1
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Yang SZ, Peng LT. Significance of the plasma membrane H +-ATPase and V-ATPase for growth and pathogenicity in pathogenic fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 124:31-53. [PMID: 37597947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi are widespread and cause a variety of diseases in human beings and other organisms. At present, limited classes of antifungal agents are available to treat invasive fungal diseases. With the wide use of the commercial antifungal agents, drug resistance of pathogenic fungi are continuously increasing. Therefore, exploring effective antifungal agents with novel drug targets is urgently needed to cope with the challenges that the antifungal area faces. pH homeostasis is vital for multiple cellular processes, revealing the potential for defining novel drug targets. Fungi have evolved a number of strategies to maintain a stable pH internal environment in response to rapid metabolism and a dramatically changing extracellular environment. Among them, plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PMA) and vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) play a central role in the regulation of pH homeostasis system. In this chapter, we will summarize the current knowledge about pH homeostasis and its regulation mechanisms in pathogenic fungi, especially for the recent advances in PMA and V-ATPase, which would help in revealing the regulating mechanism of pH on cell growth and pathogenicity, and further designing effective drugs and identify new targets for combating fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Z Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China.
| | - L T Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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2
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Franco-Cano A, Marcos AT, Strauss J, Cánovas D. Evidence for an arginine-dependent route for the synthesis of NO in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:6924-6939. [PMID: 34448331 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signalling molecule in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. NO levels transiently boost upon induction of conidiation in Aspergillus nidulans. Only one pathway for NO synthesis involving nitrate reductase has been reported in filamentous fungi so far, but this does not satisfy all the NO produced in fungal cells. Here we provide evidence for at least one additional biosynthetic pathway in A. nidulans involving l-arginine or an intermediate metabolite as a substrate. Under certain growth conditions, the addition of l-arginine to liquid media elicited a burst of NO that was not dependent on any of the urea cycle genes. The NO levels were controlled by the metabolically available arginine, which was regulated by mobilization from the vacuoles and during development. In vitro assays with protein extracts and amino acid profiling strongly suggested the existence of an arginine-dependent NO pathway analogous to the mammalian NO synthase. Addition of polyamines induced NO synthesis, and mutations in the polyamine synthesis genes puA and spdA reduced the production of NO. In conclusion, here we report an additional pathway for the synthesis of NO in A. nidulans using urea cycle intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franco-Cano
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana T Marcos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Campus Tulln, Tulln/Donau, Austria
| | - David Cánovas
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Campus Tulln, Tulln/Donau, Austria
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3
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Dimou S, Georgiou X, Sarantidi E, Diallinas G, Anagnostopoulos AK. Profile of Membrane Cargo Trafficking Proteins and Transporters Expressed under N Source Derepressing Conditions in Aspergillus nidulans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070560. [PMID: 34356937 PMCID: PMC8306328 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute and ion transporters are proteins essential for cell nutrition, detoxification, signaling, homeostasis and drug resistance. Being polytopic transmembrane proteins, they are co-translationally inserted and folded into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells and subsequently sorted to their final membrane destination via vesicular secretion. During their trafficking and in response to physiological/stress signals or prolonged activity, transporters undergo multiple quality control processes and regulated turnover. Consequently, transporters interact dynamically and transiently with multiple proteins. To further dissect the trafficking and turnover mechanisms underlying transporter subcellular biology, we herein describe a novel mass spectrometry-based proteomic protocol adapted to conditions allowing for maximal identification of proteins related to N source uptake in A. nidulans. Our analysis led to identification of 5690 proteins, which to our knowledge constitutes the largest protein dataset identified by omics-based approaches in Aspergilli. Importantly, we detected possibly all major proteins involved in basic cellular functions, giving particular emphasis to factors essential for membrane cargo trafficking and turnover. Our protocol is easily reproducible and highly efficient for unearthing the full A. nidulans proteome. The protein list delivered herein will form the basis for downstream systematic approaches and identification of protein–protein interactions in living fungal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Dimou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (S.D.); (X.G.)
| | - Xenia Georgiou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (S.D.); (X.G.)
- Division of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Eleana Sarantidi
- Division of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Diallinas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784 Athens, Greece; (S.D.); (X.G.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Athanasios K. Anagnostopoulos
- Division of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (A.K.A.)
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4
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Li R, Bai S, He Y, Chen Q, Yao Y, Wang J, Chen B. Cpvma1, a Vacuolar H +-ATPase Catalytic Subunit of Cryphonectria parasitica, is Essential for Virulence and Hypovirus RNA Accumulation. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1417-1424. [PMID: 30860430 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-18-0289-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) are conserved ATP-dependent proton pumps that acidify intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells. The role of Cpvma1, a V-ATPase catalytic subunit A of Cryphonectria parasitica, was investigated by generating cpvma1-overexpressing and cpvma1-silenced strains. The mutant strains were evaluated for phenotypic characteristics, V-ATPase activity, response to elevated pH and Ca2+ in the medium, virulence on chestnut, and accumulation of hypovirus RNA in the cells. Compared with the wild-type strain, cpvma1-overexpressing strains showed no significant difference in phenotype; however, cpvma1-silenced strains exhibited a phenotype of reduced growth rate, lower level of sporulation, and a marked decrease in V-ATPase activity and virulence. In addition, silencing of cpvma1 increased sensitivity to elevated pH and Ca2+, implicating an important role for Cpvma1 in pH adaptation and Ca2+ homeostasis. Furthermore, silencing of cpvma1 resulted in significantly decreased accumulation of hypoviral RNA. Taken together, our results indicate that Cpvma1 plays an important role in the regulation of phenotypic traits and virulence and the accumulation of hypovirus RNA in C. parasitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Li
- 1State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- 2College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shan Bai
- 2College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- 2College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qi Chen
- 2College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yanping Yao
- 2College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jinzi Wang
- 2College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Baoshan Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- 2College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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5
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Clark HL, Minns MS, Sun Y, de Jesus T, Ghannoum MG, Pearlman E. Atovaquone Impairs Growth of Aspergillus and Fusarium Keratitis Isolates by Modulating Mitochondrial Function and Zinc Homeostasis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:1589-1598. [PMID: 29625485 PMCID: PMC5863689 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Aspergillus and Fusarium molds cause blinding corneal infections as a consequence of ocular trauma and in association with contact lens wear. As these fungi require zinc for fungal growth, we examined the effect of atovaquone, a ubiquinone analog that disrupts zinc homeostasis, on fungal growth in vitro and in vivo. Methods In vitro: Aspergillus and Fusarium germinating conidia were incubated overnight with atovaquone, and hyphal growth was measured by fluorimetry. In vivo: C57BL/6 mouse corneas were infected with Aspergillus or Fusarium conidia. Atovaquone was added topically and corneal opacification and fungal growth were quantified. Results Atovaquone has antifungal activity against Aspergillus and Fusarium clinical isolates, with Fusarium species being more sensitive to atovaquone than Aspergillus species. Atovaquone also reduced labile intracellular zinc levels and increased the sensitivity of Aspergillus to metal shock. Atovaquone reduced vacuolar acidification, which regulates storage of intracellular free zinc, and also acted synergistically with voriconazole and itraconazole to kill hyphae. Furthermore, mitochondrial potential and ATP production were reduced in both Aspergillus and Fusarium following atovaquone treatment. Finally, topical application of atovaquone to the ocular surface significantly inhibited fungal growth and corneal opacification in murine models of fungal keratitis. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that atovaquone has pronounced in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against filamentous fungi by disrupting both metal homeostasis and mitochondrial function, and therefore has potential as a novel antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Martin S Minns
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Tristan de Jesus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Mahmoud G Ghannoum
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
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6
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Spanu F, Scherm B, Camboni I, Balmas V, Pani G, Oufensou S, Macciotta N, Pasquali M, Migheli Q. FcRav2, a gene with a ROGDI domain involved in Fusarium head blight and crown rot on durum wheat caused by Fusarium culmorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:677-688. [PMID: 28322011 PMCID: PMC6638036 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum is a soil-borne fungal pathogen which causes foot and root rot and Fusarium head blight on small-grain cereals, in particular wheat and barley. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in the contamination of kernels with type B trichothecene mycotoxins. Our knowledge of the pathogenicity factors of this fungus is still limited. A transposon tagging approach based on the mimp1/impala double-component system has allowed us to select a mutant altered in multiple metabolic and morphological processes, trichothecene production and virulence. The flanking regions of mimp1 were used to seek homologies in the F. culmorum genome, and revealed that mimp1 had reinserted within the last exon of a gene encoding a hypothetical protein of 318 amino acids which contains a ROGDI-like leucine zipper domain, supposedly playing a protein-protein interaction or regulatory role. By functional complementation and bioinformatic analysis, we characterized the gene as the yeast Rav2 homologue, confirming the high level of divergence in multicellular fungi. Deletion of FcRav2 or its orthologous gene in F. graminearum highlighted its ability to influence a number of functions, including virulence, trichothecene type B biosynthesis, resistance to azoles and resistance to osmotic and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that the FcRav2 protein (and possibly the RAVE complex as a whole) may become a suitable target for new antifungal drug development or the plant-mediated resistance response in filamentous fungi of agricultural interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spanu
- Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di SassariSassariI‐07100Italy
| | - Barbara Scherm
- Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di SassariSassariI‐07100Italy
| | - Irene Camboni
- Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di SassariSassariI‐07100Italy
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di SassariSassariI‐07100Italy
| | - Giovanna Pani
- Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di SassariSassariI‐07100Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di SassariSassariI‐07100Italy
- Faculté des Sciences de BizerteZarzouna TN‐7000Tunisia
| | - Nicolo’ Macciotta
- Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di SassariSassariI‐07100Italy
| | - Matias Pasquali
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti la Nutrizione, l'AmbienteUniversità di MilanoMilanoI‐20133Italy
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di SassariSassariI‐07100Italy
- Unità di Ricerca Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e BiosistemiSassariI‐07100Italy
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7
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Zhu J, Zhu XG, Ying SH, Feng MG. Effect of vacuolar ATPase subunit H (VmaH) on cellular pH, asexual cycle, stress tolerance and virulence in Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 98:52-60. [PMID: 28011319 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) is a conserved multi-subunit protein complex that mediates intracellular acidification in fungi. Here we show functional diversity of V-ATPase subunit H (BbVmaH) in Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous fungal insect pathogen. Deletion of BbvmaH resulted in elevated vacuolar pH, increased Ca2+ level in cytosol but not in vacuoles, accelerated culture acidification and reduced accumulation of extracellular ammonia. Aerial conidiation and submerged blastospore production were largely delayed and reduced in the deletion mutant, respectively, accompanied with a significant delay in conidial germination, alterations of conidia and blastospores in morphology, size and/or density, and severe growth defects in minimal media with different carbon and nitrogen sources. Despite null responses to osmotic, oxidative and cell wall perturbing stresses, the deletion mutant showed increased sensitivity to Ca2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ during growth while its conidia were less tolerant to a wet-heat stress at 45°C and UV-B irradiation. Intracellular glycerol and mannitol contents also decreased significantly. Its virulence to Galleria mellonella larvae was significantly attenuated when conidia were topically applied for normal cuticle infection or injected into haemocoel for cuticle-bypassing infection. All phenotypic changes were restored by targeted gene complementation. Our results indicate that BbVmaH plays an important role in sustaining not only vacuolar acidification but also cytosolic calcium accumulation, ambient pH homeostasis, in vitro asexual cycle and virulence in B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Guan Zhu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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8
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Chang FY, Kawashima SA, Brady SF. Mutations in the proteolipid subunits of the vacuolar H+-ATPase provide resistance to indolotryptoline natural products. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7123-31. [PMID: 25319670 PMCID: PMC4238801 DOI: 10.1021/bi501078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Indolotryptoline natural products
represent a small family of structurally
unique chromopyrrolic acid-derived antiproliferative agents. Like
many prospective anticancer agents before them, the exploration of
their potential clinical utility has been hindered by the limited
information known about their mechanism of action. To study the mode
of action of two closely related indolotryptolines (BE-54017, cladoniamide
A), we selected for drug resistant mutants using a multidrug resistance-suppressed
(MDR-sup) Schizosaccharomyces pombe strain. As fission
yeast maintains many of the basic cancer-relevant cellular processes
present in human cells, it represents an appealing model to use in
determining the potential molecular target of antiproliferative natural
products through resistant mutant screening. Full genome sequencing
of resistant mutants identified mutations in the c and c′ subunits
of the proteolipid substructure of the vacuolar H+-ATPase
complex (V-ATPase). This collection of resistance-conferring mutations
maps to a site that is distant from the nucleotide-binding sites of
V-ATPase and distinct from sites found to confer resistance to known
V-ATPase inhibitors. Acid vacuole staining, cross-resistance studies,
and direct c/c′ subunit mutagenesis all suggest that indolotryptolines
are likely a structurally novel class of V-ATPase inhibitors. This
work demonstrates the general utility of resistant mutant selection
using MDR-sup S. pombe as a rapid and potentially
systematic approach for studying the modes of action of cytotoxic
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yuan Chang
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University , 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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9
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Castilho DG, Chaves AFA, Xander P, Zelanis A, Kitano ES, Serrano SMT, Tashima AK, Batista WL. Exploring Potential Virulence Regulators in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Isolates of Varying Virulence through Quantitative Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4259-71. [DOI: 10.1021/pr5002274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele G. Castilho
- Departamento
de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Mirassol, 207, São Paulo, 04044-010 SP, Brazil
| | - Alison F. A. Chaves
- Departamento
de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Mirassol, 207, São Paulo, 04044-010 SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Xander
- Departamento
de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema, 09913-030 SP, Brazil
| | - André Zelanis
- Instituto
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São José dos Campos, Rua Talim, 330, São José dos Campos, 12231-280 SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S. Kitano
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada − CeTICS, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900 SP, Brazil
| | - Solange M. T. Serrano
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada − CeTICS, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900 SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre K. Tashima
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua 3 de maio, 100 - Vila Clementino, São
Paulo, 04023-062 SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner L. Batista
- Departamento
de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Mirassol, 207, São Paulo, 04044-010 SP, Brazil
- Departamento
de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema, 09913-030 SP, Brazil
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10
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Newman SL, Smulian AG. Iron uptake and virulence in Histoplasma capsulatum. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:700-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Chen G, Liu X, Zhang L, Cao H, Lu J, Lin F. Involvement of MoVMA11, a Putative Vacuolar ATPase c' Subunit, in Vacuolar Acidification and Infection-Related Morphogenesis of Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67804. [PMID: 23826342 PMCID: PMC3694887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many functions of vacuole depend on the activity of vacuolar ATPase which is essential to maintain an acidic lumen and create the driving forces for massive fluxes of ions and metabolites through vacuolar membrane. In filamentous fungus Magnaportheoryzae, subcellular colocalization and quinacrine staining suggested that the V1V0 domains of V-ATPase were fully assembled and the vacuoles were kept acidic during infection-related developments. Targeted gene disruption of MoVMA11 gene, encoding the putative c' subunit of V-ATPase, impaired vacuolar acidification and mimicked the phenotypes of yeast V-ATPase mutants in the poor colony morphology, abolished asexual and sexual reproductions, selective carbon source utilization, and increased calcium and heavy metals sensitivities, however, not in the typical pH conditional lethality. Strikingly, aerial hyphae of the MoVMA11 null mutant intertwined with each other to form extremely thick filamentous structures. The results also implicated that MoVMA11 was involved in cell wall integrity and appressorium formation. Abundant non-melanized swollen structures and rare, small appressoria without penetration ability were produced at the hyphal tips of the ΔMovma11 mutant on onion epidermal cells. Finally, the MoVMA11 null mutant lost pathogenicity on both intact and wounded host leaves. Overall, our data indicated that MoVMA11, like other fungal VMA genes, is associated with numerous cellular functions and highlighted that V-ATPase is essential for infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenesis in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Bagar T, Benčina M. Antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone displays antifungal activity, induces irregular calcium response and intracellular acidification of Aspergillus niger - amiodarone targets calcium and pH homeostasis of A. niger. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:779-91. [PMID: 22906851 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly developing resistance of fungi to antifungal drugs is a serious health problem. Today's drugs mainly target cell membrane composition and synthesis. Moreover, some of them have serious side effects. New antifungal drugs targeting different molecular pathways are necessary. Amiodarone, an FDA approved antiarrhythmic drug displays antifungal activity. It targets calcium and pH homeostasis. In concentrations above 25 μM, it inhibits the growth of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger. It triggers a biphasic calcium response accompanied by a high [Ca(2+)](c) resting level and an intracellular acidification from 7.5 to 6.0, both of which are concentration dependent. Both extracellular calcium and calcium from intracellular organelles are sources of the transient second cytosolic calcium peak, whose amplitude is 0.12 μM for cells treated with 0.1mM amiodarone. In P-type ATPase deficient A. niger strains pmrAΔ and pmcAΔ, the [Ca(2+)](c) resting level after amiodarone treatment is at least twice as high as that of the wild type, which correlates with fungal viability and hypersensitivity to amiodarone. A combination of amiodarone and amphotericin B is additive in terms of cell viability and cytosolic calcium influx. In contrast, a combination of azole drugs and amiodarone has a synergistic effect on the viability of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Bagar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Vacuolar H+-ATPase plays a key role in cell wall biosynthesis of Aspergillus niger. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:284-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Oosthuizen JL, Gomez P, Ruan J, Hackett TL, Moore MM, Knight DA, Tebbutt SJ. Dual organism transcriptomics of airway epithelial cells interacting with conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20527. [PMID: 21655222 PMCID: PMC3105077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Given the complex nature of the responses that can occur in host-pathogen interactions, dual transcriptomics offers a powerful method of elucidating these interactions during infection. The gene expression patterns of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia or host cells have been reported in a number of previous studies, but each focused on only one of the interacting organisms. In the present study, we profiled simultaneously the transcriptional response of both A. fumigatus and human airway epithelial cells (AECs). Methodology 16HBE14o- transformed bronchial epithelial cells were incubated with A. fumigatus conidia at 37°C for 6 hours, followed by genome-wide transcriptome analysis using human and fungal microarrays. Differentially expressed gene lists were generated from the microarrays, from which biologically relevant themes were identified. Human and fungal candidate genes were selected for validation, using RT-qPCR, in both 16HBE14o- cells and primary AECs co-cultured with conidia. Principal Findings We report that ontologies related to the innate immune response are activated by co-incubation with A. fumigatus condia, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was confirmed to be up-regulated in primary AECs via RT-qPCR. Concomitantly, A. fumigatus was found to up-regulate fungal pathways involved in iron acquisition, vacuolar acidification, and formate dehydrogenase activity. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to apply a dual organism transcriptomics approach to interactions of A. fumigatus conidia and human airway epithelial cells. The up-regulation of IL-6 by epithelia and simultaneous activation of several pathways by fungal conidia warrants further investigation as we seek to better understand this interaction in both health and disease. The cellular response of the airway epithelium to A. fumigatus is important to understand if we are to improve host-pathogen outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L. Oosthuizen
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for HEART+LUNG Health, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pol Gomez
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for HEART+LUNG Health, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jian Ruan
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for HEART+LUNG Health, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tillie L. Hackett
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for HEART+LUNG Health, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Margo M. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Darryl A. Knight
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for HEART+LUNG Health, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott J. Tebbutt
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for HEART+LUNG Health, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Hilty J, Smulian AG, Newman SL. The Histoplasma capsulatum vacuolar ATPase is required for iron homeostasis, intracellular replication in macrophages and virulence in a murine model of histoplasmosis. Mol Microbiol 2008; 70:127-39. [PMID: 18699866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungal pathogen that survives and replicates within macrophages (Mphi). To identify specific genes required for intracellular survival, we utilized Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated mutagenesis, and screened for H. capsulatum insertional mutants that were unable to survive in human Mphi. One colony was identified that had an insertion within VMA1, the catalytic subunit A of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase). The vma1 mutant (vma1::HPH) grew normally on iron-replete medium, but not on iron-deficient media. On iron-deficient medium, the growth of the vma1 mutant was restored in the presence of wild-type (WT) H. capsulatum yeasts, or the hydroxamate siderophore, rhodotorulic acid. However, the inability to replicate within Mphi was only partially restored by the addition of exogenous iron. The vma1::HPH mutant also did not grow as a mold at 28 degrees C. Complementation of the mutant (vma/VMA1) restored its ability to replicate in Mphi, grow on iron-poor medium and grow as a mold at 28 degrees C. The vma1::HPH mutant was avirulent in a mouse model of histoplasmosis, whereas the vma1/VMA1 strain was as pathogenic as WT yeasts. These studies demonstrate the importance of V-ATPase function in the pathogenicity of H. capsulatum, in iron homeostasis and in fungal dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Hilty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Zupanc MM, Wellbrock UM, Zupanc GKH. Proteome analysis identifies novel protein candidates involved in regeneration of the cerebellum of teleost fish. Proteomics 2006; 6:677-96. [PMID: 16372261 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, adult teleost fish exhibit an enormous potential to regenerate neuronal tissue after injuries to the CNS. By combining a well-defined cerebellar lesion paradigm with differential proteome analysis at a post-lesion survival time of 3 days, we screened for protein candidates involved in repair of the fish brain. Out of nearly 900 protein spots detected on 2-D gels, spot intensity was significantly increased at least twofold in 30 spots and decreased to at least half the intensity of control tissue in 23 spots. The proteins associated with 24 of the spots were identified by PMF and MS/MS fragmentation. The cellular localization and the spatiotemporal patterns of two of these proteins, beta-actin and beta-tubulin, were further characterized through immunohistochemistry. Comparison of the observed changes in protein abundance with the previously characterized events underlying regeneration of the cerebellum suggests that the proteins identified are especially involved in cellular proliferation and survival, as well as axonal sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne M Zupanc
- School of Engineering and Science, International University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Sultana H, Rivero F, Blau-Wasser R, Schwager S, Balbo A, Bozzaro S, Schleicher M, Noegel AA. Cyclase-Associated Protein is Essential for the Functioning of the Endo-Lysosomal System and Provides a Link to the Actin Cytoskeleton. Traffic 2005; 6:930-46. [PMID: 16138906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Data from mutant analysis in yeast and Dictyostelium indicate a role for the cyclase-associated protein (CAP) in endocytosis and vesicle transport. We have used genetic and biochemical approaches to identify novel interacting partners of Dictyostelium CAP to help explain its molecular interactions in these processes. Cyclase-associated protein associates and interacts with subunits of the highly conserved vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) and co-localizes to some extent with the V-ATPase. Furthermore, CAP is essential for maintaining the structural organization, integrity and functioning of the endo-lysosomal system, as distribution and morphology of V-ATPase- and Nramp1-decorated membranes were disturbed in a CAP mutant (CAP bsr) accompanied by an increased endosomal pH. Moreover, concanamycin A (CMA), a specific inhibitor of the V-ATPase, had a more severe effect on CAP bsr than on wild-type cells, and the mutant did not show adaptation to the drug. Also, the distribution of green fluorescent protein-CAP was affected upon CMA treatment in the wildtype and recovered after adaptation. Distribution of the V-ATPase in CAP bsr was drastically altered upon hypo-osmotic shock, and growth was slower and reached lower saturation densities in the mutant under hyper-osmotic conditions. Taken together, our data unravel a link of CAP with the actin cytoskeleton and endocytosis and suggest that CAP is an essential component of the endo-lysosomal system in Dictyostelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameeda Sultana
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Köln, Germany
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