1
|
Burke Ó, Zeden MS, O'Gara JP. The pathogenicity and virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis. Virulence 2024; 15:2359483. [PMID: 38868991 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2359483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The pervasive presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci on the skin and mucous membranes has long underpinned a casual disregard for the infection risk that these organisms pose to vulnerable patients in healthcare settings. Prior to the recognition of biofilm as an important virulence determinant in S. epidermidis, isolation of this microorganism in diagnostic specimens was often overlooked as clinically insignificant with potential delays in diagnosis and onset of appropriate treatment, contributing to the establishment of chronic infection and increased morbidity or mortality. While impressive progress has been made in our understanding of biofilm mechanisms in this important opportunistic pathogen, research into other virulence determinants has lagged S. aureus. In this review, the broader virulence potential of S. epidermidis including biofilm, toxins, proteases, immune evasion strategies and antibiotic resistance mechanisms is surveyed, together with current and future approaches for improved therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Órla Burke
- Microbiology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - James P O'Gara
- Microbiology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szemraj M, Glajzner P, Sienkiewicz M. Decreased susceptibility to vancomycin and other mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics in Staphylococcus epidermidis as a therapeutic problem in hospital treatment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13629. [PMID: 37604965 PMCID: PMC10442409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci represent a real therapeutic challenge. The aim of the study was to emphasize the importance of heteroresistance to vancomycin presence in methicillin-resistant strains of S. epidermidis. The research comprised 65 strains of S. epidermidis. Heteroresistance to vancomycin was detected with the use of the agar screening method with Brain Heart Infusion and a population profile analysis (PAP test). In addition, types of cassettes and genes responsible for resistance to antibiotics for 22 multidrug resistant strains were determined. Our investigations showed that 56 of 65 S. epidermidis strains were phenotypically resistant to methicillin. The tested strains were mostly resistant to erythromycin, gentamicin, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin. Six strains showed decreased susceptibility to vancomycin and their heterogeneous resistance profiles were confirmed with the PAP test. All tested multi-resistant strains exhibited the mecA gene. More than half of them possessed type IV cassettes. ant(4')-Ia and aac(6')/aph(2''), ermC and tetK genes were most commonly found. The described phenomenon of heteroresistance to vancomycin in multidrug resistant bacteria of the Staphylococcus genus effectively inhibits a therapeutic effect of treatment with this antibiotic. That is why it is so important to search for markers that will enable to identify heteroresistance to vancomycin strains under laboratory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szemraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Paulina Glajzner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yadav R, Shaikh T, Tikole S, Herr AB, Fitzkee NC. 1H, 15N, and 13C chemical shift backbone resonance NMR assignment of the accumulation-associated protein (Aap) lectin domain from Staphylococcus epidermidis. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2023; 17:95-99. [PMID: 37022616 PMCID: PMC10247473 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-023-10126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is the leading causative agent for hospital-acquired infections, especially device-related infections, due to its ability to form biofilms. The accumulation-associated protein (Aap) of S. epidermidis is primarily responsible for biofilm formation and consists of two domains, A and B. It was found that the A domain is responsible for the attachment to the abiotic/biotic surface, whereas the B domain is responsible for the accumulation of bacteria during biofilm formation. One of the parts of the A domain is the Aap lectin, which is a carbohydrate-binding domain having 222 amino acids in its structure. Here we report the near complete backbone chemical shift assignments for the lectin domain, as well as its predicted secondary structure. This data will provide a platform for future NMR studies to explore the role of lectin in biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
- Physical Sciences Department, University of Arkansas, Ft. Smith, AR, 72913, USA
| | - Tanveer Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Suhas Tikole
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Andrew B Herr
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Nicholas C Fitzkee
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Siciliano V, Passerotto RA, Chiuchiarelli M, Leanza GM, Ojetti V. Difficult-to-Treat Pathogens: A Review on the Management of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051126. [PMID: 37240771 DOI: 10.3390/life13051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MDRSE) is responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans and hospital-acquired-infections. This review discusses the epidemiology, microbiology, diagnosis, and treatment of MDRSE infection and identifies knowledge gaps. By using the search term "pan resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis" OR "multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis" OR "multidrug-resistant lineages of Staphylococcus epidermidis", a total of 64 records have been identified from various previously published studies. The proportion of methicillin resistance in S. epidermidis has been reported to be as high as 92%. Several studies across the world have aimed to detect the main phylogenetic lineages and antibiotically resistant genes through culture, mass spectrometry, and genomic analysis. Molecular biology tools are now available for the identification of S. epidermidis and its drug resistance mechanisms, especially in blood cultures. However, understanding the distinction between a simple colonization and a bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by S. epidermidis is still a challenge for clinicians. Some important parameters to keep in mind are the number of positive samples, the symptoms and signs of the patient, the comorbidities of the patient, the presence of central venous catheter (CVC) or other medical device, and the resistance phenotype of the organism. The agent of choice for empiric parenteral therapy is vancomycin. Other treatment options, depending on different clinical settings, may include teicoplanin, daptomycin, oxazolidinones, long-acting lipoglycopeptides, and ceftaroline. For patients with S. epidermidis infections associated with the presence of an indwelling device, assessment regarding whether the device warrants removal is an important component of management. This study provides an overview of the MDRSE infection. Further studies are needed to explore and establish the most correct form of management of this infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Anna Passerotto
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Chiuchiarelli
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Maria Leanza
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Ojetti
- Dipartimento di Emergenza e Accettazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
França A. The Role of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Biofilms on Late-Onset Sepsis: Current Challenges and Emerging Diagnostics and Therapies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030554. [PMID: 36978421 PMCID: PMC10044083 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections are one of the most significant complications of neonates, especially those born preterm, with sepsis as one of the principal causes of mortality. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), a group of staphylococcal species that naturally inhabit healthy human skin and mucosa, are the most common cause of late-onset sepsis, especially in preterms. One of the risk factors for the development of CoNS infections is the presence of implanted biomedical devices, which are frequently used for medications and/or nutrient delivery, as they serve as a scaffold for biofilm formation. The major concerns related to CoNS infections have to do with the increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics observed among this bacterial group and biofilm cells’ increased tolerance to antibiotics. As such, the treatment of CoNS biofilm-associated infections with antibiotics is increasingly challenging and considering that antibiotics remain the primary form of treatment, this issue will likely persist in upcoming years. For that reason, the development of innovative and efficient therapeutic measures is of utmost importance. This narrative review assesses the current challenges and emerging diagnostic tools and therapies for the treatment of CoNS biofilm-associated infections, with a special focus on late-onset sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela França
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO—Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Clark LC, Atkin KE, Whelan F, Brentnall AS, Harris G, Towell AM, Turkenburg JP, Liu Y, Feizi T, Griffiths SC, Geoghegan JA, Potts JR. Staphylococcal Periscope proteins Aap, SasG, and Pls project noncanonical legume-like lectin adhesin domains from the bacterial surface. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102936. [PMID: 36702253 PMCID: PMC9999234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are frequently associated with medical device infections that involve establishment of a bacterial biofilm on the device surface. Staphylococcal surface proteins Aap, SasG, and Pls are members of the Periscope Protein class and have been implicated in biofilm formation and host colonization; they comprise a repetitive region ("B region") and an N-terminal host colonization domain within the "A region," predicted to be a lectin domain. Repetitive E-G5 domains (as found in Aap, SasG, and Pls) form elongated "stalks" that would vary in length with repeat number, resulting in projection of the N-terminal A domain variable distances from the bacterial cell surface. Here, we present the structures of the lectin domains within A regions of SasG, Aap, and Pls and a structure of the Aap lectin domain attached to contiguous E-G5 repeats, suggesting the lectin domains will sit at the tip of the variable length rod. We demonstrate that these isolated domains (Aap, SasG) are sufficient to bind to human host desquamated nasal epithelial cells. Previously, proteolytic cleavage or a deletion within the A domain had been reported to induce biofilm formation; the structures suggest a potential link between these observations. Intriguingly, while the Aap, SasG, and Pls lectin domains bind a metal ion, they lack the nonproline cis peptide bond thought to be key for carbohydrate binding by the lectin fold. This suggestion of noncanonical ligand binding should be a key consideration when investigating the host cell interactions of these bacterial surface proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Clark
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Kate E Atkin
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Whelan
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | | | - Gemma Harris
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Aisling M Towell
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joan A Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer R Potts
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Risser F, López-Morales J, Nash MA. Adhesive Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus Resist Digestion by Coagulation Proteases Thrombin and Plasmin. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 2:586-599. [PMID: 36573096 PMCID: PMC9782320 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an invasive and life-threatening pathogen that has undergone extensive coevolution with its mammalian hosts. Its molecular adaptations include elaborate mechanisms for immune escape and hijacking of the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways. These capabilities are enacted by virulence factors including microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) and the plasminogen-activating enzyme staphylokinase (SAK). Despite the ability of S. aureus to modulate coagulation, until now the sensitivity of S. aureus virulence factors to digestion by proteases of the coagulation system was unknown. Here, we used protein engineering, biophysical assays, and mass spectrometry to study the susceptibility of S. aureus MSCRAMMs to proteolytic digestion by human thrombin, plasmin, and plasmin/SAK complexes. We found that MSCRAMMs were highly resistant to proteolysis, and that SAK binding to plasmin enhanced this resistance. We mapped thrombin, plasmin, and plasmin/SAK cleavage sites of nine MSCRAMMs and performed biophysical, bioinformatic, and stability analysis to understand structural and sequence features common to protease-susceptible sites. Overall, our study offers comprehensive digestion patterns of S. aureus MSCRAMMs by thrombin, plasmin, and plasmin/SAK complexes and paves the way for new studies into this resistance and virulence mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Risser
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Department
of Biosystems Sciences and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joanan López-Morales
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Department
of Biosystems Sciences and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael A. Nash
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Department
of Biosystems Sciences and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Phenotypic and Genotypic Virulence Characterisation of Staphylococcus pettenkoferi Strains Isolated from Human Bloodstream and Diabetic Foot Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415476. [PMID: 36555117 PMCID: PMC9778964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pettenkoferi is a recently described coagulase-negative Staphylococcus identified in human diseases, especially in infections of foot ulcers in patients living with diabetes mellitus. To date, its pathogenicity remains underexplored. In this study, whole-genome analysis was performed on a collection of 29 S. pettenkoferi clinical strains isolated from bloodstream and diabetic foot infections with regard to their phylogenetic relationships and comprehensive analysis of their resistome and virulome. Their virulence was explored by their ability to form biofilm, their growth kinetics and in an in vivo zebrafish embryo infection model. Our results identified two distinct clades (I and II) and two subclades (I-a and I-b) with notable genomic differences. All strains had a slow bacterial growth. Three profiles of biofilm formation were noted, with 89.7% of isolates able to produce biofilm and harbouring a high content of biofilm-encoding genes. Two virulence profiles were also observed in the zebrafish model irrespective of the strains' origin or biofilm profile. Therefore, this study brings new insights in S. pettenkoferi pathogenicity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Shakeel M, Majeed MI, Nawaz H, Rashid N, Ali A, Haque A, Akbar MU, Tahir M, Munir S, Ali Z, Shahbaz M, Saleem M. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of pellets of biofilm forming bacterial strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103145. [PMID: 36210039 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an effective tool for identifying biofilm forming bacterial strains. Biofilm forming bacteria are considered a major issue in the health sector because they have strong resistance against antibiotics. Staphylococcus epidermidis is commonly present on intravascular devices and prosthetic joints, catheters and wounds. OBJECTIVES To identify and characterize biofilm forming and non-biofilm forming bacterial strains, surface- enhanced Raman spectroscopy with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used. METHODS Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with silver nanoparticles were employed for the analysis and characterization of biofilm forming bacterial strains. SERS is used to differentiate between non biofilm forming (five samples), medium biofilm forming (five samples) and strong biofilm forming (five samples) bacterial strains by applying silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as SERS substrate. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to discriminate between non, medium and strong biofilm ability of bacterial strains. RESULTS Principal component analysis (PCA) and Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) have been used to identify the biochemical differences in the form of SERS features which can be used to differentiate between biofilm forming and non-biofilm forming bacterial strains. PLS-DA provides successful differentiation and classification of these different strains with 94.5% specificity, 96% sensitivity and 89% area under the curve (AUC). CONCLUSIONS Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can be utilized to differentiate between non, medium and strong biofilm forming bacterial strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shakeel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Aamir Ali
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Asma Haque
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Akbar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Saania Munir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Zain Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mudassar Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The expression of glycosyltransferases sdgA and sdgB in Staphylococcus epidermidis depends on the conditions of biofilm formation. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:274. [PMID: 35449342 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus SdrG protein is glycosylated by SdgA and SdgB for protection against its degradation by the neutrophil cathepsin G. So far, there is no information about the role of Staphylococcus epidermidis SdgA or SdgB in biofilm-forming; therefore, the focus of this work was to determine the distribution and expression of the sdrG, sdgA and sdgB genes in S. epidermidis under in vitro and in vivo biofilm conditions. The frequencies of the sdrG, sdgA and sdgB genes were evaluated by PCR in a collection of 75 isolates. Isolates were grown in dynamic (non-biofilm-forming) or static (biofilm-forming) conditions. The expression of sdrG, sdgA and sdgB was determined by RT-qPCR in cells grown under dynamic conditions (CGDC), as well as in planktonic and sessile cells from a biofilm and cells adhered to a catheter implanted in Balb/c mice. The sdrG and sdgB genes were detected in 100% of isolates, while the sdgA gene was detected in 71% of the sample (p < 0.001). CGDC did not express sdrG, sdgA and sdgB mRNAs. Planktonic and sessile cells expressed sdrG and sdgB, and the same was observed in cells adhered to the catheter. In particular, one isolate, capable of inducing a biofilm under treatment with cathepsin G, expressed sdrG and sdgB in planktonic and sessile cells and cells adhering to the catheter. This suggests that bacteria require biofilm conditions as an important factor for the transcription of the sdgA, sdgB and sdrG genes.
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu H, Lao L, Ji C, Lu Q, Guo Y, Pan D, Wu Z. Anti-inflammation and adhesion enhancement properties of the multifunctional LPxTG-motif surface protein derived from the Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 8533. Mol Immunol 2022; 146:38-45. [PMID: 35421739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
LPxTG-motif protein (LMP) is one kind of a precursor protein that contains a conserved LPxTG-motif at the C-terminus, which can be recognized by sortase A (SrtA) and covalently bind to the bacterial peptidoglycan. In this study, LMP derived from Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) was heterologous expressed and the tolerance and intestinal colonization ability of the LMP on L. reuteri were analyzed in simulated gastrointestinal fluid. Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory activity of LMP was also evaluated in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell model. The results indicated that LMP can promote the intestinal survival rate and adhesion characteristics of L. reuteri and enhanced the autoinducer-2 (AI-2) signaling molecule of the Lactobacillus strains in quorum sensing. Furthermore, LMP can inhibit the expressions of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-1β via ERK-JNK related MAPK signaling cascades. These findings provide a better understanding of the multifunctional LPxTG-motif surface protein derived from L. reuteri in the gastrointestinal tract environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifeng Lao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianqian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- School of Food Science & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Antimicrobial characterization of a titanium coating derived from mussel-glue and Bothrops asper snake venom for the prevention of implant-associated infections caused by Staphylococcus. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
13
|
Look Who's Talking: Host and Pathogen Drivers of Staphylococcus epidermidis Virulence in Neonatal Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020860. [PMID: 35055041 PMCID: PMC8775791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants are at increased risk for invasive neonatal bacterial infections. S. epidermidis, a ubiquitous skin commensal, is a major cause of late-onset neonatal sepsis, particularly in high-resource settings. The vulnerability of preterm infants to serious bacterial infections is commonly attributed to their distinct and developing immune system. While developmentally immature immune defences play a large role in facilitating bacterial invasion, this fails to explain why only a subset of infants develop infections with low-virulence organisms when exposed to similar risk factors in the neonatal ICU. Experimental research has explored potential virulence mechanisms contributing to the pathogenic shift of commensal S. epidermidis strains. Furthermore, comparative genomics studies have yielded insights into the emergence and spread of nosocomial S. epidermidis strains, and their genetic and functional characteristics implicated in invasive disease in neonates. These studies have highlighted the multifactorial nature of S. epidermidis traits relating to pathogenicity and commensalism. In this review, we discuss the known host and pathogen drivers of S. epidermidis virulence in neonatal sepsis and provide future perspectives to close the gap in our understanding of S. epidermidis as a cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
|
14
|
Araujo-Alves AV, Kraychete GB, Gilmore MS, Barros EM, Giambiagi-deMarval M. shsA: A novel orthologous of sasX/sesI virulence genes is detected in Staphylococcus haemolyticus Brazilian strains. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 97:105189. [PMID: 34920103 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The surface protein SasX, has a key role in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization and pathogenesis, and has been associated with the epidemic success of some MRSA clones. To date, only one SasX homologous protein, named SesI, has been described in Staphylococcus epidermidis. In this work, we analyze the occurrence of the sasX gene and its genetic environment in Staphylococcus haemolyticus S. haemolyticus clinical strains (n = 62) were screened for the presence of the sasX gene and its carrier, the prophage Φ SPβ-like. A deep characterization was done in one strain (MD43), through which we determined the complete nucleotide sequence for the S. haemolitycus sasX-like gene. Whole genome sequencing of strain MD43 was performed, and the gene, termed here because of its unique attributes, shsA, was mapped to the Φ SPβ-like prophage sequence. The shsA gene was detected in 33 out of 62 strains showing an average identity of 92 and 96% with the sasX and sesI genes and at the amino acid level, 88% identity with SasX and 92% identity with SesI. The ~124Kb Φ SPβ-like prophage sequence showed a largely intact prophage compared to its counterpart in S. epidermidis strain RP62A, including the sesI insertion site. In conclusion, we identified a new sasX ortholog in S. haemolyticus (shsA). Its horizontal spread from this reservoir could represent an emergent threat in healthcare facilities since so far, no S. aureus sasX+ strains have been reported in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda V Araujo-Alves
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela B Kraychete
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michael S Gilmore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elaine M Barros
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marcia Giambiagi-deMarval
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil..
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sharma S, Meena M, Marwal A, Swapnil P. Biofilm matrix proteins. APPLICATION OF BIOFILMS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022:51-64. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90513-8.00007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
|
16
|
Bap-Independent Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus xylosus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122610. [PMID: 34946212 PMCID: PMC8708073 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biofilm associated protein (Bap) is recognised as the essential component for biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus V329 and has been predicted as important for other species as well. Although Bap orthologs are also present in most S. xylosus strains, their contribution to biofilm formation has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, different experimental approaches were used to elucidate the effect of Bap on biofilm formation in S. xylosus and the motif structure of two biofilm-forming S. xylosus strains TMW 2.1023 and TMW 2.1523 was compared to Bap of S. aureus V329. We found that despite an identical structural arrangement into four regions, Bap from S. xylosus differs in key factors to Bap of S. aureus, i.e., isoelectric point of aggregation prone Region B, protein homology and type of repeats. Disruption of bap had no effect on aggregation behavior of selected S. xylosus strains and biofilm formation was unaffected (TMW 2.1023) or at best slightly reduced under neutral conditions (TMW 2.1523). Further, we could not observe any typical characteristics of a S. aureus Bap-positive phenotype such as functional impairment by calcium addition and rough colony morphology on congo red agar (CRA). A dominating role of Bap in cell aggregation and biofilm formation as reported mainly for S. aureus V329 was not observed. In contrast, this work demonstrates that functions of S. aureus Bap cannot easily be extrapolated to S. xylosus Bap, which appears as non-essential for biofilm formation in this species. We therefore suggest that biofilm formation in S. xylosus follows different and multifactorial mechanisms.
Collapse
|
17
|
Parreira P, Martins MCL. The biophysics of bacterial infections: Adhesion events in the light of force spectroscopy. Cell Surf 2021; 7:100048. [PMID: 33665520 PMCID: PMC7898176 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are the most eminent public health challenge of the 21st century. The primary step leading to infection is bacterial adhesion to the surface of host cells or medical devices, which is mediated by a multitude of molecular interactions. At the interface of life sciences and physics, last years advances in atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based force spectroscopy techniques have made possible to measure the forces driving bacteria-cell and bacteria-materials interactions on a single molecule/cell basis (single molecule/cell force spectroscopy). Among the bacteria-(bio)materials surface interactions, the life-threatening infections associated to medical devices involving Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are the most eminent. On the other hand, Pseudomonas aeruginosa binding to the pulmonary and urinary tract or the Helicobacter pylori binding to the gastric mucosa, are classical examples of bacteria-host cell interactions that end in serious infections. As we approach the end of the antibiotic era, acquisition of a deeper knowledge of the fundamental forces involved in bacteria - host cells/(bio)materials surface adhesion is crucial for the identification of new ligand-binding events and its assessment as novel targets for alternative anti-infective therapies. This article aims to highlight the potential of AFM-based force spectroscopy for new targeted therapies development against bacterial infections in which adhesion plays a pivotal role and does not aim to be an extensive overview on the AFM technical capabilities and theory of single molecule force spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Parreira
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Cristina L. Martins
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mirzaei B, Babaei R, Zeighami H, Dadar M, Soltani A. Staphylococcus aureus Putative Vaccines Based on the Virulence Factors: A Mini-Review. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:704247. [PMID: 34539603 PMCID: PMC8447878 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.704247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1960s, the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a recurrent cause of nosocomial infections has increased. Since multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus has overcome antimicrobial treatment, the development of putative vaccines based on virulence factors could be a great help in controlling the infections caused by bacteria and are actively being pursued in healthcare settings. This mini-review provides an overview of the recent progress in vaccine development, immunogenicity, and therapeutic features of some S. aureus macromolecules as putative vaccine candidates and their implications against human S. aureus-related infections. Based on the reviewed experiments, multivalent vaccines could prevent the promotion of the diseases caused by this bacterium and enhance the prevention chance of S. aureus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ryhaneh Babaei
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Habib Zeighami
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Soltani
- Department of English Language, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun Z, Zhang X, Zhou D, Zhou K, Li Q, Lin H, Lu W, Liu H, Lu J, Lin X, Li K, Xu T, Zhu M, Bao Q, Zhang H. Identification of Three Clf-Sdr Subfamily Proteins in Staphylococcus warneri, and Comparative Genomics Analysis of a Locus Encoding CWA Proteins in Staphylococcus Species. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:691087. [PMID: 34394031 PMCID: PMC8360574 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus warneri is an opportunistic pathogen that is capable of causing several infections, especially in patients with indwelling medical devices. Here, we determined the complete genome sequence of a clinical S. warneri strain isolated from the blood culture of a 1-year-old nursling patient with acute upper respiratory infection. Genome-wide phylogenetic analysis confirmed the phylogenetic relationships between S. warneri and other Staphylococcus species. Using comparative genomics, we identified three cell wall-anchored (CWA) proteins at the same locus (sdr), named SdrJ, SdrK, and SdrL, on the chromosome sequences of different S. warneri strains. Structural predictions showed that SdrJ/K/L have structural features characteristic of Sdr proteins but exceptionally contained an unusual N-terminal repeat region. However, the C-terminal repetitive (R) region of SdrJ contains a significantly larger proportion of alanine (142/338, 42.01%) than the previously reported SdrI (37.00%). Investigation of the genetic organization revealed that the sdrJ/K/L genes were always followed by one or two glycosyltransferase genes, gtfA and gtfB and were present in an ∼56 kb region bordered by a pair of 8 bp identical direct repeats, named Sw-Sdr. This region was further found to be located on a 160-kb region subtended by a pair of 160-bp direct repeats along with other virulence genes and resistance genes. Sw-Sdr contained a putative integrase that was probably a remnant of a functional integrase. Evidence suggests that Sw-Sdr is improbably an efficient pathogenicity island. A large-scale investigation of Staphylococcus genomes showed that sdr loci were a potential hotspot of insertion sequences (ISs), which could lead to intraspecific diversity at these loci. Our work expanded the repository of Staphylococcus Sdr proteins, and for the first time, we established the connection between sdr loci and phylogenetic relationships and compared the sdr loci in different Staphylococcus species, which provided large insights into the genetic environment of CWA genes in Staphylococcus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhewei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xueya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Danying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kexin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiaoling Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hailong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongmao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junwan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Teng Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiyu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Glycan-Dependent Corneocyte Adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis Mediated by the Lectin Subdomain of Aap. mBio 2021; 12:e0290820. [PMID: 34253065 PMCID: PMC8406310 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02908-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) that colonize skin are known to promote skin immunity and inhibit colonization of pathogens that cause skin and soft tissue infections, including Staphylococcus aureus. However, S. epidermidis adherence to corneocytes, the cells that constitute the uppermost layer of the skin epidermis, remains poorly understood. Our study documents that S. epidermidis corneocyte adherence is dependent upon the accumulation-associated protein (Aap). Aap is composed of two distinct A and B domains. The A domain is comprised of a repeat region and a conserved L-type lectin domain, whereas the fibrillar B domain, which is comprised of G5 and E repeats, is linked to the cell wall in a sortase-dependent manner. Our studies revealed that adherence to corneocytes is dependent upon the lectin subdomain within the A domain. However, significant adherence was only observed when the lectin domain was expressed with both the A repeat and the B domain, suggesting further interactions between these three domains. Our data also suggest that the A repeat domain is important for stability or expression of Aap. Deglycosylation treatment suggested that glycans expressed in the host stratum corneum serve as potential binding partners for Aap-mediated corneocyte adherence. Last, bioinformatic analyses of the predominant commensal species of CoNS identified open reading frames (ORFs) homologous to aap, thus suggesting that Aap orthologues containing lectin-like domains may provide the basis for staphylococcal colonization of skin. Corroborating these observations, adherence to corneocytes in an S. aureus mgrA mutant was dependent upon SasG, the Aap orthologue in S. aureus. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is the most significant cause of skin and soft tissue infections yet it rarely colonizes the skin of healthy individuals. This is believed to be due, in part, to inhibition of colonization via toxic substances produced by normal skin flora, including by S. epidermidis. Furthermore, we surmise that S. aureus colonization inhibition may also be due to competition for binding sites on host corneocytes. To understand these potential interactions between S. aureus and S. epidermidis and, potentially, other coagulase-negative staphylococci, we must first understand how staphylococci adhere to corneocytes. This work documents that S. epidermidis adherence to corneocytes is dependent upon the fibrillar cell wall-associated protein Aap. Our work further documents that Aap binds to glycans exposed on the corneocyte surface, which are commonly exploited by bacteria to facilitate adherence to host cells. Furthermore, we find that Aap orthologues may be responsible for corneocyte adherence in other staphylococci, including in S. aureus.
Collapse
|
21
|
Vitale C, Ma TM, Sim J, Altheim C, Martinez-Nieves E, Kadiyala U, Solomon MJ, VanEpps JS. Staphylococcus epidermidis Has Growth Phase Dependent Affinity for Fibrinogen and Resulting Fibrin Clot Elasticity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:649534. [PMID: 34220741 PMCID: PMC8241941 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.649534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection and thrombosis are highly correlated, especially in patients with indwelling medical devices. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, typified by Staphylococcus epidermidis, are a common cause of medical device infections owing to their biofilm forming capacity which provides protection from antibiotics and host immune response. Attention has been drawn to the interaction between S. epidermidis and host proteins, specifically fibrinogen. However, little is known regarding the impact of the transition from planktonic to biofilm forming phenotype on this interaction. Here we investigate the growth phase dependence of bacteria-fibrinogen interaction and the resulting effect on fibrin clot formation, structure, and mechanics. Flow cytometry demonstrated growth phase dependent affinity for fibrinogen. To mimic intravascular device seeding, we quantified the adhesion of S. epidermidis to a fibrinogen coated surface under continuous flow conditions in vitro. The bacterial deposition rate onto fibrinogen was significantly greater for stationary (5,360 ± 1,776 cells/cm2s) versus exponential phase (2,212 ± 264, cells/cm2 s). Furthermore, the expression of sdrG–a cell surface adhesion protein with specificity for fibrinogen–was upregulated ∼twofold in the stationary versus the exponential phase. Rheometry and confocal microscopy demonstrated that stationary phase S. epidermidis slows clot formation and generates a more heterogeneous fibrin network structure with greater elasticity (G′ = 5.7 ± 1.0 Pa) compared to sterile fibrinogen (G′ = l.5 ± 0.2 Pa), while exponential phase cells had little effect. This work contributes to the current understanding of the growth phase dependent regulation of bacterial virulence factors and the correlation between bacterial infection and thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Vitale
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Tianhui Maria Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Janice Sim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christopher Altheim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Erika Martinez-Nieves
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Usha Kadiyala
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael J Solomon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J Scott VanEpps
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang B, Wei PW, Wan S, Yao Y, Song CR, Song PP, Xu GB, Hu ZQ, Zeng Z, Wang C, Liu HM. Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts inhibit S. aureus and MRSA by disrupting biofilms and affecting gene expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 271:113895. [PMID: 33524512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba L. fruit, also known as Bai Guo, Ya Jiao Zi (in pinyin Chinese), and ginkgo nut (in English), has been used for many years as an important material in Chinese traditional medicine to treat coughs and asthma and as a disinfectant, as described in the Compendium of Materia Medica (Ben Cao Gang Mu, pinyin in Chinese), an old herbal book. Ginkgo nuts are used to treat phlegm-associated asthma, astringent gasp, frequent urination, gonorrhoea and turgidity; consumed raw to reduce phlegm and treat hangovers; and used as a disinfectant and insecticide. A similar record was also found in Sheng Nong's herbal classic (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, pinyin in Chinese). Recent research has shown that Ginkgo biloba L. exocarp extract (GBEE) can unblock blood vessels and improve brain function and exhibits antitumour and antibacterial activities. AIM OF STUDY To investigate the inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba L. exocarp extract (GBEE) on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) biofilms and assess its associated molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antibacterial effects of GBEE on S. aureus and MRSA were determined using the broth microdilution method. The growth curves of bacteria treated with or without GBEE were generated by measuring the CFU (colony forming unit) of cultures at different time points. The effects of GBEE on bacterial biofilm formation and mature biofilm disruption were determined by crystal violet staining. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to measure the effects of GBEE on the gene expression profiles of MRSA biofilm-related factors at 6, 8, 12, 16 and 24 h. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GBEE on S. aureus and MRSA was 4 μg/mL, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 8 μg/ml. Moreover, GBEE (4-12 μg/mL) inhibited S. aureus and MRSA biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, GBEE also destroyed mature biofilms of S. aureus and MRSA at 12 μg/ml. The expression of the MRSA biofilm-associated factor icaA and sarA were downregulated after 6 h of treatment with GBEE, while sigB was downregulated after 12 h. MeanwhileMeanwhile, icaR was upregulated at 12 h. In addition, GBEE also downregulated the virulence gene hld and inhibited the synthesis of staphyloxanthin. CONCLUSIONS GBEE has excellent antibacterial effects against S. aureus and MRSA and inhibits their biofilm-forming ability by altering related gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Peng-Wei Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Shan Wan
- Department of Microbial Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Chao-Rong Song
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Ping-Ping Song
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, China
| | - Guo-Bo Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Zu-Quan Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Hong-Mei Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Araújo AR, Araújo AC, Reis RL, Pires RA. Vescalagin and Castalagin Present Bactericidal Activity toward Methicillin-Resistant Bacteria. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1022-1030. [PMID: 33596039 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols have been extensively exploited in the biomedical field because of their wide range of bioactive properties and historical use as traditional medicines. They typically present antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiamyloidogenic, and/or antitumor activities. In particular, cork water extracts and their components, have been previously reported to present antioxidant and antiamyloidogenic properties. On the basis of this knowledge, we tested cork water extract (CWE), cork water enriched extract (CWE-E), vescalagin/castalagin (two of the main polyphenols present in CWE and CWE-E) for their antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains, namely, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Vescalagin and castalagin presented bactericidal activity against all the tested bacterial strains, in particular toward the methicillin-resistant ones, i.e., MRSA and MRSE, as well as the ability to inhibit the formation of biofilms and to disrupt preformed ones. Moreover, vescalagin/castalagin seem to modulate the normal assembly of the peptidoglycans at the bacteria surface, promoting the disruption of their cell wall, leading to bacterial cell death. We also demonstrate that vescalagin/castalagin can be loaded into alginate hydrogels to generate antibacterial biomaterials that are not toxic to eukaryotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Araújo
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Avepark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana C Araújo
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Avepark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Avepark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A Pires
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Avepark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Biofilm-Formation Ability and the Presence of Adhesion Genes in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolates from Chicken Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030728. [PMID: 33800098 PMCID: PMC7999041 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus are universally present on the mucous membranes and skin of warm-blooded animals. They are divided into two groups on the basis of their ability to clot blood plasma: the coagulase-positive (CoPS) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Some species can cause opportunistic infections in poultry. Identification and characterization of strains of the genus Staphylococcus isolated from farm animals are crucial in epidemiological research and for developing effective methods to treat infections and food poisoning induced by these bacteria. The main virulence factor of coagulase-negative staphylococci is considered to be their ability to form complex biofilm structures on the surfaces of damaged tissues. Biofilms increase the invasive properties of CoNS and their ability to cause infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the biofilm-forming potential of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains isolated from poultry. The frequency of selected genes potentially playing a role in the biofilm formation process was also determined. The results of the study indicate that the majority (79.3%) of CoNS isolated from broiler chickens in this study were capable of producing a biofilm. Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze the biofilm-production capacity of 87 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains (CoNS) isolated from broiler chickens and to determine the occurrence of biofilm-associated genes. The biofilm production capacity of staphylococci was assessed using the microtiter plate method (MTP), and the frequency of genes was determined by PCR. The ability to form a biofilm in vitro was shown in 79.3% of examined strains. Strong biofilm capacity was demonstrated in 26.4% of strains, moderate capacity in 25.3%, weak capacity in 27.6%, and a complete lack of biofilm production capacity in 20.7% of strains. The icaAB gene responsible for the production of extracellular polysaccharide adhesins was detected in 6.9% of strains. The other four genes, i.e., bap (encoding biofilm-associated protein), atlE (encoding cell surface protein exhibiting vitronectin-binding activity), fbe (encoding fibrinogen-binding protein), and eno (encoding laminin-binding protein) were detected in 5.7%, 19.5%, 8%, and 70.1% of strains, respectively. Demonstration of genes that play a role in bacterial biofilm formation may serve as a genetic basis to distinguish between symbiotic and potentially invasive coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ranjith K, Sharma S, Shivaji S. Microbes of the human eye: Microbiome, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108476. [PMID: 33549582 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The review focuses on the bacteria associated with the human eye using the dual approach of detecting cultivable bacteria and the total microbiome using next generation sequencing. The purpose of this review was to highlight the connection between antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in ocular bacteria. METHODS Pubmed was used as the source to catalogue culturable bacteria and ocular microbiomes associated with the normal eyes and those with ocular diseases, to ascertain the emergence of anti-microbial resistance with special reference to biofilm formation. RESULTS This review highlights the genetic strategies used by microorganisms to evade the lethal effects of anti-microbial agents by tracing the connections between candidate genes and biofilm formation. CONCLUSION The eye has its own microbiome which needs to be extensively studied under different physiological conditions; data on eye microbiomes of people from different ethnicities, geographical regions etc. are also needed to understand how these microbiomes affect ocular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konduri Ranjith
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Savitri Sharma
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Sisinthy Shivaji
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mirzaei B, Babaei R, Valinejad S. Staphylococcal Vaccine Antigens related to biofilm formation. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:293-303. [PMID: 32498595 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1767449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The number and frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains as a frequent cause of nosocomial infections have increased, especially for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, in part due to device-related infections. The transition to antibiotic-resistance in related bacterial genes and the capability for immune escape have increased the sustainability of biofilms produced by these bacteria. The formation and changes in biofilms have been suggested as a target to prevent or treat staphylococcal infections. Thus, this study reviews the development of candidate staphylococcal vaccines by database searching, and evaluates the immunogenicity and efficacy profiles of bacterial components involved in biofilms. The literature suggests that using common staphylococcal vaccine antigens and multivalent vaccines should further enhance vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Iran.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Science , Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ryhaneh Babaei
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Science , Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sina Valinejad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Science , Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cataneli Pereira V, Pinheiro-Hubinger L, de Oliveira A, Moraes Riboli DF, Benini Martins K, Calixto Romero L, Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha MDL. Detection of the agr System and Resistance to Antimicrobials in Biofilm-Producing S. epidermidis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235715. [PMID: 33287389 PMCID: PMC7729762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Staphylococcus epidermidis to produce virulence factors, such as biofilm, added to its increased resistance to antimicrobials can cause infections that are difficult to treat. Many staphylococcal virulence factors are under the control of the accessory gene regulator (agr). The objective of this study was to establish the agr locus and susceptibility of biofilm-producing S. epidermidis specimens to antimicrobial agents, through PCR reactions, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and to analyze the clonal profile of 300 strains isolated from blood culture specimens from inpatients at a University Hospital in Brazil, over a 20-year period by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) techniques. The ica operon expression was shown in 83.6% strains, bhp gene in 11.5%, and aap gene in 32.8%. Oxacillin resistance was detected in 90.1%, while 4.9% showed tigecycline resistance, and intermediate resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin was identified in 0.4%. Clonal profile determination showed 11 clusters, with the ST2 type determined as the major cluster. The S. epidermidis biofilm producer demonstrated a predominance of agr I locus, oxacillin resistance, and SCCmec III as well as the potential dissemination of pathogenic clones in hospital settings over long periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Cataneli Pereira
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, UNOESTE—University of West Paulista, Presidente Prudente CEP 19050-920, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza Pinheiro-Hubinger
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
| | - Adilson de Oliveira
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
| | - Danilo Flávio Moraes Riboli
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
| | - Katheryne Benini Martins
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
| | - Letícia Calixto Romero
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
| | - Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-14-3880-0428
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Schilcher K, Horswill AR. Staphylococcal Biofilm Development: Structure, Regulation, and Treatment Strategies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020. [PMID: 32792334 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00026-19/asset/e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In many natural and clinical settings, bacteria are associated with some type of biotic or abiotic surface that enables them to form biofilms, a multicellular lifestyle with bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the most frequent causes of biofilm-associated infections on indwelling medical devices, can switch between an existence as single free-floating cells and multicellular biofilms. During biofilm formation, cells first attach to a surface and then multiply to form microcolonies. They subsequently produce the extracellular matrix, a hallmark of biofilm formation, which consists of polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA. After biofilm maturation into three-dimensional structures, the biofilm community undergoes a disassembly process that leads to the dissemination of staphylococcal cells. As biofilms are dynamic and complex biological systems, staphylococci have evolved a vast network of regulatory mechanisms to modify and fine-tune biofilm development upon changes in environmental conditions. Thus, biofilm formation is used as a strategy for survival and persistence in the human host and can serve as a reservoir for spreading to new infection sites. Moreover, staphylococcal biofilms provide enhanced resilience toward antibiotics and the immune response and impose remarkable therapeutic challenges in clinics worldwide. This review provides an overview and an updated perspective on staphylococcal biofilms, describing the characteristic features of biofilm formation, the structural and functional properties of the biofilm matrix, and the most important mechanisms involved in the regulation of staphylococcal biofilm formation. Finally, we highlight promising strategies and technologies, including multitargeted or combinational therapies, to eradicate staphylococcal biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schilcher
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gajewska J, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W. Biofilm Formation Ability and Presence of Adhesion Genes among Coagulase-Negative and Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci Isolates from Raw Cow's Milk. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080654. [PMID: 32823918 PMCID: PMC7460418 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for biofilm formation is one of the crucial factors of staphylococcal virulence. The occurrence of biofilm-forming staphylococci in raw milk may result in disturbances in technological processes in dairy factories as well as the contamination of finished food products. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of staphylococcal biofilm formation in raw milk samples and to explore the genetic background associated with biofilm formation in those isolates. The material subjected to testing included 30 cow’s milk samples acquired from farms in the central part of Poland. A total of 54 staphylococcal strains were isolated from the samples, of which 42 were classified as coagulase-negative (CoNS) staphylococci belonging to the following species: S. haemolyticus, S. simulans, S. warneri, S. chromogenes, S. hominis, S. sciuri, S. capitis, S. xylosus and S. saprophyticus, while 12 were classified as S. aureus. The study examined the isolates’ capacity for biofilm formation and the staphylococcal capacity for slime production and determined the presence of genetic determinants responsible for biofilm formation, i.e., the icaA, icaD, bap and eno and, additionally, among coagulase-negative staphylococci, i.e., the aap, bhp, fbe, embP and atlE. Each tested isolate exhibited the capacity for biofilm formation, of which most of them (79.6%) were capable of forming a strong biofilm, while 5.6% formed a moderate biofilm, and 14.8% a weak biofilm. A capacity for slime production was demonstrated in 51.9% isolates. Most of the tested staphylococcal strains (90.7%) had at least one of the tested genes. Nearly half (47.6%) of the CoNS had the eno gene, while for S. aureus, the eno gene was demonstrated in 58.3% isolates. The frequency of the bap gene occurrence was 23.8% and 25% in CoNS strains and S. aureus, respectively. The fbe gene was demonstrated in only three CoNS isolates. The presence of the icaA was only demonstrated in CoNS strains (24.1%), while the icaD was found in both CoNS strains (21.4%) and S. aureus (100%). Among the CoNS, the presence of the embP (16.7%), aap (28.6%) and atlE (23.8%) was demonstrated as well. The obtained study results indicate that bacteria of the Staphylococcus spp. genus have a strong potential to form a biofilm, which may pose a hazard to consumer health.
Collapse
|
30
|
Staphylococcal Biofilm Development: Structure, Regulation, and Treatment Strategies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:84/3/e00026-19. [PMID: 32792334 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00026-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In many natural and clinical settings, bacteria are associated with some type of biotic or abiotic surface that enables them to form biofilms, a multicellular lifestyle with bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the most frequent causes of biofilm-associated infections on indwelling medical devices, can switch between an existence as single free-floating cells and multicellular biofilms. During biofilm formation, cells first attach to a surface and then multiply to form microcolonies. They subsequently produce the extracellular matrix, a hallmark of biofilm formation, which consists of polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA. After biofilm maturation into three-dimensional structures, the biofilm community undergoes a disassembly process that leads to the dissemination of staphylococcal cells. As biofilms are dynamic and complex biological systems, staphylococci have evolved a vast network of regulatory mechanisms to modify and fine-tune biofilm development upon changes in environmental conditions. Thus, biofilm formation is used as a strategy for survival and persistence in the human host and can serve as a reservoir for spreading to new infection sites. Moreover, staphylococcal biofilms provide enhanced resilience toward antibiotics and the immune response and impose remarkable therapeutic challenges in clinics worldwide. This review provides an overview and an updated perspective on staphylococcal biofilms, describing the characteristic features of biofilm formation, the structural and functional properties of the biofilm matrix, and the most important mechanisms involved in the regulation of staphylococcal biofilm formation. Finally, we highlight promising strategies and technologies, including multitargeted or combinational therapies, to eradicate staphylococcal biofilms.
Collapse
|
31
|
Lyu Z, Shang Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Zheng J, Liu H, Gong T, Ye L, Qu D. Monoclonal Antibodies Specific to the Extracellular Domain of Histidine Kinase YycG of Staphylococcus epidermidis Inhibit Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1839. [PMID: 32849437 PMCID: PMC7426370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is frequently associated with biofilm-related infections. Biofilms drastically reduce the efficacy of conventional antibiotics and the host immune system. In S. epidermidis biofilm formation, a major role is played by the YycG/YycF two-component system, and previous findings have indicated that inhibitors targeting the cytoplasmic HATPase_c domain of YycG kinase in S. epidermidis exhibit bactericidal and biofilm-killing activities. Therefore, we hypothesized that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against YycG extracellular (YycGex) domain would block the signal transduction and influence the biofilm formation of S. epidermidis. In this study, we screened out two YycGex-specific mAbs showing the highest affinity for the target, mAbs 2F3 and 1H1. These mAbs inhibited S. epidermidis biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner, and at a concentration of 160 μg/mL, mAbs 2F3 and 1H1 caused 78.3 and 93.1% biofilm reduction, respectively, relative to normal mouse IgG control. When co-cultivated with YycGex mAbs, S. epidermidis cells showed diminished initial-adherence capacity, and the antibody treatment further led to a marked decrease in the synthesis of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin and in the transcriptional level of genes encoding proteins involved in biofilm formation. Lastly, we determined that the epitopes recognized by the two YycGex mAbs are located within aa 59–70 of the YycGex domain. It indicates that the YycGex domain may be a potential candidate as a vaccine for the prevention of S. epidermidis biofilm infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongpeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinxin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huayong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Ye
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Qu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Foster TJ. Surface Proteins of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1829. [PMID: 32849430 PMCID: PMC7403478 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a ubiquitous commensal of human skin. The widespread use of indwelling medical devices in modern medicine provides an opportunity for it to cause infections. Disease causing isolates can come from many different genetic backgrounds. Multiply antibiotic resistant strains have spread globally. S. epidermidis has a smaller repertoire of cell wall anchored (CWA) surface proteins than Staphylococcus aureus. Nevertheless, these CWA proteins promote adhesion to components of the extracellular matrix including collagen, fibrinogen, and fibronectin and contribute to the formation of biofilm. The A domain of the accumulation associated protein Aap can promote adhesion to unconditioned biomaterial but must be removed proteolytically to allow accumulation to proceed by homophilic Zn2+-dependent interactions. Mature biofilm contains amyloid structures formed by Aap and the small basic protein (Sbp). The latter contributes to the integrity of both protein and polysaccharide biofilm matrices. Several other CWA proteins can also promote S. epidermidis biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Microbiological Air Quality in a Highschool Gym Located in an Urban Area of Southern Poland—Preliminary Research. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11080797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of regular exercise include improved physical and mental health. The school gym is a particular micro-environment where students perform intensive physical training. The question is if there is an increased risk of microbiological contamination. This preliminary work studied the exposure of students to bacterial aerosol (BA) in a highschool gym located in an urban area of Southern Poland. A sampling of BA was undertaken with an Andersen six-stage impactor (ANDI). BA was identified using API (analytical profile index) tests. The BA concentrations were expressed as Colony Forming Units (CFU) per cubic metre of air. The results showed that before gym classes (BGC), the concentration of BA was 4.20 × 102 ± 49.19 CFU/m3, while during gym classes (DGC), the level of BA more than doubled (8.75 × 102 ± 121.39 CFU/m3). There was also an increase in the respirable fraction of BA (particles less than 3.3 µm). Before the start of the sports activities, respirable fraction accounted for 30% of the BA, while during physical education classes, this share increased to over 80%. Identification of BA species showed that the dominant group of bacteria in the indoor air of the gym BGC was Gram-positive rods (61%) and for DGC it was Gram-positive cocci (81%). We detected that one bacteria strain (Corynebacterium striatum) was classified into risk group 2 (RG2) according to Directive 2000/54/EC. Additionally, multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) showed that among the isolated airborne bacteria, the highest antibiotic resistance was demonstrated by Staphylococcus epidermis (isolated DGC) and Pseudomonas sp. (isolated BGC). The quantitative and qualitative information on microbiological air quality (MIAQ) in the school gym indicates that the actions to improve indoor physical activity spaces are recommended.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sun Z, Zhou D, Zhang X, Li Q, Lin H, Lu W, Liu H, Lu J, Lin X, Li K, Xu T, Bao Q, Zhang H. Determining the Genetic Characteristics of Resistance and Virulence of the "Epidermidis Cluster Group" Through Pan-Genome Analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:274. [PMID: 32596166 PMCID: PMC7303328 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus capitis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis belong to the “Epidermidis Cluster Group” (ECG) and are generally opportunistic pathogens. In this work, whole genome sequencing, molecular cloning and pan-genome analysis were performed to investigate the genetic characteristics of the resistance, virulence and genome structures of 69 ECG strains, including a clinical isolate (S. caprae SY333) obtained in this work. Two resistance genes (blaZ and aadD2) encoded on the plasmids pSY333-41 and pSY333-45 of S. caprae SY333 were confirmed to be functional. The bla region in ECG exhibited three distinct structures, and these chromosome- and plasmid-encoded bla operons seemed to follow two different evolutionary paths. Pan-genome analysis revealed their pan-genomes tend to be “open.” For the virulence-related factors, the genes involved in primary attachment were observed almost exclusively in S. epidermidis, while the genes associated with intercellular aggregation were observed more frequently in S. caprae and S. capitis. The type VII secretion system was present in all strains of S. caprae and some of S. epidermidis but not in S. capitis. Moreover, the isd locus (iron regulated surface determinant) was first found to be encoded on the genomes of S. caprae and S. capitis. These findings suggested that the plasmid and chromosome encoded bla operons of ECG species underwent different evolution paths, as well as they differed in the abundance of virulence genes associated with adherence, invasion, secretion system and immune evasion. Identification of isd loci in S. caprae and S. capitis indicated their ability to acquire heme as nutrient iron during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhewei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Danying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xueya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiaoling Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hailong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongmao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junwan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Teng Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China
| | - Qiyu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kannappan A, Durgadevi R, Srinivasan R, Lagoa RJL, Packiavathy IASV, Pandian SK, Veera Ravi A. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde from Hemidesmus indicus is antagonistic to Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:549-563. [PMID: 32586125 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1777989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen that accounts for recalcitrant device-related infections worldwide. Owing to the growing interest in plants and their secondary metabolites targeting bacterial adhesion, this study was intended to uncover the anti-biofilm potential of Hemidesmus indicus and its major constituent 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB) against SE. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of H. indicus root extract and HMB were found to be 500 and 250 µg ml-1, respectively. The results of time-dependent biofilm inhibition and mature biofilm disruption assays confirmed that HMB targets initial cell adhesion. Furthermore, interference by HMB in the expression of adhesin genes (icaA, aap and bhp) and biofilm components was associated with an increased susceptibility of SE to oxidative stress and antibiotics. To conclude, this study reports for the first time HMB as a potential drug against SE biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arunachalam Kannappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ravindran Durgadevi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramanathan Srinivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | | | | | | | - Arumugam Veera Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Walker JN, Poppler LH, Pinkner CL, Hultgren SJ, Myckatyn TM. Establishment and Characterization of Bacterial Infection of Breast Implants in a Murine Model. Aesthet Surg J 2020; 40:516-528. [PMID: 31259380 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjz190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most common causes of Gram-positive and Gram-negative breast implant-associated infection. Little is known about how these bacteria infect breast implants as a function of implant surface characteristics and timing of infection. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to establish a mouse model for studying the impact of various conditions on breast implant infection. METHODS Ninety-one mice were implanted with 273 breast implant shells and infected with S. epidermidis or P. aeruginosa. Smooth, microtextured, and macrotextured breast implant shells were implanted in each mouse. Bacterial inoculation occurred during implantation or 1 day later. Implants were retrieved 1 or 7 days later. Explanted breast implant shells were sonicated, cultured, and colony-forming units determined or analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS P. aeruginosa could be detected on all device surfaces at 1- and 7- days post infection (dpi), when mice were implanted and infected concurrently or when they were infected 1- day after implantation. However, P. aeruginosa infection was more robust on implant shells retrieved at 7 dpi and particularly on the macrotextured devices that were infected 1 day post implantation. S. epidermidis was mostly cleared from implants when mice were infected and implanted concurrently. Other the other hand, S. epidermidis could be detected on all device surfaces at 1 dpi and 2 days post implantation. However, S. epidermdis infection was suppressed by 7 dpi and 8 days post implantation. CONCLUSIONS S. epidermidis required higher inoculating doses to cause infection and was cleared within 7 days. P. aeruginosa infected at lower inoculating doses, with robust biofilms noted 7 days later.
Collapse
|
37
|
Tekeli A, Öcal DN, Dolapçı İ. Detection of sasX Gene and Distribution of SCC mec Types in Invasive and Non-invasive Coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Balkan Med J 2020; 37:215-221. [PMID: 32270947 PMCID: PMC7285666 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2019.8.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase-negative staphylococci, which belong to the normal microbiota of the skin and mucous membranes, are opportunistic pathogens. sasX, a newly described protein, is thought to play an important role in nasal colonization and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus virulence, and it may be acquired from coagulase-negative staphylococci by horizontal gene transfer. It has been considered that understanding the function of sasX gene may help clarify the relevance of the different adhesion mechanisms in the pathogenesis of infections associated with biofilm. Aims To investigate the sasX gene presence, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of invasive and noninvasive coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Methods The study included a total of 180 coagulase-negative staphylococci strains. Non-invasive isolates (n=91) were obtained from the hands of healthy volunteers who do not work at the hospital (n=30), the nasal vestibule of healthy volunteer hospital workers (n=26), and central venous catheter (n=35). Invasive isolates (n=89) were isolated from peripheral blood cultures of inpatients who do not have catheters. All isolates were identified by conventional microbiological methods, automated systems, and, if needed, with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing, sasX and mec gene detection, antibiotic susceptibility, and sasX gene sequence analysis were performed. Results Peripheral blood, central venous catheter colonization, and nasal vestibule isolates were positive for the sasX gene, whereas hand isolates were negative. sasX gene was present in 17 isolates, and no statistical significance was found between invasive and noninvasive isolates (p=0.173). Sequence analysis of the sasX genes showed high homology to related proteins of Staphylococcus phage SPbeta-like and Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A. staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type V was the most prevalent regardless of species. staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type II was more frequent in invasive isolates and found to be statistically important for invasive and noninvasive S. epidermidis isolates (p=0.029). Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates had the overall highest resistance rates. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and erythromycin was found to be higher in isolates from catheter and blood culture. Staphylococcus hominis isolates had the highest rate for inducible clindamycin resistance. None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid. Conclusion The sasX gene is detected in 9.44% of the isolates. There is no statistical difference between the sasX-positive and -negative isolates in terms of antibacterial resistance and the presence of sasX and SCCmec types. Further studies about the role of sasX at virulence in coagulase-negative staphylococci, especially from clinical samples such as tracheal aspirate and abscess isolates, and distribution of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alper Tekeli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Nilüfer Öcal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İştar Dolapçı
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wolden R, Pain M, Karlsson R, Karlsson A, Aarag Fredheim EG, Cavanagh JP. Identification of surface proteins in a clinical Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolate by bacterial surface shaving. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:80. [PMID: 32264835 PMCID: PMC7137321 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The skin commensal Staphylococcus haemolyticus is an emerging nosocomial pathogen. Despite its clinical relevance, published information about S. haemolyticus virulence factors is scarce. In this study, the adhesive and biofilm forming properties of ten clinical and ten commensal S. haemolyticus strains were examined using standard adhesion and biofilm assays. One of the clinical strains was used to identify expressed surface proteins using bacterial surface shaving. Protein abundance was examined by a comparative analysis between bacterial protein expression after human keratinocyte (HaCaT) colonization and growth in cell culture media supplemented with serum. Relative protein quantification was performed by labeling peptides with tandem mass tags (TMT) prior to Mass Spectrometry analysis. Surface proteins can be used as novel targets for antimicrobial treatment and in diagnostics. Results Adherence to fibronectin, collagen and plastic was low in all tested strains, but with significantly higher adhesion to fibronectin (p = 0.041) and collagen (p = 0.001) in the commensal strains. There was a trend towards higher degree of biofilm formation in the clinical strains (p = 0.059). By using surface shaving, 325 proteins were detected, of which 65 were classified as surface proteins. Analyses showed that the abundance of nineteen (5.8%) proteins were significantly changed following HaCaT colonization. The bacterial Toll/interleukin-1 like (TIRs) domain containing protein (p = 0.04), the transglycosylase SceD (p = 0.01), and the bifunctional autolysin Atl (p = 0.04) showed a 1.4, 1.6- and 1.5-fold increased abundance. The staphylococcal secretory antigen (SsaA) (p = 0.04) was significantly downregulated (− 1.5 fold change) following HaCaT colonization. Among the 65 surface proteins the elastin binding protein (Ebps), LPXAG and LPXSG domain containing proteins and five LPXTG domain containing proteins were identified; three Sdr-like proteins, the extracellular matrix binding protein Embp and a SasH-like protein. Conclusions This study has provided novel knowledge about expression of S. haemolyticus surface proteins after direct contact with eukaryotic cells and in media supplemented with serum. We have identified surface proteins and immune evasive proteins previously only functionally described in other staphylococcal species. The identification of expressed proteins after host-microbe interaction offers a tool for the discovery and design of novel targets for antimicrobial treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runa Wolden
- Pediatric Research group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Pain
- Pediatric Research group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Nanoxis Consulting AB, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | | | - Elizabeth G Aarag Fredheim
- Microbial Pharmacology and Population Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn Pauline Cavanagh
- Pediatric Research group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Pediatrics, The University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Becker K, Both A, Weißelberg S, Heilmann C, Rohde H. Emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:349-366. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1730813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Becker
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Both
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samira Weißelberg
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine Heilmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Walker JN, Pinkner CL, Lynch AJL, Ortbal S, Pinkner JS, Hultgren SJ, Myckatyn TM. Deposition of Host Matrix Proteins on Breast Implant Surfaces Facilitates Staphylococcus Epidermidis Biofilm Formation: In Vitro Analysis. Aesthet Surg J 2020; 40:281-295. [PMID: 30953053 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjz099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus epidermidis is a primary cause of breast implant-associated infection. S epidermidis possesses several virulence factors that enable it to bind both abiotic surfaces and host factors to form a biofilm. In addition S epidermidis colocalizes with matrix proteins coating explanted human breast implants. OBJECTIVES The authors sought to identify matrix proteins that S epidermidis may exploit to infect various breast implant surfaces in vitro. METHODS A combination of in vitro assays was used to characterize S epidermidis strains isolated from human breast implants to gain a better understanding of how these bacteria colonize breast implant surfaces. These included determining the (1) minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations for irrigation solutions commonly used to prevent breast implant contamination; (2) expression and carriage of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin and serine-aspartate repeat proteins, which bind fibrinogen (SdrG) and collagen (SdrF), respectively; and (3) biofilm formation on varying implant surface characteristics, in different growth media, and supplemented with fibrinogen and Types I and III collagen. Scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining analyses were performed to corroborate findings from these assays. RESULTS Textured breast implant surfaces support greater bacterial biofilm formation at baseline, and the addition of collagen significantly increases biomass on all surfaces tested. We found that S epidermidis isolated from breast implants all encoded SdrF. Consistent with this finding, these strains had a clear affinity for Type I collagen, forming dense, highly structured biofilms in its presence. CONCLUSIONS The authors found that S epidermidis may utilize SdrF to interact with Type I collagen to form biofilm on breast implant surfaces. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Ortbal
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lebeurre J, Dahyot S, Diene S, Paulay A, Aubourg M, Argemi X, Giard JC, Tournier I, François P, Pestel-Caron M. Comparative Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Shows Clonal Complex-Dependent Diversity of the Putative Virulence Factor, ess/Type VII Locus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2479. [PMID: 31736914 PMCID: PMC6834553 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a commensal bacterium of human skin that has emerged as a virulent Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus in both community-acquired and healthcare associated infections. Genotyping methods have shown a clonal population structure of this pathogen but failed to identify hypervirulent lineages. Here, complete genomes of three pathogenic and three carriage S. lugdunensis strains were obtained by Single-Molecule sequencing (PacBio) and compared to 15 complete genomes available in GenBank database. The aim was to identify (i) genetic determinants specific to pathogenic or carriage strains or specific to clonal complexes (CCs) defined by MultiLocus Sequence Typing, and (ii) antibiotic resistance genes and new putative virulence factors encoded or not by mobile genetic elements (MGE). Comparative genomic analysis did not show a strict correlation between gene content and the ability of the six strains to cause infections in humans and in a Galleria mellonella infection model. However, this study identified new MGEs (five prophages, two genomic islands and one plasmid) and genetic variations of some putative virulence-associated loci, especially in CC3 strains. For a clonal population, high variability and eight CC-dependent genetic organizations were observed for the ess locus, which encodes a putative type VII secretion system (T7SS) homologous to that of S. aureus. Further phenotypic and functional studies are needed to characterize this particular CC3 and to evaluate the role of T7SS in the virulence of S. lugdunensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandrine Dahyot
- UNIROUEN, GRAM EA2656, Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - Seydina Diene
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marion Aubourg
- EA4655 U2RM (Équipe Antibio-Résistance), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Xavier Argemi
- CHRU de Strasbourg, VBP EA7290, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Institut de Bactériologie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Giard
- EA4655 U2RM (Équipe Antibio-Résistance), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Tournier
- UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - Patrice François
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martine Pestel-Caron
- UNIROUEN, GRAM EA2656, Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Overview of Staphylococcus epidermidis cell wall-anchored proteins: potential targets to inhibit biofilm formation. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:771-784. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
43
|
Swetha TK, Pooranachithra M, Subramenium GA, Divya V, Balamurugan K, Pandian SK. Umbelliferone Impedes Biofilm Formation and Virulence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis via Impairment of Initial Attachment and Intercellular Adhesion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:357. [PMID: 31681633 PMCID: PMC6813203 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic human pathogen, which is involved in numerous nosocomial and implant associated infections. Biofilm formation is one of the prime virulence factors of S. epidermidis that supports its colonization on biotic and abiotic surfaces. The global dissemination of three lineages of S. epidermidis superbugs highlights its clinical significance and the imperative need to combat its pathogenicity. Thus, in the current study, the antibiofilm activity of umbelliferone (UMB), a natural product of the coumarin family, was assessed against methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE). UMB exhibited significant antibiofilm activity (83%) at 500 μg/ml concentration without growth alteration. Microscopic analysis corroborated the antibiofilm potential of UMB and unveiled its potential to impair intercellular adhesion, which was reflected in auto-aggregation and solid phase adherence assays. Furthermore, real time PCR analysis revealed the reduced expression of adhesion encoding genes (icaD, atlE, aap, bhp, ebh, sdrG, and sdrF). Down regulation of agrA and reduced production of secreted hydrolases upon UMB treatment were speculated to hinder invasive lifestyle of MRSE. Additionally, UMB hindered slime synthesis and biofilm matrix components, which were believed to augment antibiotic susceptibility. In vivo assays using Caenorhabditis elegans divulged the non-toxic nature of UMB and validated the antibiofilm, antivirulence, and antiadherence properties of UMB observed in in vitro assays. Thus, UMB impairs MRSE biofilm by turning down the initial attachment and intercellular adhesion. Altogether, the obtained results suggest the potent antibiofilm activity of UMB and the feasibility of using it in clinical settings for combating S. epidermidis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Velayutham Divya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Guo Y, Ding Y, Liu L, Shen X, Hao Z, Duan J, Jin Y, Chen Z, Yu F. Antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence determinants profiles and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates in Wenzhou, eastern China. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:157. [PMID: 31288755 PMCID: PMC6617921 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus epidermidis has emerged as an often encountered pathogen responsible for hospital-acquired infections. The aim of present study is to investigate the microbiological characteristic of S. epidermidis isolates isolated from sterile specimens and skin in a Chinese tertiary hospital. METHODS A total of 223 non-duplicate S. epidermidis were collected from various sterile specimens of inpatients among 10 years in Wenzhou, China. 106 S. epidermidis obtained from the skin (urethral orifices) of healthy volunteers. All isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. PCR was used to detect the virulence- and resistance-associated genes and 7 housekeeping genes to determine the sequence types (STs) of selected isolates. RESULTS The resistance rates to antimicrobials tested except linezolid and vancomycin and the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) of S. epidermidis clinical isolates were significantly higher than those among colonized isolates (P < 0.05). The positive rates of virulence-associated genes including aap, sesI, ACME-arcA, IS256, bhp, altE, aae and gehD for S. epidermidis clinical isolates were significantly higher than those for colonized isolate (P < 0.05). A total of 60 STs including 28 from clinical isolates and 32 from colonized isolates were identified by MLST. A novel, rarely encountered clone, ST466, was found to be the second prevalent clone among clinical isolates. The great majority of the S. epidermidis isolates tested (73.86%) belonged to clone complex 2 (CC2). Compared with ST2, ST130, ST20 and ST59 clones, ST466 clone had the highest resistance rate to tetracycline (50.00%), the second highest prevalence of ACME-arcA (65.00%), bhp (30.00%) and qacA/B (65.00%), very low prevalence of carriage of icaA (0.00%) and biofilm formation (0.00%), the lack of sesI and high prevalence of aap, altE and aae (> 90%), which was similar to the characteristics of ST59 clone with one locus difference from ST466. ST466 clone competence with Staphylococcus aureus was relatively stronger, relative to ST2, ST20, ST130 and ST59 clones. CONCLUSION Taken together, a high-level of genetic diversity was found between clinical and colonized S. epidermidis isolates. A novel ST466 clone with distinct and similar characteristics relative to other prevalent clones, emerging as a prevalent clone in China, should be of major concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinjuan Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhihao Hao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zengqiang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Fangyou Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mirzaei B, Mousavi SF, Babaei R, Bahonar S, Siadat SD, Shafiee Ardestani M, Shahrooei M, Van Eldere J. Synthesis of conjugated PIA–rSesC and immunological evaluation against biofilm-forming Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:791-802. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, Microbial Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Seyed Fazlollah Mousavi
- Department of Microbiology, Microbial Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhane Babaei
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Sara Bahonar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shafiee Ardestani
- Department of Radio-pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Diagnostic Sciences, KU Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49 CDG 8th floor, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - John Van Eldere
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Diagnostic Sciences, KU Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49 CDG 8th floor, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Haque S, Yadav DK, Bisht SC, Yadav N, Singh V, Dubey KK, Jawed A, Wahid M, Dar SA. Quorum sensing pathways in Gram-positive and -negative bacteria: potential of their interruption in abating drug resistance. J Chemother 2019; 31:161-187. [DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2019.1599175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh K. Yadav
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shekhar C. Bisht
- Department of Biotechnology, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neelam Yadav
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Arshad Jawed
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajad Ahmad Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Departments of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ortega-Peña S, Vargas-Mendoza CF, Franco-Cendejas R, Aquino-Andrade A, Vazquez-Rosas GJ, Betanzos-Cabrera G, Guerrero-Barajas C, Jan-Roblero J, Rodríguez-Martínez S, Cancino-Diaz ME, Cancino Diaz JC. sesA, sesB, sesC, sesD, sesE, sesG, sesH,andembpgenes are genetic markers that differentiate commensal isolates ofStaphylococcus epidermidisfrom isolates that cause prosthetic joint infection. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 51:435-445. [DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1597276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvestre Ortega-Peña
- Laboratory of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departments of Microbiology, Zoology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos F. Vargas-Mendoza
- Departments of Microbiology, Zoology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Franco-Cendejas
- Laboratory of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera
- Área Académica de Nutrición and Toxicología Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Claudia Guerrero-Barajas
- Deparment of Bioprocesses, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Janet Jan-Roblero
- Departments of Microbiology, Zoology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departments of Microbiology, Zoology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario E. Cancino-Diaz
- Departments of Microbiology, Zoology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan C. Cancino Diaz
- Departments of Microbiology, Zoology and Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Staphylococci, with the leading species Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, are the most frequent causes of infections on indwelling medical devices. The biofilm phenotype that those bacteria adopt during device-associated infection facilitates increased resistance to antibiotics and host immune defenses. This review presents and discusses the molecular mechanisms contributing to staphylococcal biofilm development and their in-vivo importance. Furthermore, it summarizes current strategies for the development of therapeutics against staphylococcal biofilm-associated infection.
Collapse
|
49
|
Heilmann C, Ziebuhr W, Becker K. Are coagulase-negative staphylococci virulent? Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:1071-1080. [PMID: 30502487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progress in contemporary medicine is associated with an increasing number of immunocompromised individuals. In this vulnerable group, the underlying disease together with long-term hospitalization and the use of medical devices facilitate infections by opportunistic pathogens, of which coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) represent a prime example. OBJECTIVES The diversity of CoNS with species- and strain-specific differences concerning virulence and clinical impact is highlighted. A focus is on the ability of CoNS to generate biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces, which enables skin and mucosa colonization as well as establishment of CoNS on indwelling foreign bodies. SOURCES Literature about the virulence of CoNS listed in PubMed was reviewed. CONTENT Most catheter-related and prosthetic joint infections as well as most other device-related infections are caused by CoNS, specifically by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. A common theme of CoNS infections is a high antibiotic resistance rate, which often limits treatment options and contributes to the significant health and economic burden imposed by CoNS. IMPLICATIONS Breaching the skin barrier along with the insertion of medical devices offers CoNS opportunities to gain access to host tissues and to sustain there by forming biofilms on foreign body surfaces. Biofilms represent the perfect niche to protect CoNS from both the host immune response and the action of antibiotics. Their particular lifestyle, combined with conditions that facilitate host colonization and infection, has led to the growing impact of CoNS as pathogens. Moreover, CoNS may serve as hidden reservoirs for antibiotic resistance and virulence traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Heilmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - W Ziebuhr
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - K Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Watanabe S, Aiba Y, Tan XE, Li FY, Boonsiri T, Thitiananpakorn K, Cui B, Sato'o Y, Kiga K, Sasahara T, Cui L. Complete genome sequencing of three human clinical isolates of Staphylococcus caprae reveals virulence factors similar to those of S. epidermidis and S. capitis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:810. [PMID: 30409159 PMCID: PMC6225691 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus caprae is an animal-associated bacterium regarded as part of goats’ microflora. Recently, S. caprae has been reported to cause human nosocomial infections such as bacteremia and bone and joint infections. However, the mechanisms responsible for the development of nosocomial infections remain largely unknown. Moreover, the complete genome sequence of S. caprae has not been determined. Results We determined the complete genome sequences of three methicillin-resistant S. caprae strains isolated from humans and compared these sequences with the genomes of S. epidermidis and S. capitis, both of which are closely related to S. caprae and are inhabitants of human skin capable of causing opportunistic infections. The genomes showed that S. caprae JMUB145, JMUB590, and JMUB898 strains contained circular chromosomes of 2,618,380, 2,629,173, and 2,598,513 bp, respectively. JMUB145 carried type V SCCmec, while JMUB590 and JMUB898 had type IVa SCCmec. A genome-wide phylogenetic SNP tree constructed using 83 complete genome sequences of 24 Staphylococcus species and 2 S. caprae draft genome sequences confirmed that S. caprae is most closely related to S. epidermidis and S. capitis. Comparative complete genome analysis of eight S. epidermidis, three S. capitis and three S. caprae strains revealed that they shared similar virulence factors represented by biofilm formation genes. These factors include wall teichoic acid synthesis genes, poly-gamma-DL-glutamic acid capsule synthesis genes, and other genes encoding nonproteinaceous adhesins. The 17 proteinases/adhesins and extracellular proteins known to be associated with biofilm formation in S. epidermidis were also conserved in these three species, and their biofilm formation could be detected in vitro. Moreover, two virulence-associated gene clusters, the type VII secretion system and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis gene clusters, identified in S. aureus were present in S. caprae but not in S. epidermidis and S. capitis genomes. Conclusion The complete genome sequences of three methicillin-resistant S. caprae isolates from humans were determined for the first time. Comparative genome analysis revealed that S. caprae is closely related to S. epidermidis and S. capitis at the species level, especially in the ability to form biofilms, which may lead to increased virulence during the development of S. caprae infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5185-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Watanabe
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Aiba
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Xin-Ee Tan
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Feng-Yu Li
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tanit Boonsiri
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kanate Thitiananpakorn
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Bintao Cui
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato'o
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kiga
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Teppei Sasahara
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Longzhu Cui
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|