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Yu J, Li H, Jia J, Huang Z, Liu S, Zheng Y, Mu S, Deng X, Zou X, Wang Y, Shang X, Cui D, Huang L, Feng X, Liu WJ, Cao B. Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus causes abortive infection of primary human T cells. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1191-1204. [PMID: 35317717 PMCID: PMC9045768 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2056523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus still represents a noticeable epidemic risk to international public health at present, despite the extensive use of vaccines and anti-viral drugs. In the fight against pathogens, the immune defence lines consisting of diverse lymphocytes are indispensable for humans. However, the role of virus infection of lymphocytes and subsequent abnormal immune cell death remains to be explored. Different T cell subpopulations have distinct characterizations and functions, and we reveal the high heterogeneity of susceptibility to viral infection and biological responses such as apoptosis in various CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell subsets through single-cell transcriptome analyses. Effector memory CD8+ T cells (CD8+ TEM) that mediate protective memory are identified as the most susceptible subset to pandemic influenza A virus infection among primary human T cells. Non-productive infection is established in CD8+ TEM and naïve CD8+ T cells, which indicate the mechanism of intracellular antiviral activities for inhibition of virus replication such as abnormal viral splicing efficiency, incomplete life cycles and up-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes in human T cells. These findings provide insights into understanding lymphopenia and the infectious mechanisms of pandemic influenza A virus and broad immune host–pathogen interactional atlas in primary human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapei Yu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Centre for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Jia
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhisheng Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Centre for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengrui Mu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Centre for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeming Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Centre for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Shang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Cui
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixue Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Centre for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Feng
- Department of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - William J Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Cao
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Centre for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Liang W, Li K, Zhang Q, Li K, Ai K, Zhang J, Jiao X, Li J, Wei X, Yang J. Interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) may participate in the anti-bacterial immune response of Nile tilapia via regulating T-cell activation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:419-426. [PMID: 35779809 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) plays a predominant role in the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling cascade to ensure valid T-cell activation and function. Nevertheless, whether it regulates T-cell response of early vertebrates remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the involvement of ITK in the lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immune response, and its regulation to T-cell activation in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Both sequence and structure of O. niloticus ITK (OnITK) were remarkably conserved with its homologues from other vertebrates, implying its potential conserved function. OnITK mRNA was extensively expressed in lymphoid-related tissues, and with the relative highest level in peripheral blood. Once Nile tilapia was infected by Edwardsiella piscicida, OnITK in splenic lymphocytes was significantly up-regulated on 7-day post infection at both transcription and translation levels, suggesting that OnITK might involve in the primary adaptive immune response of teleost. Furthermore, upon splenic lymphocytes were stimulated by T-cell specific mitogen PHA, OnITK mRNA and protein levels were dramatically elevated. More importantly, treatment of splenic lymphocytes with specific inhibitor significantly crippled OnITK expression, which in turn impaired the inducible expression of T-cell activation markers IFN-γ, IL-2 and CD122, indicating the critical roles of ITK in regulating T-cell activation of Nile tilapia. Taken together, our results suggest that ITK takes part in the lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immunity of tilapia, and is indispensable for T-cell activation of teleost. Our findings thus provide novel evidences for understanding the mechanism regulating T-cell immunity of early vertebrates, as well as the evolution of adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kunming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiansong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xinying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Rajavel A, Klees S, Hui Y, Schmitt AO, Gültas M. Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism Underlying African Animal Trypanosomiasis by Means of the 1000 Bull Genomes Project Genomic Dataset. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050742. [PMID: 35625470 PMCID: PMC9138820 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Climate change is increasing the risk of spreading vector-borne diseases such as African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT), which is causing major economic losses, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. Mainly considering this disease, we have investigated transcriptomic and genomic data from two cattle breeds, namely Boran and N‘Dama, where the former is known for its susceptibility and the latter one for its tolerance to the AAT. Despite the rich literature on this disease, there is still a need to investigate underlying genetic mechanisms to decipher the complex interplay of regulatory SNPs (rSNPs), their corresponding gene expression profiles and the downstream effectors associated with the AAT disease. The findings of this study complement our previous results, which mainly involve the upstream events, including transcription factors (TFs) and their co-operations as well as master regulators. Moreover, our investigation of significant rSNPs and effectors found in the liver, spleen and lymph node tissues of both cattle breeds could enhance the understanding of distinct mechanisms leading to either resistance or susceptibility of cattle breeds. Abstract African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a neglected tropical disease and spreads by the vector tsetse fly, which carries the infectious Trypanosoma sp. in their saliva. Particularly, this parasitic disease affects the health of livestock, thereby imposing economic constraints on farmers, costing billions of dollars every year, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. Mainly considering the AAT disease as a multistage progression process, we previously performed upstream analysis to identify transcription factors (TFs), their co-operations, over-represented pathways and master regulators. However, downstream analysis, including effectors, corresponding gene expression profiles and their association with the regulatory SNPs (rSNPs), has not yet been established. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate the complex interplay of rSNPs, corresponding gene expression and downstream effectors with regard to the AAT disease progression based on two cattle breeds: trypanosusceptible Boran and trypanotolerant N’Dama. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the effectors involved in the regulation of several signal transduction pathways, thereby differentiating the molecular mechanism with regard to the immune responses of the cattle breeds. The effectors and their associated genes (especially MAPKAPK5, CSK, DOK2, RAC1 and DNMT1) could be promising drug candidates as they orchestrate various downstream regulatory cascades in both cattle breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Rajavel
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Selina Klees
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yuehan Hui
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Armin Otto Schmitt
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Lübecker Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (M.G.)
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Abstract
The focus of this review is to examine the role of ITK signaling in multiple diseases and investigate the clinical potential of ITK inhibition. The diseases and potential interventions reviewed include T cell-derived malignancies as well as other neoplastic diseases, allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis, certain infectious diseases, several autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, and finally the use of ITK inhibition in both solid organ and bone marrow transplantation recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Weeks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mobin Karimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Fiorcari S, Atene CG, Maffei R, Debbia G, Potenza L, Luppi M, Marasca R. Ibrutinib interferes with innate immunity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients during COVID-19 infection. Haematologica 2021; 106:2265-2268. [PMID: 33691383 PMCID: PMC8327720 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.277392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fiorcari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Claudio Giacinto Atene
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Rossana Maffei
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U of Modena, Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Debbia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Potenza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U of Modena, Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U of Modena, Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Marasca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U of Modena, Policlinico, Modena, Italy.
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Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP2 Suppresses Host Innate Immunity against Influenza A Virus by Regulating EGFR-Mediated Signaling. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02001-20. [PMID: 33361428 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02001-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a highly contagious pathogen, causing acute respiratory illnesses in human beings and animals and frequently giving rise to epidemic outbreaks. Evasion by IAV of host immunity facilitates viral replication and spread, which can be initiated through various mechanisms, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation. However, how EGFR mediates the suppression of antiviral systems remains unclear. Here, we examined host innate immune responses and their relevant signaling to EGFR upon IAV infection. IAV was found to induce the phosphorylation of EGFR and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) at an early stage of infection. Inhibition of EGFR or ERK suppressed the viral replication but increased the expression of type I and type III interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), supporting the idea that IAV escapes from antiviral innate immunity by activating EGFR/ERK signaling. Meanwhile, IAV infection also induced the activation of Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2). Pharmacological inhibition or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based silencing of SHP2 enhanced the IFN-dependent antiviral activity and reduced virion production. Furthermore, knockdown of SHP2 attenuated the EGFR-mediated ERK phosphorylation triggered by viral infection or EGF stimulation. Conversely, ectopic expression of constitutively active SHP2 noticeably promoted ERK activation and viral replication, concomitant with diminished immune function. Altogether, the results indicate that SHP2 is crucial for IAV-induced activation of the EGFR/ERK pathway to suppress host antiviral responses.IMPORTANCE Viral immune evasion is the most important strategy whereby viruses evolve for their survival. This work shows that influenza A virus (IAV) suppressed the antiviral innate immunity through downregulation of IFNs and ISGs by activating EGFR/ERK signaling. Meanwhile, IAV also induced the activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, which was found to be responsible for modulating the EGFR-mediated ERK activity and subsequent antiviral effectiveness both in vitro and in vivo The results suggest that SHP2 is a key signal transducer between EGFR and ERK and plays a crucial role in suppressing host innate immunity during IAV infection. The finding enhances our understanding of influenza immune evasion and provides a new therapeutic approach to viral infection.
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Decreased Frequencies of Th17 and Tc17 Cells in Patients Infected with Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1418251. [PMID: 31061831 PMCID: PMC6466882 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1418251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection, with a high mortality rate, has caused concern worldwide. Although interleukin-17- (IL-17-) secreting CD4+ T (Th17) and CD8+ T (Tc17) cells have been proven to play crucial roles in influenza virus infection, the changes and roles of Th17 and Tc17 cells in immune responses to H7N9 infection remain controversial. In this study, we found that the frequencies of Th17 and Tc17 cells among human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as IL-17A protein and mRNA levels were markedly decreased in patients with acute H7N9 virus infection. A positive correlation was found between the serum IL-17A level and the frequency of these two cell groups. In vitro infection experiments revealed decreased Th17 and Tc17 cell frequency and IL-17A levels at various time points postinfection. In addition, Th17 cells were the predominant sources of IL-17A in PBMCs of patients infected with H7N9 virus. Taken together, our results indicate immune disorder in acute H7N9 infection and a restored Th17 and Tc17 cell frequency might serve as a biomarker for predicting recovery in patients infected with this virus.
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Voskarides K, Christaki E, Nikolopoulos GK. Influenza Virus-Host Co-evolution. A Predator-Prey Relationship? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2017. [PMID: 30245689 PMCID: PMC6137132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus continues to cause yearly seasonal epidemics worldwide and periodically pandemics. Although influenza virus infection and its epidemiology have been extensively studied, a new pandemic is likely. One of the reasons influenza virus causes epidemics is its ability to constantly antigenically transform through genetic diversification. However, host immune defense mechanisms also have the potential to evolve during short or longer periods of evolutionary time. In this mini-review, we describe the evolutionary procedures related with influenza viruses and their hosts, under the prism of a predator-prey relationship.
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Zhu L, Yuan C, Ding X, Jones C, Zhu G. The role of phospholipase C signaling in bovine herpesvirus 1 infection. Vet Res 2017; 48:45. [PMID: 28882164 PMCID: PMC5590182 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection enhanced the generation of inflammatory mediator reactive oxidative species (ROS) and stimulated MAPK signaling that are highly possibly related to virus induced inflammation. In this study, for the first time we show that BoHV-1 infection manipulated phospholipase C (PLC) signaling, as demonstrated by the activation of PLCγ-1 at both early stages [at 0.5 h post-infection (hpi)] and late stages (4-12 hpi) during the virus infection of MDBK cells. Viral entry, and de novo protein expression and/or DNA replication were potentially responsible for the activation of PLCγ-1 signaling. PLC signaling inhibitors of both U73122 and edelfosine significantly inhibited BoHV-1 replication in both bovine kidney cells (MDBK) and rabbit skin cells (RS-1) in a dose-dependent manner by affecting the virus entry stage(s). In addition, the activation of Erk1/2 and p38MAPK signaling, and the enhanced generation of ROS by BoHV-1 infection were obviously ameliorated by chemical inhibition of PLC signaling, implying the requirement of PLC signaling in ROS production and these MAPK pathway activation. These results suggest that the activation of PLC signaling is a potential pathogenic mechanism for BoHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Chen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuyan Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Test Center, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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10
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Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081650. [PMID: 28783091 PMCID: PMC5578040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have evolved multiple strategies to interact with a host. A large number of studies have revealed that the evolution of influenza A virus is mainly mediated through the mutation of the virus itself and the re-assortment of viral genomes derived from various strains. The evolution of influenza A virus through these mechanisms causes worldwide annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Importantly, influenza A virus can evolve from an animal infected pathogen to a human infected pathogen. The highly pathogenic influenza virus has resulted in stupendous economic losses due to its morbidity and mortality both in human and animals. Influenza viruses fall into a category of viruses that can cause zoonotic infection with stable adaptation to human, leading to sustained horizontal transmission. The rapid mutations of influenza A virus result in the loss of vaccine optimal efficacy, and challenge the complete eradication of the virus. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of influenza A virus evolution caused by the mutation and re-assortment of viral genomes. In addition, we discuss the specific mechanisms by which the virus evolves.
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11
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Lee ACY, To KKW, Zhu H, Chu H, Li C, Mak WWN, Zhang AJX, Yuen KY. Avian influenza virus A H7N9 infects multiple mononuclear cell types in peripheral blood and induces dysregulated cytokine responses and apoptosis in infected monocytes. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:922-934. [PMID: 28555541 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with avian influenza A H7N9 virus (H7N9) infection suffer from severe illness, accompanied by dysregulated cytokine/chemokine response, delayed viral clearance and impaired neutralizing antibody response. Here, we evaluated the role of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the pathogenesis of H7N9 infection using an ex vivo infection model. H7N9 infected a significantly higher percentage of PBMCs (23.9 %) than those of avian influenza A H5N1 virus (H5N1) (12.3 %) and pandemic H1N1 virus (pH1N1) (5.5 %) (P<0.01). H7N9 infected significantly more B and T lymphocytes than H5N1. When compared with pH1N1, H7N9-infected PBMCs had significantly higher mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs) at 6 h post-infection (p.i.), but significantly lower levels of IFN-γ and IP-10 at 12 h p.i. Among the PBMCs, CD14+ monocytes were most permissive to H7N9 infection. The percentage of infected CD14+ monocytes was significantly higher for H7N9 than that of pH1N1, but not significantly different from that of H5N1. H7N9-infected monocytes showed higher expression of MIP-1α, MIP-1β and RANTES than that of pH1N1 at 6 h p.i. H7N9- but not pH1N1-infected monocytes died rapidly via apoptosis. Furthermore, pH1N1- but not H7N9-infected monocytes showed increased expression of the monocyte activation and differentiation markers. Unlike pH1N1, H7N9 showed similar PBMC/monocyte cytokine/chemokine expression profile, monocyte cell death and expression of activation/differentiation markers to H5N1. Besides proinflammatory cytokine activation leading to a cytokine storm, impaired IFN-γ production, rapid monocytic death and lack of monocyte differentiation may affect the ability of H7N9-infected innate immune cells to recruit protective adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Y Lee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kelvin K W To
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Houshun Zhu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Winger W N Mak
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Anna J X Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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12
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Xu WD, Su LC, Xie QB, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase expression and relation to disease severity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 463:11-17. [PMID: 27729219 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) is expressed in T cells, and plays an important role in autoimmune inflammatory diseases through regulating the balance of Th17/Treg. However, its role in human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains unclear. The present study aims to measure the activation status of ITK in T cells from SLE patients and healthy controls, and identify its possible correlation to disease severity. We also discuss the serum levels of Th17, Treg related cytokines including IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, IL-10, analyzing correlation between ITK and Th17/Treg related cytokines. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were drawn from 42 patients with SLE and 43 healthy blood donors, and the phosphorylation of ITK protein was studied in T cells using flow cytometry. In addition, serum levels of Th17/Treg related cytokines were studied with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Percentages of CD4+pITK+ T cells, CD8+pITK+ T cells were higher in SLE patients compared with controls, and were positively related to disease activity, some clinical and laboratory parameters. Percentages of CD4+pITK+ T cells, CD8+pITK+ T cells were more prominent in active SLE patients compared with less active patients. Serum levels of Th17 and Treg related cytokines were higher in patients compared with controls. CD4+pITK+ T cells were related to levels of IL-17, IL-21. CONCLUSION These data indicate that increased ITK expression could act as a disease activity marker and as a risk factor for involvement in SLE, but it still needs further study to confirm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Lin-Chong Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Qi-Bing Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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13
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Zhu L, Yuan C, Ding X, Xu S, Yang J, Liang Y, Zhu Q. PLC-γ1 is involved in the inflammatory response induced by influenza A virus H1N1 infection. Virology 2016; 496:131-137. [PMID: 27310357 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase γ1 (PLC-γ1) signaling is activated by influenza virus H1N1 infection and mediates efficient viral entry in human epithelial cells. In this study, we show that H1N1 also activates PLCγ-1 signaling in human promonocytic cell line -derived macrophages. Surprisingly, the activated PLCγ-1 signaling is not important for viral replication in macrophages, but is involved in the virus-induced inflammatory responses. PLC-γ1-specific inhibitor U73122 strongly inhibits the H1N1 virus-induced NF-κB signaling, blocking the up-regulation of TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-1α, and reactive oxidative species. In a positive feedback loop, IL-1β and TNF-α activate the PLCγ-1 signaling in both epithelial and macrophage cell lines. In summary, we have shown for the first time that the PLCγ-1 signaling plays an important role in the H1N1-induced inflammatory responses. Our study suggests that targeting the PLCγ-1 signaling is a potential antiviral therapy against H1N1 by inhibiting both viral replication and excessive inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiuyan Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jiayun Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
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14
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Targeted disruption of influenza A virus hemagglutinin in genetically modified mice reduces viral replication and improves disease outcome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23746. [PMID: 27033724 PMCID: PMC4817130 DOI: 10.1038/srep23746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus can cause acute respiratory infection in animals and humans around the globe, and is still a major threat to animal husbandry and public health. Due to antigenic drift and antigenic shift of the virus, development of novel anti-influenza strategies has become an urgent task. Here we generated transgenic (TG) mice stably expressing a short-hairpin RNA specifically targeting hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A virus, and investigated the susceptibility of the mice to influenza virus infection. We found that HA expression was dramatically disrupted in TG mice infected with WSN or PR8 virus. Importantly, the animals showed reduced virus production in lungs, slower weight loss, attenuated acute organ injury and consequently increased survival rates as compared to wild type (WT) mice after the viral infection. Moreover, TG mice exhibited a normal level of white blood cells following the virus infection, whereas the number of these cells was significantly decreased in WT mice with same challenge. Together, these experiments demonstrate that the TG mice are less permissive for influenza virus replication, and suggest that shRNA-based efficient disruption of viral gene expression in animals may be a useful strategy for prevention and control of a viral zoonosis.
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15
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Wang X, Tan J, Biswas S, Zhao J, Devadas K, Ye Z, Hewlett I. Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection Increases Apoptosis and HIV-1 Replication in HIV-1 Infected Jurkat Cells. Viruses 2016; 8:E33. [PMID: 26848681 PMCID: PMC4776188 DOI: 10.3390/v8020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection has a significant impact on public health, since it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It is not well-known whether influenza virus infection affects cell death and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 replication in HIV-1-infected patients. Using a lymphoma cell line, Jurkat, we examined the in vitro effects of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus (pH1N1) infection on cell death and HIV-1 RNA production in infected cells. We found that pH1N1 infection increased apoptotic cell death through Fas and Bax-mediated pathways in HIV-1-infected Jurkat cells. Infection with pH1N1 virus could promote HIV-1 RNA production by activating host transcription factors including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB), nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways and T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-related pathways. The replication of HIV-1 latent infection could be reactivated by pH1N1 infection through TCR and apoptotic pathways. These data indicate that HIV-1 replication can be activated by pH1N1 virus in HIV-1-infected cells resulting in induction of cell death through apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER/FDA, Building 72, Rm 4322, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Jiying Tan
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER/FDA, Building 72, Rm 4322, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Santanu Biswas
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER/FDA, Building 72, Rm 4322, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER/FDA, Building 72, Rm 4322, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Krishnakumar Devadas
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER/FDA, Building 72, Rm 4322, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER/FDA, Building 72, Rm 4322, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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16
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Kokhaei P, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Sotoodeh Jahromi A, Osterborg A, Mellstedt H, Hojjat-Farsangi M. Ibrutinib-A double-edge sword in cancer and autoimmune disorders. J Drug Target 2015; 24:373-85. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1086357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Kokhaei
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran,
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | | | - Anders Osterborg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,
- Departments of Hematology and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden, and
| | - Håkan Mellstedt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,
- Departments of Hematology and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden, and
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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17
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Ghosh S, Bienemann K, Boztug K, Borkhardt A. Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) deficiency - clinical and molecular aspects. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34:892-9. [PMID: 25339095 PMCID: PMC4220104 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In patients with underlying immunodeficiency, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may lead to severe immune dysregulation manifesting as fatal mononucleosis, lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disease (LPD), lymphomatoid granulomatosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and dysgammaglobulinemia. Several newly discovered primary immunodeficiencies (STK4, CD27, MAGT1, CORO1A) have been described in recent years; our group and collaborators were able to reveal the pathogenicity of mutations in the Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell Kinase (ITK) in a cohort of nine patients with most patients presenting with massive EBV B-cell lymphoproliferation. This review summarizes the clinical and immunological findings in these patients. Moreover, we describe the functional consequences of the mutations and draw comparisons with the extensively investigated function of ITK in vitro and in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujal Ghosh
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
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18
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Influenza A virus-induced degradation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B contributes to viral replication by suppressing IFITM3 protein expression. J Virol 2014; 88:8375-85. [PMID: 24829357 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00126-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although alteration in host cellular translation machinery occurs in virus-infected cells, the role of such alteration and the precise pathogenic processes are not well understood. Influenza A virus (IAV) infection shuts off host cell gene expression at transcriptional and translational levels. Here, we found that the protein level of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B), an integral component of the translation initiation apparatus, was dramatically reduced in A549 cells as well as in the lung, spleen, and thymus of mice infected with IAV. The decrease in eIF4B level was attributed to lysosomal degradation of eIF4B, which was induced by viral NS1 protein. Silencing eIF4B expression in A549 cells significantly promoted IAV replication, and conversely, overexpression of eIF4B markedly inhibited the viral replication. Importantly, we observed that eIF4B knockdown transgenic mice were more susceptible to IAV infection, exhibiting faster weight loss, shorter survival time, and more-severe organ damage. Furthermore, we demonstrated that eIF4B regulated the expression of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), a critical protein involved in immune defense against a variety of RNA viruses, including influenza virus. Taken together, our findings reveal that eIF4B plays an important role in host defense against IAV infection at least by regulating the expression of IFITM3, which restricts viral entry and thereby blocks early stages of viral production. These data also indicate that influenza virus has evolved a strategy to overcome host innate immunity by downregulating eIF4B protein. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) infection stimulates the host innate immune system, in part, by inducing interferons (IFNs). Secreted IFNs activate the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway, leading to elevated transcription of a large group of IFN-stimulated genes that have antiviral function. To circumvent the host innate immune response, influenza virus has evolved multiple strategies for suppressing the production of IFNs. Here, we show that IAV infection induces lysosomal degradation of eIF4B protein; and eIF4B inhibits IAV replication by upregulating expression of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), a key protein that protects the host from virus infection. Our finding illustrates a critical role of eIF4B in the host innate immune response and provides novel insights into the complex mechanisms by which influenza virus interacts with its host.
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He F, Yao H, Xiao Z, Han J, Zou J, Liu Z. Inhibition of IL-2 inducible T-cell kinase alleviates T-cell activation and murine myocardial inflammation associated with CVB3 infection. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:30-8. [PMID: 24462896 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection causes myocarditis, pancreatitis, and aseptic meningitis. Targeting antigen-specific T cell reactions might be a promising way to alleviate the inflammatory response induced by CVB3 infection. IL-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), a member of Tec kinase family expressed mainly in T cells, plays an important role in the activation of T cells. The role of ITK in viral myocarditis induced by CVB3 has not been documented. METHODOLOGY In this study, we inhibited the ITK expression in Jurkat cells, primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and mouse splenocytes by ITK-specific siRNA. The inhibition efficiently suppressed cell proliferation (P<0.05) and T-cell related cytokine secretion (P<0.05). In order to inhibit ITK in vivo, the pGCSIL plasmid containing short hairpin RNAs targeting ITK was constructed and transduced into mice infected with CVB3. ITK-inhibited mice showed reduced cell proliferation (3, 5, and 7 days post-challenge, P<0.05) as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (5 days post-challenge, P<0.05). The altered production of inflammatory cytokines alleviated pathologic heart damage and improved mice survival rate (P<0.05). CONCLUSION ITK played an important role in the T cell development and represented a new target for the modulation of T-cell-mediated inflammatory response by CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Hailan Yao
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zonghui Xiao
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jisheng Han
- Medical Department, Aerospace 731 Hospital, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Jizhen Zou
- Pathology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zhewei Liu
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
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20
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Wei H, Wang S, Chen Q, Chen Y, Chi X, Zhang L, Huang S, Gao GF, Chen JL. Suppression of interferon lambda signaling by SOCS-1 results in their excessive production during influenza virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003845. [PMID: 24391501 PMCID: PMC3879354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate cytokine response provides the first line of defense against influenza virus infection. However, excessive production of cytokines appears to be critical in the pathogenesis of influenza virus. Interferon lambdas (IFN-λ) have been shown to be overproduced during influenza virus infection, but the precise pathogenic processes of IFN-λ production have yet to be characterized. In this report, we observed that influenza virus induced robust expression of IFN-λ in alveolar epithelial cells (A549) mainly through a RIG-I-dependent pathway, but IFN-λ-induced phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 1 (STAT1) was dramatically inhibited in the infected cells. Remarkably, influenza virus infection induced robust expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1), leading to inhibition of STAT1 activation. Interestingly, the virus-induced SOCS-1 expression was cytokine-independent at early stage of infection both in vitro and in vivo. Using transgenic mouse model and distinct approaches altering the expression of SOCS-1 or activation of STAT signaling, we demonstrated that disruption of the SOCS-1 expression or expression of constitutively active STAT1 significantly reduced the production of IFN-λ during influenza virus infection. Furthermore, we revealed that disruption of IFN-λ signaling pathway by increased SOCS-1 protein resulted in the activation of NF-κB and thereby enhanced the IFN-λ expression. Together, these data imply that suppression of IFN-λ signaling by virus-induced SOCS-1 causes an adaptive increase in IFN-λ expression by host to protect cells against the viral infection, as a consequence, leading to excessive production of IFN-λ with impaired antiviral response. Influenza virus infection triggers innate immune responses. However, aberrant host immune responses such as excessive production of cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis of influenza virus. Type III interferons (IFN-λ) constitute the major innate immune response to influenza virus infection, but the precise pathogenic processes of IFN-λ production and mechanistic underpinnings are not well understood. In this study, we report that influenza virus induces robust IFN-λ expression mainly through a RIG-I-dependent pathway, but signaling activated by IFN-λ was dramatically inhibited by virus-induced SOCS-1. Importantly, we found that disruption of the SOCS-1 expression or forced activation of STAT1 significantly reduced the expression of IFN-λ in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that suppression of IFN-λ signaling by SOCS-1 results in their excessive production during influenza virus infection. Furthermore, our experiments revealed that disruption of IFN-λ signaling pathway resulted in the activation of NF-κB that governs the IFN-λ expression. Together these findings, we propose that impaired antiviral response of IFN-λ due to the inhibitory effect of SOCS-1 causes an adaptive increase in IFN-λ expression by host to protect cells against the viral infection. This is a novel mechanism that may be critical in the pathogenesis of the influenza virus strains that induce hypercytokinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Song Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghuang Chen
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuhai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chi
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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PLC-γ1 signaling plays a subtype-specific role in postbinding cell entry of influenza A virus. J Virol 2013; 88:417-24. [PMID: 24155396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02591-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Host signaling pathways and cellular proteins play important roles in the influenza viral life cycle and can serve as antiviral targets. In this study, we report the engagement of host phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase γ1 (PLC-γ1) in mediating cell entry of influenza virus H1N1 but not H3N2 subtype. Both PLC-γ1-specific inhibitor and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) strongly suppress the replication of H1N1 but not H3N2 viruses in cell culture, suggesting that PLC-γ1 plays an important subtype-specific role in the influenza viral life cycle. Further analyses demonstrate that PLC-γ1 activation is required for viral postbinding cell entry. In addition, H1N1, but not H3N2, infection leads to the phosphorylation of PLC-γ1 at Ser 1248 immediately after infection and independent of viral replication. We have further shown that H1N1-induced PLC-γ1 activation is downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Interestingly, both H1N1 and H3N2 infections activate EGFR, but only H1N1 infection leads to PLC-γ1 activation. Taking our findings together, we have identified for the first time the subtype-specific interplay of host PLC-γ1 signaling and H1N1 virus that is critical for viral uptake early in the infection. Our study provides novel insights into how virus interacts with the cellular signaling network by demonstrating that viral determinants can regulate how the host signaling pathways function in virally infected cells.
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Ibrutinib is an irreversible molecular inhibitor of ITK driving a Th1-selective pressure in T lymphocytes. Blood 2013; 122:2539-49. [PMID: 23886836 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-06-507947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given its critical role in T-cell signaling, interleukin-2-inducible kinase (ITK) is an appealing therapeutic target that can contribute to the pathogenesis of certain infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. Ablation of ITK subverts Th2 immunity, thereby potentiating Th1-based immune responses. While small-molecule ITK inhibitors have been identified, none have demonstrated clinical utility. Ibrutinib is a confirmed irreversible inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) with outstanding clinical activity and tolerability in B-cell malignancies. Significant homology between BTK and ITK alongside in silico docking studies support ibrutinib as an immunomodulatory inhibitor of both ITK and BTK. Our comprehensive molecular and phenotypic analysis confirms ITK as an irreversible T-cell target of ibrutinib. Using ibrutinib clinical trial samples along with well-characterized neoplastic (chronic lymphocytic leukemia), parasitic infection (Leishmania major), and infectious disease (Listeria monocytogenes) models, we establish ibrutinib as a clinically relevant and physiologically potent ITK inhibitor with broad therapeutic utility. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01105247 and #NCT01217749.
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CHD6, a cellular repressor of influenza virus replication, is degraded in human alveolar epithelial cells and mice lungs during infection. J Virol 2013; 87:4534-44. [PMID: 23408615 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00554-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus polymerase associates to an important number of transcription-related proteins, including the largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II complex (RNAP II). Despite this association, degradation of the RNAP II takes place in the infected cells once viral transcription is completed. We have previously shown that the chromatin remodeler CHD6 protein interacts with the influenza virus polymerase complex, represses viral replication, and relocalizes to inactive chromatin during influenza virus infection. In this paper, we report that CHD6 acts as a negative modulator of the influenza virus polymerase activity and is also subjected to degradation through a process that includes the following characteristics: (i) the cellular proteasome is not implicated, (ii) the sole expression of the three viral polymerase subunits from its cloned cDNAs is sufficient to induce proteolysis, and (iii) degradation is also observed in vivo in lungs of infected mice and correlates with the increase of viral titers in the lungs. Collectively, the data indicate that CHD6 degradation is a general effect exerted by influenza A viruses and suggest that this viral repressor may play an important inhibitory role since degradation and accumulation into inactive chromatin occur during the infection.
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Schiralli Lester GM, Akiyama H, Evans E, Singh J, Gummuluru S, Henderson AJ. Interleukin 2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) facilitates efficient egress of HIV-1 by coordinating Gag distribution and actin organization. Virology 2013; 436:235-43. [PMID: 23260110 PMCID: PMC3598624 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) influences T cell signaling by coordinating actin polymerization and polarization as well as recruitment of kinases and adapter proteins. ITK regulates multiple steps of HIV-1 replication, including virion assembly and release. Fluorescent microscopy was used to examine the functional interactions between ITK and HIV-1 Gag during viral particle release. ITK and Gag colocalized at the plasma membrane and were concentrated at sites of F-actin accumulation and membrane lipid rafts in HIV-1 infected T cells. There was polarized staining of ITK, Gag, and actin towards sites of T cell conjugates. Small molecule inhibitors of ITK disrupted F-actin capping, perturbed Gag-ITK colocalization, inhibited virus like particle release, and reduced HIV replication in primary human CD4+ T cells. These data provide insight as to how ITK influences HIV-1 replication and suggest that targeting host factors that regulate HIV-1 egress provides an innovative strategy for controlling HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M. Schiralli Lester
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, EBRC 648, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Hisashi Akiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erica Evans
- Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, United States
| | | | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew J. Henderson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, EBRC 648, Boston, MA 02118, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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