1
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Mueller F, Witteveldt J, Macias S. Antiviral Defence Mechanisms during Early Mammalian Development. Viruses 2024; 16:173. [PMID: 38399949 PMCID: PMC10891733 DOI: 10.3390/v16020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The type-I interferon (IFN) response constitutes the major innate immune pathway against viruses in mammals. Despite its critical importance for antiviral defence, this pathway is inactive during early embryonic development. There seems to be an incompatibility between the IFN response and pluripotency, the ability of embryonic cells to develop into any cell type of an adult organism. Instead, pluripotent cells employ alternative ways to defend against viruses that are typically associated with safeguard mechanisms against transposable elements. The absence of an inducible IFN response in pluripotent cells and the constitutive activation of the alternative antiviral pathways have led to the hypothesis that embryonic cells are highly resistant to viruses. However, some findings challenge this interpretation. We have performed a meta-analysis that suggests that the susceptibility of pluripotent cells to viruses is directly correlated with the presence of receptors or co-receptors for viral adhesion and entry. These results challenge the current view of pluripotent cells as intrinsically resistant to infections and raise the fundamental question of why these cells have sacrificed the major antiviral defence pathway if this renders them susceptible to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mueller
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jeroen Witteveldt
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Sara Macias
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
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2
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Mayberry CL, Maginnis MS. Taking the Scenic Route: Polyomaviruses Utilize Multiple Pathways to Reach the Same Destination. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101168. [PMID: 33076363 PMCID: PMC7602598 DOI: 10.3390/v12101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Polyomaviridae family differ in their host range, pathogenesis, and disease severity. To date, some of the most studied polyomaviruses include human JC, BK, and Merkel cell polyomavirus and non-human subspecies murine and simian virus 40 (SV40) polyomavirus. Although dichotomies in host range and pathogenesis exist, overlapping features of the infectious cycle illuminate the similarities within this virus family. Of particular interest to human health, JC, BK, and Merkel cell polyomavirus have all been linked to critical, often fatal, illnesses, emphasizing the importance of understanding the underlying viral infections that result in the onset of these diseases. As there are significant overlaps in the capacity of polyomaviruses to cause disease in their respective hosts, recent advancements in characterizing the infectious life cycle of non-human murine and SV40 polyomaviruses are key to understanding diseases caused by their human counterparts. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which different polyomaviruses hijack cellular processes to attach to host cells, internalize, traffic within the cytoplasm, and disassemble within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), prior to delivery to the nucleus for viral replication. Unraveling the fundamental processes that facilitate polyomavirus infection provides deeper insight into the conserved mechanisms of the infectious process shared within this virus family, while also highlighting critical unique viral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L. Mayberry
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;
| | - Melissa S. Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;
- Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Lauver MD, Goetschius DJ, Netherby-Winslow CS, Ayers KN, Jin G, Haas DG, Frost EL, Cho SH, Bator CM, Bywaters SM, Christensen ND, Hafenstein SL, Lukacher AE. Antibody escape by polyomavirus capsid mutation facilitates neurovirulence. eLife 2020; 9:e61056. [PMID: 32940605 PMCID: PMC7541085 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
JCPyV polyomavirus, a member of the human virome, causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an oft-fatal demyelinating brain disease in individuals receiving immunomodulatory therapies. Mutations in the major viral capsid protein, VP1, are common in JCPyV from PML patients (JCPyV-PML) but whether they confer neurovirulence or escape from virus-neutralizing antibody (nAb) in vivo is unknown. A mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) with a sequence-equivalent JCPyV-PML VP1 mutation replicated poorly in the kidney, a major reservoir for JCPyV persistence, but retained the CNS infectivity, cell tropism, and neuropathology of the parental virus. This mutation rendered MuPyV resistant to a monoclonal Ab (mAb), whose specificity overlapped the endogenous anti-VP1 response. Using cryo-EM and a custom sub-particle refinement approach, we resolved an MuPyV:Fab complex map to 3.2 Å resolution. The structure revealed the mechanism of mAb evasion. Our findings demonstrate convergence between nAb evasion and CNS neurovirulence in vivo by a frequent JCPyV-PML VP1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lauver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Daniel J Goetschius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | | | - Katelyn N Ayers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Daniel G Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Elizabeth L Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Sung Hyun Cho
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Carol M Bator
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Stephanie M Bywaters
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Neil D Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Susan L Hafenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Aron E Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
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4
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Horníková L, Bruštíková K, Forstová J. Microtubules in Polyomavirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E121. [PMID: 31963741 PMCID: PMC7019765 DOI: 10.3390/v12010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules, part of the cytoskeleton, are indispensable for intracellular movement, cell division, and maintaining cell shape and polarity. In addition, microtubules play an important role in viral infection. In this review, we summarize the role of the microtubules' network during polyomavirus infection. Polyomaviruses usurp microtubules and their motors to travel via early and late acidic endosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum. As shown for SV40, kinesin-1 and microtubules are engaged in the release of partially disassembled virus from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol, and dynein apparently assists in the further disassembly of virions prior to their translocation to the cell nucleus-the place of their replication. Polyomavirus gene products affect the regulation of microtubule dynamics. Early T antigens destabilize microtubules and cause aberrant mitosis. The role of these activities in tumorigenesis has been documented. However, its importance for productive infection remains elusive. On the other hand, in the late phase of infection, the major capsid protein, VP1, of the mouse polyomavirus, counteracts T-antigen-induced destabilization. It physically binds microtubules and stabilizes them. The interaction results in the G2/M block of the cell cycle and prolonged S phase, which is apparently required for successful completion of the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jitka Forstová
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (K.B.)
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5
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Neburkova J, Sedlak F, Zackova Suchanova J, Kostka L, Sacha P, Subr V, Etrych T, Simon P, Barinkova J, Krystufek R, Spanielova H, Forstova J, Konvalinka J, Cigler P. Inhibitor-GCPII Interaction: Selective and Robust System for Targeting Cancer Cells with Structurally Diverse Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2932-2945. [PMID: 29389139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a membrane protease overexpressed by prostate cancer cells and detected in the neovasculature of most solid tumors. Targeting GCPII with inhibitor-bearing nanoparticles can enable recognition, imaging, and delivery of treatments to cancer cells. Compared to methods based on antibodies and other large biomolecules, inhibitor-mediated targeting benefits from the low molecular weight of the inhibitor molecules, which are typically stable, easy-to-handle, and able to bind the enzyme with very high affinity. Although GCPII is established as a molecular target, comparing previously reported results is difficult due to the different methodological approaches used. In this work, we investigate the robustness and limitations of GCPII targeting with a diverse range of inhibitor-bearing nanoparticles (various structures, sizes, bionanointerfaces, conjugation chemistry, and surface densities of attached inhibitors). Polymer-coated nanodiamonds, virus-like particles based on bacteriophage Qβ and mouse polyomavirus, and polymeric poly(HPMA) nanoparticles with inhibitors attached by different means were synthesized and characterized. We evaluated their ability to bind GCPII and interact with cancer cells using surface plasmon resonance, inhibition assay, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. Regardless of the diversity of the investigated nanosystems, they all strongly interact with GCPII (most with low picomolar Ki values) and effectively target GCPII-expressing cells. The robustness of this approach was limited only by the quality of the nanoparticle bionanointerface, which must be properly designed by adding a sufficient density of hydrophilic protective polymers. We conclude that the targeting of cancer cells overexpressing GCPII is a viable approach transferable to a broad diversity of nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Neburkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Katerinska 32 , 121 08 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Sedlak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Katerinska 32 , 121 08 Prague , Czech Republic.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Vinicna 5 , 128 44 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Zackova Suchanova
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Vinicna 5 , 128 44 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kostka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the CAS , Heyrovskeho namesti 2 , 162 06 , Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Sacha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Subr
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the CAS , Heyrovskeho namesti 2 , 162 06 , Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the CAS , Heyrovskeho namesti 2 , 162 06 , Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Simon
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Barinkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Robin Krystufek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Hana Spanielova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Vinicna 5 , 128 44 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Forstova
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Vinicna 5 , 128 44 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Hlavova 2030 , 128 43 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
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6
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Host cell virus entry mechanisms enhance anti-JCV-antibody switch in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:736-746. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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7
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You J, O’Hara SD, Velupillai P, Castle S, Levery S, Garcea RL, Benjamin T. Ganglioside and Non-ganglioside Mediated Host Responses to the Mouse Polyomavirus. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005175. [PMID: 26474471 PMCID: PMC4608836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides serve as receptors for internalization and infection by members of the polyomavirus family. Specificity is determined by recognition of carbohydrate moieties on the ganglioside by the major viral capsid protein VP1. For the mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV), gangliosides with terminal sialic acids in specific linkages are essential. Although many biochemical and cell culture experiments have implicated gangliosides as MuPyV receptions, the role of gangliosides in the MuPyV-infected mouse has not been investigated. Here we report results of studies using ganglioside-deficient mice and derived cell lines. Knockout mice lacking complex gangliosides were completely resistant to the cytolytic and pathogenic effects of the virus. Embryo fibroblasts from these mice were likewise resistant to infection, and supplementation with specific gangliosides restored infectibility. Although lacking receptors for viral infection, cells from ganglioside-deficient mice retained the ability to respond to the virus. Ganglioside-deficient fibroblasts responded rapidly to virus exposure with a transient induction of c-fos as an early manifestation of a mitogenic response. Additionally, splenocytes from ganglioside-deficient mice responded to MuPyV by secretion of IL-12, previously recognized as a key mediator of the innate immune response. Thus, while gangliosides are essential for infection in the animal, gangliosides are not required for mitogenic responses and innate immune responses to the virus. Biological and structural studies have combined to give a detailed understanding of how the mouse polyomavirus binds to sialyloligosaccharides, how polymorphisms in the sialic acid binding pocket of the major virus capsid protein constitute important determinants of pathogenicity, and how gangliosides function as receptors for cell entry and infection by the virus. We used mice with knockouts in defined ganglioside biosynthetic pathways to determine whether gangliosides alone suffice to mediate lethal infection in the intact host and whether non-gangliosides are also recognized by the virus and utilized for important physiological responses. We confirmed the requirement of specific gangliosides for infection and determined that not all gangliosides that bind in vitro serve as receptors in vivo. Results also revealed two physiologically important responses that do not require MuPyV-ganglioside interactions: i) rapid induction of c-fos in fibroblasts as an early step in cell cycle progression on which the virus depends for its own replication, and ii). activation of cytokine secretion by antigen presenting cells as a critical innate immune response to the virus. We infer that these responses are mediated by non-ganglioside receptors bearing sialic acid. These results serve to illustrate the multiplicity of MuPyV receptors and the complexity of virus-cell surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John You
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samantha D. O’Hara
- BioFrontiers Institute and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Palanivel Velupillai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sherry Castle
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Steven Levery
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Garcea
- BioFrontiers Institute and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Benjamin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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8
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Bennett JL. Natalizumab and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: migrating towards safe adhesion molecule therapy in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res 2013; 28:291-8. [PMID: 16687056 DOI: 10.1179/016164106x98189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Natalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against alpha4beta1 integrin, was shown in clinical trials to dramatically reduce the relapse rate, development of new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions and progression of disability in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Following its expedited approval, sales of the drug were discontinued owing to the emergence of two cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare but deadly viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with immunosuppression. Owing to the effect of natalizumab on central nervous system leukocyte recruitment, the emergence of PML has been attributed to diminished immunosurveillance. The lack of additional opportunistic or CNS infections among natalizumab-treated patients, however, suggests that alternate mechanisms may contribute to the infectious risk. This review examines how the inhibition of alpha4beta1-mediated adhesion might establish a unique milieu for the development of PML and how future approaches to selective adhesion molecule therapy in multiple sclerosis might avoid a similar fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 80262, USA.
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9
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Meyer MA. Amino Acid Sequences Mediating Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 Binding to Integrin Alpha 4: Homologous DSP Sequence Found for JC Polyoma VP1 Coat Protein. Neurol Int 2013; 5:e14. [PMID: 24147211 PMCID: PMC3794449 DOI: 10.4081/ni.2013.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The JC polyoma viral coat protein VP1 was analyzed for amino acid sequences homologies to the IDSP sequence which mediates binding of VLA-4 (integrin alpha 4) to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Although the full sequence was not found, a DSP sequence was located near the critical arginine residue linked to infectivity of the virus and binding to sialic acid containing molecules such as integrins (3). For the JC polyoma virus, a DSP sequence was found at residues 70, 71 and 72 with homology also noted for the mouse polyoma virus and SV40 virus. Three dimensional modeling of the VP1 molecule suggests that the DSP loop has an accessible site for interaction from the external side of the assembled viral capsid pentamer.
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10
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Dorn DC, Lawatscheck R, Zvirbliene A, Aleksaite E, Pecher G, Sasnauskas K, Özel M, Raftery M, Schönrich G, Ulrich RG, Gedvilaite A. Cellular and Humoral Immunogenicity of Hamster Polyomavirus-Derived Virus-Like Particles Harboring a Mucin 1 Cytotoxic T-Cell Epitope. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:12-27. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Dorn
- Institute of Virology, Charité Medical School, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Medical Clinic for Oncology and Hematology, Charité Medical School, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Lawatscheck
- Institute of Virology, Charité Medical School, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Gabriele Pecher
- Medical Clinic for Oncology and Hematology, Charité Medical School, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Raftery
- Institute of Virology, Charité Medical School, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Virology, Charité Medical School, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Institute of Virology, Charité Medical School, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Caruso M, Busanello A, Sthandier O, Cavaldesi M, Gentile M, Garcia MI, Amati P. Mutation in the VP1-LDV motif of the murine polyomavirus affects viral infectivity and conditions virus tissue tropism in vivo. J Mol Biol 2006; 367:54-64. [PMID: 17239397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The first contact of a virus with the host cell surface and further entry are important steps for a successful outcome of the infection process and for the virus-associated pathogenicity. We have previously shown that the entry of the murine Polyomavirus (Py) into fibroblasts is a multi-step process involving, at least, the attachment to primary sialic acids (SA)-containing cell receptors followed by post-binding interaction with secondary receptors, such as the alpha4beta1 integrin, likely through the VP1-LDV motif. Here we report on the functional role of the VP1-LDV motif in Py infectivity and in vivo virus tissue tropism. For this purpose, we have characterized a recombinant virus mutant, PyLNV, harboring a single aa substitution in this motif (D138N). Although not critical for virus viability, the D138N substitution abrogates the post-attachment Py-alpha4beta1 interaction, rendering the PyLNV mutant virus twofold less infectious than the Py wild-type (Wt) in alpha4beta1-positive fibroblasts. To study the putative role of the VP1-LDV motif in vivo, newborn C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with PyWt or PyLNV and, after six days, organs were analyzed for the presence of viral DNA. Intriguingly, PyLNV showed an altered spectrum of in vivo replication compared with PyWt, particularly in the skin and in the kidney. The implication of Py-alpha4beta1 integrin interaction in conditioning tissue-specificity of virus replication is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Caruso
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, Sezione di Genetica Molecolare, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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12
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Gee GV, Dugan AS, Tsomaia N, Mierke DF, Atwood WJ. The role of sialic acid in human polyomavirus infections. Glycoconj J 2006; 23:19-26. [PMID: 16575519 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-5434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV) are human polyomaviruses that infect approximately 85% of the population worldwide [1,2]. JCV is the underlying cause of the fatal demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a condition resulting from JCV induced lytic destruction of myelin producing oligodendrocytes in the brain [3]. BKV infection of kidneys in renal transplant recipients results in a gradual loss of graft function known as polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PVN) [4]. Following the identification of these viruses as the etiological agents of disease, there has been greater interest in understanding the basic biology of these human pathogens [5,6]. Recent advances in the field have shown that viral entry of both JCV and BKV is dependent on the ability to interact with sialic acid. This review focuses on what is known about the human polyomaviruses and the role that sialic acid plays in determining viral tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen V Gee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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13
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Randhawa P, Vats A, Shapiro R. The pathobiology of polyomavirus infection in man. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 577:148-59. [PMID: 16626033 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This article traces the discovery of polyomaviruses and outlines investigations, which shed light on potential modes of transmission of this increasingly important group of human pathogens. The pathobiology of the virus is summarized with particular reference to interactions with host cell receptors, cell entry, cytoplasmic trafficking, and targeting of the viral genome to the nucleus. This is followed by a discussion of sites of viral latency and factors leading to viral reactivation. Finally, we present biochemical mechanisms that could potentially explain several key elements of tissue pathology characteristic of BKV mediated damage to human kidney.
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14
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Carbone M, Reale A, Di Sauro A, Sthandier O, Garcia MI, Maione R, Caiafa P, Amati P. PARP-1 interaction with VP1 capsid protein regulates polyomavirus early gene expression. J Mol Biol 2006; 363:773-85. [PMID: 16979186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases are involved in fundamental cellular events as well as they seem to be associated to some viral infection process. In this work, the poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) role in the polyomavirus life cycle has been investigated. Early viral transcription was reduced by competitive inhibitors of PARPs in Swiss 3T3 cells and almost abolished in PARP-1 knockout fibroblasts and in wild-type fibroblasts when PARP-1 was silenced by RNA interference. In vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (poly(ADP-ribose)) facilitates the release of the capsid protein viral protein 1 (VP1) from the chromatin of infecting virions. In vitro experiments demonstrated that VP1 stimulates the enzymatic activity of PARP-1 and binds non-covalently both protein-free and PARP-1-bound poly(ADP-ribose). Our studies suggest that PARP-1 promotes the complete VP1 displacement from viral DNA favouring the viral early transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Carbone
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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15
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Abstract
The pathway of entry of polyomavirus (Py) has been investigated with glycolipid-deficient C6 cells and added ganglioside GD1a as a specific virus receptor. Unsupplemented C6 cells show a low basal level of infection but become highly infectable by Py following preincubation with the sialic acid-containing ganglioside GD1a (38). Addition of GD1a has no effect on the overall level of virus binding but mediates the internalization and transit of virus to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This pathway of entry is cholesterol and caveola dependent and requires intact microtubules as well as a dynamic state of the microfilament system. In contrast to vesicular transport of other cargo via glycolipids, Py particles do not appear to pass through the Golgi apparatus. Colcemid and brefeldin A block transport of the virus to the ER in GD1a-supplemented cells and lead to accumulation of virus in a caveolin-1-containing environment. Several features distinguish the efficient GD1a-mediated pathway of virus uptake from the less-efficient pathway of basal infection in C6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gilbert
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Louis Pasteur Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Cavaldesi M, Caruso M, Sthandier O, Amati P, Garcia MI. Conformational changes of murine polyomavirus capsid proteins induced by sialic acid binding. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:41573-9. [PMID: 15292169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405995200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine polyomavirus (Py) infection initiates by the recognition of cell membrane molecules containing terminal sialic acid (SA) residues through specific binding pockets formed at the major capsid protein VP1 surface. VP1 Pockets 1, 2, and 3 bind terminal SA, Gal, and second branched SA, respectively. The consequence of recognition on viral cell entry remains elusive. In this work, we show that preincubation of Py with soluble compounds within Pocket 1 (N-acetyl or N-glycolyl neuraminic acids) increases Py cell binding and infectivity in murine 3T6 fibroblasts. In contrast, Gal does not significantly alter Py binding nor infectivity, whereas sialyllactose, in Pockets 1 and 2, decreases cell binding and infectivity. Binding experiments with Py virus-like particles confirmed the direct involvement of VP1 in this effect. To determine whether such results could reflect VP1 conformational changes induced by SA binding, protease digestion assays were performed after pretreatment of Py or virus-like particles with soluble receptor fragments. Binding of SA with the VP1 Pocket 1, but not of compounds interacting with Pocket 2, was associated with a transition of this protein from a protease-sensitive to a protease-resistant state. This effect was transmitted to the minor capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 in virus particles. Attachment of Py to cell monolayers similarly led to a VP1 trypsin-resistant pattern. Taken together, these data present evidence that initial binding of Py to terminal SA induces conformational changes in the viral capsid, which may influence subsequent virus cell entry steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Cavaldesi
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, Sezione di Genetica Molecolare, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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