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Zhang Y, Wu Y, Peng C, Li Z, Wang G, Wang H, Yu L, Wang F. Both recombinant Bacillus subtilis Expressing PCV2d Cap protein and PCV2d-VLPs can stimulate strong protective immune responses in mice. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22941. [PMID: 38058449 PMCID: PMC10696252 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the most serious pathogens in pig herds worldwide. The Capsid protein (Cap), a structural protein of PCV2, is involved in the host's immune response; it induces neutralizing-antibody production and has good immunogenicity. The main PCV2 subtype currently prevalent in the Chinese pig herd is PCV2d. In this study, We constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) capable of secreting Cap protein, named pHT43-Cap/B. subtilis; we concentrated the supernatant of the recombinant bacteria and observed virus-like particles (VLPs) of PCV2d formed by Cap protein under transmission electron microscopy, named PCV2d-VLPs. The immunocompetence of the pHT43-Cap/B. subtilis and PCV2d-VLPs were then assessed by oral administration and by intramuscular injection into mice, respectively. The results showed that the levels of PCV2d-Cap protein-specific IgG in the serum and of PCV2d-Cap protein-specific sIgA in the small intestinal fluid of pHT43-Cap/B. subtilis immunized mice were elevated compared to the control group, both of them highly significant (p < 0.01), and the corresponding serum-specific IgG antibodies were effective in neutralizing PCV2d virulence. The virus load in the liver of the immunized mice was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.01), as was the virus load in the spleen and lungs of the immunized mice (p < 0.05). In addition, the serum levels of PCV2d-Cap-specific IgG in mice immunized with PCV2d-VLPs by intramuscular injection were significantly elevated compared to the control group (p < 0.05), and the viral load in all tissues was significantly lower in immunized mice (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the recombinant bacterium pHT43-Cap/B. subtilis can induce effective mucosal and humoral immunity in mice, PCV2d-VLPs can induce humoral immunity in mice, and both vaccines have good immunogenicity; these results provide a theoretical and material basis for the development of a new vaccine against PCV2d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chong Peng
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
- Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lanping Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
- Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fangkun Wang
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
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Abstract
Microorganisms efficiently colonize the external and internal surfaces of the animal body establishing mutually beneficial interactions and forming site- and individual-specific microbiota. The degradation of complex polysaccharides in the animal gut, the production of useful compounds, protection against pathogenic microorganisms and contribution to the development of an efficient immune system are the main beneficial effects of a balanced microbiota. A dysbiosis, an imbalanced composition of the microbiota, has been associated with a large number of diseases from gastro-intestinal or urogenital disorders to allergies, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases and even to the onset of certain cancers. A growing body of evidence has indicated that probiotic treatments, aimed at maintaining or rebalancing the microbiota, are useful to treat/prevent those illnesses. Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria are the most common microbes used in probiotic preparations; however, other bacteria and yeast cells are also widely used in commercial products. Here we focus on the use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. Spore formers have been marketed as probiotics for over 50 years and are now extensively used for the treatment of intestinal disorders and as dietary supplements in humans, as growth promoters and competitive exclusion agents in animals.
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Chiu PJ, Rathod J, Hong YP, Tsai PJ, Hung YP, Ko WC, Chen JW, Paredes-Sabja D, Huang IH. Clostridioides difficile spores stimulate inflammatory cytokine responses and induce cytotoxicity in macrophages. Anaerobe 2021; 70:102381. [PMID: 34082120 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium, and the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea worldwide. During C. difficile infection, spores germinate in the presence of bile acids into vegetative cells that subsequently colonize the large intestine and produce toxins. In this study, we demonstrated that C. difficile spores can universally adhere to, and be phagocytosed by, murine macrophages. Only spores from toxigenic strains were able to significantly stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages and subsequently induce significant cytotoxicity. Spores from the isogenic TcdA and TcdB double mutant induced significantly lower inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxicity in macrophages, and these activities were restored by pre-exposure of the spores to either toxins. These findings suggest that during sporulation, spores might be coated with C. difficile toxins from the environment, which could affect C. difficile pathogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jung Chiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jagat Rathod
- Department of Earth Sciences National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pin Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Wei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - I-Hsiu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, OK, USA.
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Das S, Barman S, Teron R, Bhattacharya SS, Kim KH. Secondary metabolites and anti-microbial/anti-oxidant profiles in Ocimum spp.: Role of soil physico-chemical characteristics as eliciting factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109749. [PMID: 32531524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ocimum has long been used as a medicinal plant, although little information is available about its bioactive ingredients, and the influence of soil properties on modulation of secondary metabolites in Ocimum has yet to be ascertained. In this study, we present a thorough survey of all potential metabolic compounds in O. sanctum and O. basilicum. In both species, certain compounds (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, and S-adenosyl homocysteine) were detected coincidently. In the case of O. basilicum, other vital phenolic acids (e.g., ursolic, vanilic, coumaric, and syringic acids) were identified. The aqueous extracts (AEs) of Ocimum recorded decrease of 6-94% in the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus sp., Salmonella sp., and Bacillus sp.). The AEs also showed effective antioxidant activity by reducing free radicals by a factor of 1.04-1.13. Root-zone soil samples of both Ocimum spp. were collected from strategic locations with varying levels of key soil attributes (e.g., soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), urease, and phosphatase). At high levels of SOC, MBC, and soil enzymes, the bioactivity of Ocimum spp. was observed to be promoted, especially with respect to secondary metabolite expression, anti-pathogenic activity, and anti-oxidant properties. As such, the findings of strong correlations between secondary metabolite concentrations and bioactivity attributes in Ocimum suggest the potent role of soil quality in eliciting the production of secondary metabolite in association with bioactivity in Ocimum spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasish Das
- Department of Environmental Science, Pachhunga University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796001, India.
| | - Soma Barman
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784 028, India
| | - Rangbamon Teron
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784 028, India
| | - Satya Sundar Bhattacharya
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784 028, India.
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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Keller D, Verbruggen S, Cash H, Farmer S, Venema K. Spores of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 show high germination, survival and enzyme activity in a dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the gastrointestinal tract. Benef Microbes 2019; 10:77-87. [PMID: 30694101 DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the germination, survival and metabolic activity of the probiotic Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 [GanedenBC30] (BC30) in a dynamic, computer controlled in vitro model of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, simulating human adults. Experiments were performed in the presence of a meal to maximise germination, due to the presence of germination-triggers. Both an upper GI tract (stomach and small intestine; TIM-1) and a colon model (TIM-2) were used, where material exiting TIM-1 was added to TIM-2. Spores of BC30 were introduced in the gastric compartment of TIM-1 and samples were taken immediately after the pylorus. Moreover, for 6 h, every hour the ileal efflux was collected and a subsample was plated for viable counts (spores and germinated cells). The remainder of the sample was fed to TIM-2, and after 24 h another sample was taken and tested for viable counts. In addition, samples were taken from the dialysates of the model and analysed using LC-MS/MS to determine bacterial metabolites and digestion products. Survival after transit through the gastric compartment was high (97%) and most cells were still in the spore form (76%). Survival after transit through TIM-1 was on average 51%, meaning that on average half of the orally provided spores was found back as cfu on the agar plates. Of these on average 93% were germinated cells and only 7% were spores. 24 h after the start of the experiments germination had increased in TIM-2 to 97% vegetative cells, and only 3% spores. No further loss of viability was observed in TIM-2. In terms of metabolic activity, increased levels of amino acids, dipeptides and citric acid cycle metabolites were found compared to experiments in the absence of BC30. In conclusion, BC30 spores germinate to a large extent (>90%) in the presence of germination triggers in the small intestine in a model that closely mimics the physiological conditions of human adults. Of the oral dose, as much as half of the cells survived transit through the upper GI tract, and based on the metabolite profile, these cells were metabolically active. Either these cells or the enzymes released from the dead cells aided in digestion of the meal. These insights help explain some of the observations in previous experiments, and support the understanding of the mechanism of action of the probiotic BC30.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Keller
- 1 Ganeden Inc., 5800 Landerbrook Drive, Suite 300, Mayfield Heights, OH 44124, USA
| | - S Verbruggen
- 2 Maastricht University - campus Venlo, Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovations, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - H Cash
- 3 Kerry Functional Ingredients and Actives, 5800 Landerbrook Drive, Suite 300, Mayfield Heights, OH 44124, USA
| | - S Farmer
- 1 Ganeden Inc., 5800 Landerbrook Drive, Suite 300, Mayfield Heights, OH 44124, USA
| | - K Venema
- 2 Maastricht University - campus Venlo, Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovations, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands.,4 Beneficial Microbes Consultancy, Johan Karschstraat 3, 6709 TN Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Kiseleva EP, Mikhailopulo KI, Ladutska AI, Novik GI. Methodological approach to the study of dynamics of specific concentration of cell wall antigens per cell of Bacillus species and examples of its application. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.24190/issn2564-615x/2017/01.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Nonpathogenic Bacillus strains are used in biotechnology, and pathogenic Bacillus strains are cause of food borne disease. It explains the relevance of the methods of detection and quantification of whole cell and cell components of these bacteria. Aims: Development of methodological approach for investigation of dynamics of specific concentration of cell wall antigens per cell of bacilli without solubilization of cell wall during sample preparation; using of the approach with 6 strains of bacilli as an example. Method: ELISA. Results: Methodological approach for investigation of dynamics of specific concentration of bacilli cell wall antigens has been developed. The distinctive features of the approach are rabbit polyclonal antibodies to genera-specific antigens of bacilli as key reagent and lack of need for solubilization of cell wall during sample preparation. It was shown using 6 strains of Bacilli as an example that specific concentration of cell wall antigens per cell vary according to bacillus strain, stage of culture growth and media composition. The data will find an application in biotechnology of clinical diagnostics and test-systems for food control including detection of whole bacillus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pavlovna Kiseleva
- Department of immunological and molecular biological diagnostics, The Institute of Bioorganic chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk , Republic of Belarus
| | - Konstantin Igorevich Mikhailopulo
- Department of immunological and molecular biological diagnostics, The Institute of Bioorganic chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk , Republic of Belarus
| | - Alena Ivanovna Ladutska
- Laboratory “Collection of microorganisms”, The Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk , Republic of Belarus
| | - Galina Ivanovna Novik
- Laboratory “Collection of microorganisms”, The Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk , Republic of Belarus
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Aps LRMM, Tavares MB, Rozenfeld JHK, Lamy MT, Ferreira LCS, Diniz MO. Bacterial spores as particulate carriers for gene gun delivery of plasmid DNA. J Biotechnol 2016; 228:58-66. [PMID: 27130499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis spores represent a suitable platform for the adsorption of proteins, enzymes and viral particles at physiological conditions. In the present work, we demonstrate that purified spores can also adsorb DNA on their surface after treatment with cationic molecules. In addition, we demonstrate that DNA-coated B. subtilis spores can be used as particulate carriers and act as an alternative to gold microparticles for the biolistic (gene gun) administration of plasmid DNA in mice. Gene gun delivery of spores pre-treated with DODAB (dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide) allowed efficient plasmid DNA absorption and induced protein expression levels similar to those obtained with gold microparticles. More importantly, we demonstrated that a DNA vaccine adsorbed on spores can be loaded into biolistic cartridges and efficiently delivered into mice, which induced specific cellular and antibody responses. Altogether, these data indicate that B. subtilis spores represent a simple and low cost alternative for the in vivo delivery of DNA vaccines by the gene gun technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana R M M Aps
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene B Tavares
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - M Teresa Lamy
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís C S Ferreira
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana O Diniz
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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8
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Ricca E, Baccigalupi L, Cangiano G, De Felice M, Isticato R. Mucosal vaccine delivery by non-recombinant spores of Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:115. [PMID: 25112405 PMCID: PMC4249717 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of mucosal vaccines strongly relies on an efficient delivery system and, over the years, a variety of approaches based on phages, bacteria or synthetic nanoparticles have been proposed to display and deliver antigens. The spore of Bacillus subtilis displaying heterologous antigens has also been considered as a mucosal vaccine vehicle, and shown able to conjugate some advantages of live microrganisms with some of synthetic nanoparticles. Here we review the use of non-recombinant spores of B. subtilis as a delivery system for mucosal immunizations. The non-recombinant display is based on the adsorption of heterologous molecules on the spore surface without the need of genetic manipulations, thus avoiding all concerns about the use and environmental release of genetically modified microorganisms. In addition, adsorbed molecules are stabilized and protected by the interaction with the spore, suggesting that this system could reduce the rapid degradation of the antigen, often observed with other delivery systems and identified as a major drawback of mucosal vaccines.
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Gut adhesive Bacillus subtilis spores as a platform for mucosal delivery of antigens. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1414-23. [PMID: 24421038 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01255-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis spores have been used as safe and heat-resistant antigen delivery vectors. Nonetheless, the oral administration of spores typically induces weak immune responses to the passenger antigens, which may be attributed to the fast transit through the gastrointestinal tract. To overcome this limitation, we have developed B. subtilis spores capable of binding to the gut epithelium by means of expressing bacterial adhesins on the spore surface. The resulting spores bound to in vitro intestinal cells, showed a longer transit through the mouse intestinal tract, and interacted with Peyer's patch cells. The adhesive spores increased the systemic and secreted antibody responses to the Streptococcus mutans P1 protein, used as a model antigen, following oral, intranasal, and sublingual administration. Additionally, P1-specific antibodies efficiently inhibited the adhesion of the oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans to abiotic surfaces. These results support the use of gut-colonizing B. subtilis spores as a new platform for the mucosal delivery of vaccine antigens.
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Construction and evaluation of a novel Bacillus subtilis spores-based enterovirus 71 vaccine. J Appl Biomed 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-012-0032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Huang Q, Xu X, Mao YL, Huang Y, Rajput IR, Li WF. Effects ofBacillus subtilis B10 spores on viability and biological functions of murine macrophages. Anim Sci J 2012; 84:247-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2012.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Yu-long Mao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Imran R. Rajput
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Wei-fen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
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12
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Interactions between Clostridium perfringens spores and Raw 264.7 macrophages. Anaerobe 2012; 18:148-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Boleij A, Muytjens CMJ, Bukhari SI, Cayet N, Glaser P, Hermans PWM, Swinkels DW, Bolhuis A, Tjalsma H. Novel clues on the specific association of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp gallolyticus with colorectal cancer. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1101-9. [PMID: 21451000 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp gallolyticus ( Streptococcus bovis biotype I) endocarditis is in general low but very often linked to colorectal cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the virulence characteristics that distinguish this opportunistic pathogen from a panel of (closely related) intestinal bacteria. METHODS The route of infection was reconstructed in vitro with adhesion, invasion, and translocation assays on differentiated Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, cellular immune responses upon infection and bacterial biofilm formation were analyzed in a comparative manner. RESULTS S. gallolyticus subsp gallolyticus strains were demonstrated to have a relative low adhesiveness and could not internalize epithelial cells. However, these bacteria were uniquely able to paracellularly cross a differentiated epithelium without inducing epithelial interleukin 8 or 1β responses. Importantly, they had an outstanding ability to form biofilms on collagen-rich surfaces, which in vivo are found at damaged heart valves and (pre)cancerous sites with a displaced epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data show that S. gallolyticus subsp gallolyticus has a unique repertoire of virulence factors that facilitate infection through (pre)malignant colonic lesions and subsequently can provide this bacterium with a competitive advantage in (1) evading the innate immune system and (2) forming resistant vegetations at collagen-rich sites in susceptible patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Boleij
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Wolfenden R, Layton S, Wolfenden A, Khatiwara A, Gaona-Ramírez G, Pumford N, Cole K, Kwon Y, Tellez G, Bergman L, Hargis B. Development and evaluation of candidate recombinant Salmonella-vectored Salmonella vaccines. Poult Sci 2010; 89:2370-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Cutting SM, Hong HA, Baccigalupi L, Ricca E. Oral vaccine delivery by recombinant spore probiotics. Int Rev Immunol 2010; 28:487-505. [PMID: 19954360 DOI: 10.3109/08830180903215605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, advancements in molecular and cell biology have allowed scientists to identify a large number of new antigens from a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens. However, successful development of these antigens into effective vaccines strongly relies on delivery systems able to avoid the rapid loss of biological activity that often impairs antigen efficacy. Various delivery systems have been proposed as alternative vaccine vehicles, from live microorganisms to nanoparticles, and all of them have shown advantages but also drawbacks. The bacterial spore is a quiescent cell form that, as a vaccine vehicle, may conjugate some advantages of live microorganisms with those of synthetic nanoparticles and that has recently been proposed as a potentially powerful tool to deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. Here we review the use of bacterial spores as a delivery system for mucosal immunizations. We will first analyze the nature of the interaction between wild type spores and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and then address the immune responses that are induced by oral immunizations with recombinant spores displaying heterologous antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
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