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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Grenl A, Blasi B. Meta-Analysis and Systematic Literature Review of the Genus Pneumocystis in Pet, Farm, Zoo, and Wild Mammal Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1081. [PMID: 37998885 PMCID: PMC10672670 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic literature search on Pneumocystis in 276 pet, farm, zoo, and wild mammal species resulted in 124 publications originating from 38 countries that were analyzed descriptively and statistically, for which inclusion and exclusion criteria were exactly defined. The range of recorded Pneumocystis prevalence was broad, yet in half of the citations a prevalence of ≤25% was documented. Prevalence was significantly dependent on the method used for Pneumocystis detection, with PCR revealing the highest percentages. Pet animals showed the lowest median Pneumocystis prevalence, followed by farm, wild, and zoo animals. In contrast, pet and farm animals showed higher proportions of high-grade infection levels compared to zoo and wild mammals. Only in individual cases, all of them associated with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia, was an underlying immunosuppression confirmed. Acquired immunosuppression caused by other diseases was frequently discussed, but its significance, especially in highly immunosuppressive cases, needs to be clarified. This meta-analysis supported a potential influence of the social and environmental factors of the host on Pneumocystis transmission in wildlife, which must be further elucidated, as well as the genetic diversity of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.G.); (B.B.)
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Riebold D, Lubig J, Wolf P, Wolf C, Russow K, Loebermann M, Slevogt H, Mohr E, Feldhusen F, Reisinger EC. First molecular detection of Pneumocystis spp. in red foxes (Vulpes vulpeslinnaeus, 1758) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoidesgray, 1834). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101531. [PMID: 32871298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungal organisms of the genus Pneumocystis may cause Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans, but also domestic and wild mammals. Almost every animal species hosts its own genetically distinct Pneumocystis species, however information is sparse. In this study, 62 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and 37 raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were collected in North-East Germany. The lung tissues of the animals were analysed by a new designed specific pan-Pneumocystis mtLSU rRNA gene PCR and sequencing. With this PCR, detection and discrimination of all known Pneumocystis spp. in a single step should be possible. This first detection of Pneumocystis spp. in 29/62 (46.8%) red foxes and 29/37 (78.4%) raccoon dogs indicated, that they harbour two dissimilar strains, as seen by specific single nucleotide position changes (SNPs). Nevertheless, five samples with contrary SNPs showed a probable inter-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Riebold
- Host Septomics Group, Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany; Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany.
| | - Jacob Lubig
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany; Chair for Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Wolf
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (LALLF-MV), Rostock, Germany
| | - Carola Wolf
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (LALLF-MV), Rostock, Germany
| | - Kati Russow
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Micha Loebermann
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Host Septomics Group, Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Elmar Mohr
- Chair for Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Frerk Feldhusen
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (LALLF-MV), Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil Christian Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany
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Kling HM, Norris KA. Vaccine-Induced Immunogenicity and Protection Against Pneumocystis Pneumonia in a Nonhuman Primate Model of HIV and Pneumocystis Coinfection. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1586-95. [PMID: 26823337 PMCID: PMC4837913 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen Pneumocystis jirovecii causes pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, and pulmonary colonization with P. jirovecii is believed to be a cofactor in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. There is no vaccine for P. jirovecii; however, most adults are seropositive, indicating natural immune priming to this pathogen. We have shown that humoral response to a recombinant subunit of the P. jirovecii protease kexin (KEX1) correlates with protection from P. jirovecii colonization and pneumonia. METHODS Here we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective capacity of the recombinant KEX1 peptide vaccine in a preclinical, nonhuman primate model of HIV-induced immunosuppression and Pneumocystis coinfection. RESULTS Immunization with KEX1 induced a robust humoral response remained at protective levels despite chronic simian immunodeficiency virus/HIV-induced immunosuppression. KEX1-immunized macaques were protected from Pneumocystis pneumonia, compared with mock-immunized animals (P= .047), following immunosuppression and subsequent natural, airborne exposure to Pneumocystis CONCLUSIONS These data support the concept that stimulation of preexisting immunological memory to Pneumocystis with a recombinant KEX1 vaccine prior to immunosuppression induces durable memory responses and protection in the context of chronic, complex immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Kling
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen A Norris
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Demanche C, Deville M, Michaux J, Barriel V, Pinçon C, Aliouat-Denis CM, Pottier M, Noël C, Viscogliosi E, Aliouat EM, Dei-Cas E, Morand S, Guillot J. What do Pneumocystis organisms tell us about the phylogeography of their hosts? The case of the woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus in continental Europe and western Mediterranean islands. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120839. [PMID: 25830289 PMCID: PMC4382281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis fungi represent a highly diversified biological group with numerous species, which display a strong host-specificity suggesting a long co-speciation process. In the present study, the presence and genetic diversity of Pneumocystis organisms was investigated in 203 lung samples from woodmice (Apodemus sylvaticus) collected on western continental Europe and Mediterranean islands. The presence of Pneumocystis DNA was assessed by nested PCR at both large and small mitochondrial subunit (mtLSU and mtSSU) rRNA loci. Direct sequencing of nested PCR products demonstrated a very high variability among woodmouse-derived Pneumocystis organisms with a total number of 30 distinct combined mtLSU and mtSSU sequence types. However, the genetic divergence among these sequence types was very low (up to 3.87%) and the presence of several Pneumocystis species within Apodemus sylvaticus was considered unlikely. The analysis of the genetic structure of woodmouse-derived Pneumocystis revealed two distinct groups. The first one comprised Pneumocystis from woodmice collected in continental Spain, France and Balearic islands. The second one included Pneumocystis from woodmice collected in continental Italy, Corsica and Sicily. These two genetic groups were in accordance with the two lineages currently described within the host species Apodemus sylvaticus. Pneumocystis organisms are emerging as powerful tools for phylogeographic studies in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Demanche
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie (EA4547), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, UMR CNRS 8204, Université de Lille, BioPôle d'Alfort, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents, Lille, France
| | - Manjula Deville
- ENVA, UPEC, Research group Dynamyc, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Johan Michaux
- CBGP (Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations), UMR INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro, Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France; Institut de Botanique (B22), University of Liège, 4000, Liège, (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Véronique Barriel
- Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CR2P-UMR 7207 CNRS, MNHN, Univ Paris06, Paris, France
| | - Claire Pinçon
- Departement of Biostatistics (EA2694), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cécile Marie Aliouat-Denis
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie (EA4547), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, UMR CNRS 8204, Université de Lille, BioPôle d'Alfort, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents, Lille, France
| | - Muriel Pottier
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie (EA4547), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, UMR CNRS 8204, Université de Lille, BioPôle d'Alfort, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Noël
- Geneius Laboratories Ltd, INEX Business Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, UMR CNRS 8204, Université de Lille, BioPôle d'Alfort, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents, Lille, France
| | - El Moukhtar Aliouat
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie (EA4547), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, UMR CNRS 8204, Université de Lille, BioPôle d'Alfort, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents, Lille, France
| | - Eduardo Dei-Cas
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, UMR CNRS 8204, Université de Lille, BioPôle d'Alfort, Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents, Lille, France; Parasitologie-Mycologie (EA4547) Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - Serge Morand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS-IRD-UM2, Université de Montpellier 2, F-34093, Montpellier, France; CIRAD-CNRS, Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Jacques Guillot
- ENVA, UPEC, Research group Dynamyc, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Combined quantification of pulmonary Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA and serum (1->3)-β-D-glucan for differential diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia and Pneumocystis colonization. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3380-8. [PMID: 23903553 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01554-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for Pneumocystis jirovecii quantification in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples combined with serum (1→3)-β-d-glucan (BG) level detection to distinguish Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) from pulmonary colonization with P. jirovecii. Forty-six patients for whom P. jirovecii was initially detected in BAL fluid samples were retrospectively enrolled. Based on clinical data and results of P. jirovecii detection, 17 and 29 patients were diagnosed with PCP and colonization, respectively. BAL fluid samples were reassayed using a qPCR assay targeting the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene. qPCR results and serum BG levels (from a Fungitell kit) were analyzed conjointly. P. jirovecii DNA copy numbers were significantly higher in the PCP group than in the colonization group (1.3 × 10(7) versus 3.4 × 10(3) copies/μl, P < 0.05). A lower cutoff value (1.6 × 10(3) copies/μl) achieving 100% sensitivity for PCP diagnosis and an upper cutoff value (2 × 10(4) copies/μl) achieving 100% specificity were determined. Applying these two values, 13/17 PCP patients and 19/29 colonized patients were correctly assigned to their patient groups. For the remaining 14 patients with P. jirovecii DNA copy numbers between the cutoff values, PCP and colonization could not be distinguished on the basis of qPCR results. Four of these patients who were initially assigned to the PCP group presented BG levels of ≥100 pg/ml. The other 10 patients, who were initially assigned to the colonization group, presented BG levels of <100 pg/ml. These results suggest that the combination of the qPCR assay, applying cutoff values of 1.6 × 10(3) and 2 × 10(4) copies/μl, and serum BG detection, applying a 100 pg/ml threshold, can differentiate PCP and colonization diagnoses.
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Characterizing Pneumocystis in the lungs of bats: understanding Pneumocystis evolution and the spread of Pneumocystis organisms in mammal populations. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:8122-36. [PMID: 23001662 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01791-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats belong to a wide variety of species and occupy diversified habitats, from cities to the countryside. Their different diets (i.e., nectarivore, frugivore, insectivore, hematophage) lead Chiroptera to colonize a range of ecological niches. These flying mammals exert an undisputable impact on both ecosystems and circulation of pathogens that they harbor. Pneumocystis species are recognized as major opportunistic fungal pathogens which cause life-threatening pneumonia in severely immunocompromised or weakened mammals. Pneumocystis consists of a heterogeneous group of highly adapted host-specific fungal parasites that colonize a wide range of mammalian hosts. In the present study, 216 lungs of 19 bat species, sampled from diverse biotopes in the New and Old Worlds, were examined. Each bat species may be harboring a specific Pneumocystis species. We report 32.9% of Pneumocystis carriage in wild bats (41.9% in Microchiroptera). Ecological and behavioral factors (elevation, crowding, migration) seemed to influence the Pneumocystis carriage. This study suggests that Pneumocystis-host association may yield much information on Pneumocystis transmission, phylogeny, and biology in mammals. Moreover, the link between genetic variability of Pneumocystis isolated from populations of the same bat species and their geographic area could be exploited in terms of phylogeography.
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Abstract
Although the incidence of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) has decreased since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy, it remains an important cause of disease in both HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected immunosuppressed populations. The epidemiology of PCP has shifted over the course of the HIV epidemic both from changes in HIV and PCP treatment and prevention and from changes in critical care medicine. Although less common in non-HIV-infected immunosuppressed patients, PCP is now more frequently seen due to the increasing numbers of organ transplants and development of novel immunotherapies. New diagnostic and treatment modalities are under investigation. The immune response is critical in preventing this disease but also results in lung damage, and future work may offer potential areas for vaccine development or immunomodulatory therapy. Colonization with Pneumocystis is an area of increasing clinical and research interest and may be important in development of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this review, we discuss current clinical and research topics in the study of Pneumocystis and highlight areas for future research.
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Lowenstine LJ, Osborn KG. Respiratory System Diseases of Nonhuman Primates. NONHUMAN PRIMATES IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 2012. [PMCID: PMC7158299 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381366-4.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
With increases in the immunocompromised patient population and aging of the HIV+ population, the risk of serious fungal infections and their complications will continue to rise. In these populations, infection with the fungal opportunistic pathogen Pneumocystis jirovecii remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Infection with Pneumocystis (Pc) has been shown to be associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in human subjects with and without HIV infection and in non-human primate models of HIV infection. In human studies and in a primate model of HIV/Pc co-infection, we have shown that antibody response to the Pc protein, kexin (KEX1), correlates with protection from colonization, Pc pneumonia, and COPD. These findings support the hypothesis that immunity to KEX1 may be critical to controlling Pc colonization and preventing or slowing development of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Norris
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E 1057 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Carmona EM, Limper AH. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2010; 5:41-59. [PMID: 20736243 DOI: 10.1177/1753465810380102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes an often-lethal pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. Although the organism was discovered in the early 1900s, the first cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia in humans were initially recognized in Central Europe after the Second World War in premature and malnourished infants. This unusual lung infection was known as plasma cellular interstitial pneumonitis of the newborn, and was characterized by severe respiratory distress and cyanosis with little or no fever and no pathognomic physical signs. At that time, only anecdotal cases were reported in adults and usually these patients had a baseline malignancy that led to a malnourished state. In the 1960-1970s additional cases were described in adults and children with hematological malignancies, but Pneumocystis pneumonia was still considered a rare disease. However, in the 1980s, with the onset of the HIV epidemic, Pneumocystis prevalence increased dramatically and became widely recognized as an opportunistic infection that caused potentially life-treating pneumonia in patients with impaired immunity. During this time period, prophylaxis against this organism was more generally instituted in high-risk patients. In the 1990s, with widespread use of prophylaxis and the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the treatment of HIV-infected patients, the number of cases in this specific population decreased. However, Pneumocystis pneumonia still remains an important cause of severe pneumonia in patients with HIV infection and is still considered a principal AIDS-defining illness. Despite the decreased number of cases among HIV-infected patients over the past decade, Pneumocystis pneumonia continues to be a serious problem in immunodeficient patients with other immunosuppressive conditions. This is mostly due to increased use of immunosuppressive medications to treat patients with autoimmune diseases, following bone marrow and solid organ transplantation, and in patients with hematological and solid malignancies. Patients with hematologic disorders and solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are currently the most vulnerable groups at risk for developing this infection. However, any patient with an impaired immunity, such as those receiving moderate doses of oral steroids for greater than 4 weeks or those receiving other immunosuppressive medications are at also at significant risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Carmona
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Sasseville VG, Mansfield KG. Overview of known non-human primate pathogens with potential to affect colonies used for toxicity testing. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 7:79-92. [PMID: 19909217 DOI: 10.3109/15476910903213521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased demand for non-human primates (NHPs) in biomedical research has resulted in alternative sources of animals being used, which has allowed for importation of animals with varying background incidences of bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. This can be of minimal consequence when animals from different sources are kept isolated. However, when NHPs from different sources with varying incidences of primary and opportunistic pathogens are mixed, there can be a rapid spread of these pathogens and an increase in the seroconversion of susceptible animals. If this process occurs during the conduct of a study, interpretation of that study can be confounded. Furthermore, NHPs imported from areas enzootic for pathogens such as Plasmodium or with high incidences of human diseases such as measles and tuberculosis can introduce diseases that can be a threat to colony health, have zoonotic risk, and can severely impact study outcome. Thus, knowledge of the common primary and opportunistic NHP infections, as well as reemerging pathogens, enables the toxicologist to use information on disease status for pre-study animal selection and intelligent study design. This is particularly important when immunomodulatory compounds are being investigated. Moreover, the toxicologic pathologist well versed in the common spontaneous infections, opportunistic pathogens, and background lesions in NHPs is able to assess possible drug-related effects in drug safety studies. This review identifies the common primary and opportunistic pathogens, as well as newly emerging infections of NHPs, that can directly or indirectly affect colony health and the interpretation of drug safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito G Sasseville
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Discovery Toxicology, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Relationship of Pneumocystis jiroveci humoral immunity to prevention of colonization and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a primate model of HIV infection. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4320-30. [PMID: 20660609 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00507-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary colonization by the opportunistic pathogen Pneumocystis jiroveci is common in HIV(+) subjects and has been associated with development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Host and environmental factors associated with colonization susceptibility are undefined. Using a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) model of HIV infection, the immunologic parameters associated with natural Pneumocystis jiroveci transmission were evaluated. SHIV-infected macaques were exposed to P. jiroveci by cohousing with immunosuppressed, P. jiroveci-colonized macaques in two independent experiments. Serial plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples were examined for changes in antibody titers to recombinant Pneumocystis-kexin protein (KEX1) and evidence of Pneumocystis colonization by nested PCR of BAL fluid. In experiment 1, 10 of 14 monkeys became Pneumocystis colonized (Pc(+)) by 8 weeks post-SHIV infection, while 4 animals remained Pneumocystis colonization negative (Pc(-)) throughout the study. In experiment 2, 11 of 17 animals became Pneumocystis colonized by 16 weeks post-SHIV infection, while 6 monkeys remained Pc(-). Baseline plasma KEX1-IgG titers were significantly higher in monkeys that remained Pc(-), compared to Pc(+) monkeys, in experiments 1 (P = 0.013) and 2 (P = 0.022). Pc(-) monkeys had greater percentages of Pneumocystis-specific memory B cells after SHIV infection compared to Pc(+) monkeys (P = 0.037). After SHIV infection, Pc(+) monkeys developed progressive obstructive pulmonary disease, whereas Pc(-) monkeys maintained normal lung function throughout the study. These results demonstrate a correlation between the KEX1 humoral response and the prevention of Pneumocystis colonization and obstructive lung disease in the SHIV model. In addition, these results indicate that an effective Pneumocystis-specific memory B-cell response is maintained despite progressive loss of CD4(+) T cells during SHIV infection.
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CHABÉ MAGALI, HERBRETEAU VINCENT, HUGOT JEANPIERRE, BOUZARD NOEMI, DERUYTER LUCIE, MORAND SERGE, DEI-CAS EDUARDO. Pneumocystis cariniiandPneumocystis wakefieldiaein WildRattus norvegicusTrapped in Thailand. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2010; 57:213-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gianella S, Haeberli L, Joos B, Ledergerber B, Wüthrich R, Weber R, Kuster H, Hauser P, Fehr T, Mueller N. Molecular evidence of interhuman transmission in an outbreak ofPneumocystis jiroveciipneumonia among renal transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2010; 12:1-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2009.00447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Aliouat-Denis CM, Chabé M, Demanche C, Aliouat EM, Viscogliosi E, Guillot J, Delhaes L, Dei-Cas E. Pneumocystis species, co-evolution and pathogenic power. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2008; 8:708-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wachtman LM, Mansfield KG. Opportunistic Infections in Immunologically Compromised Nonhuman Primates. ILAR J 2008; 49:191-208. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar.49.2.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Montes-Cano MA, de la Horra C, Dapena FJ, Mateos I, Friaza V, Respaldiza N, Muñoz-Lobato F, Medrano FJ, Calderon EJ, Varela JM. Dynamic colonisation by different Pneumocystis jirovecii genotypes in cystic fibrosis patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:1008-11. [PMID: 17711486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although asymptomatic carriers of Pneumocystis jirovecii with cystic fibrosis (CF) have been described previously, the molecular epidemiology of P. jirovecii in CF patients has not yet been clarified. This study identified the distribution and dynamic evolution of P. jirovecii genotypes based on the mitochondrial large-subunit (mt LSU) rRNA gene. The mt LSU rRNA genotypes of P. jirovecii isolates in 33 respiratory samples from CF patients were investigated using nested PCR and direct sequencing. Three different genotypes were detected: 36.3% genotype 1 (85C/248C); 15.1% genotype 2 (85A/248C); 42.4% genotype 3 (85T/248C); and 6% mixed genotypes. Patients studied during a 1-year follow-up period showed a continuous colonisation/clearance cycle involving P. jirovecii and an accumulative tendency to be colonised with genotype 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Montes-Cano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virgen Del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain.
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Abstract
Pneumocystis is a genus containing many species of non-culturable fungi, each of which infects a different mammalian host. Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis is a problem in immunodeficient humans, but not in normal humans. Nevertheless, it appears that Pneumocystis organisms cannot survive and proliferate outside of their mammalian hosts, suggesting that Pneumocystis parasitizes immunocompetent mammals. Residence in immunocompetent hosts may rely on camouflage perpetrated by antigenic variation. In P. carinii, which is found in rats, there exist three families of genes that appear to be designed to create antigenic variation. One gene family, which encodes the major surface glycoprotein (MSG), contains nearly 100 members. Expression of the MSG family is controlled by restricting transcription to the one gene that is linked to a unique expression site. Changes in the sequence of the MSG gene linked to the expression site occur and appear to be caused by recombination with MSG genes not at the expression site. Preliminary evidence suggests that gene conversion is the predominant recombination mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Stringer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0524, USA.
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19
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Abstract
This study explored whether seasonal and/or climatic factors influenced detection of specific genotypes of Pneumocystis jirovecii. Between 1989 and 2001, 155 isolates of P. jirovecii were obtained from patients undergoing bronchoscopic alveolar lavage. For each isolate, the month and climatic conditions were noted. Genotypes of P. jirovecii were distinguished by polymorphisms in the mitochondrial large-subunit rRNA gene. There were monthly and seasonal variations in the frequency of detection of mixed genotypes (p 0.018 and p 0.031, respectively) and genotype 2 (p 0.029 and p 0.086, respectively). There was no association between month/season and genotypes 1, 3 and 4, or between monthly temperature or rainfall and any genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Miller
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, Department of Population Sciences and Primary Care, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK.
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20
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Abstract
Over the past decade, opportunistic fungal infectious diseases have increased in prevalence as the population of immunocompromised individuals escalated due to HIV/AIDS and immunosuppression associated with organ transplantation and cancer therapies. In the three predominant human pathogenic fungi (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus), a unifying feature is that all three retained the machinery needed for sex, and yet all limit their access to sexual reproduction. While less well characterized, many of the other human pathogenic fungi also appear to have the ability to undergo sexual reproduction. Recent studies with engineered pairs of diploid strains of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one that is sexual and the other an obligate asexual, provide direct experimental validation of the benefits of both sexual and asexual reproduction. The obligate asexual strain had an advantage in response to constant environmental conditions whereas the sexual strain had a competitive edge under stressful conditions (Goddard et al., 2005; Grimberg and Zeyl, 2005). The human pathogenic fungi have gone to great lengths to maintain all of the machinery required for sex, including the mating-type locus and the pheromone response and cell fusion pathways. Yet these pathogens limit their access to sexual or parasexual reproduction in unique and specialized ways. Our hypothesis is that this has enabled the pathogenic fungi to proliferate in their environmental niche, but to also undergo genetic exchange via sexual reproduction in response to stressful conditions such as new environments, different host organisms, or changes in the human host such as antimicrobial therapy. Further study of the sexual nature of the human pathogenic fungi will illuminate how these unique microbes have evolved into successful pathogens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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