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Fallon M, Kennedy S, Daniels S, Humphreys H. Technologies to decontaminate bacterial biofilm on hospital surfaces: a potential new role for cold plasma? J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36201343 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are a major challenge and the near patient surface is important in harbouring causes such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridioides difficile. Current approaches to decontamination are sub-optimal and many studies have demonstrated that microbial causes of HCAIs may persist with onward transmission. This may be due to the capacity of these microbes to survive in biofilms on surfaces. New technologies to enhance hospital decontamination may have a role in addressing this challenge. We have reviewed current technologies such as UV light and hydrogen peroxide and also assessed the potential use of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) in surface decontamination. The antimicrobial mechanisms of CAPP are not fully understood but the production of reactive oxygen and other species is believed to be important. CAPP systems have been shown to partially or completely remove a variety of biofilms including those caused by Candida albicans, and multi-drug-resistant bacteria such as MRSA. There are some studies that suggest promise for CAPP in the challenge of surface decontamination in the healthcare setting. However, further work is required to define better the mechanism of action. We need to know what surfaces are most amenable to treatment, how microbial components and the maturity of biofilms may affect successful treatment, and how would CAPP be used in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muireann Fallon
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Kennedy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Daniels
- National Centre for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hilary Humphreys
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Nima G, Harth-Chu E, Hiers RD, Pecorari VGA, Dyer DW, Khajotia SS, Giannini M, Florez FLE. Antibacterial efficacy of non-thermal atmospheric plasma against Streptococcus mutans biofilm grown on the surfaces of restorative resin composites. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23800. [PMID: 34893687 PMCID: PMC8664839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Resin discs were fabricated, wet-polished, UV sterilized, and immersed in water for monomer extraction (37 °C, 24 h). Biofilms of bioluminescent S. mutans strain JM10 was grown on resin discs in anaerobic conditions for (37 °C, 24 h). Discs were divided into seven groups: control (CON), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), only argon gas 150 s (ARG) and four NTAP treatments (30 s, 90 s, 120 s, 150 s). NTAP was applied using a plasma jet device. After treatment, biofilms were analyzed through the counting of viable colonies (CFU), bioluminescence assay (BL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All NTAP-treated biofilm yielded a significant CFU reduction when compared to ARG and CON. BL values showed that NTAP treatment for 90 s, 120 s or 150 s resulted in statistically significantly lower metabolic activity when compared to the other groups. CHX displayed the lowest means of CFU and BL. SEM showed significant morphological changes in NTAP-treated biofilm. PCR indicated damage to the DNA structure after NTAP treatment. NTAP treatment was effective in lowering the viability and metabolism of S. mutans in a time-dependent manner, suggesting its use as an intraoral surface-decontamination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Nima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Erika Harth-Chu
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rochelle Denise Hiers
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Division of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - David W Dyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sharukh Soli Khajotia
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Division of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Operative Dentistry Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luis Esteban Florez
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Division of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Multi-Modal Biological Destruction by Cold Atmospheric Plasma: Capability and Mechanism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091259. [PMID: 34572443 PMCID: PMC8465976 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a near-room-temperature, partially ionized gas composed of reactive neutral and charged species. CAP also generates physical factors, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation and thermal and electromagnetic (EM) effects. Studies over the past decade demonstrated that CAP could effectively induce death in a wide range of cell types, from mammalian to bacterial cells. Viruses can also be inactivated by a CAP treatment. The CAP-triggered cell-death types mainly include apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy-associated cell death. Cell death and virus inactivation triggered by CAP are the foundation of the emerging medical applications of CAP, including cancer therapy, sterilization, and wound healing. Here, we systematically analyze the entire picture of multi-modal biological destruction by CAP treatment and their underlying mechanisms based on the latest discoveries particularly the physical effects on cancer cells.
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Stress Resistance and Pathogenicity of Nonthermal-Plasma-Induced Viable-but-Nonculturable Staphylococcus aureus through Energy Suppression, Oxidative Stress Defense, and Immune-Escape Mechanisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02380-20. [PMID: 33097509 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02380-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of viable-but-nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria poses a potential risk to food safety due to failure in conventional colony detection. In this study, induction of VBNC Staphylococcus aureus was conducted by exposure to an atmospheric-pressure air dielectric barrier discharge-nonthermal-plasma (DBD-NTP) treatment with an applied energy of 8.1 kJ. The stress resistance profiles and pathogenicity of VBNC S. aureus were further evaluated. We found that VBNC S. aureus showed levels of tolerance of heat, acid, and osmosis challenges comparable to those shown by culturable S. aureus, while VBNC S. aureus exhibited enhanced resistance to oxidative and antibiotic stress, relating to the mechanisms of cellular energy depletion, antioxidant response initiation, and multidrug efflux pump upregulation. Regarding pathogenicity, NTP-induced VBNC S. aureus retained the capacity to infect the HeLa host cells. Compared with the culturable counterparts, VBNC S. aureus caused reduced immune responses (Toll-like receptor [TLR], nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain [NOD]) in HeLa cells, which was attributed to suppression of biosynthesis of the recognized surface ligands (e.g., peptidoglycan). Additionally, the proteomic analysis revealed that upregulation of several virulence factors (ClfB, SdrD, SCIN, SasH, etc.) could ensure that VBNC S. aureus would adhere to and internalize into host cells and avoid the host attack. The camouflaged mechanisms described above led to VBNC S. aureus causing less damage to the host cells, and their activity might result in longer intracellular persistence, posing potential risks during NTP processing.IMPORTANCE The consumer demand for freshness and nutrition has accelerated the development of mild decontamination technologies. The incomplete killing of nonthermal (NT) treatments might induce pathogens to enter into a viable-but-nonculturable (VBNC) status as a survival strategy. The use of nonthermal plasma (NTP) as a novel food decontamination technology received increased attention in food industry during recent decades. Our previous work confirmed that the foodborne pathogen S. aureus was induced into VBNC status in response to NTP exposure. This work further revealed the development of stress resistance and virulence retention of NTP-induced VBNC S. aureus through the mechanisms of energy suppression, oxidative stress defense, and immune escape. The data provide fundamental knowledge of the potential risks posed by NTP-induced VBNC S. aureus, which require further parameter optimization of the NTP process or combination with other techniques to avoid the occurrence of VBNC bacteria.
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Kim B, Seo H, Lee JH, Kim S, Choi WI, Sung D, Moon E. Enhanced Antibiofilm Effects of N 2 Plasma-Treated Buffer Combined with Antimicrobial Hexapeptides Against Plant Pathogens. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091992. [PMID: 32883040 PMCID: PMC7564792 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of pathogenic bacterial growth to increase food and agricultural productivity is important. We previously developed novel hexapeptides (KCM12 and KCM21) with antimicrobial activities against various phytopathogenic bacteria and N2 plasma-treated buffer (NPB) as an alternative method for bacterial inactivation and as an antibiofilm agent of crops. Here, we developed an enhanced antibiofilm method based on antimicrobial hexapeptides with N2 plasma-treated buffer against plant pathogens. Our results demonstrated that hexapeptides effectively inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) and the biofilm it formed. Potent biofilm formation-inhibiting effects of hexapeptides were observed at concentrations of above 20 µM, and samples treated with hexapeptide above 100 µM reduced the ability of the bacteria to produce biofilm by 80%. 3D confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging data revealed that the antimicrobial activity of hexapeptides was enough to affect the cells embedded inside the biofilm. Finally, combination treatment with NPB and antimicrobial hexapeptides increased the antibiofilm effect compared with the effect of single processing against multilayered plant pathogen biofilms. These findings show that the combination of hexapeptides and NPB can be potentially applied for improving crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohyun Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ajou University, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Hyemi Seo
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ajou University, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.)
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.K.); (W.I.C.)
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.K.); (W.I.C.)
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.K.); (W.I.C.)
| | - Won Il Choi
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.K.); (W.I.C.)
| | - Daekyung Sung
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.K.); (W.I.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (E.M.); Tel.: +82-43-913-1511 (D.S.); +82-31-219-2620 (E.M.); Fax: +82-43-913-1597 (D.S.); +82-31-219-1615 (E.M.)
| | - Eunpyo Moon
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ajou University, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (E.M.); Tel.: +82-43-913-1511 (D.S.); +82-31-219-2620 (E.M.); Fax: +82-43-913-1597 (D.S.); +82-31-219-1615 (E.M.)
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Liao X, Liu D, Ding T. Nonthermal Plasma Induces the Viable-but-Nonculturable State in Staphylococcus aureus via Metabolic Suppression and the Oxidative Stress Response. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02216-19. [PMID: 31836577 PMCID: PMC7028965 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02216-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel nonthermal technology, nonthermal plasma (NTP) has attracted a lot of attention. However, it could induce microorganisms into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, posing a potential risk to food safety and public health. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of VBNC Staphylococcus aureus induced by NTP were investigated. With the use of a propidium monoazide quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR) technique combined with a plate count method, we confirmed that 8.1 to 24.3 kJ NTP induced S. aureus into a VBNC state at a level of 7.4 to 7.6 log10 CFU/ml. The transcriptomic analysis was conducted and revealed that most energy-dependent physiological activities (e.g., metabolism) were arrested in VBNC S. aureus, while the oxidative stress response-related genes (katA, dps, msrB, msrA, and trxA) were significantly upregulated. In addition, this study showed that the ATP depletion by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) pretreatment could accelerate the formation of VBNC S. aureus The NTP-generated oxidative stress triggers the staphylococcal oxidative stress response, which consumes part of cellular energy (e.g., ATP). The energy allocation is therefore changed, and the energy assigned for other energy-dependent physiological activities (cell growth and division, etc.) is reduced, subsequently forcing S. aureus into a VBNC state. Therefore, the alterations of energy allocation should be some of the major contributors to the induction of VBNC S. aureus with NTP exposure. This study provides valuable knowledge for controlling the formation of VBNC S. aureus during NTP treatment.IMPORTANCE In recent years, nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology has received a lot of attention as a promising alternative to thermal pasteurization in the food industry. However, little is known about the microbial stress response toward NTP, which could be a potential risk to food safety and impede the development of NTP. A viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is one of the most common survival strategies employed by microorganisms against external stress. This study investigated the mechanisms of the formation of VBNC Staphylococcus aureus by NTP in a more comprehensive and systematic aspect than had been done before. Our work confirmed that the NTP-generated oxidative stress induced changes in energy allocation as a driving force for the formation of VBNC S. aureus This study could provide better knowledge for controlling the occurrence of VBNC S. aureus induced by NTP, which could lead to more rational design and ensure the development of safe foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Bunz O, Mese K, Funk C, Wulf M, Bailer SM, Piwowarczyk A, Ehrhardt A. Cold atmospheric plasma as antiviral therapy - effect on human herpes simplex virus type 1. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:208-215. [PMID: 31961788 PMCID: PMC7414428 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) was explored as an antibacterial and antiviral agent for the treatment of chronic wounds. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether CAP may also be suitable as an antiviral therapy against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). HSV-1 most frequently manifests as recurrent herpes labialis, but it can also cause encephalitis, conjunctivitis or herpes neonatorum as a perinatal infection. HSV-1 encoding the reporter gene GFP was propagated. The CAP dose for HSV-1 treatment was gradually increased, ranging from 0-150 s, and aciclovir was used as a positive control. After CAP treatment, the virus suspension was applied to a standard HSV research cell line (Vero cells) and the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y as a model for neuronal infection. The results showed that plasma treatment had a negligible antiviral effect on HSV-1 in both Vero- and SH-SY5Y cells at high dose. However, when we lowered the viral load 100-fold, we observed a significantly decreased number of internalized HSV-1 genomes 3 h post-infection for CAP-treated viruses. This difference was less pronounced with respect to GFP expression levels 24 h post-infection, which was in sharp contrast to the acyclovir-treated positive control, for which the viral load was reduced from 95 to 25%. In summary, we observed a low but measurable antiviral effect of CAP on HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Bunz
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Kemal Mese
- Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Christina Funk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maximilan Wulf
- Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Susanne M. Bailer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andree Piwowarczyk
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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Antibacterial efficacy of cold atmospheric plasma against Enterococcus faecalis planktonic cultures and biofilms in vitro. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223925. [PMID: 31770390 PMCID: PMC6879142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections have become a serious threat in our times and are getting more difficult to handle due to increasing development of resistances in bacteria. In this light, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), which is known to effectively inactivate microorganisms, may be a promising alternative for application in the fields of dentistry and dermatology. CAPs are partly ionised gases, which operate at low temperature and are composed of electrons, ions, excited atoms and molecules, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In this study, the effect of CAP generated from ambient air was investigated against Enterococcus faecalis, grown on agar plates or as biofilms cultured for up to 72 h. CAP reduced the colony forming units (CFU) on agar plates by > 7 log10 steps. Treatment of 24 h old biofilms of E. faecalis resulted in CFU-reductions by ≥ 3 log10 steps after CAP treatment for 5 min and by ≥ 5 log10 steps after CAP treatment for 10 min. In biofilm experiments, chlorhexidine (CHX) and UVC radiation served as positive controls and were only slightly more effective than CAP. There was no damage of cytoplasmic membranes upon CAP treatment as shown by spectrometric measurements for release of nucleic acids. Thus, membrane damage seems not to be the primary mechanism of action for CAP towards E. faecalis. Overall, CAP showed pronounced antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis on agar plates as well as in biofilms similar to positive controls CHX or UVC.
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In vitro evaluation of the decontamination effect of cold atmospheric argon plasma on selected bacteria frequently encountered in small animal bite injuries. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 169:105728. [PMID: 31629909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of cold atmospheric argon plasma (CAAP) on wound healing and its capacity for bacterial decontamination has recently been documented. First, in vivo studies in small animals did not prove any decontamination effect in canine bite wounds. The present study evaluated the overall decontamination effect of CAAP for different bacteria frequently encountered in canine bite wounds with respect to growth phase, initial bacteria concentration and treatment duration. Standard strains of Escherichia (E.) coli, Staphylococcus (S.) pseudintermedius, S. aureus, Streptococcus (S.) canis, Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa and Pasteurella multocida were investigated. To evaluate the influence of the bacterial growth phase, each bacterium was incubated for three and eight hours, before CAAP treatment. Three different bacterial concentrations were created per bacterium and growth phase, and were exposed to CAAP for 30 s, 1 min and 2 min. CAAP treatment resulted in acceptable decontamination rates (range 98.9-99.9%) in all bacteria species in vitro; however, differences in susceptibility were detected. Decontamination rate was mainly influenced by initial bacterial concentration and treatment time. Growth phase only influenced decontamination in S. pseudintermedius. Treatment time significantly (P < .05) correlated with the decontamination rate in E. coli, S. canis and S. aureus, with an exposure time of 2 min being most effective. Initial bacterial concentration significantly (P < .05) influenced decontamination in Pasteurella multocida and P. aeruginosa, in which treatment time was not as important. CAAP exerts effective antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria strains in vitro, with species specific effects of treatment time, growth phase and concentration.
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Tschang CYT, Thoma M. Biofilm inactivation by synergistic treatment of atmospheric pressure plasma and chelating agents. CLINICAL PLASMA MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpme.2019.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Soler-Arango J, Figoli C, Muraca G, Bosch A, Brelles-Mariño G. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix and cells are drastically impacted by gas discharge plasma treatment: A comprehensive model explaining plasma-mediated biofilm eradication. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216817. [PMID: 31233528 PMCID: PMC6590783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are microbial communities encased in a protective matrix composed of exopolymeric substances including exopolysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and extracellular DNA. Biofilms cause undesirable effects such as biofouling, equipment damage, prostheses colonization, and disease. Biofilms are also more resilient than free-living cells to regular decontamination methods and therefore, alternative methods are needed to eradicate them. The use of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas is a good alternative as plasmas contain reactive species, free radicals, and UV photons well-known for their decontamination potential against free microorganisms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms colonize catheters, indwelling devices, and prostheses. Plasma effects on cell viability have been previously documented for P. aeruginosa biofilms. Nonetheless, the effect of plasma on the biofilm matrix has received less attention and there is little evidence regarding the changes the matrix undergoes. The aim of this work was to study the effect plasma exerts mostly on the P. aeruginosa biofilm matrix and to expand the existing knowledge about its effect on sessile cells in order to achieve a better understanding of the mechanism/s underlying plasma-mediated biofilm inactivation. We report a reduction in the amount of the biofilm matrix, the loss of its tridimensional structure, and morphological changes in sessile cells at long exposure times. We show chemical and structural changes on the biofilm matrix (mostly on carbohydrates and eDNA) and cells (mostly on proteins and lipids) that are more profound with longer plasma exposure times. We also demonstrate the presence of lipid oxidation products confirming cell membrane lipid peroxidation as plasma exposure time increases. To our knowledge this is the first report providing detailed evidence of the variety of chemical and structural changes that occur mostly on the biofilm matrix and sessile cells as a consequence of the plasma treatment. Based on our results, we propose a comprehensive model explaining plasma-mediated biofilm inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Soler-Arango
- Biofilm Eradication Laboratory, Center for Research and Development of Industrial Fermentations, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CINDEFI, CCT-LA PLATA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Figoli
- Bioespectroscopy Laboratory, Center for Research and Development of Industrial Fermentations, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CINDEFI, CCT-LA PLATA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Giuliana Muraca
- Biofilm Eradication Laboratory, Center for Research and Development of Industrial Fermentations, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CINDEFI, CCT-LA PLATA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Bosch
- Bioespectroscopy Laboratory, Center for Research and Development of Industrial Fermentations, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CINDEFI, CCT-LA PLATA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- * E-mail: (AB); (GBM)
| | - Graciela Brelles-Mariño
- Biofilm Eradication Laboratory, Center for Research and Development of Industrial Fermentations, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CINDEFI, CCT-LA PLATA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- * E-mail: (AB); (GBM)
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Treatment of Infected Wounds in the Age of Antimicrobial Resistance: Contemporary Alternative Therapeutic Options. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 142:1082-1092. [PMID: 30252823 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000004799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As antibiotic resistance increases and antimicrobial options diminish, there is a pressing need to identify and develop new and/or alternative (non-antimicrobial-based) wound therapies. The authors describe the implications of antibiotic resistance on their current wound treatment paradigms and review the most promising non-antibiotic-based antimicrobial agents currently in research and development, with a focus on preclinical and human studies of therapeutic bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, cold plasma treatment, photodynamic therapy, honey, silver, and bioelectric dressings.
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Schottroff F, Fröhling A, Zunabovic-Pichler M, Krottenthaler A, Schlüter O, Jäger H. Sublethal Injury and Viable but Non-culturable (VBNC) State in Microorganisms During Preservation of Food and Biological Materials by Non-thermal Processes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2773. [PMID: 30515140 PMCID: PMC6255932 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, as well as sublethal injury of microorganisms pose a distinct threat to food safety, as the use of traditional, culture-based microbiological analyses might lead to an underestimation or a misinterpretation of the product's microbial status and recovery phenomena of microorganisms may occur. For thermal treatments, a large amount of data and experience is available and processes are designed accordingly. In case of innovative inactivation treatments, however, there are still several open points with relevance for the investigation of inactivation mechanisms as well as for the application and validation of the preservation processes. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive compilation of non-thermal preservation technologies, i.e., high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), pulsed electric fields (PEFs), pulsed light (PL), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as well as cold plasma (CP) treatments. The basic technological principles and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action are described. Based on this, appropriate analytical methods are outlined, i.e., direct viable count, staining, and molecular biological methods, in order to enable the differentiation between viable and dead cells, as well as the possible occurrence of an intermediate state. Finally, further research needs are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schottroff
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antje Fröhling
- Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Anna Krottenthaler
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Schlüter
- Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Cold plasma effect on the proteome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Role for bacterioferritin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206530. [PMID: 30365553 PMCID: PMC6203385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric-pressure plasma (CAP) is a relatively new method used for bacterial inactivation. CAP is ionized gas that can be generated by applying an electric current to air or a feeding gas. It contains reactive species and emits UV radiation, which have antibacterial activity. Previous data suggests that CAP is effective in microbial inactivation and can decontaminate and sterilize surfaces, but its exact mode of action is still under debate. This study demonstrates the effect of CAP on the whole proteome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms, which is a dominant pathogen in cystic fibrosis and medical device-related infections. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify differentially regulated proteins of whole cell P. aeruginosa extracts. A total of 16 proteins were identified to be affected by plasma treatment compared to the control. Eight of the identified proteins have functions in transcription and translation and their expression changes are likely to be part of a general physiological response instead of a CAP-specific adaptation. However, CAP also affected bacterioferritin (Bfr), Isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh), Trigger factor (Tig) and a chemotaxis protein, which may be involved in P. aeruginosa’s specific response to CAP. We confirm that bacterioferritin B plays a role in the bacterial response to CAP because ΔbfrB mutants of both PAO1 and PA14 are more susceptible to plasma-induced cell-death than their corresponding wild-type strains. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the effect of plasma on the whole proteome of a pathogenic microorganism. It will help our understanding of the mode of action of CAP-mediated bacterial inactivation and thus support a safe and effective routine use of CAP in clinical and industrial settings.
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15
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Carré G, Charpentier E, Audonnet S, Terryn C, Boudifa M, Doliwa C, Belgacem ZB, Gangloff SC, Gelle MP. Contribution of Fluorescence Techniques in Determining the Efficiency of the Non-thermal Plasma Treatment. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2171. [PMID: 30250463 PMCID: PMC6140754 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently developed a non-thermal plasma (NTP) equipment intended to sterilize fragile medical devices and maintain the sterile state of items downstream the treatment. With traditional counts on agar plate a six log reduction of Staphylococcus aureus viability was obtained within 120 min of O2, Ar, or N2 NTP treatments. However to determine the best NTP process, we studied the different physiological states of S. aureus by flow cytometry (FC) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) focusing on the esterasic activity and membrane integrity of the bacteria. Two fluorochromes, 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide were used in order to distinguish three sub-populations: metabolically active, permeabilized, and damaged bacteria that can be in the viable but nonculturable state. FC and CLSM highlight that O2 and Ar NTP treatments were the most attractive processes. Indeed, a 5 min of Ar NTP generated a high destruction of the structure of bacteria and a 120 min of O2 NTP treatment led to the higher decrease of the total damaged bacteria population. SEM observations showed that in presence of clusters, bacteria of upper layers are easily altered compared to bacteria in the deeper layers. In conclusion, the plate counting method is not sufficient by itself to determine the best NTP treatment. FC and CLSM represent attractive indicator techniques to select the most efficient gas NTP treatment generating the lowest proportion of viable bacteria and the most debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Carré
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Emilie Charpentier
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sandra Audonnet
- URCACyt - Plateau technique de cytométrie en flux, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,PICT - Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Christine Terryn
- PICT - Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Christelle Doliwa
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Zouhaier Ben Belgacem
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sophie C Gangloff
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Marie-Paule Gelle
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,UFR Odontologie, Reims, France.,Pôle Médecine Bucco-Dentaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
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16
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Chen TP, Liang J, Su TL. Plasma-activated water: antibacterial activity and artifacts? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26699-26706. [PMID: 28540555 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Broad biological activities of "plasma-activated water" (PAW) have drawn great attentions recently. Treatment of water using gas discharge plasma led to acidic solutions with excellent and broad antibacterial activity. Because PAW caused severe membrane damages in bacteria and diffused freely in extracellular matrix, PAW also demonstrated good anti-biofilm activity. However, further studies revealed that trace amounts of metal ions (mainly copper and zinc) in PAW brought by plasma treatment played key roles in bacteria inactivation. The contribution of metal ions to the antibacterial activity varied among PAWs from different working gases. However, solution acidification caused by reactive species in plasma was essential. The experimental results demonstrated that potential artifacts in reported biological activities of PAWs should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Po Chen
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07307, USA
| | - Junfeng Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Charles V. Schaefer School of Engineering and Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07307, USA.
| | - Tsan-Liang Su
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07307, USA.
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17
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Xiang Q, Liu X, Li J, Ding T, Zhang H, Zhang X, Bai Y. Influences of cold atmospheric plasma on microbial safety, physicochemical and sensorial qualities of meat products. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 55:846-857. [PMID: 29487426 PMCID: PMC5821664 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-3020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Meat and meat products can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, which cause serious health problems and economic loss. Recently, numerous novel non-thermal technologies have been developed to respond to growing consumer demand for high quality and safe meat products. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a novel and emerging non-thermal technology, showing great potential for applications in the food industry. This review presents recent advances on the developments and applications of CAP in meat products, including generation and microbial inactivation effects of CAP as well as its influences on physicochemical qualities and sensory attributes of meat products. Furthermore, the safety assessment of CAP-treated meat products and challenges in industrial application of CAP are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisen Xiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, NO. 136, Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufang Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, NO. 136, Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Junguang Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, NO. 136, Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, NO. 136, Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangsheng Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Bai
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, NO. 136, Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
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18
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Liguori A, Cochis A, Stancampiano A, Laurita R, Azzimonti B, Sorrentino R, Varoni EM, Petri M, Colombo V, Gherardi M, Rimondini L. Cold atmospheric plasma treatment affects early bacterial adhesion and decontamination of soft reline palatal obturators. CLINICAL PLASMA MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpme.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Liao X, Liu D, Xiang Q, Ahn J, Chen S, Ye X, Ding T. Inactivation mechanisms of non-thermal plasma on microbes: A review. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Puligundla P, Mok C. Potential applications of nonthermal plasmas against biofilm-associated micro-organisms in vitro. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1134-1148. [PMID: 28106311 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms as complex microbial communities attached to surfaces pose several challenges in different sectors, ranging from food and healthcare to desalination and power generation. The biofilm mode of growth allows microorganisms to survive in hostile environments and biofilm cells exhibit distinct physiology and behaviour in comparison with their planktonic counterparts. They are ubiquitous, resilient and difficult to eradicate due to their resistant phenotype. Several chemical-based cleaning and disinfection regimens are conventionally used against biofilm-dwelling micro-organisms in vitro. Although such approaches are generally considered to be effective, they may contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and environmental pollution. Consequently, advanced green technologies for biofilm control are constantly emerging. Disinfection using nonthermal plasmas (NTPs) is one of the novel strategies having a great potential for control of biofilms of a broad spectrum of micro-organisms. This review discusses several aspects related to the inactivation of biofilm-associated bacteria and fungi by different types of NTPs under in vitro conditions. A brief introduction summarizes prevailing methods in biofilm inactivation, followed by introduction to gas discharge plasmas, active plasma species and their inactivating mechanism. Subsequently, significance and aspects of NTP inactivation of biofilm-associated bacteria, especially those of medical importance, including opportunistic pathogens, oral pathogenic bacteria, foodborne pathogens and implant bacteria, are discussed. The remainder of the review discusses majorly about the synergistic effect of NTPs and their activity against biofilm-associated fungi, especially Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Puligundla
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - C Mok
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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21
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Helgadóttir S, Pandit S, Mokkapati VRSS, Westerlund F, Apell P, Mijakovic I. Vitamin C Pretreatment Enhances the Antibacterial Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:43. [PMID: 28275584 PMCID: PMC5319976 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are three-dimensional structures containing bacterial cells enveloped in a protective polymeric matrix, which renders them highly resistant to antibiotics and the human immune system. Therefore, the capacity to make biofilms is considered as a major virulence factor for pathogenic bacteria. Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) is known to be quite efficient in eradicating planktonic bacteria, but its effectiveness against biofilms has not been thoroughly investigated. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of exposure of CAP against mature biofilm for different time intervals and to evaluate the effect of combined treatment with vitamin C. We demonstrate that CAP is not very effective against 48 h mature bacterial biofilms of several common opportunistic pathogens: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, if bacterial biofilms are pre-treated with vitamin C for 15 min before exposure to CAP, a significantly stronger bactericidal effect can be obtained. Vitamin C pretreatment enhances the bactericidal effect of cold plasma by reducing the viability from 10 to 2% in E. coli biofilm, 50 to 11% in P. aeruginosa, and 61 to 18% in S. epidermidis biofilm. Since it is not feasible to use extended CAP treatments in medical practice, we argue that the pre-treatment of infectious lesions with vitamin C prior to CAP exposure can be a viable route for efficient eradication of bacterial biofilms in many different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saga Helgadóttir
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Santosh Pandit
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Venkata R S S Mokkapati
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Apell
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkLyngby, Denmark
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22
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Corona discharges with water electrospray for Escherichia coli biofilm eradication on a surface. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 112:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Preissner S, Wirtz HC, Tietz AK, Abu-Sirhan S, Herbst SR, Hartwig S, Pierdzioch P, Schmidt-Westhausen AM, Dommisch H, Hertel M. Bactericidal efficacy of tissue tolerable plasma on microrough titanium dental implants: An in-vitro-study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:637-644. [PMID: 26349849 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface decontamination remains challenging in peri-implant infection therapy. To investigate the bactericidal efficacy of tissue tolerable plasma, S. mitis biofilms were created in vitro on 32 microrough titanium dental implants. Biofilm imaging was performed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The implants were either rinsed with 1% NaCl as negative control (C) or irradiated with a diode laser (DL) for 60 sec as positive control or plasma (TTP60, TTP120) for 60 or 120 sec. Subsequently, colony forming units (CFU) were counted. Post-treatment, implants were further examined using fluorescence microscopy (FM). Median CFU counts differed significantly between TTP60, TTP120 and C (2.19 and 2.2 vs. 3.29 log CFU/ml; p = 0.012 and 0.024). No significant difference was found between TTP60 and TTP120 (p = 0.958). Logarithmic reduction factors were (TTP60) 2.21, (TTP120) 1.93 and (DL) 0.59. Prior to treatment, CLSM and SEM detected adhering bacteria. Post-treatment FM recorded that the number of dead cells was higher using TTP compared to DL and C. In view of TTP's effectiveness, regardless of resistance patterns and absence of surface alteration, its use in peri-implant infection therapy is promising. The results encourage conducting clinical studies to investigate its impact on relevant parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Preissner
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik C Wirtz
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Kristin Tietz
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shady Abu-Sirhan
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha R Herbst
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hartwig
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Clinical Navigation, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Pierdzioch
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Maria Schmidt-Westhausen
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Radiology and Oral Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Hertel
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Radiology and Oral Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Delben JA, Zago CE, Tyhovych N, Duarte S, Vergani CE. Effect of Atmospheric-Pressure Cold Plasma on Pathogenic Oral Biofilms and In Vitro Reconstituted Oral Epithelium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155427. [PMID: 27224027 PMCID: PMC4880209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the ability of atmospheric-pressure cold plasma (ACP) to disrupt the biofilm matrix and rupture cell structure, it can be an efficient tool against virulent oral biofilms. However, it is fundamental that ACP does not cause damage to oral tissue. So, this study evaluated (1) the antimicrobial effect of ACP on single- and dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus as well as (2) the biological safety of ACP on in vitro reconstituted oral epithelium. Standardized cell suspensions of each microorganism were prepared for biofilm culture on acrylic resin discs at 37°C for 48 hours. The biofilms were submitted to ACP treatment at 10 mm of plasma tip-to-sample distance during 60 seconds. Positive controls were penicillin G and fluconazole for S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. The biofilms were analyzed through counting of viable colonies, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy for detection of reactive oxygen species. The in vitro reconstituted oral epithelium was submitted to similar ACP treatment and analyzed through histology, cytotoxocity test (LDH release), viability test (MTT assay) and imunnohistochemistry (Ki67 expression). All plasma-treated biofilms presented significant log10 CFU/mL reduction, alteration in microorganism/biofilm morphology, and reduced viability in comparison to negative and positive controls. In addition, fluorescence microscopy revealed presence of reactive oxygen species in all plasma-treated biofilms. Low cytotoxicity and high viability were observed in oral epithelium of negative control and plasma group. Histology showed neither sign of necrosis nor significant alteration in plasma-treated epithelium. Ki67-positive cells revealed maintenance of cell proliferation in plasma-treated epithelium. Atmospheric-pressure cold plasma is a promissing approach to eliminate single- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and S. aureus without having toxic effects in oral epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Aparecida Delben
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chaiene Evelin Zago
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Tyhovych
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Simone Duarte
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Carlos Eduardo Vergani
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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25
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Matthes R, Lührman A, Holtfreter S, Kolata J, Radke D, Hübner NO, Assadian O, Kramer A. Antibacterial Activity of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Argon Plasma against 78 Genetically Different ( mecA, luk-P, agr or Capsular Polysaccharide Type) Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 29:83-91. [DOI: 10.1159/000443210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Preissner S, Kastner I, Schütte E, Hartwig S, Schmidt-Westhausen AM, Paris S, Preissner R, Hertel M. Adjuvant antifungal therapy using tissue tolerable plasma on oral mucosa and removable dentures in oral candidiasis patients: a randomised double-blinded split-mouth pilot study. Mycoses 2016; 59:467-75. [PMID: 26932256 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extended use of antimycotics in oral candidiasis therapy gives rise to problems related to fungal drug resistance. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the efficacy of tissue tolerable plasma (TTP) in denture stomatitis patients. It was hypothesised that (I): erythema and (IIa): complaint remission would be accelerated and (IIb): colony forming unit (CFU) reduction would be improved. The halves of the upper jaws of eight patients were randomly assigned to control (nystatin, chlorhexidine and placebo treatment) and test sides (nystatin, chlorhexidine and TTP administered six times each 7 days). The patients and the investigators, who were different from the therapists, were both blinded. Compared to the control sides, the erythema surface was reduced significantly more extensively on the test sides between 2 and 6 weeks of antifungal therapy (P ≤ 0.05). Visual analogue scale values and the frequency of moderate or heavy growth of Candida post-treatment did not differ significantly between both sides (P > 0.05). The primary hypothesis was confirmed, which may be interpreted as an accelerated remission. As drug therapy is usually limited to the time in which signs of infection are present, TTP might help reducing antifungal use. Even though the secondary hypotheses were not confirmed, persistence of Candida might be only colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Preissner
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabell Kastner
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eyke Schütte
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Radiology and Oral Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hartwig
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Clinical Navigation, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Paris
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Preissner
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Hertel
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Radiology and Oral Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Cold plasma: a novel approach to treat infected dentin—a combined ex vivo and in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2429-2435. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yost AD, Joshi SG. Atmospheric Nonthermal Plasma-Treated PBS Inactivates Escherichia coli by Oxidative DNA Damage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139903. [PMID: 26461113 PMCID: PMC4603800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) treated with nonthermal dielectric-barrier discharge plasma (plasma) acquires strong antimicrobial properties, but the mechanisms underlying bacterial inactivation were not known. The goal of this study is to understand the cellular responses of Escherichia coli and to investigate the properties of plasma-activated PBS. The plasma-activated PBS induces severe oxidative stress in E. coli cells and reactive-oxygen species scavengers, α-tocopherol and catalase, protect E. coli from cell death. Here we show that the response of E. coli to plasma-activated PBS is regulated by OxyR and SoxyRS regulons, and mediated predominantly through the expression of katG that deactivates plasma-generated oxidants. During compensation of E. coli in the absence of both katG and katE, sodA and sodB are significantly overexpressed in samples exposed to plasma-treated PBS. Microarray analysis found that up-regulation of genes involved in DNA repair, and E. coli expressing recA::lux fusion was extremely sensitive to the SOS response upon exposure to plasma-treated PBS. The cellular changes include rapid loss of E. coli membrane potential and membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, accumulation of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguinosine (8OHdG), and severe oxidative DNA damage; reveal ultimate DNA disintegration, and cell death. Together, these data suggest that plasma-treated PBS contains hydrogen peroxide and superoxide like reactive species or/and their products which lead to oxidative changes to cell components, and are eventually responsible for cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Yost
- Center for Surgical Infections and Biofilms, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Suresh G. Joshi
- Center for Surgical Infections and Biofilms, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mai-Prochnow A, Bradbury M, Ostrikov K, Murphy AB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Response and Resistance to Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Is Linked to the Redox-Active Molecule Phenazine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130373. [PMID: 26114428 PMCID: PMC4483161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen displaying high antibiotic resistance. Its resistance is in part due to its outstanding ability to form biofilms on a range of biotic and abiotic surfaces leading to difficult-to-treat, often long-term infections. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a new, promising antibacterial treatment to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Plasma is ionized gas that has antibacterial properties through the generation of a mix of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), excited molecules, charged particles and UV photons. Our results show the efficient removal of P. aeruginosa biofilms using a plasma jet (kINPen med), with no viable cells detected after 5 min treatment and no attached biofilm cells visible with confocal microscopy after 10 min plasma treatment. Because of its multi-factorial action, it is widely presumed that the development of bacterial resistance to plasma is unlikely. However, our results indicate that a short plasma treatment (3 min) may lead to the emergence of a small number of surviving cells exhibiting enhanced resistance to subsequent plasma exposure. Interestingly, these cells also exhibited a higher degree of resistance to hydrogen peroxide. Whole genome comparison between surviving cells and control cells revealed 10 distinct polymorphic regions, including four belonging to the redox active, antibiotic pigment phenazine. Subsequently, the interaction between phenazine production and CAP resistance was demonstrated in biofilms of transposon mutants disrupted in different phenazine pathway genes which exhibited significantly altered sensitivity to CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mai-Prochnow
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Mark Bradbury
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, 11 Julius Ave, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Kostya Ostrikov
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Anthony B. Murphy
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
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Atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasmas for bacterial biofilm prevention and eradication. Biointerphases 2015; 10:029404. [PMID: 25869456 DOI: 10.1116/1.4914382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are three-dimensional structures formed by surface-attached microorganisms and their extracellular products. Biofilms formed by pathogenic microorganisms play an important role in human diseases. Higher resistance to antimicrobial agents and changes in microbial physiology make treating biofilm infections very complex. Atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasmas (NTPs) are a novel and powerful tool for antimicrobial treatment. The microbicidal activity of NTPs has an unspecific character due to the synergetic actions of bioactive components of the plasma torch, including charged particles, reactive species, and UV radiation. This review focuses on specific traits of biofilms, their role in human diseases, and those effects of NTP that are helpful for treating biofilm infections. The authors discuss NTP-based strategies for biofilm control, such as surface modifications to prevent bacterial adhesion, killing bacteria in biofilms, and biofilm destruction with NTPs. The unspecific character of microbicidal activity, proven polymer modification and destruction abilities, low toxicity for human tissues and absence of long-living toxic compounds make NTPs a very promising tool for biofilm prevention and control.
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How do plasma-generated OH radicals react with biofilm components? Insights from atomic scale simulations. Biointerphases 2015. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4904339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Scholtz V, Pazlarova J, Souskova H, Khun J, Julak J. Nonthermal plasma--A tool for decontamination and disinfection. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1108-19. [PMID: 25595663 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
By definition, the nonthermal plasma (NTP) is partially ionized gas where the energy is stored mostly in the free electrons and the overall temperature remains low. NTP is widely used for many years in various applications such as low-temperature plasma chemistry, removal of gaseous pollutants, in gas-discharge lamps or surface modification. However, during the last ten years, NTP usage expanded to new biological areas of application like plasma microorganisms' inactivation, ready-to-eat food preparation, biofilm degradation or in healthcare, where it seems to be important for the treatment of cancer cells and in the initiation of apoptosis, prion inactivation, prevention of nosocomial infections or in the therapy of infected wounds. These areas are presented and documented in this paper as a review of representative publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Scholtz
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jarmila Pazlarova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Souskova
- Department of Computing and Control Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Khun
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Julak
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Vandervoort KG, Brelles-Mariño G. Plasma-mediated inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms grown on borosilicate surfaces under continuous culture system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108512. [PMID: 25302815 PMCID: PMC4193768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are microbial communities attached to a surface and embedded in a matrix composed of exopolysaccharides and excreted nucleic acids. Bacterial biofilms are responsible for undesirable effects such as disease, prostheses colonization, biofouling, equipment damage, and pipe plugging. Biofilms are also more resilient than free-living cells to regular sterilization methods and therefore it is indispensable to develop better ways to control and remove them. The use of gas discharge plasmas is a good alternative since plasmas contain a mixture of reactive agents well-known for their decontamination potential against free microorganisms. We have previously reported that Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were inactivated after a 1-min plasma exposure. We determined that the adhesiveness and the thickness of Pseudomonas biofilms grown on borosilicate were reduced. We also reported sequential morphological changes and loss of viability upon plasma treatment. However, the studies were carried out in batch cultures. The use of a continuous culture results in a more homogenous environment ensuring reproducible biofilm growth. The aim of this work was to study plasma-mediated inactivation of P. aeruginosa biofilms grown on borosilicate in a continuous culture system. In this paper we show that biofilms grown on glass under continuous culture can be inactivated by using gas discharge plasma. Both biofilm architecture and cell culturability are impacted by the plasma treatment. The inactivation kinetics is similar to previously described ones and cells go through sequential changes ranging from minimal modification without loss of viability at short plasma exposure times, to major structure and viability loss at longer exposure times. We report that changes in biofilm structure leading to the loss of culturability and viability are related to a decrease of the biofilm matrix adhesiveness. To our knowledge, there has been no attempt to evaluate the inactivation/sterilization of biofilms grown in a continuous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt G. Vandervoort
- Physics and Astronomy Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Graciela Brelles-Mariño
- Biological Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, United States of America
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Membrane damage and active but nonculturable state in liquid cultures of Escherichia coli treated with an atmospheric pressure plasma jet. Bioelectrochemistry 2014; 103:7-14. [PMID: 25212700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrical discharge plasmas can efficiently inactivate various microorganisms. Inactivation mechanisms caused by plasma, however, are not fully understood because of the complexity of both the plasma and biological systems. We investigated plasma-induced inactivation of Escherichia coli in water and mechanisms by which plasma affects bacterial cell membrane integrity. Atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet generated at ambient air in direct contact with bacterial suspension was used as a plasma source. We determined significantly lower counts of E. coli after treatment by plasma when they were assayed using a conventional cultivation technique than using a fluorescence-based LIVE/DEAD staining method, which indicated that bacteria may have entered the viable-but-nonculturable state (VBNC). We did not achieve resuscitation of these non-culturable cells, however, we detected their metabolic activity through the analysis of cellular mRNA, which suggests that cells may have been rather in the active-but-nonculturable state (ABNC). We hypothesize that peroxidation of cell membrane lipids by the reactive species produced by plasma was an important pathway of bacterial inactivation. Amount of malondialdehyde and membrane permeability of E. coli to propidium iodide increased with increasing bacterial inactivation by plasma. Membrane damage was also demonstrated by detection of free DNA in plasma-treated water.
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35
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Bridier A, Sanchez-Vizuete P, Guilbaud M, Piard JC, Naïtali M, Briandet R. Biofilm-associated persistence of food-borne pathogens. Food Microbiol 2014; 45:167-78. [PMID: 25500382 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbial life abounds on surfaces in both natural and industrial environments, one of which is the food industry. A solid substrate, water and some nutrients are sufficient to allow the construction of a microbial fortress, a so-called biofilm. Survival strategies developed by these surface-associated ecosystems are beginning to be deciphered in the context of rudimentary laboratory biofilms. Gelatinous organic matrices consisting of complex mixtures of self-produced biopolymers ensure the cohesion of these biological structures and contribute to their resistance and persistence. Moreover, far from being just simple three-dimensional assemblies of identical cells, biofilms are composed of heterogeneous sub-populations with distinctive behaviours that contribute to their global ecological success. In the clinical field, biofilm-associated infections (BAI) are known to trigger chronic infections that require dedicated therapies. A similar belief emerging in the food industry, where biofilm tolerance to environmental stresses, including cleaning and disinfection/sanitation, can result in the persistence of bacterial pathogens and the recurrent cross-contamination of food products. The present review focuses on the principal mechanisms involved in the formation of biofilms of food-borne pathogens, where biofilm behaviour is driven by its three-dimensional heterogeneity and by species interactions within these biostructures, and we look at some emergent control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Sanchez-Vizuete
- Inra, UMR 1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Massy, France
| | - M Guilbaud
- Inra, UMR 1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Massy, France
| | - J-C Piard
- Inra, UMR 1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Massy, France
| | - M Naïtali
- Inra, UMR 1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Massy, France
| | - R Briandet
- Inra, UMR 1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Massy, France.
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36
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Mai-Prochnow A, Murphy AB, McLean KM, Kong MG, Ostrikov KK. Atmospheric pressure plasmas: infection control and bacterial responses. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 43:508-17. [PMID: 24637224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) is a recent, cutting-edge antimicrobial treatment. It has the potential to be used as an alternative to traditional treatments such as antibiotics and as a promoter of wound healing, making it a promising tool in a range of biomedical applications with particular importance for combating infections. A number of studies show very promising results for APP-mediated killing of bacteria, including removal of biofilms of pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, the mode of action of APP and the resulting bacterial response are not fully understood. Use of a variety of different plasma-generating devices, different types of plasma gases and different treatment modes makes it challenging to show reproducibility and transferability of results. This review considers some important studies in which APP was used as an antibacterial agent, and specifically those that elucidate its mode of action, with the aim of identifying common bacterial responses to APP exposure. The review has a particular emphasis on mechanisms of interactions of bacterial biofilms with APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mai-Prochnow
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia.
| | - Anthony B Murphy
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Keith M McLean
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Michael G Kong
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Suite 422, 4211 Monarch Way, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
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37
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Traba C, Chen L, Liang D, Azzam R, Liang JF. Insights into discharge argon-mediated biofilm inactivation. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:1205-1213. [PMID: 24070412 PMCID: PMC4011399 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.832222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Formation of bacterial biofilms at solid-liquid interfaces creates numerous problems in biomedical sciences. Conventional sterilization and decontamination methods are not suitable for new and more sophisticated biomaterials. In this paper, the efficiency and effectiveness of gas discharges in the inactivation and removal of biofilms on biomaterials were studied. It was found that although discharge oxygen, nitrogen and argon all demonstrated excellent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, gases with distinct chemical/physical properties underwent different mechanisms of action. Discharge oxygen- and nitrogen-mediated decontamination was associated with strong etching effects, which can cause live bacteria to relocate thus spreading contamination. On the contrary, although discharge argon at low powers maintained excellent antibacterial ability, it had negligible etching effects. Based on these results, an effective decontamination approach using discharge argon was established in which bacteria and biofilms were killed in situ and then removed from the contaminated biomaterials. This novel procedure is applicable for a wide range of biomaterials and biomedical devices in an in vivo and clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jun F. Liang
- Correspondence author, Dr. Jun F. (James) Liang, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA, Tel.: 201-216-5640; Fax: 201-216-8240,
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Vatansever F, de Melo WCMA, Avci P, Vecchio D, Sadasivam M, Gupta A, Chandran R, Karimi M, Parizotto NA, Yin R, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial strategies centered around reactive oxygen species--bactericidal antibiotics, photodynamic therapy, and beyond. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:955-89. [PMID: 23802986 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can attack a diverse range of targets to exert antimicrobial activity, which accounts for their versatility in mediating host defense against a broad range of pathogens. Most ROS are formed by the partial reduction in molecular oxygen. Four major ROS are recognized comprising superoxide (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and singlet oxygen ((1)O2), but they display very different kinetics and levels of activity. The effects of O2•- and H2O2 are less acute than those of •OH and (1)O2, because the former are much less reactive and can be detoxified by endogenous antioxidants (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic) that are induced by oxidative stress. In contrast, no enzyme can detoxify •OH or (1)O2, making them extremely toxic and acutely lethal. The present review will highlight the various methods of ROS formation and their mechanism of action. Antioxidant defenses against ROS in microbial cells and the use of ROS by antimicrobial host defense systems are covered. Antimicrobial approaches primarily utilizing ROS comprise both bactericidal antibiotics and nonpharmacological methods such as photodynamic therapy, titanium dioxide photocatalysis, cold plasma, and medicinal honey. A brief final section covers reactive nitrogen species and related therapeutics, such as acidified nitrite and nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Vatansever
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Vandervoort K, Brelles-Mariño G. Cal Poly Pomona NUE Project: Implementing Microscale and Nanoscale Investigations Throughout the Undergraduate Curriculum. JOURNAL OF NANO EDUCATION (PRINT) 2013; 5. [PMID: 24163716 DOI: 10.1166/jne.2013.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
NUE funded work at California State Polytechnic University involved development and implementation of nanotechnology modules for physics courses spanning all levels of the undergraduate curriculum, from freshman service courses to senior level laboratories and independent research projects. These modules demonstrate the application of fundamental physics at the nanoscale that complement macroscopic investigations. The introductory level and some of the advanced level modules have been described previously in journal papers and will be outlined briefly here. The main focus of this article, however, is to describe some newer work involving nanoscale experiments that have been developed for senior level laboratories and independent research. These experiments involve applications as diverse as tunneling diodes, gas discharge plasmas for biofilm inactivation, and quantized conductance in gold nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Vandervoort
- Physics and Astronomy Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91786
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40
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Ferrell JR, Shen F, Grey SF, Woolverton CJ. Pulse-based non-thermal plasma (NTP) disrupts the structural characteristics of bacterial biofilms. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:585-599. [PMID: 23682750 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.795554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms were constructed in vitro with two pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus using a modified, novel sequential bioreactor system. The structure and stability of bacterial biofilms were evaluated following exposure to non-thermal plasma (NTP) discharge. Mathematical software was used to determine structural changes as biofilms grew over the course of 7 days. Statistical modeling was also performed to assess the ability of NTP to affect the development of the biofilms over different periods of time. Several structural characteristics were significantly affected by NTP discharge whereas others were unaffected. Changes in the three-dimensional structure of the biofilm following introduction of NTP was not limited to one period of development. The mechanism for this phenomenon is not understood but is likely to be a dual, synergistic effect due to the composition of the reactive species and other plasma-associated molecules isolated previously in the NTP discharge used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Ferrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Gorynia S, Koban I, Matthes R, Welk A, Gorynia S, Hübner NO, Kocher T, Kramer A. In vitro efficacy of cold atmospheric pressure plasma on S. sanguinis biofilms in comparison of two test models. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2013; 8:Doc01. [PMID: 23967387 PMCID: PMC3746598 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dental plaque critically affects the etiology of caries, periodontitis and periimplantitis. The mechanical removal of plaque can only be performed partially due to limited accessibility. Therefore, plaque still represents one of the major therapeutic challenges. Even though antiseptic mouth rinses reduce the extent of biofilm temporarily, plaque removal remains incomplete and continuous usage can even result in side effects. Here we tested argon plasma produced by kinpen09 as one option to inactivate microorganisms and to eliminate plaque. S. sanguinis biofilms cultivated in either the European Biofilm Reactor (EUREBI) or in 24 well plates were treated with argon plasma. In both test systems a homogeneous, good analyzable and stable biofilm was produced on the surface of titan plates within 72 h (>6,9 log10 CFU/ml). Despite the significantly more powerful biofilm production in EUREBI, the difference of 0.4 log10 CFU/ml between EUREBI and the 24 well plates was practically not relevant. For that reason both test models were equally qualified for the analysis of efficacy of cold atmospheric pressure plasma. We demonstrate a significant reduction of the biofilm compared to the control in both test models. After plasma application of 180 s the biofilm produced in EUREBI or in 24 well plates was decreased by 0.6 log10 CFU/ml or 0.5 log10 CFU/ml, respectively. In comparison to recently published studies analyzing the efficacy of kinpen09, S. sanguinis produces a hardly removable biofilm. Future investigations using reduced distances between plasma source and biofilm, various compositions of plasma and alternative plasma sources will contribute to further optimization of the efficacy against S. sanguinis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gorynia
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
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Traba C, Chen L, Liang JF. Low power gas discharge plasma mediated inactivation and removal of biofilms formed on biomaterials. CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 2013; 13:S12-S18. [PMID: 23894232 PMCID: PMC3719881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cap.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of gas discharge plasma has been studied for quiet some time. However, high biofilm inactivation activity of plasma was only recently reported. Studies indicate that the etching effect associated with plasmas generated represent an undesired effect, which may cause live bacteria relocation and thus contamination spreading. Meanwhile, the strong etching effects from these high power plasmas may also alter the surface chemistry and affect the biocompatibility of biomaterials. In this study, we examined the efficiency and effectiveness of low power gas discharge plasma for biofilm inactivation and removal. Among the three tested gases, oxygen, nitrogen, and argon, discharge oxygen demonstrated the best anti-biofilm activity because of its excellent ability in killing bacteria in biofilms and mild etching effects. Low power discharge oxygen completely killed and then removed the dead bacteria from attached surface but had negligible effects on the biocompatibility of materials. DNA left on the regenerated surface after removal of biofilms did not have any negative impact on tissue cell growth. On the contrary, dramatically increased growth was found for these cells seeded on regenerated surfaces. These results demonstrate the potential applications of low power discharge oxygen in biofilm treatments of biomaterials and indwelling device decontaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Traba
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Charles V. Schaefer School of Engineering and Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Charles V. Schaefer School of Engineering and Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Jun F. Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Charles V. Schaefer School of Engineering and Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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Kubo M, Ohshima Y, Irie F, Kikuchi M, Sawai J. Disinfection Treatment of Heated Scallop-Shell Powder on Biofilm of <i>Escherichia coli</i> ATCC 25922 Surrogated for <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2013.44a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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SAWAI J, NAGASAWA KJ, KIKUCHI M. Ability of Heated Scallop-Shell Powder to Disinfect Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.19.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44289. [PMID: 22952948 PMCID: PMC3432087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria exist, in most environments, as complex, organised communities of sessile cells embedded within a matrix of self-produced, hydrated extracellular polymeric substances known as biofilms. Bacterial biofilms represent a ubiquitous and predominant cause of both chronic infections and infections associated with the use of indwelling medical devices such as catheters and prostheses. Such infections typically exhibit significantly enhanced tolerance to antimicrobial, biocidal and immunological challenge. This renders them difficult, sometimes impossible, to treat using conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Effective alternative approaches for prevention and eradication of biofilm associated chronic and device-associated infections are therefore urgently required. Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasmas are gaining increasing attention as a potential approach for the eradication and control of bacterial infection and contamination. To date, however, the majority of studies have been conducted with reference to planktonic bacteria and rather less attention has been directed towards bacteria in the biofilm mode of growth. In this study, the activity of a kilohertz-driven atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma jet, operated in a helium oxygen mixture, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro biofilms was evaluated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms exhibit marked susceptibility to exposure of the plasma jet effluent, following even relatively short (≈ 10's s) exposure times. Manipulation of plasma operating conditions, for example, plasma operating frequency, had a significant effect on the bacterial inactivation rate. Survival curves exhibit a rapid decline in the number of surviving cells in the first 60 seconds followed by slower rate of cell number reduction. Excellent anti-biofilm activity of the plasma jet was also demonstrated by both confocal scanning laser microscopy and metabolism of the tetrazolium salt, XTT, a measure of bactericidal activity.
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Fricke K, Koban I, Tresp H, Jablonowski L, Schröder K, Kramer A, Weltmann KD, von Woedtke T, Kocher T. Atmospheric pressure plasma: a high-performance tool for the efficient removal of biofilms. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42539. [PMID: 22880025 PMCID: PMC3412829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The medical use of non-thermal physical plasmas is intensively investigated for sterilization and surface modification of biomedical materials. A further promising application is the removal or etching of organic substances, e.g., biofilms, from surfaces, because remnants of biofilms after conventional cleaning procedures are capable to entertain inflammatory processes in the adjacent tissues. In general, contamination of surfaces by micro-organisms is a major source of problems in health care. Especially biofilms are the most common type of microbial growth in the human body and therefore, the complete removal of pathogens is mandatory for the prevention of inflammatory infiltrate. Physical plasmas offer a huge potential to inactivate micro-organisms and to remove organic materials through plasma-generated highly reactive agents. Method In this study a Candida albicans biofilm, formed on polystyrene (PS) wafers, as a prototypic biofilm was used to verify the etching capability of the atmospheric pressure plasma jet operating with two different process gases (argon and argon/oxygen mixture). The capability of plasma-assisted biofilm removal was assessed by microscopic imaging. Results The Candida albicans biofilm, with a thickness of 10 to 20 µm, was removed within 300 s plasma treatment when oxygen was added to the argon gas discharge, whereas argon plasma alone was practically not sufficient in biofilm removal. The impact of plasma etching on biofilms is localized due to the limited presence of reactive plasma species validated by optical emission spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Fricke
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology eV, INP Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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Ermolaeva SA, Sysolyatina EV, Kolkova NI, Bortsov P, Tuhvatulin AI, Vasiliev MM, Mukhachev AY, Petrov OF, Tetsuji S, Naroditsky BS, Morfill GE, Fortov VE, Grigoriev AI, Zigangirova NA, Gintsburg AL. Non-thermal argon plasma is bactericidal for the intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:793-799. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.038117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A. Ermolaeva
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Sysolyatina
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia I. Kolkova
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr Bortsov
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amir I. Tuhvatulin
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M. Vasiliev
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Y. Mukhachev
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg F. Petrov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Shimizu Tetsuji
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris S. Naroditsky
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir E. Fortov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Nelly A. Zigangirova
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L. Gintsburg
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Nonthermal atmospheric plasma rapidly disinfects multidrug-resistant microbes by inducing cell surface damage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2028-36. [PMID: 22232292 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05642-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma, a unique state of matter with properties similar to those of ionized gas, is an effective biological disinfectant. However, the mechanism through which nonthermal or "cold" plasma inactivates microbes on surfaces is poorly understood, due in part to challenges associated with processing and analyzing live cells on surfaces rather than in aqueous solution. Here, we employ membrane adsorption techniques to visualize the cellular effects of plasma on representative clinical isolates of drug-resistant microbes. Through direct fluorescent imaging, we demonstrate that plasma rapidly inactivates planktonic cultures, with >5 log(10) kill in 30 s by damaging the cell surface in a time-dependent manner, resulting in a loss of membrane integrity, leakage of intracellular components (nucleic acid, protein, ATP), and ultimately focal dissolution of the cell surface with longer exposure time. This occurred with similar kinetic rates among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. We observed no correlative evidence that plasma induced widespread genomic damage or oxidative protein modification prior to the onset of membrane damage. Consistent with the notion that plasma is superficial, plasma-mediated sterilization was dramatically reduced when microbial cells were enveloped in aqueous buffer prior to treatment. These results support the use of nonthermal plasmas for disinfecting multidrug-resistant microbes in environmental settings and substantiate ongoing clinical applications for plasma devices.
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Cooper M, Fridman G, Fridman A, Joshi S. Induction of a viable but nonculturable state in bacteria treated with gas discharge plasma: a response to the Letter of Brelles-Mariño (2012). J Appl Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zelaya A, Vandervoort K, Brelles-Mariño G. Battling Bacterial Biofilms with Gas Discharge Plasma. PLASMA FOR BIO-DECONTAMINATION, MEDICINE AND FOOD SECURITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2852-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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