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Rambold U, Sperling S, Chew Z, Wang Y, Steer B, Zeller K, Strobl LJ, Zimber-Strobl U, Adler H. A Mouse Model to Study the Pathogenesis of γ-herpesviral Infections in Germinal Center B Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2780. [PMID: 38132100 PMCID: PMC10741729 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CD30-positive germinal center (GC)-derived B cell lymphomas are frequently linked to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. However, a suitable animal model for the investigation of the interplay between γ-herpesvirus and host cells in B cell pathogenesis is currently lacking. Here, we present a novel in vivo model enabling the analysis of genetically modified viruses in combination with genetically modified GC B cells. As a murine γ-herpesvirus, we used MHV-68 closely mirroring the biology of EBV. Our key finding was that Cre-mediated recombination can be successfully induced by an MHV-68 infection in GC B cells from Cγ1-Cre mice allowing for deletion or activation of loxP-flanked cellular genes. The implementation of PrimeFlow RNA assay for MHV-68 demonstrated the enrichment of MHV-68 in GC and isotype-switched B cells. As illustrations of virus and cellular modifications, we inserted the EBV gene LMP2A into the MHV-68 genome and induced constitutively active CD30-signaling in GC B cells through MHV-68 infections, respectively. While the LMP2A-expressing MHV-68 behaved similarly to wildtype MHV-68, virally induced constitutively active CD30-signaling in GC B cells led to the expansion of a pre-plasmablastic population. The findings underscore the potential of our novel tools to address crucial questions about the interaction between herpesviral infections and deregulated cellular gene-expression in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Rambold
- Institute of Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (U.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Stefanie Sperling
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Zakir Chew
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Beatrix Steer
- Institute of Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (U.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Krisztina Zeller
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Lothar J. Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (L.J.S.)
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (L.J.S.)
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Adler
- Institute of Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (U.R.); (B.S.)
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 80336 Munich, Germany
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Trishna S, Lavon A, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Dafa-Berger A, Shoshan-Barmatz V. Overexpression of the mitochondrial anti-viral signaling protein, MAVS, in cancers is associated with cell survival and inflammation. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:713-732. [PMID: 37662967 PMCID: PMC10468804 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial anti-viral signaling protein (MAVS) plays an important role in host defense against viral infection via coordinating the activation of NF-κB and interferon regulatory factors. The mitochondrial-bound form of MAVS is essential for its anti-viral innate immunity. Recently, tumor cells were proposed to mimic a viral infection by activating RNA-sensing pattern recognition receptors. Here, we demonstrate that MAVS is overexpressed in a panel of viral non-infected cancer cell lines and patient-derived tumors, including lung, liver, bladder, and cervical cancers, and we studied its role in cancer. Silencing MAVS expression reduced cell proliferation and the expression and nuclear translocation of proteins associated with transcriptional regulation, inflammation, and immunity. MAVS depletion reduced expression of the inflammasome components and inhibited its activation/assembly. Moreover, MAVS directly interacts with the mitochondrial protein VDAC1, decreasing its conductance, and we identified the VDAC1 binding site in MAVS. Our findings suggest that MAVS depletion, by reducing cancer cell proliferation and inflammation, represents a new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Trishna
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Avia Lavon
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Anna Shteinfer-Kuzmine
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Avis Dafa-Berger
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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Ferreira DA, Tayyar Y, Idris A, McMillan NAJ. A "hit-and-run" affair - A possible link for cancer progression in virally driven cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188476. [PMID: 33186643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well-known that certain cancers are caused by viruses. However, viral oncogenesis is complex and only a small fraction of the infected people develop cancer. Indeed, a number of environmental factors can contribute to virally infected cells developing cancer hallmarks, promoting tumorigenesis. SCOPE OF REVIEW The hit-and-run theory proposes that viruses facilitate the accumulation of mutations and promote genomic instability until the virus becomes dispensable for tumour maintenance. Indeed, several studies have reported viral genome, episome and/or oncogene loss in tumour cells without losing malignant phenotype. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The current evidence supports the clear contribution of certain viruses to develop cancers. Importantly, the evidence supporting the sustained maintenance of malignancy after the loss of viral "presence" is sufficient to support the hit-and-run hypothesis of viral cancer development. Long-term tracking of vaccination outcome over the decades will test this theory. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE If the hit-and-run theory is true, viruses might cause more cancers than previously thought and will have implications in the prevention of many cancers through implementing vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle A Ferreira
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaman Tayyar
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nigel A J McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Naipauer J, Salyakina D, Journo G, Rosario S, Williams S, Abba M, Shamay M, Mesri EA. High-throughput sequencing analysis of a "hit and run" cell and animal model of KSHV tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008589. [PMID: 32603362 PMCID: PMC7357787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), is an AIDS-associated neoplasm caused by the KS herpesvirus (KSHV/ HHV-8). KSHV-induced sarcomagenesis is the consequence of oncogenic viral gene expression as well as host genetic and epigenetic alterations. Although KSHV is found in all KS-lesions, the percentage of KSHV-infected (LANA+) spindle-cells of the lesion is variable, suggesting the existence of KS-spindle cells that have lost KSHV and proliferate autonomously or via paracrine mechanisms. A mouse model of KSHVBac36-driven tumorigenesis allowed us to induce KSHV-episome loss before and after tumor development. Although infected cells that lose the KSHV-episome prior to tumor formation lose their tumorigenicity, explanted tumor cells that lost the KSHV-episome remained tumorigenic. This pointed to the existence of virally-induced irreversible oncogenic alterations occurring during KSHV tumorigenesis supporting the possibility of hit and run viral-sarcomagenesis. RNA-sequencing and CpG-methylation analysis were performed on KSHV-positive and KSHV-negative tumors that developed following KSHV-episome loss from explanted tumor cells. When KSHV-positive cells form KSHV-driven tumors, along with viral-gene upregulation there is a tendency for hypo-methylation in genes from oncogenic and differentiation pathways. In contrast, KSHV-negative tumors formed after KSHV-episome loss, show a tendency towards gene hyper-methylation when compared to KSHV-positive tumors. Regarding occurrence of host-mutations, we found the same set of innate-immunity related mutations undetected in KSHV-infected cells but present in all KSHV-positive tumors occurring en exactly the same position, indicating that pre-existing host mutations that provide an in vivo growth advantage are clonally-selected and contribute to KSHV-tumorigenesis. In addition, KSHV-negative tumors display de novo mutations related to cell proliferation that, together with the PDGFRAD842V and other proposed mechanism, could be responsible for driving tumorigenesis in the absence of KSHV-episomes. KSHV-induced irreversible genetic and epigenetic oncogenic alterations support the possibility of “hit and run” KSHV-sarcomagenesis and point to the existence of selectable KSHV-induced host mutations that may impact AIDS-KS treatment. KSHV-infected KS lesions are composed of latently-infected cells, as well as cells expressing lytic genes that have been implicated in the development of the KS angioproliferative phenotype. The existence of KS lesions with varying levels of KSHV-infected cells suggests also the existence of virus-independent “hit and run” mechanisms of sarcomagenesis, whereby viral infection irreversibly induce genetic or epigenetic oncogenic alterations in host cells. We used the unique mECK36 animal model of multistep KSHV sarcomagenesis to dissect transcriptional, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of KSHV dependent tumorigenesis and during tumorigenesis following KSHV-episome loss (“hit and run”) sarcomagenesis in an unbiased high-throughput fashion. These analyses revealed that KSHV in vivo tumorigenesis: A) Occurs predominantly with CpG hypo-methylation of oncogenic and differentiation pathways. B) Selects for pre-existing host mutations that allow the KSHV oncovirus to express oncogenic lytic genes by creating permissive environment for viral-induced innate immunity and inflammation, which provides a selective advantage in vivo conducive to tumorigenesis. Our results highlight the mutagenic potential of KSHV pointing to the existence in KS lesions, of KSHV-induced oncogenic host mutations that could be selected upon treatment and impact AIDS-KS therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- DNA Methylation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/metabolism
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Naipauer
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daria Salyakina
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Guy Journo
- Daniella Lee Casper Laboratory in Viral Oncology, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Santas Rosario
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sion Williams
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Neurology Basic Science Division, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin Abba
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Meir Shamay
- Daniella Lee Casper Laboratory in Viral Oncology, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- * E-mail: (MS); (EAM)
| | - Enrique A. Mesri
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MS); (EAM)
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5
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Human alpha and beta herpesviruses and cancer: passengers or foes? Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:439-449. [PMID: 32072398 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on seroepidemiological studies, human herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) are put in relation with a number of cancer diseases; however, they do not appear to play a direct role, being only considered cofactors. Their ability to transform the cells in vitro could be demonstrated experimentally by removing their high lytic ability by a certain dose of UV radiation or by photoinactivation in the presence of photosensitizers, such as neutral red or methylene blue, or culturing under conditions suppressing their lytic activity. However, recent studies indicate that UV irradiated or photoinactivated HSV-1 and HSV-2, able to transform non-transformed cells, behave differently in transformed cells suppressing their transformed phenotype. Furthermore, both transforming and transformed phenotype suppressing activities are pertaining only to non-syncytial virus strains. There are some proposed mechanisms explaining their transforming activity. According to the "hit and run" mechanism, viral DNA induces only initiation of transformation by interacting with cellular DNA bringing about mutations and epigenetic changes and is no longer involved in other processes of neoplastic progression. According to the "hijacking" mechanism, virus products in infected cells may activate signalling pathways and thus induce uncontrolled proliferation. Such a product is e.g. a product of HSV-2 gene designated ICP10 that encodes an oncoprotein RR1PK that activates the Ras pathway. In two cases of cancer, in the case of serous ovarian carcinoma and in some prostate tumours, virus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) were detected as a possible cofactor in tumorigenesis. And, recently described herpes virus-associated growth factors with transforming and transformation repressing activity might be considered important factors playing a role in tumour formation. And finally, there is a number of evidence that HSV-2 may increase the risk of cervical cancer after infection with human papillomaviruses. A similar situation is with human cytomegalovirus; however, here, a novel mechanism named oncomodulation has been proposed. Oncomodulation means that HCMV infects tumour cells and modulates their malignant properties without having a direct effect on cell transformation.
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Lawler C, Stevenson PG. Limited protection against γ-herpesvirus infection by replication-deficient virus particles. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:420-425. [PMID: 31985394 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-herpesviruses have proved hard to vaccination against, with no convincing protection against long-term latent infection by recombinant viral subunits. In experimental settings, whole-virus vaccines have proved more effective, even when the vaccine virus itself establishes latent infection poorly. The main alternative is replication-deficient virus particles. Here high-dose, replication-deficient murid herpesvirus-4 only protected mice partially against wild-type infection. By contrast, latency-deficient but replication-competent vaccine protected mice strongly, even when delivered non-invasively to the olfactory epithelium. Thus, this approach seems to provide the best chance of a safe and effective γ-herpesvirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lawler
- Present address: School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Center, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
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A CD4 + T Cell-NK Cell Axis of Gammaherpesvirus Control. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01545-19. [PMID: 31694958 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01545-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are essential to control herpesviruses. Murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4)-driven lung disease in CD4+ T-cell-deficient mice provides a well-studied example. Protective CD4+ T cells have been hypothesized to kill infected cells directly. However, removing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) from LysM+ or CD11c+ cells increased MuHV-4 replication not in those cells but in type 1 alveolar epithelial cells, which lack MHCII, LysM, or CD11c. Disruption of MHCII in infected cells had no effect. Therefore, CD4+ T cells engaged uninfected presenting cells and protected indirectly. Mice lacking MHCII in LysM+ or CD11c+ cells maintained systemic antiviral CD4+ T cell responses, but recruited fewer CD4+ T cells into infected lungs. NK cell infiltration was also reduced, and NK cell depletion normalized infection between MHCII-deficient and control mice. Therefore, NK cell recruitment seemed to be an important component of CD4+ T-cell-dependent protection. Disruption of viral CD8+ T cell evasion made this defense redundant, suggesting that it is important mainly to control CD8-evasive pathogens.IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses are widespread and cause cancers. CD4+ T cells are a key defense. We found that they defend indirectly, engaging uninfected presenting cells and recruiting innate immune cells to attack infected targets. This segregation of CD4+ T cells from immediate contact with infection helps the immune system to cope with viral evasion. Priming this defense by vaccination offers a way to protect against gammaherpesvirus-induced cancers.
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8
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López-Rodríguez DM, Kirillov V, Krug LT, Mesri EA, Andreansky S. A role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) lytic replication and reactivation from latency. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008192. [PMID: 31809522 PMCID: PMC6975554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) protein and the hypoxic microenvironment are critical for infection and pathogenesis by the oncogenic gammaherpesviruses (γHV), Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). However, understanding the role of HIF1α during the virus life cycle and its biological relevance in the context of host has been challenging due to the lack of animal models for human γHV. To study the role of HIF1α, we employed the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a rodent pathogen that readily infects laboratory mice. We show that MHV68 infection induces HIF1α protein and HIF1α-responsive gene expression in permissive cells. siRNA silencing or drug-inhibition of HIF1α reduce virus production due to a global downregulation of viral gene expression. Most notable was the marked decrease in many viral genes bearing hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs) such as the viral G-Protein Coupled Receptor (vGPCR), which is known to activate HIF1α transcriptional activity during KSHV infection. We found that the promoter of MHV68 ORF74 is responsive to HIF1α and MHV-68 RTA. Moreover, Intranasal infection of HIF1αLoxP/LoxP mice with MHV68 expressing Cre- recombinase impaired virus expansion during early acute infection and affected lytic reactivation in the splenocytes explanted from mice. Low oxygen concentrations accelerated lytic reactivation and enhanced virus production in MHV68 infected splenocytes. Thus, we conclude that HIF1α plays a critical role in promoting virus replication and reactivation from latency by impacting viral gene expression. Our results highlight the importance of the mutual interactions of the oxygen-sensing machinery and gammaherpesviruses in viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlah M. López-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- IV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Enrique A. Mesri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samita Andreansky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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9
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Lawler C, Simas JP, Stevenson PG. Vaccine protection against murid herpesvirus-4 is maintained when the priming virus lacks known latency genes. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 98:67-78. [PMID: 31630452 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
γ-Herpesviruses establish latent infections of lymphocytes and drive their proliferation, causing cancers and motivating a search for vaccines. Effective vaccination against murid herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4)-driven lymphoproliferation by latency-impaired mutant viruses suggests that lytic access to the latency reservoir is a viable target for control. However, the vaccines retained the immunogenic MuHV-4 M2 latency gene. Here, a strong reduction in challenge virus load was maintained when the challenge virus lacked the main latency-associated CD8+ T-cell epitope of M2, or when the vaccine virus lacked M2 entirely. This protection was maintained also when the vaccine virus lacked both episome maintenance and the genomic region encompassing M1, M2, M3, M4 and ORF4. Therefore, protection did not require immunity to known MuHV-4 latency genes. As the remaining vaccine virus genes have clear homologs in human γ-herpesviruses, this approach of deleting viral latency genes could also be applied to them, to generate safe and effective vaccines against human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lawler
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - João Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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10
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Abstract
Vaccination against γ-herpesviruses has been hampered by our limited understanding of their normal control. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cells are killed by viral latency antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro, but attempts to block B cell infection with antibody or to prime anti-viral CD8+ T cells have protected poorly in vivo. The Doherty laboratory used Murid Herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4) to analyze γ-herpesvirus control in mice and found CD4+ T cell dependence, with viral evasion limiting CD8+ T cell function. MuHV-4 colonizes germinal center (GC) B cells via lytic transfer from myeloid cells, and CD4+ T cells control myeloid infection. GC colonization and protective, lytic antigen-specific CD4+ T cells are now evident also for EBV. Subunit vaccines have protected only transiently against MuHV-4, but whole virus vaccines give long-term protection, via CD4+ T cells and antibody. They block infection transfer to B cells, and need include no known viral latency gene, nor any MuHV-4-specific gene. Thus, the Doherty approach of in vivo murine analysis has led to a plausible vaccine strategy for EBV and, perhaps, some insight into what CD8+ T cells really do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland and Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Center, Brisbane, Australia
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11
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Kouloura A, Nicolaidou E, Misitzis I, Panotopoulou E, Kassiani T, Smyrniotis V, Corso G, Veronesi P, Arkadopoulos N. HPV infection and breast cancer. Results of a microarray approach. Breast 2018; 40:165-169. [PMID: 29890463 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human papilloma virus (HPV) has been implicated in several types of epithelial cancer. The role of HPV in breast carcinogenesis has been a matter of debate fueled by conflicting reports in recent years. The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence of breast and cervical HPV infection in cancer patients by using a modern microarray approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present prospective study, 201 breast cancer patients were included. For each patient a detailed medical history was taken and during the operation, under sterile conditions, samples were collected, from the tumour, the healthy adjacent breast tissue and any positive sentinel lymph nodes. In addition, for each patient a cervical sample was also collected. All samples were analysed for DNA of 24 types of HPV using a microarray technique. RESULTS Despite the high sensitivity of the technique used, no HPV DNA was identified in any of the breast or lymph node samples. Our analysis showed that patients with HPV positive cervical samples (28 cases) were more likely to have tumors with positive progesterone receptors (p=0.041) and were also more likely to have two or three positive lymph nodes (p=0.002). CONCLUSION In the present study, a combination of careful sample collection and a very sensitive microarray approach showed no correlation between HPV and breast cancer. However some characteristics of the breast tumors were different among patients with HPV DNA in their cervical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriana Kouloura
- Division of Breast Cancer Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, Via G. Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.
| | - Electra Nicolaidou
- 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, "Andreas Syggros" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Misitzis
- Breast Cancer Surgical Department, "Saint Savvas'' General Anticancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Theodoraki Kassiani
- 1st Department of Anesthesiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilios Smyrniotis
- 4th Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Giovanni Corso
- Division of Breast Cancer Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, Via G. Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Veronesi
- Division of Breast Cancer Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, Via G. Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Arkadopoulos
- 4th Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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12
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Mundo L, Ambrosio MR, Picciolini M, Lo Bello G, Gazaneo S, Del Porro L, Lazzi S, Navari M, Onyango N, Granai M, Bellan C, De Falco G, Gibellini D, Piccaluga PP, Leoncini L. Unveiling Another Missing Piece in EBV-Driven Lymphomagenesis: EBV-Encoded MicroRNAs Expression in EBER-Negative Burkitt Lymphoma Cases. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:229. [PMID: 28298901 PMCID: PMC5331039 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a gammaherpesvirus linked to a number of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies, including Burkitt lymphoma (BL) in which its frequency ranges from 30% in sporadic cases to 100% in the endemic ones. The possible contribution of EBV to BL pathogenesis is largely unknown. It has been suggested that EBV may be associated with all of the cases, including those diagnosed as EBV negative by a mechanism of hit-and-run. Early during oncogenesis, viral genes are essential for initiating disease. Progressively, viral genome is lost to escape the immune system and host mutations accumulate in proto-oncogenic cell. The main problem with the hit-and-run hypothesis is the lack of evidence in primary tumors. The routine methods applied to detect the virus [i.e., immunohistochemistry and EBV-encoded RNAs (EBER) in situ hybridization (ISH)] have a low specificity and accuracy. The aim of this study was to identify the most suitable method to detect EBV infection in pathology samples by applying conventional and non-conventional methods (i.e., EBV-microRNAs detection and EBV viral load measurement). We investigated a total of 10 cases and we found that all the samples (n = 6) diagnosed as EBV negative by immunohistochemistry and EBER-ISH demonstrated the presence of EBV-microRNAs and EBV genome. This points at the possibility that EBV might have contributed to lymphomagenesis in all our patients, and propose microRNAs detection as the most specific and sensitive tool to recognize EBV vestiges. It is worth noting that our data would have considerable implications for EBV-related diseases control. By using anti-EBV vaccines, one could potentially prevent also some cancers less suspected of a viral origin because of viral genome loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mundo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Maria R Ambrosio
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lo Bello
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Gazaneo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Del Porro
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Mohsen Navari
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine Bologna, Italy
| | - Noel Onyango
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Massimo Granai
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Bellan
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia De Falco
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Virology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Pier P Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of MedicineBologna, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and TechnologyPalermo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
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13
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Keller EX, Delbue S, Tognon M, Provenzano M. Polyomavirus BK and prostate cancer: a complex interaction of potential clinical relevance. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:366-78. [PMID: 26308483 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies associating BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) and prostate cancer (PCa) suggested that this virus may exert its oncogenic activity at early stages of cancer development. The BKPyV oncogene, the large T antigen (LTag), has frequently been detected in areas of proliferative inflammatory atrophy, which is considered a precursor lesion leading to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and overt PCa. In a recently updated systematic review, the presence of BKPyV was significantly higher in PCa tissues than in healthy control tissues, providing an indication for a link between BKPyV infection and cancer risk. In addition, recent original investigations highlighted an association between expression of the virus and the clinical course of PCa. For example, by studying immune responses elicited against BKPyV LTag, a significant association between LTag positive cancer lesions and a peculiar regulatory profiling has been observed in PCa patients with evidence of disease recurrence after surgical radical prostatectomy. Lastly, a study carried out in a larger cohort of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy revealed the IgG response against LTag as an independent predictor of disease recurrence. Although a full picture of the mechanisms potentially responsible for the involvement of BKPyV in PCa is not available yet, continuing work on this topic should help to refine the potential role of BKPyV in PCa patients, perhaps revealing unsuspected associations with the clinical course of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Xavier Keller
- Oncology Research Unit, Department of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Provenzano
- Oncology Research Unit, Department of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Delbue S, Ferrante P, Provenzano M. Polyomavirus BK and prostate cancer: an unworthy scientific effort? Oncoscience 2014; 1:296-303. [PMID: 25594022 PMCID: PMC4278296 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Polyomavirus BK (BKV) has been proposed to be one of the possible co-factors in the genesis of prostate cancer (PCa) but, so far, the only convincing suggestion is the hypothesis of a “hit and run” carcinogenic mechanism induced by the virus at early stages of this disease. To support this hypothesis we conducted an updated systematic review on previous studies regarding the association between BKV and PCa, in order to interpret the contrasting results and to explore whether there might be a significant virus-disease link. This updated analysis provides evidence for a significant link between BKV expression and PCa development, particularly between the BKV infection and the cancer risk. Forthcoming scientific efforts that take cue from this study might overcome the atavistic and fruitless debate regarding the BKV-PCa association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Provenzano
- Oncology Unit, Division of Urology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Oral cavity tumors in younger patients show a poor prognosis and do not contain viral RNA. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:525-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Furth PA. Cancer prevention as biomodulation: targeting the initiating stimulus and secondary adaptations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1271:1-9. [PMID: 23050958 PMCID: PMC3471382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In a medical sense, biomodulation could be considered a biochemical or cellular response to a disease or therapeutic stimulus. In cancer pathophysiology, the initial oncogenic stimulus leads to cellular and biochemical changes that allow cells, tissue, and organism to accommodate and accept the oncogenic insult. In epithelial cell cancer development, the process of carcinogenesis is frequently characterized by sequential cellular and biochemical adaptations as cells transition through hyperplasia, dysplasia, atypical dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive cancer. In some cases, the adaptations may persist after the initial oncogenic stimulus is gone in a type of “hit-and-run” oncogenesis. These pathophysiological changes may interfere with cancer prevention therapies targeted solely to the initial oncogenic insult, perhaps contributing to resistance development. Characterization of these accommodating adaptations could provide insight for the development of cancer preventive regimens that might more effectively biomodulate preneoplastic cells toward a more normal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla A Furth
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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17
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Assessment of infection with polyomaviruses BKV, JCV and SV40 in different groups of Cuban individuals. Arch Virol 2011; 157:315-21. [PMID: 22134526 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the frequency of BKV, JCV and SV40 reactivation in three groups of Cuban patients by multiplex nested PCR assay of 40 paraffin-embedded colorectal neoplasm tissues, 113 urine samples, and 125 plasma samples from 27 transplant recipients, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 67 HIV-1-infected individuals with central nervous system (CNS) disorders. None of these polyomaviruses were detected in colorectal neoplasms. JCV DNA was detected in 2 of 67 patients (2.9%) with CNS disorders, but neither BKV nor SV40 was identified. BKV was found in urine from 38.5% and 28.6% of adult and pediatric transplant recipients, respectively. In adult renal transplant recipients, excretion of BKV in urine was significantly associated with episodes of acute rejection (p=0.012) and with excretion of HCMV in urine (p= 0.008). In Cuba, the polyomaviruses studied here could not be related to colorectal neoplasms, and JCV was rarely detected in CSFs of HIV-1-infected individuals, whilst BKV reactivation was found to occur frequently in organ transplant recipients.
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Abstract
Evaluation of: Stevenson PG, May JS, Connor V, Efstathiou S: Vaccination against a hit-and-run viral cancer. J. Gen. Virol. 91, 2176–2185 (2010). Viral hit-and-run oncogenesis scenarios suggest that transient acquisition of viral genomes can induce a permanent change in the gene expression pattern of the host cell, resulting in malignant conversion. Stevenson et al. developed an in vivo model system based on the introduction of a Cre-recombinase positive murid herpesvirus into genetically engineered mice. They demonstrated that the Cre recombinase could switch on a silent oncogene and inactivate a tumor suppressor gene resulting in sarcomagenesis. However, some of the tumors lacked herpesvirus genomes, suggesting a hit-and-run type oncogenesis. The authors also observed that vaccination could prevent sarcomagenesis in their model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferenc Banati
- Microbiological Research Group, National Center for Epidemiology, H-1529 Budapest, Piheno u, 1. Hungary
| | - Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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