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Cox N, De Swaef E, Corteel M, Van Den Broeck W, Bossier P, Nauwynck HJ, Dantas-Lima JJ. Experimental Infection Models and Their Usefulness for White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Research in Shrimp. Viruses 2024; 16:813. [PMID: 38793694 PMCID: PMC11125927 DOI: 10.3390/v16050813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is marked as one of the most economically devastating pathogens in shrimp aquaculture worldwide. Infection of cultured shrimp can lead to mass mortality (up to 100%). Although progress has been made, our understanding of WSSV's infection process and the virus-host-environment interaction is far from complete. This in turn hinders the development of effective mitigation strategies against WSSV. Infection models occupy a crucial first step in the research flow that tries to elucidate the infectious disease process to develop new antiviral treatments. Moreover, since the establishment of continuous shrimp cell lines is a work in progress, the development and use of standardized in vivo infection models that reflect the host-pathogen interaction in shrimp is a necessity. This review critically examines key aspects of in vivo WSSV infection model development that are often overlooked, such as standardization, (post)larval quality, inoculum type and choice of inoculation procedure, housing conditions, and shrimp welfare considerations. Furthermore, the usefulness of experimental infection models for different lines of WSSV research will be discussed with the aim to aid researchers when choosing a suitable model for their research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Cox
- IMAQUA, 9080 Lochristi, Belgium; (E.D.S.); (M.C.); (J.J.D.-L.)
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | | | - Mathias Corteel
- IMAQUA, 9080 Lochristi, Belgium; (E.D.S.); (M.C.); (J.J.D.-L.)
| | - Wim Van Den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopedics, Physiotherapy and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Ramachandran L, Mangaiyarkarasi SP, Subramanian A, Senthilkumar S. Shrimp classification for white spot syndrome detection through enhanced gated recurrent unit-based wild geese migration optimization algorithm. Virus Genes 2024:10.1007/s11262-023-02049-0. [PMID: 38253919 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The major dangerous viral infection for cultivated shrimps is WSSV. The virus is extremely dangerous, spreads swiftly, and may result in up to 100% mortality in 3-10 days. The vast wrapped double stranded DNA virus known as WSSV describes a member of the Nimaviridae viral family's species Whispovirus. It impacts a variety of crustacean hosts but predominantly marine shrimp species that are raised for commercial purposes. The entire age groups are affected by the virus, which leads to widespread mortality. Mesodermal and ectodermal tissues, like the lymph nodes, gills, and cuticular epithelium, represents the centres of infection. Complete genome sequencing related to the WSSV strains from Thailand, China, and Taiwan has identified minute genetic variations amongst them. There exist conflicting findings on the causes of WSSV pathogenicity, which involve variations in the size associated with the genome, the count of tandem repeats, and the availability or lack of certain proteins. Hence, this paper plans to perform the shrimp classification for the WSSV on the basis of novel deep learning methodology. Initially, the data is gathered from the farms as well as internet sources. Next, the pre-processing of the gathered shrimp images is accomplished using the LBP technique. These pre-processed images undergo the segmentation process utilizing the TGVFCMS approach. The extraction of the features from these segmented images is performed by the PLDA technique. In the final step, the classification of the shrimp into healthy shrimp and WSSV affected shrimp is done by the EGRU, in which the parameter tuning is accomplished by the wild GMO algorithm with the consideration of accuracy maximization as the major objective function. Performance indicators for accuracy have been compared with those of various conventional methods, and the results show that the methodology is capable of accurately identifying the shrimp WSSV illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ramachandran
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamilnadu, 611002, India.
| | - S P Mangaiyarkarasi
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University College of Engineering, Panruti Campus, Panruti, Tamilnadu, 607106, India
| | - A Subramanian
- Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, 612001, India
| | - S Senthilkumar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamilnadu, 611002, India
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Is Super-Intensification the Solution to Shrimp Production and Export Sustainability? SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11195277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The government of Vietnam has selected shrimp production and exports as the pillars of rural economic development. The targets set depend on high yields through production intensification. International and national public research communities have raised production intensification concerns related to environmental and climate change challenges, such as saltwater intrusion, water pollution, disease outbreaks, mangrove destruction, and natural resource degradation. Social snags such as user right conflicts of water resources, food safety problems, tariff barriers, and attempts to taint the industry’s image by competitors also plague the industry. These give rise to the problem of certification and questions about the influence of standards on the small-scale farming sustainability in a competitive global environment. The questions asked are, how can one bring together small-scale shrimp farmers to comply with international standards? Can small-scale shrimp farming co-exist with super-intensive producers to bring about a sustainable and competitive industry? A proposed model to horizontally organize the limited resource farmers into cooperatives to vertically integrate with large-scale firms producing shrimp using super-intensive production methods shows small-scale farmers adopting super-intensive production methods that can generate higher yields, income, profits, and is more environmentally friendly and requires less water and land. The capital requirements are high for limited resource farmers. However, with the interest showed by banks in financing models that are appropriate for small-scale farms integrated with larger firms engaged in super-intensive production systems, along with government assistance, these small-scale shrimp producing units can attain higher levels of sustainability than the open, less intensive production systems.
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Identification of Loci Associated with Enhanced Virulence in Spodoptera litura Nucleopolyhedrovirus Isolates Using Deep Sequencing. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090872. [PMID: 31533344 PMCID: PMC6783950 DOI: 10.3390/v11090872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spodoptera litura is an emerging pest insect in cotton and arable crops in Central Asia. To explore the possibility of using baculoviruses as biological control agents instead of chemical pesticides, in a previous study we characterized a number of S. litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltNPV) isolates from Pakistan. We found significant differences in speed of kill, an important property of a biological control agent. Here we set out to understand the genetic basis of these differences in speed of kill, by comparing the genome of the fast-killing SpltNPV-Pak-TAX1 isolate with that of the slow-killing SpltNPV-Pak-BNG isolate. These two isolates and the SpltNPV-G2 reference strain from China were deep sequenced with Illumina. As expected, the two Pakistani isolates were closely related with >99% sequence identity, whereas the Chinese isolate was more distantly related. We identified two loci that may be associated with the fast action of the SpltNPV-Pak-TAX1 isolate. First, an analysis of rates of synonymous and non-synonymous mutations identified neutral to positive selection on open reading frame (ORF) 122, encoding a viral fibroblast growth factor (vFGF) that is known to affect virulence in other baculoviruses. Second, the homologous repeat region hr17, a putative enhancer of transcription and origin of replication, is absent in SpltNPV-Pak-TAX1 suggesting it may also affect virulence. Additionally, we found there is little genetic variation within both Pakistani isolates, and we identified four genes under positive selection in both isolates that may have played a role in adaptation of SpltNPV to conditions in Central Asia. Our results contribute to the understanding of the enhanced activity of SpltNPV-Pak-TAX1, and may help to select better SpltNPV isolates for the control of S. litura in Pakistan and elsewhere.
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Oakey J, Smith C, Underwood D, Afsharnasab M, Alday-Sanz V, Dhar A, Sivakumar S, Sahul Hameed AS, Beattie K, Crook A. Global distribution of white spot syndrome virus genotypes determined using a novel genotyping assay. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2061-2082. [PMID: 31131427 PMCID: PMC6591196 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
White spot disease, caused by infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), is a serious panzootic affecting prawn aquaculture. The disease has spread rapidly around the prawn-culturing regions of the world through a number of previously identified mechanisms. The ability to distinguish and trace strains of WSSV is of great benefit to identify, and then limit, the translocation routes of the disease. Here, we describe a novel genotyping method using 34 short tandem repeat regions of the viral genome concurrently. This technique is highly sensitive to strain differences when compared to previous methods. The efficacy of the described method is demonstrated by testing WSSV isolates from around the globe, showing regional genotypic differences. The differences in the genotypes were used to create a global minimum spanning network, and in most cases the observed relationships were substantiated with verification of transboundary movement. This novel panel of STR markers will provide a valuable epidemiological tool for white spot disease. We have applied this to an outbreak of the disease in Queensland, Australia, that occurred in 2016. While the results indicate that the source of this outbreak currently remains cryptic, the analyses have provided valuable insights with which to further study the origins of the strains involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oakey
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia.
| | - C Smith
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - D Underwood
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - M Afsharnasab
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - V Alday-Sanz
- National Aquaculture Group, King Abdul Aziz Rd, Al Murjan, Jeddah, 23715, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A Dhar
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1041 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - S Sivakumar
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A S Sahul Hameed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Beattie
- Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 41 George Street, Brisbane, 4000, Australia
| | - A Crook
- Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 41 George Street, Brisbane, 4000, Australia
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Pereira JMP, de Souza ENV, Candido JRB, Dantas MDA, Nunes ARD, Ribeiro K, Teixeira DIA, Lanza DCF. Alternative PCR primers for genotyping of Brazilian WSSV isolates. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 162:55-63. [PMID: 30738030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the major challenges faced by global shrimp farming in recent decades. The characterization of WSSV genetic variability has been used to determine viral dispersion and is a promising method to determine the association between genotype and virulence. The major variable regions that have been used as markers to differentiate the WSSV genomes include the VNTR loci inside ORF94, ORF75, ORF125, and insertions/deletions interspersing ORF14/15 and ORF23/24. The primers used to amplify these regions were described at least 10 years ago, but some of them do not work efficiently to identify new WSSV variants. The objective of this work was to develop improved PCR primers for WSSV genotyping based on sequence alignments that include new sequences described in recent years. We validated these new primers in a pilot study to verify the genetic variability of the WSSV in Rio Grande do Norte state (northeast Brazil), and efficiency was compared to that of other previously described primers. We confirmed that the primers we developed were more efficient for genotype Brazilian WSSV isolates, enabling us to genotype a larger number of samples. In addition, our results also introduce new data about the genetic characterization of the WSSV isolates that occur in the northeastern region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica M P Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada - LAPLIC, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Emília N V de Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada - LAPLIC, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | - Jéssica R B Candido
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada - LAPLIC, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | - Márcia D A Dantas
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada - LAPLIC, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Allan R D Nunes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada - LAPLIC, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Karina Ribeiro
- Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | - Dárlio I A Teixeira
- Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | - Daniel C F Lanza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada - LAPLIC, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Ngo TTN, Senior AM, Culina A, Santos ESA, Vlak JM, Zwart MP. Quantitative analysis of the dose-response of white spot syndrome virus in shrimp. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1733-1744. [PMID: 30117593 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is an important cause of mortality and economic losses in shrimp farming. Although WSSV-induced mortality is virus dose dependent and WSSV infection does not necessarily lead to mortality, the relationships between virus-particle dose, infection and mortality have not been analysed quantitatively. Here, we explored WSSV dose-response by a combination of experiments, modelling and meta-analysis. We performed dose-response experiments in Penaeus vannamei postlarvae, recorded host mortality and detected WSSV infection. When we fitted infection models to these data, two models-differing in whether they incorporated heterogeneous host susceptibility to the virus or not-were supported for two independent experiments. To determine the generality of these results, we reanalysed published data sets and then performed a meta-analysis. We found that WSSV dose-response kinetics is indeed variable over experiments. We could not clearly identify which specific infection model has the most support by meta-analysis, but we argue that these results also are most concordant with a model incorporating varying levels of heterogeneous host susceptibility to WSSV. We have identified suitable models for analysing WSSV dose-response, which can elucidate the most basic virus-host interactions and help to avoid underestimating WSSV infection at low virus doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T N Ngo
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 2, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Alistair M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, and School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antica Culina
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo S A Santos
- BECO do Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark P Zwart
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UPV, València, Spain
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lepetit D, Gillet B, Hughes S, Kraaijeveld K, Varaldi J. Genome Sequencing of the Behavior Manipulating Virus LbFV Reveals a Possible New Virus Family. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 8:3718-3739. [PMID: 28173110 PMCID: PMC5381508 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are sometimes able to manipulate the behavior of their hosts. However, the molecular cues underlying this phenomenon are poorly documented. We previously reported that the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi which develops from Drosophila larvae is often infected by an inherited DNA virus. In addition to being maternally transmitted, the virus benefits from horizontal transmission in superparasitized larvae (Drosophila that have been parasitized several times). Interestingly, the virus forces infected females to lay eggs in already parasitized larvae, thus increasing the chance of being horizontally transmitted. In a first step towards the identification of virus genes responsible for the behavioral manipulation, we present here the genome sequence of the virus, called LbFV. The sequencing revealed that its genome contains an homologous repeat sequence (hrs) found in eight regions in the genome. The presence of this hrs may explain the genomic plasticity that we observed for this genome. The genome of LbFV encodes 108 ORFs, most of them having no homologs in public databases. The virus is however related to Hytrosaviridae, although distantly. LbFV may thus represent a member of a new virus family. Several genes of LbFV were captured from eukaryotes, including two anti-apoptotic genes. More surprisingly, we found that LbFV captured from an ancestral wasp a protein with a Jumonji domain. This gene was afterwards duplicated in the virus genome. We hypothesized that this gene may be involved in manipulating the expression of wasp genes, and possibly in manipulating its behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lepetit
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, France
| | - Benjamin Gillet
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon UMR 5242, France
| | - Sandrine Hughes
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon UMR 5242, France
| | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Varaldi
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, France
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Bateman K, Stentiford G. A taxonomic review of viruses infecting crustaceans with an emphasis on wild hosts. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:86-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ramos-Paredes J, Grijalva-Chon JM, Ibarra-Gámez JC. Virulence and genotypes of white spot syndrome virus infecting Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in north-western Mexico. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:425-435. [PMID: 28105747 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has caused substantial global economic impact on aquaculture, and it has been determined that strains can vary in virulence. In this study, the effect of viral load was evaluated by infecting Litopenaeus vannamei with 10-fold serial dilution of tissue infected with strain WSSV Mx-H, and the virulence of four WSSV strains from north-western Mexico was assessed along with their variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) genotypes in ORF75, ORF94 and ORF125. The LD50 of the Mx-H strain was a dilution dose of 10-7.5 ; the mortality titre was 109.2 LD50 per gram. In shrimp injected with 102.5 to 106.5 LD50 , no significant virulence differences were evident. Using mortality data, the four WSSV strains grouped into three virulence levels. The Mx-F strain (intermediate virulence) and the Mx-C strain (high virulence) showed more genetic differences than those observed between the Mx-G (low-virulence) and Mx-H (high-virulence) strains, in ORF94 and ORF125. The application of high-viral-load inocula proved useful in determining the different virulence phenotypes of the WSSV strains from the Eastern Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ramos-Paredes
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Sanidad Acuícola, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México
| | - J M Grijalva-Chon
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - J C Ibarra-Gámez
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Sanidad Acuícola, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México
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Thammasorn T, Sangsuriya P, Meemetta W, Senapin S, Jitrakorn S, Rattanarojpong T, Saksmerprome V. Large-scale production and antiviral efficacy of multi-target double-stranded RNA for the prevention of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:110. [PMID: 26626024 PMCID: PMC4667486 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference (RNAi) is a specific and effective approach for inhibiting viral replication by introducing double-stranded (ds)RNA targeting the viral gene. In this study, we employed a combinatorial approach to interfere multiple gene functions of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the most lethal shrimp virus, using a single-batch of dsRNA, so-called "multi-WSSV dsRNA." A co-cultivation of RNase-deficient E. coli was developed to produce dsRNA targeting a major structural protein (VP28) and a hub protein (WSSV051) with high number of interacting protein partners. RESULTS For a co-cultivation of transformed E. coli, use of Terrific broth (TB) medium was shown to improve the growth of the E. coli and multi-WSSV dsRNA yields as compared to the use of Luria Bertani (LB) broth. Co-culture expression was conducted under glycerol feeding fed-batch fermentation. Estimated yield of multi-WSSV dsRNA (μg/mL culture) from the fed-batch process was 30 times higher than that obtained under a lab-scale culture with LB broth. Oral delivery of the resulting multi-WSSV dsRNA reduced % cumulative mortality and delayed average time to death compared to the non-treated group after WSSV challenge. CONCLUSION The present study suggests a co-cultivation technique for production of antiviral dsRNA with multiple viral targets. The optimal multi-WSSV dsRNA production was achieved by the use of glycerol feeding fed-batch cultivation with controlled pH and dissolved oxygen. The cultivation technique developed herein should be feasible for industrial-scale RNAi applications in shrimp aquaculture. Interference of multiple viral protein functions by a single-batch dsRNA should also be an ideal approach for RNAi-mediated fighting against viruses, especially the large and complicated WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiporn Thammasorn
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,National Center of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Watcharachai Meemetta
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,National Center of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Sarocha Jitrakorn
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,National Center of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Triwit Rattanarojpong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.
| | - Vanvimon Saksmerprome
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,National Center of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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de Jesús Durán-Avelar M, Pérez-Enríquez R, Zambrano-Zaragoza JF, Montoya-Rodríguez L, Vázquez-Juárez R, Vibanco-Pérez N. Genotyping WSSV isolates from northwestern Mexican shrimp farms affected by white spot disease outbreaks in 2010-2012. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 114:11-20. [PMID: 25958803 DOI: 10.3354/dao02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
White spot disease (WSD) causes high mortality in cultured shrimp throughout the world. Its etiologic agent is the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The genomic repeat regions ORF 75, ORF 94, and ORF 125 have been used to classify WSSV isolates in epidemiological studies using PCR with specific primers and sequencing. The present study investigated the variation in nucleotide sequences from 107, 150, and 143 isolates of WSSV collected from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp ponds with WSD outbreaks in northwestern Mexico during the period 2010-2012, in the genomic repeat regions ORFs 75, 94, and 125, respectively. The haplotypic nomenclature for each isolate was based on the number of repeat units and the position of single nucleotide polymorphisms on each ORF. We report finding 17, 43, and 66 haplotypes of ORFs 75, 94, and 125, respectively. The study found high haplotypic diversity in WSSV using the complete sequences of ORFs 94 and 125 as independent variables, but low haplotypic diversity for ORF 75. Different haplotypes of WSSV were found from region-to-region and year-to-year, though some individual haplotypes were found in different places and in more than one growing cycle. While these results suggest a high rate of mutation of the viral genome at these loci, or perhaps the introduction of new viral strains into the area, they are useful as a tool for epidemiological surveys. Two haplotypes from some of the ORFs in the same shrimp were encountered, suggesting the possibility of multiple infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma de Jesús Durán-Avelar
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Tepic 63000, Nayarit, Mexico
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Eight challenges in modelling infectious livestock diseases. Epidemics 2014; 10:1-5. [PMID: 25843373 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of infectious diseases of livestock does not differ in principle from disease transmission in any other animals, apart from that the aim of control is ultimately economic, with the influence of social, political and welfare constraints often poorly defined. Modelling of livestock diseases suffers simultaneously from a wealth and a lack of data. On the one hand, the ability to conduct transmission experiments, detailed within-host studies and track individual animals between geocoded locations make livestock diseases a particularly rich potential source of realistic data for illuminating biological mechanisms of transmission and conducting explicit analyses of contact networks. On the other hand, scarcity of funding, as compared to human diseases, often results in incomplete and partial data for many livestock diseases and regions of the world. In this overview of challenges in livestock disease modelling, we highlight eight areas unique to livestock that, if addressed, would mark major progress in the area.
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Sindhupriya M, Saravanan P, Otta SK, Amarnath CB, Arulraj R, Bhuvaneswari T, Praveena PE, Jithendran KP, Ponniah AG. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) genome stability maintained over six passages through three different penaeid shrimp species. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 111:23-29. [PMID: 25144114 DOI: 10.3354/dao02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) replicates rapidly, can be extremely pathogenic and is a common cause of mass mortality in cultured shrimp. Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) sequences present in the open reading frame (ORF)94, ORF125 and ORF75 regions of the WSSV genome have been used widely as genetic markers in epidemiological studies. However, reports that VNTRs might evolve rapidly following even a single transmission through penaeid shrimp or other crustacean hosts have created confusion as to how VNTR data is interpreted. To examine VNTR stability again, 2 WSSV strains (PmTN4RU and LvAP11RU) with differing ORF94 tandem repeat numbers and slight differences in apparent virulence were passaged sequentially 6 times through black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, Indian white shrimp Feneropenaeus indicus or Pacific white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. PCR analyses to genotype the ORF94, ORF125 and ORF75 VNTRs did not identify any differences from either of the 2 parental WSSV strains after multiple passages through any of the shrimp species. These data were confirmed by sequence analysis and indicate that the stability of the genome regions containing these VNTRs is quite high at least for the WSSV strains, hosts and number of passages examined and that the VNTR sequences thus represent useful genetic markers for studying WSSV epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sindhupriya
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, R.A. Puram, Chennai-600 028, India
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Abstract
Parasite virulence, or the damage a parasite does to its host, is measured in terms of both host costs (reductions in host growth, reproduction and survival) and parasite benefits (increased transmission and parasite numbers) in the literature. Much work has shown that ecological and genetic factors can be strong selective forces in virulence evolution. This review uses kin selection theory to explore how variations in host ecological parameters impact the genetic relatedness of parasite populations and thus virulence. We provide a broad overview of virulence and population genetics studies and then draw connections to existing knowledge about natural parasite populations. The impact of host movement (transporting parasites) and host resistance (filtering parasites) on the genetic structure and virulence of parasite populations is explored, and empirical studies of these factors using Plasmodium and trematode systems are proposed.
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Hoa TTT, Zwart MP, Phuong NT, de Jong MCM, Vlak JM. Low numbers of repeat units in variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) regions of white spot syndrome virus are correlated with disease outbreaks. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:817-826. [PMID: 22913744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most important pathogen in shrimp farming systems worldwide including the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The genome of WSSV is characterized by the presence of two major 'indel regions' found at ORF14/15 and ORF23/24 (WSSV-Thailand) and three regions with variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) located in ORF75, ORF94 and ORF125. In the current study, we investigated whether or not the number of repeat units in the VNTRs correlates with virus outbreak status and/or shrimp farming practice. We analysed 662 WSSV samples from individual WSSV-infected Penaeus monodon shrimp from 104 ponds collected from two important shrimp farming regions of the Mekong Delta: Ca Mau and Bac Lieu. Using this large data set and statistical analysis, we found that for ORF94 and ORF125, the mean number of repeat units (RUs) in VNTRs was significantly lower in disease outbreak ponds than in non-outbreak ponds. Although a higher mean RU number was observed in the improved-extensive system than in the rice-shrimp or semi-intensive systems, these differences were not significant. VNTR sequences are thus not only useful markers for studying WSSV genotypes and populations, but specific VNTR variants also correlate with disease outbreaks in shrimp farming systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T T Hoa
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Avarre JC, Santika A, Bentenni A, Zainun Z, Madeira JP, Maskur M, Bigarré L, Caruso D. Spatio-temporal analysis of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 genetic diversity at a local scale. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:767-774. [PMID: 22805046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), the causative agent of koi herpesvirus disease, is a major threat for carp populations in many countries worldwide, including Indonesia. It has been shown that many genotypes circulate worldwide, all highly related to one of the two known lineages U/I and J. In this study, we evaluated the spatial and temporal distribution of CyHV-3 strains in a small enzootic area, the lake of Cirata (West Java, Indonesia). Of the 365 samples analysed, from clinical or asymptomatic fish, 244 were found positive for CyHV-3, suggesting a high occurrence of the virus. Genotyping of these viral specimens with a range of molecular markers revealed the presence of numerous haplotypes in the host population, all related to the J lineage. In single individuals, mixed-genotype infections occurred at high frequency. The present results demonstrate that polymorphic molecular markers are suitable to monitor the genetic evolution of a viral population in an enzootic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Avarre
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR226 IRD-CNRS-UM2, Montpellier, France.
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Pradeep B, Rai P, Mohan SA, Shekhar MS, Karunasagar I. Biology, Host Range, Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of White spot syndrome virus. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:161-74. [PMID: 23997440 PMCID: PMC3550756 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most serious viral pathogen of cultured shrimp. It is a highly virulent virus that can spread quickly and can cause up to 100 % mortality in 3-10 days. WSSV is a large enveloped double stranded DNA virus belonging to genus Whispovirus of the virus family Nimaviridae. It has a wide host range among crustaceans and mainly affects commercially cultivated marine shrimp species. The virus infects all age groups causing large scale mortalities and the foci of infection are tissues of ectodermal and mesodermal origin, such as gills, lymphoid organ and cuticular epithelium. The whole genome sequencing of WSSV from China, Thailand and Taiwan have revealed minor genetic differences among different strains. There are varying reports regarding the factors responsible for WSSV virulence which include the differences in variable number of tandem repeats, the genome size and presence or absence of different proteins. Aim of this review is to give current information on the status, host range, pathogenesis and diagnosis of WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Pradeep
- />Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Peruvannamuzhi, Kozhikode, 673528 Kerala India
| | - Praveen Rai
- />Department of Fishery Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575 002 India
| | - Seethappa A. Mohan
- />Department of Fishery Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575 002 India
| | - Mudagandur S. Shekhar
- />Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- />Department of Fishery Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575 002 India
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White spot syndrome virus: Genotypes, Epidemiology and Evolutionary Studies. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:175-83. [PMID: 23997441 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a pathogen that has emerged globally affecting shrimp populations. Comparison of WSSV genome have shown the virus to share a high genetic similarity except for a few variable genomic loci that has been employed as markers in molecular epidemiology studies for determining the origin, evolution and spread in different geographical regions. Molecular genotyping of WSSV are based on genomic deletions associated with ORF23/24 and ORF14/15 variable regions and the three variable number of tandem repeat regions, ORF75, ORF94 and ORF125. Studies show the prevalence of several genotypes for WSSV with particular genotypes being more prevalent than others in a given geographical area. Deletions associated with ORF23/24 and ORF14/15 variable regions have proven to be of evolutionary significance. Fitness and virulence studies on different genotypes of WSSV suggest that all the strains of WSSV are equally virulent, but the one with smaller genomic size is the fittest. Studies also have shown that mixed genotype infection of WSSV correlates with lower disease outbreaks. This review focuses on the genotyping studies that were undertaken in elucidating WSSV evolution and epidemiology.
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Hoa TTT, Zwart MP, Phuong NT, Oanh DTH, de Jong MCM, Vlak JM. Indel-II region deletion sizes in the white spot syndrome virus genome correlate with shrimp disease outbreaks in southern Vietnam. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2012; 99:153-162. [PMID: 22691984 DOI: 10.3354/dao02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sequence comparisons of the genomes of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) strains have identified regions containing variable-length insertions/deletions (i.e. indels). Indel-I and Indel-II, positioned between open reading frames (ORFs) 14/15 and 23/24, respectively, are the largest and the most variable. Here we examined the nature of these 2 indel regions in 313 WSSV-infected Penaeus monodon shrimp collected between 2006 and 2009 from 76 aquaculture ponds in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. In the Indel-I region, 2 WSSV genotypes with deletions of either 5950 or 6031 bp in length compared with that of a reference strain from Thailand (WSSV-TH-96-II) were detected. In the Indel-II region, 4 WSSV genotypes with deletions of 8539, 10970, 11049 or 11866 bp in length compared with that of a reference strain from Taiwan (WSSV-TW) were detected, and the 8539 and 10970 bp genotypes predominated. Indel-II variants with longer deletions were found to correlate statistically with WSSV-diseased shrimp originating from more intensive farming systems. Like Indel-I lengths, Indel-II lengths also varied based on the Mekong Delta province from which farmed shrimp were collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Thi Tuyet Hoa
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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