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Pang F, Solanki MK, Wang Z. Streptomyces can be an excellent plant growth manager. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:193. [PMID: 35980475 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces, the most abundant and arguably the most important genus of actinomycetes, is an important source of biologically active compounds such as antibiotics, and extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. Since Streptomyces can have a beneficial symbiotic relationship with plants they can contribute to nutrition, health and fitness of the latter. This review article summarizes recent research contributions on the ability of Streptomyces to promote plant growth and improve plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress responses, as well as on the consequences, on plant health, of the enrichment of rhizospheric soils in Streptomyces species. This review summarizes the most recent reports of the contribution of Streptomyces to plant growth, health and fitness and suggests future research directions to promote the use of these bacteria for the development of a cleaner agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-701, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China.
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Ścigaczewska A, Boruta T, Bizukojć M. Quantitative Morphological Analysis of Filamentous Microorganisms in Cocultures and Monocultures: Aspergillus terreus and Streptomyces rimosus Warfare in Bioreactors. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1740. [PMID: 34827738 PMCID: PMC8615777 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantitatively characterize the morphology of the filamentous microorganisms Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 and Streptomyces rimosus ATCC 10970, cocultivated in stirred tank bioreactors, and to characterize their mutual influence with the use of quantitative image analysis. Three distinct coculture initiation strategies were applied: preculture versus preculture, spores versus spores and preculture versus preculture with time delay for one of the species. Bioreactor cocultures were accompanied by parallel monoculture controls. The results recorded for the mono- and cocultures were compared in order to investigate the effect of cocultivation on the morphological evolution of A. terreus and S. rimosus. Morphology-related observations were also confronted with the analysis of secondary metabolism. The morphology of the two studied filamentous species strictly depended on the applied coculture initiation strategy. In the cocultures initiated by the simultaneous inoculation, S. rimosus gained domination or advance over A. terreus. The latter microorganism dominated only in these experiments in which S. rimosus was introduced with a delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ścigaczewska
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (M.B.)
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El-Sayed ASA, Shindia AA, AbouZeid A, Koura A, Hassanein SE, Ahmed RM. Triggering the biosynthetic machinery of Taxol by Aspergillus flavipes via cocultivation with Bacillus subtilis: proteomic analyses emphasize the chromatin remodeling upon fungal-bacterial interaction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:39866-39881. [PMID: 33768456 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attenuating the Taxol biosynthesis by fungi with storage and subculturing is the major challenge that limits their further industrial applications. Aspergillus flavipes has been reported as a potent Taxol producer, with plausible increasing to its Taxol yield upon coculturing with the microbiome of Podocarpus gracilior (El-Sayed et al., Process Biochemistry 76:55-67, 2019a; Scientific Reports 9, 2019b; Enzyme and Microbial Technology 131, 2019c); however, the identity of these microbial inducers remains ambiguous. Thus, this study was to assess the potency of individual microbes to trigger the Taxol biosynthesis by A. flavipes and to unravel the differentially expressed protein in response to bacterial interaction. Among the 25 bacterial endophytes of P. gracilior, Bacillus subtilis was the potent isolate enhancing the Taxol yield of A. flavipes by ~1.6-fold. Strikingly, this bacterial elicitor displayed a reliable inhibition to the growth of A. flavipes, so the released antifungal compound by B. subtilis could be the same signals for triggering the expression of A. flavipes Taxol synthesis. The highest Taxol yield by A. flavipes was obtained with the viable cells of B. subtilis, ensuring the pivotality of physical intimate bacterial-fungal interaction. Differential proteome of the cocultures A. flavipes and B. subtilis as well as the axenic A. flavipes was conducted by LC-MS/MS. From the total of 106 identified proteins, 50 proteins were significantly expressed, 47 were upregulated ones, and 59 were downregulated ones for the cocultures normalizing to the axenic one. From the Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analyses, the cellular process, primary metabolic process, and nitrogen compound metabolic process were significantly changed in the coculture normalizing to monoculture of A. flavipes. The molecular function terms (histones H2B, H2A, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, and nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDPK)) were the highly significantly expressed proteins of A. flavipes in response to B. subtilis, with strong correlation to triggering of Taxol biosynthesis. The intimate interaction of A. flavipes with B. subtilis strongly modulates the Taxol biosynthetic machinery of A. flavipes by modulating the chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Shindia
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Azza AbouZeid
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Alaa Koura
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Sameh E Hassanein
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Ahmed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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El-Sayed ASA, Mohamed NZ, Safan S, Yassin MA, Shaban L, Shindia AA, Shad Ali G, Sitohy MZ. Restoring the Taxol biosynthetic machinery of Aspergillus terreus by Podocarpus gracilior Pilger microbiome, with retrieving the ribosome biogenesis proteins of WD40 superfamily. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11534. [PMID: 31395904 PMCID: PMC6687737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuating the Taxol yield of Aspergillus terreus with the subculturing and storage were the technical challenges that prevent this fungus to be a novel platform for industrial Taxol production. Thus, the objective of this study was to unravel the metabolic machineries of A. terreus associated with attenuation of Taxol productivity, and their restoring potency upon cocultivation with the Podocarpus gracilior microbiome. The Taxol yield of A. terreus was drastically reduced with the fungal subculturing. At the 10th subculture, the yield of Taxol was reduced by four folds (78.2 µg/l) comparing to the original culture (268 µg/l), as authenticated from silencing of molecular expression of the Taxol-rate limiting enzymes (GGPPS, TDS, DBAT and BAPT) by qPCR analyses. The visual fading of A. terreus conidial pigmentation with the subculturing, revealing the biosynthetic correlation of melanin and Taxol. The level of intracellular acetyl-CoA influx was reduced sequentially with the fungal subculturing, rationalizing the decreasing on Taxol and melanin yields. Fascinatingly, the Taxol biosynthetic machinery and cellular acetyl-CoA of A. terreus have been completely restored upon addition of 3% surface sterilized leaves of P. gracilior, suggesting the implantation of plant microbiome on re-triggering the molecular machinery of Taxol biosynthesis, their transcriptional factors, and/or increasing the influx of Acetyl-CoA. The expression of the proteins of 74.4, 68.2, 37.1 kDa were exponentially suppressed with A. terreus subculturing, and strongly restored upon addition of P. gracilior leaves, ensuring their profoundly correlation with the molecular expression of Taxol biosynthetic genes. From the proteomic analysis, the restored proteins 74.4 kDa of A. terreus upon addition of P. gracilior leaves were annotated as ribosome biogenesis proteins YTM and microtubule-assembly proteins that belong to WD40 superfamily. Thus, further ongoing studies for molecular cloning and expression of these genes with strong promotors in A. terreus, have been initiated, to construct a novel platform of metabolically stable A. terreus for sustainable Taxol production. Attenuating the Taxol yield of A. terreus with the multiple-culturing and storage might be due to the reduction on main influx of acetyl-CoA, or downregulation of ribosome biogenesis proteins that belong to WD40 protein superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Nabil Z Mohamed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Samia Safan
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Yassin
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Lamis Shaban
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Shindia
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Gul Shad Ali
- Mid-Florida Research Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
- Eukaryo Tech, LLC, Apopka, Florida, 32703, USA
| | - Mahmoud Z Sitohy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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Lacombe-Harvey MÈ, Brzezinski R, Beaulieu C. Chitinolytic functions in actinobacteria: ecology, enzymes, and evolution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7219-7230. [PMID: 29931600 PMCID: PMC6097792 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacteria, a large group of Gram-positive bacteria, secrete a wide range of extracellular enzymes involved in the degradation of organic compounds and biopolymers including the ubiquitous aminopolysaccharides chitin and chitosan. While chitinolytic enzymes are distributed in all kingdoms of life, actinobacteria are recognized as particularly good decomposers of chitinous material and several members of this taxon carry impressive sets of genes dedicated to chitin and chitosan degradation. Degradation of these polymers in actinobacteria is dependent on endo- and exo-acting hydrolases as well as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Actinobacterial chitinases and chitosanases belong to nine major families of glycosyl hydrolases that share no sequence similarity. In this paper, the distribution of chitinolytic actinobacteria within different ecosystems is examined and their chitinolytic machinery is described and compared to those of other chitinolytic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryszard Brzezinski
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Carole Beaulieu
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
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Induction of Taxol biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus, endophyte of Podocarpus gracilior Pilger, upon intimate interaction with the plant endogenous microbes. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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7
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Elucidating biochemical features and biological roles of Streptomyces proteins recognizing crystalline chitin- and cellulose-types and their soluble derivatives. Carbohydr Res 2017; 448:220-226. [PMID: 28712648 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pioneering biochemical, immunological, physiological and microscopic studies in combination with gene cloning allowed uncovering previously unknown genes encoding proteins of streptomycetes to target crystalline chitin and cellulose as well as their soluble degradation-compounds via binding protein dependent transporters. Complementary analyses provoked an understanding of novel regulators governing transcription of selected genes. These discoveries induced detecting close and distant homologues of former orphan proteins encoded by genes from different bacteria. Grounded on structure-function-relationships, several researchers identified a few of these proteins as novel members of the growing family for lytic polysaccharides monooxygenases. Exemplary, the ecological significance of the characterized proteins including their role to promote interactions among organisms is outlined and discussed.
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Arias AA, Lambert S, Martinet L, Adam D, Tenconi E, Hayette MP, Ongena M, Rigali S. Growth of desferrioxamine-deficientStreptomycesmutants through xenosiderophore piracy of airborne fungal contaminations. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv080. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Schrempf H, Merling P. Extracellular Streptomyces lividans vesicles: composition, biogenesis and antimicrobial activity. Microb Biotechnol 2015; 8:644-58. [PMID: 25851532 PMCID: PMC4476819 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We selected Streptomyces lividans to elucidate firstly the biogenesis and antimicrobial activities of extracellular vesicles that a filamentous and highly differentiated Gram-positive bacterium produces. Vesicle types range in diameter from 110 to 230 nm and 20 to 60 nm, respectively; they assemble to clusters, and contain lipids and phospholipids allowing their in situ imaging by specific fluorescent dyes. The presence of the identified secondary metabolite undecylprodigiosin provokes red fluorescence of a portion of the heterogeneous vesicle populations facilitating in vivo monitoring. Protuberances containing vesicles generate at tips, and alongside of substrate hyphae, and enumerate during late vegetative growth to droplet-like exudates. Owing to in situ imaging in the presence and absence of a green fluorescent vancomycin derivative, we conclude that protuberances comprising vesicles arise at sites with enhanced levels of peptidoglycan subunits [pentapeptide of lipid II (C55)-linked disaccharides], and reduced levels of polymerized and cross-linked peptidoglycan within hyphae. These sites correlate with enhanced levels of anionic phospholipids and lipids. Vesicles provoke pronounced damages of Aspergillus proliferans, Verticillium dahliae and induced clumping and distortion of Escherichia coli. These harmful effects are likely attributable to the action of the identified vesicular compounds including different enzyme types, components of signal transduction cascades and undecylprodigiosin. Based on our pioneering findings, we highlight novel clues with environmental implications and application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildgund Schrempf
- FB Biology/Chemistry, Applied Genetics of Microorganisms, University Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 13, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Philipp Merling
- FB Biology/Chemistry, Applied Genetics of Microorganisms, University Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 13, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
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Moebius N, Üzüm Z, Dijksterhuis J, Lackner G, Hertweck C. Active invasion of bacteria into living fungal cells. eLife 2014; 3:e03007. [PMID: 25182414 PMCID: PMC4166002 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice seedling blight fungus Rhizopus microsporus and its endosymbiont Burkholderia rhizoxinica form an unusual, highly specific alliance to produce the highly potent antimitotic phytotoxin rhizoxin. Yet, it has remained a riddle how bacteria invade the fungal cells. Genome mining for potential symbiosis factors and functional analyses revealed that a type 2 secretion system (T2SS) of the bacterial endosymbiont is required for the formation of the endosymbiosis. Comparative proteome analyses show that the T2SS releases chitinolytic enzymes (chitinase, chitosanase) and chitin-binding proteins. The genes responsible for chitinolytic proteins and T2SS components are highly expressed during infection. Through targeted gene knock-outs, sporulation assays and microscopic investigations we found that chitinase is essential for bacteria to enter hyphae. Unprecedented snapshots of the traceless bacterial intrusion were obtained using cryo-electron microscopy. Beyond unveiling the pivotal role of chitinolytic enzymes in the active invasion of a fungus by bacteria, these findings grant unprecedented insight into the fungal cell wall penetration and symbiosis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Moebius
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Zerrin Üzüm
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Gerald Lackner
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
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Nützmann HW, Schroeckh V, Brakhage AA. Regulatory cross talk and microbial induction of fungal secondary metabolite gene clusters. Methods Enzymol 2013; 517:325-41. [PMID: 23084946 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404634-4.00016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are well-known producers of a wealth of secondary metabolites with various biological activities. Many of these compounds such as penicillin, cyclosporine, or lovastatin are of great importance for human health. Genome sequences of filamentous fungi revealed that the encoded potential to produce secondary metabolites is much higher than the actual number of compounds produced during cultivation in the laboratory. This finding encouraged research groups to develop new methods to exploit the silent reservoir of secondary metabolites. In this chapter, we present three successful strategies to induce the expression of secondary metabolite gene clusters. They are based on the manipulation of the molecular processes controlling the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and the simulation of stimulating environmental conditions leading to altered metabolic profiles. The presented methods were successfully applied to identify novel metabolites. They can be also used to significantly increase product yields.
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MESH Headings
- Aspergillus nidulans/genetics
- Aspergillus nidulans/metabolism
- Culture Media/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Gene Knockout Techniques/methods
- Genes, Fungal
- Genes, Regulator
- Genetic Engineering/methods
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Multigene Family
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Fungal/isolation & purification
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Streptomyces/genetics
- Streptomyces/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transformation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Wilhelm Nützmann
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
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Lamp J, Weber M, Cingöz G, Ortiz de Orué Lucana D, Schrempf H. A Streptomyces-specific member of the metallophosphatase superfamily contributes to spore dormancy and interaction with Aspergillus proliferans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 342:89-97. [PMID: 23480800 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified, cloned and characterized a formerly unknown protein from Streptomyces lividans spores. The deduced protein belongs to a novel member of the metallophosphatase superfamily and contains a phosphatase domain and predicted binding sites for divalent ions. Very close relatives are encoded in the genomic DNA of many different Streptomyces species. As the deduced related homologues diverge from other known phosphatase types, we named the protein MptS (metallophosphatase type from Streptomyces). Comparative physiological and biochemical investigations and analyses by fluorescence microscopy of the progenitor strain, designed mutants carrying either a disruption of the mptS gene or the reintroduced gene as fusion with histidine codons or the egfp gene led to the following results: (i) the mptS gene is transcribed in the course of aerial mycelia formation. (ii) The MptS protein is produced during the late stages of growth, (iii) accumulates within spores, (iv) functions as an active enzyme that releases inorganic phosphate from an artificial model substrate, (v) is required for spore dormancy and (vi) MptS supports the interaction amongst Streptomyces lividans spores with conidia of the fungus Aspergillus proliferans. We discuss the possible role(s) of MptS-dependent enzymatic activity and the implications for spore biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lamp
- FB Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück 49069, Germany
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Effect of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase producing bacteria on the hyphal growth and primordium initiation of Agaricus bisporus. FUNGAL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Klare JP, Ortiz de Orué Lucana D. Conformational changes in the novel redox sensor protein HbpS studied by site-directed spin labeling and its turnover in dependence on the catalase-peroxidase CpeB. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:639-48. [PMID: 21846213 PMCID: PMC3277929 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To establish conditions to study the oligomeric assembly of heme-binding protein (HbpS) in solution by applying the tools of site-directed spin labeling combined with pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (SDSL EPR) spectroscopy, as well as to analyze redox stress-based conformational changes in HbpS subunits within the oligomer in solution. In vivo elucidation of molecular mechanisms that control the downregulation of the novel redox-system HbpS-SenS-SenR. RESULTS Using a set of specifically generated HbpS mutants, and SDSL EPR spectroscopy, we show the octomeric assembly of HbpS in solution, and demonstrate that iron-mediated stress induces conformational changes in HbpS subunits within the octamer. We further demonstrate that the catalase-peroxidase CpeB protects HbpS from hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-mediated oxidative attack in vivo. Moreover, chromosomal inactivation of cpeB results in an enhanced sensitivity of the mutant to redox-cycling compounds. INNOVATION SDSL EPR has been used in this work for the first time to monitor redox-mediated conformational changes in a redox-sensing protein in solution. This work substantially explains redox-dependent dynamics in HbpS at the atomic level, and presents novel molecular mechanisms supporting downregulation of a signaling cascade. CONCLUSION Iron-mediated stress induces movements of subunits within the HbpS octomeric assembly. We suggest a motion of the C-terminal α-helix toward the preceding helical segment. These events upregulate the activity of the HbpS-SenS-SenR system, in which HbpS acts as an accessory element. The mycelia-associated CpeB, under the control of HbpS-SenS-SenR, protects the extracellular HbpS from oxidation in vivo. Thus, de novo synthesized HbpS proteins downregulate the HbpS-SenS-SenR signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann P Klare
- Department of Physics, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
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Vaaje-Kolstad G, Bøhle LA, Gåseidnes S, Dalhus B, Bjørås M, Mathiesen G, Eijsink VG. Characterization of the Chitinolytic Machinery of Enterococcus faecalis V583 and High-Resolution Structure of Its Oxidative CBM33 Enzyme. J Mol Biol 2012; 416:239-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Meschke H, Walter S, Schrempf H. Characterization and localization of prodiginines from Streptomyces lividans suppressing Verticillium dahliae in the absence or presence of Arabidopsis thaliana. Environ Microbiol 2011; 14:940-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Schrempf H, Koebsch I, Walter S, Engelhardt H, Meschke H. Extracellular Streptomyces vesicles: amphorae for survival and defence. Microb Biotechnol 2011; 4:286-99. [PMID: 21342473 PMCID: PMC3818868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue-pigmented exudates arise as droplets on sporulated lawns of Streptomyces coelicolor M110 grown on agar plates. Our electron microscopical and biochemical studies suggest that droplets contain densely packed vesicles with large assemblies of different protein types and/or the polyketide antibiotic actinorhodin. Frozen-hydrated vesicles were unilamellar with a typical bilayer membrane, and ranged from 80 to 400 nm in diameter with a preferred width of 150-300 nm. By means of cryo-electron tomography, three types were reconstructed three-dimensionally: vesicles that were filled with particulate material, likely protein assemblies, those that contained membrane-bound particles, and a vesicle that showed a higher contrast inside, but lacked particles. Our LC/MS analyses of generated tryptic peptides led to the identification of distinct proteins that carry often a predicted N-terminal signal peptide with a twin-arginine motif or lack a canonical signal sequence. The proteins are required for a range of processes: the acquisition of inorganic as well as organic phosphate, iron ions, and of distinct carbon sources, energy metabolism and redox balance, defence against oxidants and tellurites, the tailoring of actinorhodin, folding and assembly of proteins, establishment of turgor, and different signalling cascades. Our novel findings have immense implications for understanding new avenues of environmental biology of streptomycetes and for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildgund Schrempf
- FB Biology/Chemistry, Applied Genetics of Microorganisms, University Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 13, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Brakhage AA, Schroeckh V. Fungal secondary metabolites – Strategies to activate silent gene clusters. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pérez J, Muñoz-Dorado J, Braña AF, Shimkets LJ, Sevillano L, Santamaría RI. Myxococcus xanthus induces actinorhodin overproduction and aerial mycelium formation by Streptomyces coelicolor. Microb Biotechnol 2010; 4:175-83. [PMID: 21342463 PMCID: PMC3818858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction of the predatory myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus with the non‐motile, antibiotic producer Streptomyces coelicolor was examined using a variety of experimental approaches. Myxococcus xanthus cells prey on S. coelicolor, forming streams of ordered cells that lyse the S. coelicolor hyphae in the contact area between the two colonies. The interaction increases actinorhodin production by S. coelicolor up to 20‐fold and triggers aerial mycelium production. Other bacteria are also able to induce these processes in S. coelicolor though to a lesser extent. These studies offer new clues about the expression of genes that remain silent or are expressed at low level in axenic cultures and open the possibility of overproducing compounds of biotechnological interest by using potent inducers synthesized by other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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A selective assay to detect chitin and biologically active nano-machineries for chitin-biosynthesis with their intrinsic chitin-synthase molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:3122-37. [PMID: 20957083 PMCID: PMC2956084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11093122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new assay system for chitin has been developed. It comprises the chitin-binding protein ChbB in fusion with a His-tag as well as with a Strep-tag, the latter of which was chemically coupled to horseradish peroxidase. With the resulting complex, minimal quantities of chitin are photometrically detectable. In addition, the assay allows rapid scoring of the activity of chitin-synthases. As a result, a refined procedure for the rapid purification of yeast chitosomes (nano-machineries for chitin biosynthesis) has been established. Immuno-electronmicroscopical studies of purified chitosomes, gained from a yeast strain carrying a chitin-synthase gene fused to that for GFP (green-fluorescence protein), has led to the in situ localization of chitin-synthase-GFP molecules within chitosomes.
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Meschke H, Schrempf H. Streptomyces lividans inhibits the proliferation of the fungus Verticillium dahliae on seeds and roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Microb Biotechnol 2010; 3:428-43. [PMID: 21255341 PMCID: PMC3815809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, a vascular disease in more than 200 dicotyledonous plants, is due to the ascomycete fungus Verticillium dahliae. As documented by video-microscopy, the soil bacterium Streptomyces lividans strongly reduces the germination of V. dahliae conidia, and the subsequent growth of hyphae. Quantification by the use of DNA-intercalating dyes and Calcofluor-staining revealed that during prolonged co-cultivation, bacterial hyphae proliferate to a dense network, provoke a poor development of V. dahliae vegetative hyphae and lead to an enormous reduction of conidia and microsclerotia. Upon individual application to seeds of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, either the bacterial spores or the fungal conidia germinate at or within the mucilage, including its volcano-shaped structures. The extension of hyphae from each individual strain correlates with the reduction of the pectin-containing mucilage-layer. Proliferating hyphae then spread to roots of the emerging seedlings. Plants, which arise in the presence of V. dahliae within agar or soil, have damaged root cells, an atrophied stem and root, as well as poorly developed leaves with chlorosis symptoms. In contrast, S. lividans hyphae settle in bunches preferentially at the outer layer near tips and alongside roots. Resulting plants have a healthy appearance including an intact root system. Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, which are co-inoculated with V. dahliae and S. lividans, have preferentially proliferating bacterial hyphae within the mucilage, and at roots of the outgrowing seedlings. As a result, plants have considerably reduced disease symptoms. As spores of the beneficial S. lividans strain are obtainable in large quantity, its application is highly attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Meschke
- FB Biology/Chemistry, Applied Genetics of Microorganisms, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 13, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Chater KF, Biró S, Lee KJ, Palmer T, Schrempf H. The complex extracellular biology ofStreptomyces. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2010; 34:171-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Intimate bacterial-fungal interaction triggers biosynthesis of archetypal polyketides in Aspergillus nidulans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:14558-63. [PMID: 19666480 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901870106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce numerous low molecular weight molecules endowed with a multitude of biological activities. However, mining the full-genome sequences of fungi indicates that their potential to produce secondary metabolites is greatly underestimated. Because most of the biosynthesis gene clusters are silent under laboratory conditions, one of the major challenges is to understand the physiological conditions under which these genes are activated. Thus, we cocultivated the important model fungus Aspergillus nidulans with a collection of 58 soil-dwelling actinomycetes. By microarray analyses of both Aspergillus secondary metabolism and full-genome arrays and Northern blot and quantitative RT-PCR analyses, we demonstrate at the molecular level that a distinct fungal-bacterial interaction leads to the specific activation of fungal secondary metabolism genes. Most surprisingly, dialysis experiments and electron microscopy indicated that an intimate physical interaction of the bacterial and fungal mycelia is required to elicit the specific response. Gene knockout experiments provided evidence that one induced gene cluster codes for the long-sought after polyketide synthase (PKS) required for the biosynthesis of the archetypal polyketide orsellinic acid, the typical lichen metabolite lecanoric acid, and the cathepsin K inhibitors F-9775A and F-9775B. A phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that orthologs of this PKS are widespread in nature in all major fungal groups, including mycobionts of lichens. These results provide evidence of specific interaction among microorganisms belonging to different domains and support the hypothesis that not only diffusible signals but intimate physical interactions contribute to the communication among microorganisms and induction of otherwise silent biosynthesis genes.
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Tarkka MT, Sarniguet A, Frey-Klett P. Inter-kingdom encounters: recent advances in molecular bacterium-fungus interactions. Curr Genet 2009; 55:233-43. [PMID: 19337734 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-009-0241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between bacteria and fungi are well known, but it is often underestimated how intimate and decisive such associations can be with respect to behaviour and survival of each participating organism. In this article we review recent advances in molecular bacterium-fungus interactions, combining the data of different model systems. Emphasis is given to the positive or negative consequences these interactions have on the microbe accommodating plants and animals. Intricate mechanisms of antagonism and tolerance have emerged, being as important for the biological control of plants against fungal diseases as for the human body against fungal infections. Bacterial growth promoters of fungal mycelium have been characterized, and these may as well assist plant-fungus mutualism as disease development in animals. Some of the toxins that have been previously associated with fungi are actually produced by endobacteria, and the mechanisms that lie behind the maintenance of such exquisite endosymbioses are fascinating. Bacteria do cause diseases in fungi, and a synergistic action between bacterial toxins and extracellular enzymes is the hallmark of such diseases. The molecular study of bacterium-fungus associations has expanded our view on microbial communication, and this promising field shows now great potentials in medicinal, agricultural and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika T Tarkka
- UFZ, Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany.
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Spröte P, Hynes MJ, Hortschansky P, Shelest E, Scharf DH, Wolke SM, Brakhage AA. Identification of the novel penicillin biosynthesis gene aatB of Aspergillus nidulans and its putative evolutionary relationship to this fungal secondary metabolism gene cluster. Mol Microbiol 2008; 70:445-61. [PMID: 18942174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The final step of penicillin biosynthesis in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans is catalysed by isopenicillin N acyltransferase encoded by the aatA gene. Because there is no bacterial homologue, its evolutionary origin remained obscure. As shown here,disruption of aatA still enabled penicillin production. Genome mining led to the discovery of the aatB gene(AN6775.3) which has a similar structure and expression pattern as aatA. Disruption of aatB resulted in a reduced penicillin titre. Surface plasmon resonance analysis and Northern blot analysis indicated that the promoters of both aatA and aatB are bound and regulated by the same transcription factors AnCF and AnBH1f. In contrast to aatA, aatB does not encode a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS1). Overexpression of a mutated aatB(PTS1) gene in an aatA-disruption strain(leading to peroxisomal localization of AatB)increased the penicillin titre more than overexpression of the wild-type aatB. Homologues of aatA are exclusively part of the penicillin biosynthesis gene cluster,whereas aatB homologues also exist in non-producing fungi. Our findings suggest that aatB is a paralogue of aatA. They extend the model of evolution of the penicillin biosynthesis gene cluster by recruitment of a biosynthesis gene and its cis-regulatory sites upon gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Spröte
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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