cu, Ni, and Cr uptake of 962, 1479, 1042, and 956 mg kg-1 DW, respectively. The production of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST), was high in P. japonica-amended plants because of increased uptake of metals. It is concluded that moss and compost have improved growth while P. japonica improved metal accumulation and translocation to aerial parts with little involvement in plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameena Iqbal
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Mushtaq
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aqib Hassan Ali Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ismat Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Yousaf
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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12
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Khullar S, Reddy MS. Arsenic toxicity and its mitigation in ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum through glutathione biosynthesis. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124914. [PMID: 31557642 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination is one of the most daunting environmental problem bothering the whole world. Exploring a suitable bioremediation technique is an urgent need of the hour. The present study focusses on scrutinizing the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus for its potential role in As detoxification and understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for its tolerance. When exposed to increasing concentrations of external As, the ECM fungus H. cylindrosporum accumulated the metalloid intracellularly, inducing the glutathione biosynthesis pathway. The genes coding for GSH biosynthesis enzymes, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (Hcγ-GCS) and glutathione synthetase (HcGS) were highly regulated by As stress. Arsenic coordinately upregulated the expression of both Hcγ-GCS and HcGS genes, thus resulting in increased Hcγ-GCS and HcGS protein expressions and enzyme activities, with substantial increase in intracellular GSH. Functional complementation of the two genes (Hcγ-GCS and HcGS) in their respective yeast mutants (gsh1Δ and gsh2Δ) further validated the role of both enzymes in mitigating As toxicity. These findings clearly highlight the potential importance of GSH antioxidant defense system in regulating the As induced responses and its detoxification in ECM fungus H. cylindrosporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Khullar
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, 147004, Punjab, India
| | - M Sudhakara Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, 147004, Punjab, India.
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13
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Thakur B, Yadav R, Vallon L, Marmeisse R, Fraissinet-Tachet L, Sudhakara Reddy M. Multi-metal tolerance of von Willebrand factor type D domain isolated from metal contaminated site by metatranscriptomics approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 661:432-440. [PMID: 30677688 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution through heavy metals is an upcoming universal problem that relentlessly endangers human health, biodiversity and ecosystems. Hence remediating these heavy metal pollutants from the environment by engineering soil microbiome through metatranscriptomics is befitting reply. In the present investigation, we have constructed size fractionated cDNA libraries from eukaryotic mRNA of cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil and screened for Cd tolerant genes by yeast complementation system by using Cd sensitive ycf1Δ mutant. We are reporting one of the transformants PLCe10 (from library C, 1-4 kb) with potential tolerance towards Cd toxicity (40 μM-80 μM). Sequence analysis of PLCe10 transcript showed homology to von Willebrand factor type D domain (VWD) of vitellogenin-6 of Ascaris suum encoding 338 amino acids peptide. qPCR analysis revealed that PLCe10 induced in presence of Cd (32 fold) and also accumulated maximum amount of Cd at 60 μM Cd. This cDNA was further tested for its tolerance against other heavy metals like copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co). Heterologous complementation assays of cDNA PLCe10 showed a range of tolerance to Cu (150 μM-500 μM), Zn (10 mM-12 mM) and Co (2-4 mM). Results of the present study suggest that cDNA PLCe10 is one of the functional eukaryotic heavy metal tolerant genes present among the soil microbial community and could be exploited to rehabilitate metal contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India
| | - Rajiv Yadav
- Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS, UMR INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Université de Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Vallon
- Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS, UMR INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Université de Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Roland Marmeisse
- Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS, UMR INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Université de Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurence Fraissinet-Tachet
- Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS, UMR INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Université de Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Sudhakara Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India.
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14
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Khullar S, Sudhakara Reddy M. Cadmium and arsenic responses in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor: glutathione metabolism and its role in metal(loid) homeostasis. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:53-61. [PMID: 30411517 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi play an important role in protecting their host plant from metal(loid) stresses by synthesizing various thiol rich compounds like metallothioneins and glutathione. We investigated the effect of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) stress with a specific interest on glutathione (GSH) in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. The total GSH levels inside the cell were significantly increased with increase in external metal(loid) stress. An analysis of the transcript levels of genes responsible for GSH synthesis, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (Lbγ-GCS) and glutathione synthetase (LbGS), using qPCR revealed that expression of both genes increased as a function of external metal(loid) concentration. The enzyme activity of both Lbγ-GCS and LbGS were increased with increase in external Cd and As concentration. Further, the functional role of Lbγ-GCS and LbGS genes in response to Cd and As stress was studied using their respective yeast mutant strains gsh1 Δ and gsh2 Δ . The mutant strains successfully expressed the two genes resulting in wild-type phenotype restoration of Cd and As tolerance. From these results, it was concluded that GSH act as a core component in the mycorrhizal defence system under Cd and As stress for metal(loid) homeostasis and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Khullar
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - M Sudhakara Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
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15
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Cadmium induced glutathione bioaccumulation mediated by γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase in ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Biometals 2018; 32:101-110. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-00164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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