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Seekles SJ, van den Brule T, Punt M, Dijksterhuis J, Arentshorst M, Ijadpanahsaravi M, Roseboom W, Meuken G, Ongenae V, Zwerus J, Ohm RA, Kramer G, Wösten HAB, de Winde JH, Ram AFJ. Compatible solutes determine the heat resistance of conidia. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2023; 10:21. [PMID: 37957766 PMCID: PMC10644514 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-023-00168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asexually developed fungal spores (conidia) are key for the massive proliferation and dispersal of filamentous fungi. Germination of conidia and subsequent formation of a mycelium network give rise to many societal problems related to human and animal fungal diseases, post-harvest food spoilage, loss of harvest caused by plant-pathogenic fungi and moulding of buildings. Conidia are highly stress resistant compared to the vegetative mycelium and therefore even more difficult to tackle. RESULTS In this study, complementary approaches are used to show that accumulation of mannitol and trehalose as the main compatible solutes during spore maturation is a key factor for heat resistance of conidia. Compatible solute concentrations increase during conidia maturation, correlating with increased heat resistance of mature conidia. This maturation only occurs when conidia are attached to the conidiophore. Moreover, conidia of a mutant Aspergillus niger strain, constructed by deleting genes involved in mannitol and trehalose synthesis and consequently containing low concentrations of these compatible solutes, exhibit a sixteen orders of magnitude more sensitive heat shock phenotype compared to wild-type conidia. Cultivation at elevated temperature results in adaptation of conidia with increased heat resistance. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed two putative heat shock proteins to be upregulated under these conditions. However, conidia of knock-out strains lacking these putative heat shock proteins did not show a reduced heat resistance. CONCLUSIONS Heat stress resistance of fungal conidia is mainly determined by the compatible solute composition established during conidia maturation. To prevent heat resistant fungal spore contaminants, food processing protocols should consider environmental conditions stimulating compatible solute accumulation and potentially use compatible solute biosynthesis as a novel food preservation target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J Seekles
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van den Brule
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Punt
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijksterhuis
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Arentshorst
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maryam Ijadpanahsaravi
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Winfried Roseboom
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gwendolin Meuken
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Véronique Ongenae
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jordy Zwerus
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robin A Ohm
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Han A B Wösten
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes H de Winde
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur F J Ram
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Jiménez-Gómez I, Valdés-Muñoz G, Moreno-Ulloa A, Pérez-Llano Y, Moreno-Perlín T, Silva-Jiménez H, Barreto-Curiel F, Sánchez-Carbente MDR, Folch-Mallol JL, Gunde-Cimerman N, Lago-Lestón A, Batista-García RA. Surviving in the Brine: A Multi-Omics Approach for Understanding the Physiology of the Halophile Fungus Aspergillus sydowii at Saturated NaCl Concentration. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840408. [PMID: 35586858 PMCID: PMC9108488 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although various studies have investigated osmoadaptations of halophilic fungi to saline conditions, only few analyzed the fungal mechanisms occurring at saturated NaCl concentrations. Halophilic Aspergillus sydowii is a model organism for the study of molecular adaptations of filamentous fungi to hyperosmolarity. For the first time a multi-omics approach (i.e., transcriptomics and metabolomics) was used to compare A. sydowii at saturated concentration (5.13 M NaCl) to optimal salinity (1 M NaCl). Analysis revealed 1,842 genes differentially expressed of which 704 were overexpressed. Most differentially expressed genes were involved in metabolism and signal transduction. A gene ontology multi-scale network showed that ATP binding constituted the main network node with direct interactions to phosphorelay signal transduction, polysaccharide metabolism, and transferase activity. Free amino acids significantly decreased and amino acid metabolism was reprogrammed at 5.13 M NaCl. mRNA transcriptional analysis revealed upregulation of genes involved in methionine and cysteine biosynthesis at extreme water deprivation by NaCl. No modifications of membrane fatty acid composition occurred. Upregulated genes were involved in high-osmolarity glycerol signal transduction pathways, biosynthesis of β-1,3-glucans, and cross-membrane ion transporters. Downregulated genes were related to the synthesis of chitin, mannose, cell wall proteins, starvation, pheromone synthesis, and cell cycle. Non-coding RNAs represented the 20% of the total transcripts with 7% classified as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The 42% and 69% of the total lncRNAs and RNAs encoding transcription factors, respectively, were differentially expressed. A network analysis showed that differentially expressed lncRNAs and RNAs coding transcriptional factors were mainly related to the regulation of metabolic processes, protein phosphorylation, protein kinase activity, and plasma membrane composition. Metabolomic analyses revealed more complex and unknown metabolites at saturated NaCl concentration than at optimal salinity. This study is the first attempt to unravel the molecular ecology of an ascomycetous fungus at extreme water deprivation by NaCl (5.13 M). This work also represents a pioneer study to investigate the importance of lncRNAs and transcriptional factors in the transcriptomic response to high NaCl stress in halophilic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Jiménez-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Gisell Valdés-Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Aldo Moreno-Ulloa
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Yordanis Pérez-Llano
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Tonatiuh Moreno-Perlín
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Hortencia Silva-Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Asunción Lago-Lestón
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ramón Alberto Batista-García, ;
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Martínez-Miranda JG, Chairez I, Durán-Páramo E. Mannitol Production by Heterofermentative Lactic Acid Bacteria: a Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:2762-2795. [PMID: 35195836 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases are directly related to the high consumption of processed sugars with high caloric content. The current food industry has novel trends related to replacing highly caloric sugars with non-caloric or low-calorie sweeteners. Mannitol, a polyol, represents a suitable substitute because it has a low caloric content and does not induce a glycemic response, which is crucial for diabetic people. Consequently, this polyol has multiple applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and medicine industries. Mannitol can be produced by plant extraction, chemical or enzymatic synthesis, or microbial fermentation. Different in vitro processes have been developed regarding enzymatic synthesis to obtain mannitol from fructose, glucose, or starch-derived substrates. Various microorganisms such as yeast, fungi, and bacteria are applied for microbial fermentation. Among them, heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) represent a reliable and feasible alternative due to their metabolic characteristics. In this regard, the yield and productivity of mannitol depend on the culture system, the growing conditions, and the culture medium composition. In situ mannitol production represents a novel approach to decrease the sugar content in food and beverages. Also, genetic engineering offers an interesting option to obtain mannitol-producing strains. This review presents and discusses the most significant advances that have been made in the mannitol production through fermentation by heterofermentative LAB, including the pertinent and critical analysis of culture conditions considering broth composition, reaction systems, and their effects on productivities and yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gilberto Martínez-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Bioconversiones, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, 07340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isaac Chairez
- Laboratorio de Bioconversiones, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, 07340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Durán-Páramo
- Laboratorio de Bioconversiones, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, 07340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Effects of Soaking Tempe in Vinegar on Metabolome and Sensory Profiles. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010030. [PMID: 35050152 PMCID: PMC8781261 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tempe is a fermented soybean food that is globally renowned for its high protein content. Methods of preparing tempe vary worldwide, and include soaking in vinegar before fermentation. This study aimed to determine the effects of soaking in vinegar by metabolome analysis, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and sensory attribute evaluation. Vinegar affected metabolism during tempe fermentation, which led to altered metabolite profiles in the final product. We validated the metabolite profiles of two types of tempe using triangle tests and rate-all-that-apply (RATA) tests, which revealed that the sensory attributes of a golden-brown color, ammonia smell, pleasant smell, salty flavor, and acceptance significantly differed (p < 0.05) between the two types of tempe. A high concentration of specific amino acids in the control tempe explained a strong ammonia smell, saltiness, and darker golden-brown sensory attributes. Tempe soaked in vinegar contained high concentrations of metabolites associated with a roasted aroma and cooked meat. In conclusion, most RATA panelists who were being introduced to tempe preferred that soaked in vinegar to the control that was not.
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Rodríguez-Pupo EC, Pérez-Llano Y, Tinoco-Valencia JR, Sánchez NS, Padilla-Garfias F, Calahorra M, Sánchez NDC, Sánchez-Reyes A, Rodríguez-Hernández MDR, Peña A, Sánchez O, Aguirre J, Batista-García RA, Folch-Mallol JL, Sánchez-Carbente MDR. Osmolyte Signatures for the Protection of Aspergillus sydowii Cells under Halophilic Conditions and Osmotic Shock. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:414. [PMID: 34073303 PMCID: PMC8228332 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus sydowii is a moderate halophile fungus extensively studied for its biotechnological potential and halophile responses, which has also been reported as a coral reef pathogen. In a recent publication, the transcriptomic analysis of this fungus, when growing on wheat straw, showed that genes related to cell wall modification and cation transporters were upregulated under hypersaline conditions but not under 0.5 M NaCl, the optimal salinity for growth in this strain. This led us to study osmolyte accumulation as a mechanism to withstand moderate salinity. In this work, we show that A. sydowii accumulates trehalose, arabitol, mannitol, and glycerol with different temporal dynamics, which depend on whether the fungus is exposed to hypo- or hyperosmotic stress. The transcripts coding for enzymes responsible for polyalcohol synthesis were regulated in a stress-dependent manner. Interestingly, A. sydowii contains three homologs (Hog1, Hog2 and MpkC) of the Hog1 MAPK, the master regulator of hyperosmotic stress response in S. cerevisiae and other fungi. We show a differential regulation of these MAPKs under different salinity conditions, including sustained basal Hog1/Hog2 phosphorylation levels in the absence of NaCl or in the presence of 2.0 M NaCl, in contrast to what is observed in S. cerevisiae. These findings indicate that halophilic fungi such as A. sydowii utilize different osmoadaptation mechanisms to hypersaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Caridad Rodríguez-Pupo
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (E.C.R.-P.); (Y.P.-L.); (M.d.R.R.-H.); (J.L.F.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, IICBA, UAEM, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Yordanis Pérez-Llano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (E.C.R.-P.); (Y.P.-L.); (M.d.R.R.-H.); (J.L.F.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, IICBA, UAEM, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - José Raunel Tinoco-Valencia
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62210, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Norma Silvia Sánchez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Cto. Exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Federal District, Mexico; (N.S.S.); (F.P.-G.); (M.C.); (A.P.); (O.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Francisco Padilla-Garfias
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Cto. Exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Federal District, Mexico; (N.S.S.); (F.P.-G.); (M.C.); (A.P.); (O.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Martha Calahorra
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Cto. Exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Federal District, Mexico; (N.S.S.); (F.P.-G.); (M.C.); (A.P.); (O.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Nilda del C. Sánchez
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, UNAM, Campus Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62210, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Ayixón Sánchez-Reyes
- Catedras Conacyt-Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62210, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - María del Rocío Rodríguez-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (E.C.R.-P.); (Y.P.-L.); (M.d.R.R.-H.); (J.L.F.-M.)
| | - Antonio Peña
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Cto. Exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Federal District, Mexico; (N.S.S.); (F.P.-G.); (M.C.); (A.P.); (O.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Olivia Sánchez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Cto. Exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Federal District, Mexico; (N.S.S.); (F.P.-G.); (M.C.); (A.P.); (O.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Cto. Exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Federal District, Mexico; (N.S.S.); (F.P.-G.); (M.C.); (A.P.); (O.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, IICBA, UAEM, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (E.C.R.-P.); (Y.P.-L.); (M.d.R.R.-H.); (J.L.F.-M.)
| | - María del Rayo Sánchez-Carbente
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (E.C.R.-P.); (Y.P.-L.); (M.d.R.R.-H.); (J.L.F.-M.)
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Zhu Y, Mao Y, Ma T, Wen X. Effect of culture conditions on conidia production and enhancement of environmental stress resistance of Esteya vermicola in solid-state fermentation. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:404-412. [PMID: 33305527 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Esteya vermicola is an endoparasitic fungus producing lunate conidia, which kill pine wood nematode (PWN), and PWN could cause pine wilt disease (PWD). The aims of this study were to increase production and confirm the resistance (temperature and UV irradiation) of lunate conidia, and further determine the effective concentrations of conidia infecting PWN. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, rice was used as a carrier to absorb conidial suspension to propagate conidia. The optimal conditions for lunate conidia production were 25°C temperature, 9 days of culture time, 2 : 1 rice/distilled water ratio and 10% inoculum size. The germination rate of E. vermicola cultured on potato dextrose agar was influenced by UV irradiation, similar to growth on rice. Esteya vermicola cultured on rice under heat stress might be more suitable for application in the field. The concentration (1 × 108 conidia per ml) to kill PWN had the highest infectivity among the four conidia concentrations tested after 3 days of inoculation. CONCLUSIONS This study showed a rice substrate-supported high-quality conidia production and the optimal infectivity concentration of E. vermicola. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results provide the necessary process of an economical and efficient biological control strategy against PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Y Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - T Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - X Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
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Mannitol and erythritol reduce the ethanol yield during Chinese Baijiu production. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108933. [PMID: 33181418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chinese Baijiu is prepared using multiple microbial strains and complex metabolites by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Yeasts are challenged by various endogenous and exogenous factors, detrimentally affecting the ethanol yield. It is imperative to identify and control inhibitory factors. In the present study, microbial taxa and metabolites during Baijiu fermentation were evaluated to identify inhibitors of ethanol production. We found that filamentous fungi and Bacillus, contributing to saccharification, were negatively related to the ethanol content (Spearman's |ρ| > 0.5, P < 0.05). To explore how they affect ethanol production, ten filamentous fungi and three Bacillus strains were isolated. In addition to glucose and maltose, polyols were simultaneously generated by filamentous fungi and Bacillus via the hydrolysis of starch, among which mannitol and erythritol had the highest contents of up to 41.56 ± 2.01 g/kg and 16.16 ± 1.13 g/kg, respectively. The presence of mannitol and erythritol inhibited ethanol production by the functional yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia kudriavzevii. The presence of 10.0 g/L mannitol significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the ethanol yield of S. cerevisiae by 12.67% (from 39.34 ± 0.02% to 32.71 ± 0.49%). These results revealed that polyols may inhibit the production of Baijiu and other fermented foods, suggesting that the origin and influence of polyols should be a focus of future research.
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MAL62 overexpression enhances uridine diphosphoglucose-dependent trehalose synthesis and glycerol metabolism for cryoprotection of baker's yeast in lean dough. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:196. [PMID: 33076920 PMCID: PMC7574194 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, alpha-glucosidase (maltase) is a key enzyme in maltose metabolism. In addition, the overexpression of the alpha-glucosidase-encoding gene MAL62 has been shown to increase the freezing tolerance of yeast in lean dough. However, its cryoprotection mechanism is still not clear. RESULTS RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that MAL62 overexpression increased uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG)-dependent trehalose synthesis. The changes in transcript abundance were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme activity assays. When the UDPG-dependent trehalose synthase activity was abolished, MAL62 overexpression failed to promote the synthesis of intracellular trehalose. Moreover, in strains lacking trehalose synthesis, the cell viability in the late phase of prefermentation freezing coupled with MAL62 overexpression was slightly reduced, which can be explained by the increase in the intracellular glycerol concentration. This result was consistent with the elevated transcription of glycerol synthesis pathway members. CONCLUSIONS The increased freezing tolerance by MAL62 overexpression is mainly achieved by the increased trehalose content via the UDPG-dependent pathway, and glycerol also plays an important role. These findings shed new light on the mechanism of yeast response to freezing in lean bread dough and can help to improve industrial yeast strains.
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Putri Wisman A, Tamada Y, Hirohata S, Fukusaki E, Shimma S. Metabolic Visualization Reveals the Distinct Distribution of Sugars and Amino Acids in Rice Koji. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2020; 9:A0089. [PMID: 32944490 PMCID: PMC7471875 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The compounds inside rice koji have been thoroughly investigated as an essential material in making many food-related products, including sake. However, these studies focused only on quantitative aspects, leaving features that can still be uncovered if seen from a new perspective. Visualization of the metabolites inside rice koji may as well be the new angle needed to retrieve more information regarding rice koji making. Here we utilized mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to visualize the distribution of sugars, sugar alcohols, and amino acids inside rice koji. Imaging results revealed that several sugars alcohols and amino acids were shown to have characteristic distribution near the edges or surface of rice koji. Furthermore, the distribution appears to be correlated with the different structure of rice koji. This study is the first report of using MSI to visualize sugars, sugar alcohols, and amino acids in rice koji.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adinda Putri Wisman
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | | | | | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University.,Osaka University Shimadzu Analytical Innovation Laboratory, Osaka University
| | - Shuichi Shimma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University.,Osaka University Shimadzu Analytical Innovation Laboratory, Osaka University
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10
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Fan J, Zhang Z, Long C, He B, Hu Z, Jiang C, Zeng B. Identification and functional characterization of glycerol dehydrogenase reveal the role in kojic acid synthesis in Aspergillus oryzae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:136. [PMID: 32783085 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycerol dehydrogenase has been identified and characterized functionally in many species. However, little is known about glycerol dehydrogenase genes and their functions in Aspergillus oryzae. Here, a total of 45 glycerol dehydrogenase genes in Aspergillus oryzae were identified and renamed from AoGld1 to AoGld45 according to their chromosome distribution. They were classified into three groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Synteny analysis revealed that thirteen AoGld genes are conserved among Aspergillus species. Promoter analysis displayed that AoGld3 and AoGld13 harbored multiple binding elements of GATA-type transcription factors and zinc-finger protein msnA that were involved in nitrogen and kojic acid metabolism, respectively. Moreover, the AoGld3 deletion strain Δgld3 was generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which had no visible growth defects compared with the control wild-type strain under the control and osmotic stress treatments. However, disruption of AoGld3 led to the inhibition of kojic acid production, and the expression of kojA, kojR was down-regulated in the Δgld3 strain. Furthermore, when kojA or kojR was overexpressed in the Δgld3 strain, the yield of kojic acid was restored, suggesting that AoGld3 is involved in kojic acid production through affecting the expression of kojR and kojA. Taken together, these findings provide new insights into our understanding of glycerol dehydrogenase and establish foundation for further study of their roles in Aspergillus oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Fan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Chuannan Long
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Bin He
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Chunmiao Jiang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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11
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Liu X, Wang Z, Yan Y, Yu X, Zhao P, Wang X, Hu L, Xu J, Xu J. Novel strategy of incorporating biochar in solid-state fermentation for enhancing erythritol production by forming "microzones". BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123141. [PMID: 32171177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is increasingly considered in addressing bioprocess issues due to its strong adsorbability and excellent compatibility to microbes. Here, biochar was first applied in aerobic solid-state fermentation (SSF) for erythritol production. Biochars derived from different agricultural wastes under various pyrolysis temperatures were evaluated, and wheat straw pyrolyzed at 300 °C (WSc) performed the best in enhancing fermentative erythritol production, with a dosage of 4% (w/w). In this procedure, cell-biochar-substrate "microzones" were formed, which was conductive to cell growth and attachment, and hence contributed enhanced enzyme activities, oil consumption, and erythritol production. The resultant erythritol productions of batch and fed-batch fermentations were 207.3 and 222.5 mg/gds, respectively. In repeated-batch fermentation, high cell viability and robust erythritol synthesis were maintained throughout seven cycles. This study demonstrates that SSF can be remarkably facilitated by biochar addition, suggesting a new perspective of biochar application in microbiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yubo Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Xinjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pusu Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jiaxing Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jiming Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China.
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12
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13
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Pérez-Llano Y, Rodríguez-Pupo EC, Druzhinina IS, Chenthamara K, Cai F, Gunde-Cimerman N, Zalar P, Gostinčar C, Kostanjšek R, Folch-Mallol JL, Batista-García RA, Sánchez-Carbente MDR. Stress Reshapes the Physiological Response of Halophile Fungi to Salinity. Cells 2020; 9:E525. [PMID: 32106416 PMCID: PMC7140475 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Mechanisms of cellular and molecular adaptation of fungi to salinity have been commonly drawn from halotolerant strains and few studies in basidiomycete fungi. These studies have been conducted in settings where cells are subjected to stress, either hypo- or hyperosmotic, which can be a confounding factor in describing physiological mechanisms related to salinity. (2) Methods: We have studied transcriptomic changes in Aspergillussydowii, a halophilic species, when growing in three different salinity conditions (No NaCl, 0.5 M, and 2.0 M NaCl). (3) Results: In this fungus, major physiological modifications occur under high salinity (2.0 M NaCl) and not when cultured under optimal conditions (0.5 M NaCl), suggesting that most of the mechanisms described for halophilic growth are a consequence of saline stress response and not an adaptation to saline conditions. Cell wall modifications occur exclusively at extreme salinity, with an increase in cell wall thickness and lamellar structure, which seem to involve a decrease in chitin content and an augmented content of alfa and beta-glucans. Additionally, three hydrophobin genes were differentially expressed under hypo- or hyperosmotic stress but not when the fungus grows optimally. Regarding compatible solutes, glycerol is the main compound accumulated in salt stress conditions, whereas trehalose is accumulated in the absence of salt. (4) Conclusions: Physiological responses to salinity vary greatly between optimal and high salt concentrations and are not a simple graded effect as the salt concentration increases. Our results highlight the influence of stress in reshaping the response of extremophiles to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordanis Pérez-Llano
- Center of Research on Cell Dynamics, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Morelos 62210, Mexico; (Y.P.-L.); (E.C.R.-P.)
| | - Eya Caridad Rodríguez-Pupo
- Center of Research on Cell Dynamics, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Morelos 62210, Mexico; (Y.P.-L.); (E.C.R.-P.)
| | - Irina S. Druzhinina
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (I.S.D.); (K.C.); (F.C.)
- Fungal Genomics Group, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Komal Chenthamara
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (I.S.D.); (K.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Feng Cai
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (I.S.D.); (K.C.); (F.C.)
- Fungal Genomics Group, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.G.-C.); (P.Z.); (C.G.); (R.K.)
| | - Polona Zalar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.G.-C.); (P.Z.); (C.G.); (R.K.)
| | - Cene Gostinčar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.G.-C.); (P.Z.); (C.G.); (R.K.)
| | - Rok Kostanjšek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.G.-C.); (P.Z.); (C.G.); (R.K.)
| | - Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Fungi, Center for Research on Biotechnology, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Morelos 62210, Mexico;
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Center of Research on Cell Dynamics, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Morelos 62210, Mexico; (Y.P.-L.); (E.C.R.-P.)
| | - María del Rayo Sánchez-Carbente
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Fungi, Center for Research on Biotechnology, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Morelos 62210, Mexico;
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van den Brule T, Punt M, Teertstra W, Houbraken J, Wösten H, Dijksterhuis J. The most heat-resistant conidia observed to date are formed by distinct strains of Paecilomyces variotii. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:986-999. [PMID: 31444981 PMCID: PMC7065192 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungi colonize habitats by means of spores. These cells are stress‐resistant compared with growing fungal cells. Fungal conidia, asexual spores, formed by cosmopolitan fungal genera like Penicillium, Aspergillus and Peacilomyces are dispersed by air. They are present in places where food products are stored and as a result, they cause food spoilage. Here, we determined the heterogeneity of heat resistance of conidia between and within strains of Paecilomyces variotii, a spoiler of foods such as margarine, fruit juices, canned fruits and non‐carbonized sodas. Out of 108 strains, 31 isolates showed a conidial survival >10% after a 10‐min‐heat treatment at 59°C. Three strains with different conidial heat resistance were selected for further phenotyping. Conidia of DTO 212‐C5 and DTO 032‐I3 showed 0.3% and 2.6% survival in the screening respectively, while survival of DTO 217‐A2 conidia was >10%. The decimal reduction times of these strains at 60°C (D60 value) were 3.7 ± 0.08, 5.5 ± 0.35 and 22.9 ± 2.00 min respectively. Further in‐depth analysis revealed that the three strains showed differences in morphology, spore size distributions, compatible solute compositions and growth under salt stress. Conidia of DTO 217‐A2 are the most heat‐resistant reported so far. The ecological consequences of this heterogeneity of resistance, including food spoilage, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom van den Brule
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Applied and Industrial Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Punt
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Utrecht University, Molecular Microbiology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wieke Teertstra
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Utrecht University, Molecular Microbiology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Houbraken
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Applied and Industrial Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Han Wösten
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Utrecht University, Molecular Microbiology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijksterhuis
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Applied and Industrial Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Singh D, Lee S, Lee CH. Fathoming Aspergillus oryzae metabolomes in formulated growth matrices. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:35-49. [PMID: 30037282 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1490246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The stochasticity of Aspergillus oryzae (Trivially: the koji mold) pan-metabolomes commensurate with its ubiquitously distributed landscapes, i.e. growth matrices have been seemed uncharted since its food fermentative systems are mostly being investigated. In this review, we explicitly have discussed the likely tendencies of A. oryzae metabolomes pertaining to its growth milieu formulated with substrate matrices of varying nature, composition, texture, and associated physicochemical parameters. We envisaged typical food matrices, namely, meju, koji, and moromi as the semi-natural cultivation models toward delineating the metabolomic patterns of the koji mold, which synergistically influences the organoleptic and functional properties of the end products. Further, we highlighted how tailored conditions in sub-natural growth matrices, i.e. synthetic cultivation media blends, inducers, and growth surfaces, may influence A. oryzae metabolomes and targeted phenotypes. In general, the sequential or synchronous growth of A. oryzae on formulated matrices results in a number of metabolic tradeoffs with its immediate microenvironment influencing its adaptive and regulatory metabolomes. In broader context, evaluating the metabolic plasticity of A. oryzae relative to the tractable variables in formulated growth matrices might help approximate its growth and metabolism in the more complex natural matrices and environs. These approaches may considerably help in the design and manipulation of hybrid cultivation systems towards the efficient harnessing of commercial molds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Lee JI, Kim DW, Jang GJ, Song S, Park KJ, Lim JH, Kim BM, Lee HJ, Chen F, Ryu YB, Kim HJ. Effects of different storage conditions on the metabolite and microbial profiles of white rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 28:623-631. [PMID: 31093419 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial populations in white rice (Oryza sativa L.) samples stored for 6 months in open or closed conditions were studied and their metabolite profiles analyzed using GC/MS to elucidate the relationship between storage and rice quality. Rice samples stored in open conditions at 25 °C were contaminated by Aspergillus tritici, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Penicillium sp., whereas the control stored in closed conditions at 5 °C was mainly contaminated by Hyphopichia burtonii and A. tritici. These differences resulted in significantly different metabolite profiles. Increased mold population decreased the levels of fresh rice flavor-associated volatile metabolites and primary energy sources, but increased the levels of metabolites associated with lipid oxidation, polyols, and energy production. Thus, rice quality, especially flavor, could be significantly influenced by the increased mold population caused by open storage at 25 °C; volatile metabolites and polyols are potential indicators of rice quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-In Lee
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea.,6Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212 Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea
| | - Gwang-Ju Jang
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea
| | - Seonghwa Song
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea
| | - Kee Jai Park
- 3Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lim
- 3Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Bo-Min Kim
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea
| | - Feng Chen
- 5Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Young Bae Ryu
- 6Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212 Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea.,2Department of Food Science & Technology and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam Korea.,EZmass Co. Ltd., Jinju, Gyeongnam Korea
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17
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Solid-state cultivation of recombinant Aspergillus nidulans to co-produce xylanase, arabinofuranosidase, and xylooligosaccharides from soybean fibre. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Webb C. Design Aspects of Solid State Fermentation as Applied to Microbial Bioprocessing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.15406/jabb.2017.04.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Klein M, Swinnen S, Thevelein JM, Nevoigt E. Glycerol metabolism and transport in yeast and fungi: established knowledge and ambiguities. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:878-893. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Klein
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry; Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH; Campus Ring 1 Bremen 28759 Germany
| | - Steve Swinnen
- GlobalYeast NV; Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven-Heverlee 3001 Belgium
| | - Johan M. Thevelein
- GlobalYeast NV; Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven-Heverlee 3001 Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology; Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology; VIB; Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven Flanders Belgium
| | - Elke Nevoigt
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry; Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH; Campus Ring 1 Bremen 28759 Germany
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20
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21
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Wyatt TT, Wösten HAB, Dijksterhuis J. Fungal spores for dispersion in space and time. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 85:43-91. [PMID: 23942148 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spores are an integral part of the life cycle of the gross majority of fungi. Their morphology and the mode of formation are both highly variable among the fungi, as is their resistance to stressors. The main aim for spores is to be dispersed, both in space, by various mechanisms or in time, by an extended period of dormancy. Some fungal ascospores belong to the most stress-resistant eukaryotic cells described to date. Stabilization is a process in which biomolecules and complexes thereof are protected by different types of molecules against heat, drought, or other molecules. This review discusses the most important compounds that are known to protect fungal spores and also addresses the biophysics of cell protection. It further covers the phenomena of dormancy, breaking of dormancy, and early germination. Germination is the transition from a dormant cell toward a vegetative cell and includes a number of specific changes. Finally, the applied aspects of spore biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon T Wyatt
- Department of Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Wyatt TT, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Wösten HA, Dijksterhuis J. Structural analysis of novel trehalose-based oligosaccharides from extremely stress-tolerant ascospores of Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri). Carbohydr Res 2015; 411:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Wyatt TT, van Leeuwen MR, Golovina EA, Hoekstra FA, Kuenstner EJ, Palumbo EA, Snyder NL, Visagie C, Verkennis A, Hallsworth JE, Wösten HAB, Dijksterhuis J. Functionality and prevalence of trehalose-based oligosaccharides as novel compatible solutes in ascospores of Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri) and other fungi. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:395-411. [PMID: 25040129 PMCID: PMC4371660 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ascospores of Neosartorya, Byssochlamys and Talaromyces can be regarded as the most stress-resistant eukaryotic cells. They can survive exposure at temperatures as high as 85°C for 100 min or more. Neosartorya fischeri ascospores are more viscous and more resistant to the combined stress of heat and desiccation than the ascospores of Talaromyces macrosporus which contain predominantly trehalose. These ascospores contain trehalose-based oligosaccharides (TOS) that are novel compatible solutes, which are accumulated to high levels. These compounds are also found in other members of the genus Neosartorya and in some other genera within the order Eurotiales that also include Byssochlamys and Talaromyces. The presence of oligosaccharides was observed in species that had a relatively high growth temperature. TOS glasses have a higher glass transition temperature (Tg ) than trehalose, and they form a stable glass with crystallizing molecules, such as mannitol. Our data indicate that TOS are important for prolonged stabilization of cells against stress. The possible unique role of these solutes in protection against dry heat conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon T Wyatt
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584CT, The Netherlands
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24
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Osmolovskiy AA, Baranova NA, Kreier VG, Kurakov AV, Egorov NS. Solid-state and membrane-surface liquid cultures of micromycetes: Specific features of their development and enzyme production (a Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683814030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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García-Martínez J, Castrillo M, Avalos J. The gene cutA of Fusarium fujikuroi, encoding a protein of the haloacid dehalogenase family, is involved in osmotic stress and glycerol metabolism. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:26-36. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.071761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of micro-organisms in natural habitats depends on their ability to adapt to variations in osmotic conditions. We previously described the gene cut-1 of Neurospora crassa, encoding a protein of the haloacid dehalogenase family with an unknown function in the osmotic stress response. Here we report on the functional analysis of cutA, the orthologous gene in the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium fujikuroi. cutA mRNA levels increased transiently after exposure to 0.68 M NaCl and were reduced upon return to normal osmotic conditions; deletion of the gene resulted in a partial reduction in tolerance to osmotic stress. ΔcutA mutants contained much lower intracellular levels of glycerol than the wild-type, and did not exhibit the increase following hyper-osmotic shock expected from the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) response. cutA is linked and divergently transcribed with the putative glycerol dehydrogenase gene gldB, which showed the same regulation by osmotic shock. The intergenic cutA/gldB regulatory region contains putative stress-response elements conserved in other fungi, and both genes shared other regulatory features, such as induction by heat shock and by illumination. Photoinduction was also observed in the HOG response gene hogA, and was lost in mutants of the white collar gene wcoA. Previous data on glycerol production in Aspergillus spp. and features of the predicted CutA protein lead us to propose that F. fujikuroi produces glycerol from dihydroxyacetone, and that CutA is the enzyme involved in the synthesis of this precursor by dephosphorylation of dihydroxyacetone-3P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Martínez
- Departamento of Genética, Facultad of Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Castrillo
- Departamento of Genética, Facultad of Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Avalos
- Departamento of Genética, Facultad of Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain
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Dynamics of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptome during bread dough fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7325-33. [PMID: 24056467 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02649-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The behavior of yeast cells during industrial processes such as the production of beer, wine, and bioethanol has been extensively studied. In contrast, our knowledge about yeast physiology during solid-state processes, such as bread dough, cheese, or cocoa fermentation, remains limited. We investigated changes in the transcriptomes of three genetically distinct Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains during bread dough fermentation. Our results show that regardless of the genetic background, all three strains exhibit similar changes in expression patterns. At the onset of fermentation, expression of glucose-regulated genes changes dramatically, and the osmotic stress response is activated. The middle fermentation phase is characterized by the induction of genes involved in amino acid metabolism. Finally, at the latest time point, cells suffer from nutrient depletion and activate pathways associated with starvation and stress responses. Further analysis shows that genes regulated by the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, the major pathway involved in the response to osmotic stress and glycerol homeostasis, are among the most differentially expressed genes at the onset of fermentation. More importantly, deletion of HOG1 and other genes of this pathway significantly reduces the fermentation capacity. Together, our results demonstrate that cells embedded in a solid matrix such as bread dough suffer severe osmotic stress and that a proper induction of the HOG pathway is critical for optimal fermentation.
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Trancriptional landscape of Aspergillus niger at breaking of conidial dormancy revealed by RNA-sequencing. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:246. [PMID: 23577966 PMCID: PMC3635940 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-wide analysis was performed to assess the transcriptional landscape of germinating A. niger conidia using both next generation RNA-sequencing and GeneChips. The metabolism of storage compounds during conidial germination was also examined and compared to the transcript levels from associated genes. Results The transcriptome of dormant conidia was shown to be highly differentiated from that of germinating conidia and major changes in response to environmental shift occurred within the first hour of germination. The breaking of dormancy was associated with increased transcript levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of proteins, RNA turnover and respiratory metabolism. Increased transcript levels of genes involved in metabolism of nitrate at the onset of germination implies its use as a source of nitrogen. The transcriptome of dormant conidia contained a significant component of antisense transcripts that changed during germination. Conclusion Dormant conidia contained transcripts of genes involved in fermentation, gluconeogenesis and the glyoxylate cycle. The presence of such transcripts in dormant conidia may indicate the generation of energy from non-carbohydrate substrates during starvation-induced conidiation or for maintenance purposes during dormancy. The immediate onset of metabolism of internal storage compounds after the onset of germination, and the presence of transcripts of relevant genes, suggest that conidia are primed for the onset of germination. For some genes, antisense transcription is regulated in the transition from resting conidia to fully active germinants.
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van Leeuwen M, Krijgsheld P, Bleichrodt R, Menke H, Stam H, Stark J, Wösten H, Dijksterhuis J. Germination of conidia of Aspergillus niger is accompanied by major changes in RNA profiles. Stud Mycol 2013; 74:59-70. [PMID: 23449598 PMCID: PMC3563291 DOI: 10.3114/sim0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptome of conidia of Aspergillus niger was analysed during the first 8 h of germination. Dormant conidia started to grow isotropically two h after inoculation in liquid medium. Isotropic growth changed to polarised growth after 6 h, which coincided with one round of mitosis. Dormant conidia contained transcripts from 4 626 genes. The number of genes with transcripts decreased to 3 557 after 2 h of germination, after which an increase was observed with 4 780 expressed genes 8 h after inoculation. The RNA composition of dormant conidia was substantially different than all the subsequent stages of germination. The correlation coefficient between the RNA profiles of 0 h and 8 h was 0.46. They were between 0.76-0.93 when profiles of 2, 4 and 6 h were compared with that of 8 h. Dormant conidia were characterised by high levels of transcripts of genes involved in the formation of protecting components such as trehalose, mannitol, protective proteins (e.g. heat shock proteins and catalase). Transcripts belonging to the Functional Gene Categories (FunCat) protein synthesis, cell cycle and DNA processing and respiration were over-represented in the up-regulated genes at 2 h, whereas metabolism and cell cycle and DNA processing were over-represented in the up-regulated genes at 4 h. At 6 h and 8 h no functional gene classes were over- or under-represented in the differentially expressed genes. Taken together, it is concluded that the transcriptome of conidia changes dramatically during the first two h and that initiation of protein synthesis and respiration are important during early stages of germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.R. van Leeuwen
- Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P. Krijgsheld
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Molecular Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R. Bleichrodt
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Molecular Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H. Menke
- DSM Food Specialties, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - H. Stam
- DSM Food Specialties, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J. Stark
- DSM Food Specialties, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - H.A.B. Wösten
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Molecular Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Dijksterhuis
- Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Modeling growth, lipid accumulation and lipid turnover in submerged batch cultures of Umbelopsis isabellina. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 35:591-603. [PMID: 21959583 PMCID: PMC3327837 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The production of lipids by oleaginous yeast and fungi becomes more important because these lipids can be used for biodiesel production. To understand the process of lipid production better, we developed a model for growth, lipid production and lipid turnover in submerged batch fermentation. This model describes three subsequent phases: exponential growth when both a C-source and an N-source are available, carbohydrate and lipid production when the N-source is exhausted and turnover of accumulated lipids when the C-source is exhausted. The model was validated with submerged batch cultures of the fungus Umbelopsis isabellina (formerly known as Mortierella isabellina) with two different initial C/N-ratios. Comparison with chemostat cultures with the same strain showed a significant difference in lipid production: in batch cultures, the initial specific lipid production rate was almost four times higher than in chemostat cultures but it decreased exponentially in time, while the maximum specific lipid production rate in chemostat cultures was independent of residence time. This indicates that different mechanisms for lipid production are active in batch and chemostat cultures. The model could also describe data for submerged batch cultures from literature well.
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Kim JS, Skinner M, Gouli S, Parker BL. Generating thermotolerant colonies by pairing Beauveria bassiana isolates. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 324:165-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Su Kim
- Entomology Research Laboratory; University of Vermont; Burlington; VT; USA
| | - Margaret Skinner
- Entomology Research Laboratory; University of Vermont; Burlington; VT; USA
| | - Svetlana Gouli
- Entomology Research Laboratory; University of Vermont; Burlington; VT; USA
| | - Bruce L. Parker
- Entomology Research Laboratory; University of Vermont; Burlington; VT; USA
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Kim JS, Skinner M, Hata T, Parker BL. Effects of culture media on hydrophobicity and thermotolerance of Bb and Ma conidia, with description of a novel surfactant based hydrophobicity assay. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 105:322-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Production of thermotolerant entomopathogenic fungal conidia on millet grain. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:697-704. [PMID: 20803242 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0850-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermotolerance of entomopathogenic (insect-killing) fungi should be seriously considered before industrialization. This work describes the feasibility of millet grain as a substrate for production of thermotolerant Beauveria bassiana (Bb) GHA and ERL1170 and Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma) ERL1171 and ERL1540 conidia. First, conidial suspensions of the Bb isolates, produced on millet grain in polyethylene bags, were exposed to five temperatures (43-47 °C) at 15-min intervals for up to 120 min (experiment I). Agar-based quarter-strength (¼) Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with yeast extract (SDAY) and whey permeate media served as controls. Millet-grain-based culture was superior in producing the most thermotolerant Bb conidia, followed by whey permeate agar and ¼SDAY-based cultures. Secondly, to compare the thermotolerance of conidia produced at the same conditions, the Bb isolates were then produced on agar-based millet powder medium, with ¼SDAY and whey permeate agar media as controls, and the two Ma isolates were added (experiment II). They were then exposed to the same temperatures as above. More thermotolerant Bb and Ma conidia were produced on millet powder agar than on whey permeate agar and ¼SDAY overall. These results suggest that millet grain can be used as a substrate to produce thermotolerant conidia in a mass production system.
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Persistence of Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) SFP-198 Conidia in Corn Oil-Based Suspension. Mycopathologia 2010; 171:67-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Production of thermotolerant entomopathogenic Isaria fumosorosea SFP-198 conidia in corn-corn oil mixture. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 37:419-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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A metabolomic approach to dissecting osmotic stress in the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1479-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Graminha E, Gonçalves A, Pirota R, Balsalobre M, Da Silva R, Gomes E. Enzyme production by solid-state fermentation: Application to animal nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Barrios-González J, Baños JG, Covarrubias AA, Garay-Arroyo A. Lovastatin biosynthetic genes of Aspergillus terreus are expressed differentially in solid-state and in liquid submerged fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:179-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Cánovas D, de Lorenzo V. Osmotic stress limits arsenic hypertolerance in Aspergillus sp. P37. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007; 61:258-63. [PMID: 17578525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus sp. P37 is an arsenate-resistant fungus isolated from a river with a long history of heavy metal contamination. Its hypertolerant mechanism relies on an efficient arsenate reduction system in conjunction with increased coupling capabilities to glutathione and translocation of these complexes into the vacuolar system. Here, the comparison of arsenic resistance in two Aspergillus species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence or absence of different osmolytes revealed a link between tolerance to osmotic stress and tolerance to arsenic in Aspergillus strains. Under osmotic stress generated by NaCl or KCl, both Aspergillus strains were less resistant to arsenite and arsenate. In the presence of sorbitol, Aspergillus strains were more resistant to arsenite. Intracellular accumulation of arsenic was affected by the presence of the osmolytes (NaCl or sorbitol), suggesting a major role for vacuoles in the detoxification of arsenic in Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cánovas
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus UAM-Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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40
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van de Vondervoort PJI, de Groot MJL, Ruijter GJG, Visser J. Selection and characterisation of a xylitol-derepressed Aspergillus niger mutant that is apparently impaired in xylitol transport. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:881-6. [PMID: 16932954 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger is known for its biotechnological applications, such as the use of xylanase enzyme for the degradation of hemicellulose. Depending on culture conditions, several polyols may also be accumulated, such as xylitol during D: -xylose oxidation. Also during industrial fermentation of xylose for the production of fuel ethanol by recombinant yeast, xylitol is a by-product. We studied xylitol metabolism by isolating mutants that have impaired xylitol-mediated repression. Genetic and biochemical characterisation revealed that one of these mutants was affected not only in xylitol-mediated carbon repression, but also had impaired xylitol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J I van de Vondervoort
- Section Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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41
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Diano A, Bekker-Jensen S, Dynesen J, Nielsen J. Polyol synthesis in Aspergillus niger: influence of oxygen availability, carbon and nitrogen sources on the metabolism. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:899-908. [PMID: 16718677 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polyol production has been studied in Aspergillus niger under different conditions. Fermentations have been run using high concentration of glucose or xylose as carbon source and ammonium or nitrate as nitrogen source. The growth of biomass, as freely dispersed hyphae, led to an increase of medium viscosity and hereby a decrease in mass transfer, especially oxygen transfer. The consequence was a decrease in DOT and the occurrence of a switch between fully aerobic conditions and oxygen-limited conditions. Metabolite quantification showed that polyols were the main metabolic products formed and represented up to 22% of the carbon consumed in oxygen-limited conditions. The polyol concentration and the polyol pattern depended strongly on the environmental conditions. This is due to a complex regulation of polyol production and to the fact that each polyol can fulfill different functions. In this study, erythritol, xylitol, and arabitol were produced as carbon storage compounds when the flux through the PP pathway exceeded the need in ribulose-5-phosphate for the biomass synthesis. Glycerol, erythritol, and xylitol seem to be involved in osmoregulation. Mannitol was produced when the catabolic reduction of charge was high. Its production involves the enzyme NAD-dependent mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase and seems to be the main cytosolic route for the NADH reoxidation during oxygen limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Diano
- DTU, Biocentrum, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Lyngby, Denmark
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42
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Rahardjo YSP, Tramper J, Rinzema A. Modeling conversion and transport phenomena in solid-state fermentation: A review and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2006; 24:161-79. [PMID: 16263234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is accompanied inevitably by development of concentration and temperature gradients within the substrate particles and microbial biofilms. These gradients are needed for driving the transport of substrates and products. In addition, concentration gradients have been suggested to be crucial for obtaining the characteristics that define the products of SSF; nevertheless, gradients are also known to result in reduced productivity and unwanted side reactions. Solid-state fermentations are generally batch processes and this further complicates their understanding as conditions change with time. Mathematical models are therefore needed for improving the understanding of SSF processes and allowing their manipulation to achieve the desired outcomes. Existing models of SSF processes describe coupled substrate conversion and diffusion and the consequent microbial growth. Existing models disregard many of the significant phenomena that are known to influence SSF. As a result, available models cannot explain the generation of the numerous products that form during any SSF process and the outcome of the process in terms of the characteristics of the final product. This review critically evaluates the proposed models and their experimental validation. In addition, important issues that need to be resolved for improved modeling of SSF are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovita S P Rahardjo
- Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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43
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Tarocco F, Lecuona RE, Couto AS, Arcas JA. Optimization of erythritol and glycerol accumulation in conidia of Beauveria bassiana by solid-state fermentation, using response surface methodology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 68:481-8. [PMID: 15731900 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are widely produced for use as mycoinsecticides. Therefore, improvement of the shelf life of fungal propagules under good and adverse conditions should be a pre-requisite of their production. In order to improve conidial physiology as well as mycoinsecticide efficiency, culture conditions may be varied. The Doehlert design was used to generate response surfaces with an estimation of the parameters of the quadratic model allowing the study of three different factors at a different number of levels. This experimental design was applied to optimize water activity (aw), pH, and fermentation time for Beauveria bassiana conidial production and accumulation of polyols in solid-state fermentation. Thus, it was possible to identify the region in the experimental range in which the optimum values of these parameters were simultaneously achieved. Maximal conidia production was achieved at pH 5-6 and aw=0.999. Under these conditions, polyol accumulation was 3 mg erythritol/g conidia and 29.6 mg glycerol/g conidia. However, maximal polyol accumulation was achieved at pH 4.5 and aw 0.950; erythritol production increased 33-fold and glycerol production 4.5-fold. Under these conditions conidia production was 1,000 times lower. The possibilities of increasing the quality of the biocontrol agent without neglecting yield are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Tarocco
- Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola, IMYZA-INTA Castelar. C.C. 25 (1712) Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Maruyama JI, Juvvadi PR, Ishi K, Kitamoto K. Three-dimensional image analysis of plugging at the septal pore by Woronin body during hypotonic shock inducing hyphal tip bursting in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:1081-8. [PMID: 15882988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We observed that the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae, grown on agar media burst out cytoplasmic constituents from the hyphal tip soon after flooding with water. Woronin body is a specialized organelle known to plug the septal pore adjacent to the lysed compartment to prevent extensive loss of cytoplasm. A. oryzae Aohex1 gene homologous to Neurospora crassa HEX1 gene encoding a major protein in Woronin body was expressed as a fusion with DsRed2, resulting in visualization of Woronin body. Confocal microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction of images visualized the septal pore as a dark region surrounded by green fluorescence of EGFP-fused secretory protein, RNase T1, on the septum. Dual fluorescent labeling revealed the plugging of the septal pores adjacent to the lysed apical compartments by Woronin bodies during hypotonic shock. Disruption of Aohex1 gene caused disappearance of Woronin bodies and the defect to prevent extensive loss of cytoplasm during hypotonic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Maruyama
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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45
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Hölker U, Lenz J. Solid-state fermentation — are there any biotechnological advantages? Curr Opin Microbiol 2005; 8:301-6. [PMID: 15939353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) has developed in eastern countries over many centuries, and has enjoyed broad application in these regions to date. By contrast, in western countries the technique had to compete with classical submerged fermentation and, because of the increasing pressure of rationalisation and standardisation, it has been widely superseded by classical submerged fermentation since the 1940s. This is mainly because of problems in engineering that appear when scaling up this technique. However, there are several advantages of SSF, for example high productivities, extended stability of products and low production costs, which say much about such an intensive biotechnological application. With increasing progress and application of rational methods in engineering, SSF will achieve higher levels in standardisation and reproducibility in the future. This can make SSF the preferred technique for special fields of application such as the production of enzymes and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Hölker
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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47
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R Poulsen B, Nøhr J, Douthwaite S, Hansen LV, Iversen JJL, Visser J, Ruijter GJG. Increased NADPH concentration obtained by metabolic engineering of the pentose phosphate pathway in Aspergillus niger. FEBS J 2005; 272:1313-25. [PMID: 15752350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many biosynthetic reactions and bioconversions are limited by low availability of NADPH. With the purpose of increasing the NADPH concentration and/or the flux through the pentose phosphate pathway in Aspergillus niger, the genes encoding glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (gsdA), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (gndA) and transketolase (tktA) were cloned and overexpressed in separate strains. Intracellular NADPH concentration was increased two- to ninefold as a result of 13-fold overproduction of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Although overproduction of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and transketolase changed the concentration of several metabolites it did not result in increased NADPH concentration. To establish the effects of overexpression of the three genes, wild-type and overexpressing strains were characterized in detail in exponential and stationary phase of bioreactor cultures containing minimal media, with glucose as the carbon source and ammonium or nitrate as the nitrogen source and final cell density limiting substrate. Enzymes, intermediary metabolites, polyol pools (intra- and extracellular), organic acids, growth rates and rate constant of induction of acid production in postexponential phase were measured. None of the modified strains had a changed growth rate. Partial least square regressions showed the correlations between NADPH and up to 40 other variables (concentration of enzymes and metabolites) and it was possible to predict the intracellular NADPH concentration from relatively easily obtainable data (the concentration of enzymes, polyols and oxalate). This prediction might be used in screening for high NADPH levels in engineered strains or mutants of other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne R Poulsen
- Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
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