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Nukuzuma S, Onogi H, Suzuki T. Establishment of COS-BK cells persistently infected with archetype BK polyomavirus. Microbiol Immunol 2024; 68:179-184. [PMID: 38433377 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) was the first human polyomavirus to be isolated from an immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipient in 1971. BKPyV reactivation causes BKPyV-associated nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis. However, the mechanisms underlying BKPyV replication remain unclear. In the present study, we performed the long-term cultivation of COS-7 cells transfected with archetype KOM-5 DNA, which were designated as COS-BK cells. BKPyV derived from COS-BK cells was characterized by analyzing the amount of the virus based on hemagglutination, viral replication, and the production of viral protein 1 (VP1). Immunostaining showed that VP1-positive cells accounted for a small percentage of COS-BK cells. The nucleotide sequences encompassing the origin of the DNA replication of BKPyV derived from COS-BK cells were generated from KOM-5 by the deletion of an 8-bp sequence, which did not involve T antigen binding sites. BKPyV replicated most efficiently in COS-BK cells in DMEM containing 2% fetal bovine serum. These results indicate that COS-BK cells are a suitable culture system for studying the persistent infection of archetype BKPyV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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2
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McIlroy D, Peltier C, Nguyen ML, Manceau L, Mobuchon L, Le Baut N, Nguyen NK, Tran MC, Nguyen TC, Bressollette-Bodin C. Quantification of APOBEC3 Mutation Rates Affecting the VP1 Gene of BK Polyomavirus In Vivo. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092077. [PMID: 36146883 PMCID: PMC9504301 DOI: 10.3390/v14092077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) capsid accumulate in kidney transplant (KTx) recipients with persistent virus replication. They are associated with neutralization escape and appear to arise as a result of cytosine deamination by host cell APOBEC3A/B enzymes. To study the mutagenic processes occurring in patients, we amplified the typing region of the VP1 gene, sequenced the amplicons to a depth of 5000–10,000×, and identified rare mutations, which were fitted to COSMIC mutational signatures. Background mutations were identified in amplicons from plasmids carrying the BKPyV genome and compared to mutations observed in 148 samples from 23 KTx recipients in France and in Vietnam. Three mutational signatures were consistently observed in urine, serum, and kidney biopsy samples, two of which, SBS2 and SBS13, corresponded to APOBEC3A/B activity. In addition, a third signature with no known etiology, SBS89, was detected both in patient samples, and in cells infected in vitro with BKPyV. Quantitatively, APOBEC3A/B mutation rates in urine samples were strongly correlated with urine viral load, and also appeared to vary between individuals. These results confirm that APOBEC3A/B is a major, but not the only, source of BKPyV genome mutations in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian McIlroy
- Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Nantes Université, 44093 Nantes, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-02-44-76-81-82
| | - Cécile Peltier
- Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - My-Linh Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 116001, Vietnam
| | - Louise Manceau
- Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, F-44000 Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Service de Virologie, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Lenha Mobuchon
- Molecular Biology and Sequencing Services, CHU Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Le Baut
- Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Ngoc-Khanh Nguyen
- Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Minh-Chau Tran
- Department of Kidney Diseases and Dialysis, Vietduc University Hospital, Hanoi 110214, Vietnam
| | - The-Cuong Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 116001, Vietnam
| | - Céline Bressollette-Bodin
- Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, F-44000 Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Service de Virologie, 44093 Nantes, France
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3
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BK Virus Infection and BK-Virus-Associated Nephropathy in Renal Transplant Recipients. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071290. [PMID: 35886073 PMCID: PMC9323957 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliomavirus BK virus (BKV) is highly infective, causing asymptomatic infections during childhood. After the initial infection, a stable state of latent infection is recognized in kidney tubular cells and the uroepithelium with negligible clinical consequences. BKV is an important risk factor for BKV-associated diseases, and, in particular, for BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVN) in renal transplanted recipients (RTRs). BKVN affects up to 10% of renal transplanted recipients, and results in graft loss in up to 50% of those affected. Unfortunately, treatments for BK virus infection are restricted, and there is no efficient prophylaxis. In addition, consequent immunosuppressive therapy reduction contributes to immune rejection. Increasing surveillance and early diagnosis based upon easy and rapid analyses are resulting in more beneficial outcomes. In this report, the current status and perspectives in the diagnosis and treatment of BKV in RTRs are reviewed.
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Amorim AR, Mendes GS, Santos N. Genotyping of human polyomavirus 1 detected in saliva. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Molecular Epidemiology and Variation of the BK Polyomavirus in the Population of Central and Eastern Europe Based on the Example of Poland. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020209. [PMID: 35215804 PMCID: PMC8878621 DOI: 10.3390/v14020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a widespread pathogen in humans. Polymorphism of the region encoding the VP1 protein of BKPyV provides the basis for classifying the virus into types and subtypes, whose frequency varies depending on geographic location. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of BKPyV in the Polish population and to assess its variation by analysing polymorphism in the typing region. The study was conducted on 168 healthy, Polish volunteers, whose blood (plasma) and urine were sampled. The virus was detected using PCR, products, sequenced and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. In addition, viral load was assessed by qPCR. The presence of the genetic material of the BK virus was noted in 61/168 urine samples but in none of the plasma sample. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the BKPyV isolates were of types I and IV, dominant in Europe (63.93% and 36.07%, respectively). All isolates from genotype I belonged to subtype Ib-2, showing polymorphism at position 1809 with a frequency of 61.54% (G1809A) and 38.46% (G1809C). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of this magnitude on the genetic variation of BKPyV among healthy volunteers in Poland.
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Hosoi H, Murata S, Suzuki T, Li TC, Hatanaka K, Tanaka-Taya K, Mushino T, Kuriyama K, Tamura S, Hanaoka N, Sonoki T. A cluster of BK polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23:e13736. [PMID: 34546601 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK polyomavirus (BKV) can cause hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in immunocompromised patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It remains unclear whether nosocomial BKV infections occur. During a 9-month period, an increase in BKV-associated HC (BKV-HC) cases was observed at our institution. AIM The BKV-HC cluster population was compared with populations of HSCT patients from before and after the BKV-HC cluster to evaluate whether nosocomial BKV transmission had occurred. METHODS A retrospective analysis was carried out to assess the risk of patients developing BKV-HC after HSCT. The background data of the cluster patients were compared with those of the patients who underwent HSCT before or after the cluster, and the collected BKV isolates were serotyped. RESULTS BKV-HC involving grade ≥2 hematuria occurred in six of 15 HSCT recipients during a 9-month period. The incidence of BKV-HC was significantly higher in this period than in the other periods (p = 0.0014). There were no significant differences in the patients' background data between the cluster and non-cluster periods, including in terms of risk factors for BKV-HC. Serotype analyses of BKV revealed that the BKV detected in the urine samples from four of the six BKV-HC patients belonged to subtype Ic. The gene sequences of these four BKV exhibited >99.5% homology. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that nosocomial BKV infections may occur after HSCT. Although many cases of BKV-HC are caused by the reactivation of a latent virus, it is necessary to employ appropriate hygiene measures when cases of BKV-HC occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hosoi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shogo Murata
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hatanaka
- Department of Hematology, Sakai City Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Taya
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mushino
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kodai Kuriyama
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tamura
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hanaoka
- Department of General Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kumamotominami National Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Sonoki
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Kotla SK, Kadambi PV, Hendricks AR, Rojas R. BK polyomavirus-pathogen, paradigm and puzzle. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:587-593. [PMID: 31891401 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BK virus is a polyomavirus with seroprevalence rates of 80% in adults. Infection is usually acquired during childhood, and the virus is benign or pathologic depending on immune status. The virus reactivates in immunodeficiency states, mostly among transplant (either kidney or bone marrow) recipients. There are approximately 15 000 renal transplants every year in the USA, of which 5-10% develop BK polyomavirus nephropathy; 50-80% of patients who develop nephropathy go on to develop graft failure. BK virus is associated with BK polyomavirus nephropathy, ureteral stenosis, late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis, bladder cancer and other nonlytic large T-expressing carcinomas. The renal spectrum begins with viruria and can end with graft failure. The clinical spectrum and outcomes vary among transplant patients. New noninvasive diagnostic methods, such as urinary polyomavirus Haufen detected by electron microscopy, are currently under study. Treatment is primarily directed at decreasing immunosuppression but may be associated with graft rejection. Repeat transplantation is encouraged as long as viral clearance in plasma prior to transplant is accomplished. There remain no definitive data regarding the utility of transplant nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Krishna Kotla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Pradeep V Kadambi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Allen R Hendricks
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Rojas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Muñoz-Gallego I, Díaz-Madridano N, Moral N, Pascual C, Polanco N, González E, Andrés A, Folgueira MD. Detection of BK polyomavirus genotypes to predict the development of BK polyomavirus-associated complications in kidney transplant recipients: A retrospective analysis. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23:e13615. [PMID: 33866657 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study focused on the role that BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) genotypes can play in the development of BKPyV-associated complications in renal transplant recipients. METHODS A retrospective observational study (January 2015 to April 2018) was conducted by analyzing BKPyV genotypes in 180 blood samples with detectable BKPyV viral load (VL) > 1000 copies/mL, from 63 renal transplant recipients. VL and BKPyV genotypes detections were based on real-time PCR (rt-PCR)-specific assays. RESULTS Forty-four patients (44/63 [69.8%]) were men, and the median age was 55.0 (interquartile range 49.0-66.0 years). Eleven patients had clinical manifestations (11/63 [17.5%]). The most frequently detected genotypes were I (14/63 [22.2%]) and II (13/63 [20.6%]). Half of the patients (33/63 [52.4%]) had a mixed genotype, most with genotypes I and II (25/33 [75.8%]). Patients with infection by mixed genotypes showed VLs that were detected earlier (in the first year after transplantation) than those with a single genotype (25/33 [75.8%] vs 13/30 [43.3%], P = .009) and demonstrated greater risk of developing clinical manifestations associated with BKPyV (odds ratio 12.609, 95% confidence interval 1.503-105.807). Moreover, patients with first BKPyV VL > 10 000 copies/mL more frequently presented mixed genotypes (12/16 [75.0%] vs 21/47 [44.7%], P = .036). CONCLUSIONS The probability of developing clinical manifestations is higher in infections by mixed genotypes. Therefore, the detection of BKPyV genotypes by rt-PCR can provide relevant information to stratify patients' risk of BKPyV-associated complications and guide the clinical management of BKPyV infection in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Muñoz-Gallego
- Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Díaz-Madridano
- Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Moral
- Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Pascual
- Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Polanco
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther González
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amado Andrés
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Folgueira
- Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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9
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McIlroy D, Hönemann M, Nguyen NK, Barbier P, Peltier C, Rodallec A, Halary F, Przyrowski E, Liebert U, Hourmant M, Bressollette-Bodin C. Persistent BK Polyomavirus Viruria is Associated with Accumulation of VP1 Mutations and Neutralization Escape. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080824. [PMID: 32751274 PMCID: PMC7472262 DOI: 10.3390/v12080824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between neutralization escape and persistent high-level BK polyomavirus replication after kidney transplant (KTx), VP1 sequences were determined by Sanger and next-generation sequencing in longitudinal samples from KTx recipients with persistent high-level viruria (non-controllers) compared to patients who suppressed viruria (controllers). The infectivity and neutralization resistance of representative VP1 mutants were investigated using pseudotype viruses. In all patients, the virus population was initially dominated by wild-type VP1 sequences, then non-synonymous VP1 mutations accumulated over time in non-controllers. BC-loop mutations resulted in reduced infectivity in 293TT cells and conferred neutralization escape from cognate serum in five out of six non-controller patients studied. When taken as a group, non-controller sera were not more susceptible to neutralization escape than controller sera, so serological profiling cannot predict subsequent control of virus replication. However, at an individual level, in three non-controller patients the VP1 variants that emerged exploited specific “holes” in the patient’s humoral response. Persistent high-level BK polyomavirus replication in KTx recipients is therefore associated with the accumulation of VP1 mutations that can confer resistance to neutralization, implying that future BKPyV therapies involving IVIG or monoclonal antibodies may be more effective when used as preventive or pre-emptive, rather than curative, strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian McIlroy
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-40-41-28-39
| | - Mario Hönemann
- Institut für Virologie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.H.); (U.L.)
| | - Ngoc-Khanh Nguyen
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Paul Barbier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Cécile Peltier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Audrey Rodallec
- Service de Virologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Franck Halary
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Emilie Przyrowski
- Service de Virologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Uwe Liebert
- Institut für Virologie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.H.); (U.L.)
| | - Maryvonne Hourmant
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
- Service de Néphrologie et Immunologie Clinique, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Céline Bressollette-Bodin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
- Service de Virologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.P.)
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
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Prom A, Jorgenson M, Alagusundaramoorthy S, Parajuli S. Persistent BK polyomavirus‐DNAemia may warrant cystoscopy to rule out urologic carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13316. [PMID: 32386093 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Prom
- Department of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics Madison WI USA
| | - Margaret Jorgenson
- Department of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics Madison WI USA
| | - Sayee Alagusundaramoorthy
- Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI USA
| | - Sandesh Parajuli
- Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI USA
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11
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Evolution and molecular epidemiology of polyomaviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 79:104150. [PMID: 31870972 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses (PyVs) are small DNA viruses that infect several species, including mammals, birds and fishes. Their study gained momentum after the report of previously unidentified viral species in the past decade, and especially, since the description of the first polyomavirus clearly oncogenic for humans. The aim of this work was to review the most relevant aspects of the evolution and molecular epidemiology of polyomaviruses, allowing to reveal general evolutionary patterns and to identify some unaddressed issues and future challenges. The main points analysed included: 1) the species and genera assignation criteria; 2) the hypotheses, mechanisms and timescale of the ancient and recent evolutionary history of polyomaviruses; and 3) the molecular epidemiology of human viruses, with special attention to JC, BK and Merkel cell polyomaviruses.
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12
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Thongprayoon C, Khoury NJ, Bathini T, Aeddula NR, Boonpheng B, Leeaphorn N, Ungprasert P, Bruminhent J, Lertjitbanjong P, Watthanasuntorn K, Chesdachai S, Mao MA, Cheungpasitporn W. BK polyomavirus genotypes in renal transplant recipients in the United States: A meta-analysis. J Evid Based Med 2019; 12:291-299. [PMID: 31769221 DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, increasing ethnic diversity has been apparent. However, the epidemiology and trends of BKV genotypes remain unclear. This meta-analysis was conducted with the aim to assess the prevalence of BKV genotypes among kidney transplant (KTx) recipients in the United States. METHODS A comprehensive literature review was conducted through October 2018 utilizing MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Database to identify studies that reported the prevalence of BKV subtypes and/or subgroups in KTx recipients in the United States. Pooled prevalence rates were combined using random effects, generic inverse variance method. The protocol for this study is registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42019134582). RESULTS A total of eight observational studies with a total of 193 samples (urine, blood, and kidney tissues) from 188 BKV-infected KTX recipients were enrolled. Overall, the pooled estimated prevalence rates of BKV subtypes were 72.2% (95% confidence of interval [CI]: 62.7-80.0%) for subtype I, 6.8% (95% CI: 2.5-16.9%) for subtype II, 8.3% (95% CI: 4.4-15.1%) for subtype III, and 16.1% (95% CI: 10.4-24.2%) for subtype IV, respectively. While metaregression analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation between year of study and the prevalence of BKV subtype I (slopes = +0.1023, P = .01), there were no significant correlations between year of study and percentages of BKV subtype II-IV (P > .05). Among KTx recipients with BKV subtype I, the pooled estimated percentages of BKV subgroups were 22.4% (95% CI: 13.7-34.5%) for subgroup Ia, 30.6% (95% CI: 17.7-47.5%) for subgroup Ib1, 47.7% (95% CI: 35.8-59.9%) for subgroup Ib2, and 4.1% (95% CI:1.2-13.3%) for subgroup Ic, respectively. CONCLUSION BKV subtype I is the most prevalent subtype among KTx recipients in the United States and its prevalence seems to increasing overtime. Subgroup Ib2 is the most common subgroup among BKV subtype I.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadeen J Khoury
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tarun Bathini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Narothama Reddy Aeddula
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and, Deaconess Health System, Evansville, Indiana
| | - Boonphiphop Boonpheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Napat Leeaphorn
- Renal Transplant Program, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine/Saint Luke's Health System, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Patompong Ungprasert
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jackrapong Bruminhent
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Michael A Mao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Wisit Cheungpasitporn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Mississippi
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Toan PQ, Bao Quyen LT, Thu Hang DT, My Anh TT, Cuong LM, Lanh NS, Su HX. Identification of BK Virus Genotypes in Recipients of Renal Transplant in Vietnam. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:2683-2688. [PMID: 31477425 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the prevalence and distribution of BK polyomavirus (BKV) genotypes in recipients of renal transplant in Vietnam. METHODS One hundred six patients who underwent renal transplantation were included in this study. These patients were from the Department of Nephrology, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University. Quantification and genotyping of the BK virus was performed using in-house molecular methods from urine and plasma samples. RESULTS BKV infection was detected in 82 patients (77.4%), including 58 patients who had the presence of both BK viremia and BK viruria, and 24 patients (22.60%) with BKV positive findings in the urine alone. Particularly, 16 patients (15.09%) had high BK viremia >104 copies/mL and 20 patients (18.9%) had BK viruria >107 copies/mL. BK virus nephropathy (BKVN) was confirmed in 6 patients (5.66%) by immunohistochemistry examination. Genotyping of BKV was performed successfully in 50 out of the 82 patients, with 36 out of 50 (72%) belonging to the BKV-I subtype and 14 out of 50 (28%) belonging to the BKV-IV subtype; no cases of genotypes II or III were observed. Using phylogenetic analysis of the subgroups, the BKV-I/b-1 subtype was found the predominant subgroup (100%), whereas BKV-IV included 21.43% of IV/a-1, 6.67% of IV/a-2, and 50% of IV/c-1, respectively. There remain 3 cases of BKV-IV (21.43%) that could not be categorized into any subgroups. In the 6 patients diagnosed BKVN, 5 of them were infected with subgroup I/b-1 (83.3%) and 1 patient was infected with subgroup IV/c-1 (16.7%). No significant difference between BKV genotypes was observed in relation to age, sex, HLA mismatch, viral load, BKVN, and immunosuppressive therapy. CONCLUSIONS This research indicated a high prevalence of BKV infection and BKV-I was predominant, followed by BKV-IV among recipients of renal transplant in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Quoc Toan
- Department of Nephrology, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Dinh Thi Thu Hang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trinh Thi My Anh
- University of Science, National University of Hanoi, Vietnam; Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Manh Cuong
- Vietnam Border Defense Force Academy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Sy Lanh
- Department of Pathology, Viet Duc University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Xuan Su
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Sanabria DJ, Mojsiejczuk LN, Torres C, Meyer AG, Mbayed VA, Liotta DJ, Campos RH, Schurr TG, Badano I. Genetic diversity of the JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) and mitochondrial DNA ancestry in Misiones, Argentina. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:104011. [PMID: 31446138 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of human and viral genetic markers offers a novel way to study human migration in multiethnic populations of Latin America. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to characterize the genetic diversity and geographical origins of JC Polyomavirus (JCPyV) and the genetic ancestry of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in inhabitants from 25 de Mayo, Misiones-Argentina, a small village of largely German ancestry located close to the border with Brazil. We also evaluated the extent of agreement between viral and mtDNA markers for the different ancestry components of this population. STUDY DESIGN 68 individuals were analyzed for JCPyV and mtDNA diversity. JCPyV detection and typing was conducted in urine samples by PCR amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene. mtDNA ancestry was assessed through HVS1 sequencing, with the resulting haplotypes being classified into haplogroups of Amerindian, European and African origin. The distribution of JCPyV diversity and mtDNA ancestry in the population was statistically evaluated by Fisher exact test and the level of agreement of both markers at the individual level was evaluated by Cohen's kappa coefficient. RESULTS Our analysis showed that 57.4% of the samples were positive for JCPyV. Of these, the 47.6% were Asian-American Type 2, 33.3% European Type 1 and 19.1% African Type 3 in origin. The mtDNA ancestry of the study participants was 33.3% Amerindian and 66.7% European. There was a significant difference among the distribution of JCPyV diversity and mtDNA ancestry (p = 0.009) and at the individual level there was no correlation between the distribution of the both markers (κ = 0.154, p = 0.297). CONCLUSION The apparent incongruence between JCPyV diversity and mtDNA ancestry may reflect the original settlement process and more recent migration to 25 de Mayo, the latter involving viral spread through migrants from Brazil. Some potential limitations to our interpretations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana J Sanabria
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura N Mojsiejczuk
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Torres
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro G Meyer
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Viviana A Mbayed
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Domingo J Liotta
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo H Campos
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Theodore G Schurr
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6398, USA
| | - Ines Badano
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Wunderink HF, De Brouwer CS, Gard L, De Fijter JW, Kroes ACM, Rotmans JI, Feltkamp MCW. Source and Relevance of the BK Polyomavirus Genotype for Infection After Kidney Transplantation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz078. [PMID: 30949528 PMCID: PMC6440680 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BK polyomavirus (BKPyV)–associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) is a major threat for kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The role of specific BKPyV genotypes/serotypes in development of BKPyVAN is poorly understood. Pretransplantation serotyping of kidney donors and recipients and posttransplantation genotyping of viremic recipients, could reveal the clinical relevance of specific BKPyV variants. Methods A retrospective cohort of 386 living kidney donor-recipient pairs was serotyped before transplantation against BKPyV genotype I–IV viral capsid protein 1 antigen, using a novel BKPyV serotyping assay. Replicating BKPyV isolates in viremic KTRs after transplantation were genotyped using real-time polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by means of sequencing. BKPyV serotype and genotype data were used to determine the source of infection and analyze the risk of viremia and BKPyVAN. Results Donor and recipient BKPyV genotype and serotype distribution was dominated by genotype I (>80%), especially Ib, over II, III and IV. Donor serotype was significantly correlated with the replicating genotype in viremic KTRs (P < .001). Individual donor and recipient serotype, serotype (mis)matching and the recipient replicating BKPyV genotype were not associated with development of viremia or BKPyVAN after transplantation. Conclusions BKPyV donor and recipient serotyping and genotyping indicates the donor origin of replicating BKPyV in viremic KTRs but provides no evidence for BKPyV genotype–specific virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Wunderink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - C S De Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - L Gard
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J W De Fijter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - A C M Kroes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - J I Rotmans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - M C W Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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16
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Korth J, Anastasiou OE, Bräsen JH, Brinkhoff A, Lehmann U, Kribben A, Dittmer U, Verheyen J, Wilde B, Ciesek S, Witzke O, Widera M. The detection of BKPyV genotypes II and IV after renal transplantation as a simple tool for risk assessment for PyVAN and transplant outcome already at early stages of BKPyV reactivation. J Clin Virol 2019; 113:14-19. [PMID: 30771597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After reactivation the BK-polyomavirus (BKPyV) associated nephropathy (PyVAN) is observed in 1-10% of renal transplant recipients, of which up to 80% undergo graft failure. BKPyV reactivation after renal transplantation was associated with donor-derived serotypes against which the recipient has no immunological protection. However, PyVAN risk assessment seroactivity testing is a time-consuming and cost intensive process. OBJECTIVES Since BKPyV serotypes can be attributed to distinct genotypes I to IV, in the present study we retrospectively analyzed whether a simple PCR-based BKPyV genotyping assay might be a fast and inexpensive method to assess the risk for PyVAN and transplant outcome already at early stages of BKPyV reactivation. STUDY DESIGN 56 patients who were renal transplanted and tested positive for BKPyV viremia were included into the study. The BKPyV-VP1-coding sequences were PCR-amplified, sequenced, and subjected to genotyping. For group specific analysis patients were grouped in genotype I (n = 46) and a second group including genotype II and IV (n = 10) and associated with their clinical outcomes. RESULTS The most abundant genotype I was detected in 46 of 56 (82%) patients, however, in the genotype II and IV group PyVAN was twice as frequent as compared to the genotype I group 24 months after transplantation (8 of 10 (80%) vs. 17 of 46 (37%); p = 0.001). Accordingly, graft failure was significantly more frequent in the genotype II and IV group (3 of 10 (30%) vs. 2 of 46 (4%); p = 0.007). CONCLUSION PCR-based BKPyV genotyping might represent a fast and inexpensive method to assess the risk for PyVAN and transplant outcome already at early stages of BKPyV reactivation even if matched samples of the donor are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Korth
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Olympia Evdoxia Anastasiou
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Hinrich Bräsen
- Institute for Pathology, Hanover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Brinkhoff
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lehmann
- Institute for Pathology, Hanover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kribben
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Verheyen
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wilde
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
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17
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Sawinski D, Blumberg EA. Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, DIALYSIS, AND TRANSPLANTATION 2019. [PMCID: PMC7152484 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-52978-5.00040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Wunderink HF, de Brouwer CS, van der Meijden E, Pastrana DV, Kroes ACM, Buck CB, Feltkamp MCW. Development and evaluation of a BK polyomavirus serotyping assay using Luminex technology. J Clin Virol 2018; 110:22-28. [PMID: 30529638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is subdivided into four genotypes. The consequences of each genotype and of donor-recipient genotype (mis)match for BKPyV-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are unknown. OBJECTIVES To develop and evaluate a genotype-specific IgG antibody-based BKPyV serotyping assay, in order to classify kidney transplant donors and recipients accordingly. STUDY DESIGN VP1 antigens of six BKPyV variants (Ib1, Ib2, Ic, II, III and IV) were expressed as recombinant glutathione-s-transferase-fusion proteins and coupled to fluorescent Luminex beads. Sera from 87 healthy blood donors and 39 KTRs were used to analyze seroreactivity and serospecificity against the different BKPyV genotypes. Six sera with marked BKPyV serotype profiles were analyzed further for genotype-specific BKPyV pseudovirus neutralizing capacity. RESULTS Seroreactivity was observed against all genotypes, with seropositivity rates above 77% comparable for KTRs and blood donors. Strong cross-reactivity (r > 0.8) was observed among genotype I subtypes, and among genotypes II, III and IV. Seroresponses against genotypes I and IV seemed genuine, while those against II and III could be out(cross)competed. GMT (Luminex) and IC50 (neutralization assay) values showed good agreement in determining the genotype with the strongest seroresponse within an individual. CONCLUSIONS Despite some degree of cross-reactivity, this serotyping assay seems a useful tool to identify the main infecting BKPyV genotype within a given individual. This information, which cannot be obtained otherwise from nonviremic/nonviruric individuals, could provide valuable information regarding the prevalent BKPyV genotype in kidney donors and recipients and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman F Wunderink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Caroline S de Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Els van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4263, USA
| | - Aloysius C M Kroes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4263, USA
| | - Mariet C W Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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19
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Hwang KA, Ahn JH, Nam JH. Development and validation of multiplex real-time PCR assays for rapid detection of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and polyomavirus BK in whole blood from transplant candidates. J Microbiol 2018; 56:593-599. [PMID: 30047089 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transplant recipients are more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and polyomavirus BK (BK) are risk factors for graft dysfunction. All three of them are latent viruses that can cause serious disease in immunocompromised patients. Mainly qualitative PCR tests are required for diagnosis and quantitative monitoring, which are used to follow the response to transplantation. We developed a multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) method to detect these viruses during blood screenings of transplant recipients. We also validated analytical and clinical performance tests using the developed multiplex qPCR. The limit of detection (LOD) was 100, 125, and 183 copies/ml for CMV, EBV, and BK, respectively. These results had high linearity (R2 = 0.997) and reproducibility (CV range, 0.95-2.38%, 0.52-3.32%, and 0.31-2.45%, respectively). Among 183 samples, we detected 8 samples that were positive for CMV, while only 6 were positive for EBV, and 3 were positive for BK. Therefore, the viral infection prevalence in transplant candidates was 4.40% for CMV, 3.29% for EBV, and 1.64% for BK. This multiplex qPCR method should be used widely for diagnosing and monitoring latent viral infections in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.,Department of Research and Development, Genetree Research, Seoul, 06745, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Ahn
- Department of Research and Development, Genetree Research, Seoul, 06745, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Cobos M, Aquilia L, Garay E, Ochiuzzi S, Alvarez S, Flores D, Raimondi C. Epidemiologic Study and Genotyping of BK Virus in Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:458-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Scadden JRW, Sharif A, Skordilis K, Borrows R. Polyoma virus nephropathy in kidney transplantation. World J Transplant 2017; 7:329-338. [PMID: 29312862 PMCID: PMC5743870 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v7.i6.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BK virus (BKV) is a polyomavirus that is able to cause renal dysfunction in transplanted grafts via BK virus-associated nephritis (BKVAN). This condition was mis-diagnosed in the past due to clinical and histopthological similarities with acute rejection. Due to the prevalence of the virus in the population, it is an important pathogen in this context, and so it is important to understand how this virus functions and its' relationship with the pathogenesis of BKVN. Screening for BKV often reveals viruria and/or viremia, which then manifests as BKVN, which can be asymptomatic or result in clinical features namely renal dysfunction. The pathogenesis of BKV infection is still unclear and needs to be further investigated; nevertheless there are a variety of hypotheses that indicate that there are a host of factors that play important roles. Treatments for BKVAN include a reduction in immunosuppression, the use of antiviral therapy or the combination of both treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob RW Scadden
- University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Sharif
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Kassi Skordilis
- Department of Renal Histopathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Borrows
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) causes frequent infections during childhood and establishes persistent infections within renal tubular cells and the uroepithelium, with minimal clinical implications. However, reactivation of BKV in immunocompromised individuals following renal or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may cause serious complications, including BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), ureteric stenosis, or hemorrhagic cystitis. Implementation of more potent immunosuppression and increased posttransplant surveillance has resulted in a higher incidence of BKVAN. Antiviral immunity plays a crucial role in controlling BKV replication, and our increasing knowledge about host-virus interactions has led to the development of improved diagnostic tools and clinical management strategies. Currently, there are no effective antiviral agents for BKV infection, and the mainstay of managing reactivation is reduction of immunosuppression. Development of immune-based therapies to combat BKV may provide new and exciting opportunities for the successful treatment of BKV-associated complications.
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23
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Kato J, Mori T, Suzuki T, Ito M, Li TC, Sakurai M, Yamane Y, Yamazaki R, Koda Y, Toyama T, Hasegawa N, Okamoto S. Nosocomial BK Polyomavirus Infection Causing Hemorrhagic Cystitis Among Patients With Hematological Malignancies After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:2428-2433. [PMID: 28295968 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is recognized as a pathogen that causes diseases such as hemorrhagic cystitis and nephritis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or renal transplantation. BKPyV-associated disease is thought to occur through reactivation under immunosuppression. However, the possibility of its nosocomial transmission and the clinical significance of such transmission have not been elucidated. During a 6-month period, nine adult patients (median age: 47 years) who had hematological disorders and who were treated with HSCT (n = 7) or chemotherapy (n = 2) in a single hematology department developed hemorrhagic cystitis due to BKPyV infection. The polymerase chain reaction products of BKPyV DNA obtained from each patient were sequenced. Of the nine patients, six had subtype I, 2 had subtype IV, and 1 had subtype II or III. In the alignment of sequences, four and two of the six subtype I strains were completely homologous (100%). These results strongly suggest that BKPyV has the potential to cause nosocomial infection within a medical facility, especially among recipients of HSCT. Further studies are clearly warranted to elucidate the route(s) of BKPyV transmission in order to establish optimal infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kato
- Division of Hematology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Mori
- Division of Hematology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - M Ito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - T C Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Sakurai
- Division of Hematology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Yamane
- Division of Hematology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Yamazaki
- Division of Hematology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Koda
- Division of Hematology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Toyama
- Division of Hematology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Hasegawa
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Okamoto
- Division of Hematology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Trang VD, Rockett R, Jeoffreys N, Trung NV, Hai An HP, Kok J, Dwyer DE. BK polyomavirus: a review of the virology, pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory features, and treatment. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a non-enveloped, circular dsDNA virus with a genome of approximately 5100 base pairs. It can be divided into four major genotypes, but the effects of different genotypes on clinical disease are uncertain. Primary BKPyV infection is generally acquired asymptomatically in childhood. It establishes low-level persistence in many tissues, particularly the genitourinary tract. Reactivation can lead to severe disease including BKPyV-associated nephropathy confirmed by renal biopsy, hemorrhagic cystitis and meningoencephalitis. Nucleic acid amplification testing of blood and urine is the main diagnostic and prognostic test for BKPyV infection. The treatment of BKPyV infection has concentrated on reduction in immunosuppressive therapy. Recent studies suggest that antiviral drugs have demonstrated only modest benefit, but adoptive T-cell therapies offer potential advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Dinh Trang
- Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78-Giai Phong, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Western Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Rockett
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Neisha Jeoffreys
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Nguyen Vu Trung
- Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78-Giai Phong, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung St, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Phan Hai An
- Department of International Cooperation, Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung St, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Kidney Diseases & Dialysis Department, Viet Duc Hospital, No. 40 Trang Thi St, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jen Kok
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- Western Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
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Gard L, van Doesum W, Niesters HGM, van Son WJ, Diepstra A, Stegeman CA, Groen H, Riezebos-Brilman A, Sanders JS. A delicate balance between rejection and BK polyomavirus associated nephropathy; A retrospective cohort study in renal transplant recipients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178801. [PMID: 28609473 PMCID: PMC5469458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunosuppressive agents mycophenolate acid (MPA) and tacrolimus (Tac) are associated with a higher incidence of BK polyomavirus nephropathy (BKPyVAN). In this observational retrospective cohort study, the frequency of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) complications over a 24-month period was studied. METHODS 358 renal transplant recipients (RTR) treated with MPA, with either cyclosporine A (CsA) (CsAM group) or Tac (TacM group) and mostly prednisolone, were included. RESULTS Incidence of BKPyV-viremia was not significantly different between the CsAM (n = 42/191) (22.0%) and the TacM (n = 36/167) (21.6%) group. Biopsy proven BKPyVAN occurred more often in the TacM group (6.6%) versus the CsAM group (2.1%) (p = 0.03). Longitudinal data analysis showed a significant earlier decline of viral load in plasma in the CsAM group compared to the TacM group (p = 0.005). The incidence of biopsy proven acute rejection (BPAR) was significantly higher in the CsAM (19.9%) compared to the TacM (10.8%) (p = 0.02) group. Graft loss, estimated glomerular filtration rate and mortality rate did not differ in both treatment groups. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study shows that immunosuppressive treatment with Tac and MPA compared to CsA and MPA is associated with a lower incidence of BPAR, but at the cost of an increased risk of developing BKPyVAN in the first two years post-transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Gard
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Willem van Doesum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert G. M. Niesters
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. van Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen A. Stegeman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Groen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Riezebos-Brilman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Stephan Sanders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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DeWolfe D, Gandhi J, Mackenzie MR, Broge TA, Bord E, Babwah A, Mandelbrot DA, Pavlakis M, Cardarelli F, Viscidi R, Chandraker A, Tan CS. Pre-transplant immune factors may be associated with BK polyomavirus reactivation in kidney transplant recipients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177339. [PMID: 28562595 PMCID: PMC5451008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) reactivation in kidney transplant recipients can lead to allograft damage and loss. The elements of the adaptive immune system that are permissive of reactivation and responsible for viral control remain incompletely described. We performed a prospective study evaluating BKPyV-specific T-cell response, humoral response and overall T-cell phenotype beginning pre-transplant through one year post-transplant in 28 patients at two centers. We performed an exploratory analysis of risk factors for the development of viremia and viruria as well as compared the immune response to BKPyV in these groups and those who remained BK negative. 6 patients developed viruria and 3 developed viremia. BKPyV-specific CD8+ T-cells increased post-transplant in viremic and viruric but not BK negative patients. BKPyV-specific CD4+ T-cells increased in viremic, but not viruric or BK negative patients. Anti-BKPyV IgG antibodies increased in viruric and viremic patients but remained unchanged in BK negative patients. Viremic patients had a greater proportion of CD8+ effector cells pre-transplant and at 12 months post-transplant. Viremic patients had fewer CD4+ effector memory cells at 3 months post-transplant. Exploratory analysis demonstrated lower CD4 and higher total CD8 proportions, higher anti-BKPyV antibody titers and the cause of renal failure were associated BKPyV reactivation. In conclusion, low CD4, high CD8 and increased effector CD8 cells were found pre-transplant in patients who became viremic, a phenotype associated with immune senescence. This pre-transplant T-cell senescence phenotype could potentially be used to identify patients at increased risk of BKPyV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David DeWolfe
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jinal Gandhi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Mackenzie
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Broge
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Evelyn Bord
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amaara Babwah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Didier A. Mandelbrot
- The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martha Pavlakis
- The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Francesca Cardarelli
- The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raphael Viscidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anil Chandraker
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chen S. Tan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Bhattacharjee S, Chattaraj S. Entry, infection, replication, and egress of human polyomaviruses: an update. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:193-211. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses (PyVs), belonging to the family Polyomaviridae, are a group of small, nonenveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA viruses widely distributed in the vertebrates. PyVs cause no apparent disease in adult laboratory mice but cause a wide variety of tumors when artificially inoculated into neonates or semipermissive animals. A few human PyVs, such as BK, JC, and Merkel cell PyVs, have been unequivocally linked to pathogenesis under conditions of immunosuppression. Infection is thought to occur early in life and persists for the lifespan of the host. Over evolutionary time scales, it appears that PyVs have slowly co-evolved with specific host animal lineages. Host cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids seem to play a decisive role in the entry stage of viral infection and in channeling the virions to specific intracellular membrane-bound compartments and ultimately to the nucleus, where the genomes are replicated and packaged for release. Therefore the transport of the infecting virion or viral genome to this site of multiplication is an essential process in productive viral infection as well as in latent infection and transformation. This review summarizes the major findings related to the characterization of the nature of the interactions between PyV and host protein and their impact in host cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Bhattacharjee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal, PIN 734013, India
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal, PIN 734013, India
| | - Sutanuka Chattaraj
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal, PIN 734013, India
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal, PIN 734013, India
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A Simple and Reliable Strategy for BK Virus Subtyping and Subgrouping. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1177-1185. [PMID: 28151406 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01180-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BK virus (BKV)-associated diseases in transplant recipients are an emerging issue. However, identification of the various BK virus subtypes/subgroups is a long and delicate process on the basis of currently available data. Therefore, we wanted to define a simple and effective one-step strategy for characterizing all BK virus strains from the VP1 gene sequence. Based on the analysis of 199 available complete DNA VP1 sequences, phylogenetic trees, alignments, and isolated polymorphisms were used to define an effective strategy for distinguishing the 12 different BK virus subtypes/subgroups. Based on the 12 subtypes identified from the 199 complete BKV VP1 sequences (1,089 bp), 60 mutations that can be used to differentiate these various subtypes/subgroups were identified. Some genomic areas were more variable and comprised mutational hot spots. From a subregion of only 100 bp in the VP1 region (1977 through 2076), we therefore constructed an algorithm that enabled rapid determination of all BKV subtypes/subgroups with 99% agreement (197/199) relative to the complete VP1 sequence. We called this domain of the BK viral genome the BK typing and grouping region (BKTGR). Finally, we validated our viral subtype identification process in a population of 100 transplant recipients with 100% efficiency. The new simpler method of BKV subtyping/subgrouping reported here constitutes a useful tool for future studies that will help us to more clearly understand the impact of BKV subtypes/subgroups on diagnosis, infection, and BK virus-associated diseases.
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Urayama T, Takahashi K, Ideno S, Yunoki M, Saito M, Numakura K, Inoue T, Satoh S, Sakai K. BK polyomavirus‐neutralizing activity of intravenous immunoglobulin products derived from donated blood in Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Urayama
- Research and Development Division Japan Blood Products Organization Hyogo Japan
| | - K. Takahashi
- Research and Development Division Japan Blood Products Organization Hyogo Japan
| | - S. Ideno
- Research and Development Division Japan Blood Products Organization Hyogo Japan
| | - M. Yunoki
- Research and Development Division Japan Blood Products Organization Hyogo Japan
| | - M. Saito
- Department of Urology Akita University Graduate School of Medicine Akita Japan
| | - K. Numakura
- Department of Urology Akita University Graduate School of Medicine Akita Japan
| | - T. Inoue
- Department of Urology Akita University Graduate School of Medicine Akita Japan
| | - S. Satoh
- Center for Kidney Disease and Transplantation Akita University Hospital Akita Japan
| | - K. Sakai
- Research and Development Division Japan Blood Products Organization Hyogo Japan
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Viral Origin, Clinical Course, and Renal Outcomes in Patients With BK Virus Infection After Living-Donor Renal Transplantation. Transplantation 2016; 100:844-53. [PMID: 26720302 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK virus (BKV) nephropathy remains the main cause of renal graft loss after living-donor renal transplantation. The aim of the study was to investigate the source and factors influencing the course of BKV infection. METHODS We investigated 214 living donor-recipient pairs. Urine and blood of donors and recipients were tested by qPCR for the presence of BKV DNA before and after transplantation; genotyping of BKV subtypes was performed. RESULTS Eighty-five recipients (40%) had posttransplant BK viruria including 61 with additional viremia and 22 with nephropathy. Pretransplant urinary BKV shedding of donor or recipient was a significant risk factor for posttransplant viruria and viremia (OR, 4.52; CI, 2.33-8.77; P < 0.0001) and nephropathy (OR, 3.03; CI, 1.16-7.9; P = 0.02). In the BKV nephropathy group, urine and blood became BKV positive earlier than in the group with viruria and viremia. Renal function was worse in BKV-nephropathy compared with BKV-negative patients beginning at transplantation. Comparing BKV subtypes of donor and recipient before with the subtype of the infected recipient after transplantation, donor-derived transmission was identified in 24 of 28 corresponding pairs. BKV subtype IV had a higher prevalence in recipients with BKV nephropathy than in those with viruria and viremia (P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS Pretransplant urinary BKV shedding of donor and recipient is a risk for posttransplant infection. Donor-derived BKV transmission is an important mode of infection. BKV subtype IV may be one of the viral determinants. Early BKV positivity of urine and blood indicates later BKV nephropathy. Decreased renal function may favor BKV infection.
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Karalic D, Lazarevic I, Banko A, Cupic M, Jevtovic D, Jovanovic T. Molecular characterization of BK virus in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 205:185-93. [PMID: 26498471 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression seems to be the most important cause of BKPyV reactivation. Recently, a spectrum of diseases associated with BKPyV infection has been reported in HIV-infected patients. BKPyV isolates can be classified into four subtypes based on nucleotide polymorphisms within VP1 coding region. Mutations within the BC loop of the VP1 may be associated with an increase in the viral pathogenicity. The aims of this study were to determine prevalence and distribution of BKPyV subtypes, sequence variation and mutations within VP1 among HIV-infected patients and healthy donors. Urine samples from 114 HIV-infected patients and 120 healthy donors were collected. PCR followed by sequence analysis was carried out using primers specific for VP1 and NCRR of the virus genome. The predominant BKPyV subtype was I, followed by IV. In isolates from HIV-infected patients, the majority of non-synonymous alterations were located within the BC loop. BKV sequences from healthy donors showed non-synonymous alterations outside of the receptor loops in the β-sheets. The higher frequency of mutations in the BC loop of VP1 protein was detected among HIV-infected patients. The most frequent mutation was E82D. All HIV-infected patients who harbored mutations had CD4(+) cell counts less than 200 cell/mm(3). It seems that immunosuppression is a very important factor for BKPyV reactivation that can increase viral replication rate and leads to higher frequency of mutations in the BC loop of the VP1. These mutations may change receptor specificity, and further studies are needed to determine the effect of these mutations on the biological properties of the BKPyV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Karalic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Dr Subotica 1, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Lazarevic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Dr Subotica 1, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ana Banko
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Dr Subotica 1, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Maja Cupic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Dr Subotica 1, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Djordje Jevtovic
- Clinics of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Bulevar oslobodjenja 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Dr Subotica 1, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
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Madhavan HN, Bagyalakshmi R, Revathy M, Aarthi P, Malathi J. Optimisation and analysis of polymerase chain reaction based DNA sequencing for genotyping polyoma virus in renal transplant patients: a report from South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33 Suppl:37-42. [PMID: 25657154 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.150878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To optimise a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based DNA sequencing technique for genotyping polyoma virus in clinical specimens obtained from renal transplant patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hundred and thirty (106 peripheral blood and 24 urine) clinical specimens collected from renal transplant patients were included in the study for detecting the presence of DNA of BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV) by PCR targeting the viral protein 1 (VP1) gene. PCR based DNA sequencing was performed to determine the genotypes of polyoma virus and subjected to bioinformatics analysis to determine the amino acid sequences and screen for mutations in the VP1 gene. RESULTS Polyoma virus was detected in 23 (17.69%) specimens of which 19 (82.60%) were positive for BK virus, 3 (13.04%) for JC virus and 1 for both BK and JC virus. PCR based DNA sequencing detected BK virus genotype I in 12 (50%), genotype IV in 8 (33.3%) and JC virus in 4 (16.6%) clinical specimens. BKV genotype I was the predominant genotype (64.2% in peripheral blood and 33.33% in urine) prevalent in south India. Six novel mutations were found--at position 29, 30 to 47 of BKV genotype I; at position 11 and 15 of BKV genotype IV and at position 2 and 30 of JCV. CONCLUSION BKV genotype I is the prominent genotype in India and novel mutations detected in the VP1 gene of BKV and JCV are being reported for the first time in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Madhavan
- L and T, Larsen and Toubro Microbiology Research Centre, Kamal Nayan Bajaj Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wang ZY, Hong WL, Zhu ZH, Chen YH, Ye WLE, Chu GY, Li JL, Chen BC, Xia P. Phylogenetic reconstruction and polymorphism analysis of BK virus VP2 gene isolated from renal transplant recipients in China. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1759-1767. [PMID: 26640547 PMCID: PMC4665150 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) is important pathogen for kidney transplant recipients, as it is frequently re-activated, leading to nephropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the phylogenetic reconstruction and polymorphism of the VP2 gene in BKV isolated from Chinese kidney transplant recipients. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out in the VP2 region from 135 BKV-positive samples and 28 reference strains retrieved from GenBank. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) grouped all strains into subtypes, but failed to subdivide strains into subgroups. Among the plasma and urine samples, all plasma (23/23) and 82 urine samples (82/95) were identified to contain subtype I; the other 10 urine samples contained subtype IV. A 86-bp fragment was identified as a highly conserved sequence. Following alignment with 36 published BKV sequences from China, 92 sites of polymorphism were identified, including 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) prevalent in Chinese individuals and 30 SNPs that were specific to the two predominant subtypes I and IV. The limitations of the VP2 gene segment in subgrouping were confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. The conserved sequence and polymorphism identified in this study may be helpful in the detection and genotyping of BKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Yang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Long Hong
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Hui Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Hao Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-LE Ye
- Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Yu Chu
- Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Lin Li
- Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Cheng Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xia
- Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Gard L, Niesters HGM, Riezebos-Brilman A. A real time genotyping PCR assay for polyomavirus BK. J Virol Methods 2015; 221:51-6. [PMID: 25952730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyomavirus BK (BKV) may cause nephropathy in renal transplant recipients and hemorrhagic cystitis in bone marrow recipients. We developed real-time PCRs (RT-PCR) to determine easily and rapidly the different BKV genotypes (BKGT) (I-IV). METHODS On the VP1 gene a duplex of RT-PCRs was developed and validated to differentiate the four main BKGT. 212 BKV positive samples (21 plasma, 191 urine) were tested with these specific PCRs. Of these 212 samples, 55 PCR results were additionally confirmed by sequencing a VP1 gene fragment (nucleotide 1630-1956). RESULTS For every genotype, a highly specific, precise and internally controlled assay was developed with a limit of detection of log 3 copies per ml. In 18 (8.5%) of these samples genotyping was not successful due to a low viral load. By sequence analysis, the genotype of 46 out of 55 and 2 out of 4 samples with double infection could be confirmed. CONCLUSIONS This study describes RT-PCRs for detection of the main BKGT. It proved to be rapid, cheap and sensitive compared to sequencing. Double infections can also be detected. This method will be of value to investigate the role of BKV infection in relation to the genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Gard
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Clinical Virology, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hubert G M Niesters
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Clinical Virology, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Riezebos-Brilman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Clinical Virology, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kaydani GA, Makvandi M, Samarbafzadeh A, Shahbazian H, Hamidi Fard M. Prevalence and Distribution of BK virus Subtypes in Renal Transplant Recipients Referred to Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e16738. [PMID: 25861431 PMCID: PMC4385253 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.16738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK virus (BKV) belongs to the human Polyomaviridae and the primary BKV infection is occurred during childhood then the virus could be latent through life, especially in the kidneys and urinary system. It became reactive after an immunocompromised status, such as pregnancy or transplantation. Isolated BKV from different locations of the world is grouped into four subtypes using serological and genotyping methods. The BKV subtype I is the dominant one and has worldwide distribution. OBJECTIVES According to our knowledge, there are no data about the BKV prevalence and its genotypes in southwest part of Iran. Considering the high prevalence of renal failure and kidney transplant patients in this part, and the role of BKV in graft rejection, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of BKV infection in renal transplant recipients referred to Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz City, Iran. PATIENTS AND METHODS Urine samples were collected from 122 kidney transplant recipients referred to Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. The extracted DNA was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction, and subtype of each positive sample was determined using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing methods. RESULTS From all study population, 51/122 (41.8%) urine samples were positive for BKV DNA and the other samples were negative (71/122). Forty-eight cases (94.11%) were subtype I and 3 others (5.89%) were subtype IV using the RFLP method. None of the patient's urine samples were positive for subtypes II and III. CONCLUSIONS Our work is the second study in Iran and considering huge numbers of transplantation in Iran and Khuzestan Province, south western of Iran, in addition to the role of this virus in kidney transplant rejection, routine evaluation of BKV positivity is recommended both for graft recipient and donors. This helps better transplantation result and may prevent graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholam Abbas Kaydani
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Gholam Abbas Kaydani, Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9163018564, E-mail:
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Virology Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Alireza Samarbafzadeh
- Virology Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | | | - Mojtaba Hamidi Fard
- Virology Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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Sawinski D, Goral S. BK virus infection: an update on diagnosis and treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 30:209-17. [PMID: 24574543 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BK virus, first isolated in 1971, is a significant risk factor for renal transplant dysfunction and allograft loss. Unfortunately, treatment options for BK virus infection are limited, and there is no effective prophylaxis. Although overimmunosuppression remains the primary risk factor for BK infection after transplantation, male gender, older recipient age, prior rejection episodes, degree of human leukocyte antigen mismatching, prolonged cold ischemia time, BK serostatus and ureteral stent placement have all been implicated as risk factors. Routine screening for BK has been shown to be effective in preventing allograft loss in patients with BK viruria or viremia. Reduction of immunosuppression remains the mainstay of BK nephropathy treatment and is the best studied intervention. Laboratory-based methods such as ELISPOT assays have provided new insights into the immune response to BK and may help guide therapy in the future. In this review, we will discuss the epidemiology of BK virus infection, screening strategies, treatment options and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Sawinski
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simin Goral
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Schmitt C, Raggub L, Linnenweber-Held S, Adams O, Schwarz A, Heim A. Donor origin of BKV replication after kidney transplantation. J Clin Virol 2014; 59:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ledesma J, Bouza E, González-Nicolás M, de Viedma DG, Rodríguez-Sánchez B, Muñoz P. BK polyomavirus genotyping at inter- and intra-patient level in Spain. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1402-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Ledesma
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory; National Center for Microbiology, ISCIII; Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - E. Bouza
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; CIBERES; Spain
| | - M.A. González-Nicolás
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
| | - D. García de Viedma
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; CIBERES; Spain
| | - B. Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
| | - P. Muñoz
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; CIBERES; Spain
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Zhong S, Suzuki M, Peng X, Shen ZJ, Wang XJ, Xu TY, Li T, Yogo Y, Homma Y. BK polyomavirus from patients with tissue-derived prostate adenocarcinoma. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aim: To explore the potential role of BK polyomavirus (BKV) in prostate tumorigenesis. Materials & methods: A total of 82 patients (no immunosuppression history) were divided into two groups. Group 1 included 32 patients receiving radical prostatectomy due to prostate adenocarcinoma. Group 2 consisted of 50 patients receiving transurethral resection of prostate or incision of prostate (TUIP) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate tissue specimens of group 1 were obtained from two regions of the prostate: one was from the peripheral section of the prostate or proximal to the region where adenocarcinoma was confirmed by the preoperative needle biopsies (mark A region), the other was from the central section of the prostate or distal from the region where adenocarcinoma was confirmed by the needle biopsies (mark B region). If BKV alone was detected in either of the two regions, that case was regarded as BKV-positive prostate cancer. Those of group 2 were obtained from transrectal prostate biopsy before transurethral resection of prostate or transurethral incision of the prostate. Total DNA was extracted from each of the tissues and subjected to single or nested PCR using the β-globin system to detect targeted sequences within: the LTag gene; the VP1 gene and the transcriptional control region (TCR). Results: In group 1, BKV DNA sequences were detected in six cases (18.8%, 6/32), which were all in the A regions. Among the six cases, there were four cases with all of LTag, VP1 and TCR amplified, one case with LTag and TCR amplified, and one case with only the LTag amplified. In group 2, there was only one case (2.0%, 1/50) in which BKV DNA sequences were detected, and the only amplified fragment was VP1. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.008). Conclusion: BKV is often detected in the prostate cancer tissue and may be associated with progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhong
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 197, 2nd Ruijin Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xu Peng
- Department of Systems Biology & Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Healthy Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Zhou-Jun Shen
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 197, 2nd Ruijin Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xian-Jin Wang
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 197, 2nd Ruijin Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tian-Yuan Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 197, 2nd Ruijin Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 197, 2nd Ruijin Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yoshiaki Yogo
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Jeong BH, Lee JH, Cho HJ, Kim YS. Absence of association between the incidence of BK virus and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Intervirology 2013; 56:184-9. [PMID: 23363877 DOI: 10.1159/000346241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies suggest that the virus-like particles are required for the infection of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between BK polyomavirus (BKV) and sporadic CJD. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the prevalence of BKV in urine samples from 94 sporadic CJD patients and 54 other neurological disease (OND) patients using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS BKV DNA was detected in 16 (17%) and 9 (16.7%) urine samples from sporadic CJD and OND patients, respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of BKV infection between Korean sporadic CJD and OND patients (p = 0.9558). In order to investigate the genotypes of BKV, we analyzed 22 BKV isolates obtained from Korean patients by DNA sequencing and nucleotide sequence analysis. Three distinct subtypes, namely I, III, and IV, were found in 66.7, 22.2, and 11.1% of 9 BKV isolates from OND patients, whereas subtypes I and IV were detected in 76.9 and 23.1% of 13 BKV isolates from sporadic CJD patients. Interestingly, subtype III was not detected in sporadic CJD patients. Significant differences in the frequency of BKV genotypes were not observed between sporadic CJD and OND patients. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that BKV may not play an important role in the pathogenesis of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Drew RJ, Walsh A, Laoi BN, Crowley B. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome of 11 BKV isolates obtained from allogenic stem cell transplant recipients in Ireland. J Med Virol 2012; 84:1037-48. [PMID: 22585720 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (family Polyomaviridae) may cause hemorrhagic cystitis (BKV-HC) in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Eleven complete BKV genomes (GenBank accession numbers: JN192431-JN192441) were sequenced from urine samples of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and compared to complete BKV genomes in the published literature. Of the 11 isolates, seven (64%) were subgroup Ib-1, three (27%) isolates belonged to subgroup Ib-2 and a single isolate belonged to subtype III. The analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in this study showed that isolates could be subclassified into subtypes I-IV and subgroups Ib-1 and Ib-2 on the basis of VP1 of the first part of the Large T-antigen (LTag). The non-coding control region (NCCR) of the 11 isolates was also sequenced. These sequences showed that there was consistent sequence homology within subgroups Ib-1 and Ib-2. Two new mutations were described in the isolates, G→C at O(84) in isolate SJH-LG-310, and a deletion at R(2-7) in isolate SJH-LG-309. No known transcription factor is thought to be present at the site of either of these mutations. There were no rearrangements seen in isolates and this may be because the patients were not followed up over time. There were five nucleotide positions at which subgroup Ib-1 isolated differed from subgroup Ib-2 isolates in the NCCR sequence, O(41) , P(18) , P(31) , R(4) , and S(18) . The mutation O(41) is present in the promoter granulocyte/macrophage stimulating factor) gene and the P(31) mutation is present in the NF-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard John Drew
- Sir Patrick Dun Translational Research Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
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Association of fecal indicator bacteria with human viruses and microbial source tracking markers at coastal beaches impacted by nonpoint source pollution. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6423-32. [PMID: 22773625 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00024-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Water quality was assessed at two marine beaches in California by measuring the concentrations of culturable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and by library-independent microbial source tracking (MST) methods targeting markers of human-associated microbes (human polyomavirus [HPyV] PCR and quantitative PCR, Methanobrevibacter smithii PCR, and Bacteroides sp. strain HF183 PCR) and a human pathogen (adenovirus by nested PCR). FIB levels periodically exceeded regulatory thresholds at Doheny and Avalon Beaches for enterococci (28.5% and 31.7% of samples, respectively) and fecal coliforms (20% and 5.8%, respectively). Adenoviruses were detected at four of five sites at Doheny Beach and were correlated with detection of HPyVs and human Bacteroides HF183; however, adenoviruses were not detected at Avalon Beach. The most frequently detected human source marker at both beaches was Bacteroides HF183, which was detected in 27% of samples. Correlations between FIBs and human markers were much more frequent at Doheny Beach than at Avalon Beach; e.g., adenovirus was correlated with HPyVs and HF183. Human sewage markers and adenoviruses were routinely detected in samples meeting FIB regulatory standards. The toolbox approach of FIB measurement coupled with analysis of several MST markers targeting human pathogens used here demonstrated that human sewage is at least partly responsible for the degradation of water quality, particularly at Doheny Beach, and resulted in a more definitive assessment of recreational water quality and human health risk than reliance on FIB concentrations alone could have provided.
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Momynaliev KT, Gorbatenko EV, Shevtsov AB, Gribanov OG, Babenko NN, Kaabak MM. Prevalence and subtypes of BK virus in pediatric renal transplant recipients in Russia. Pediatr Transplant 2012; 16:151-9. [PMID: 22300090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2011.01640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BKV reactivation is associated with impaired graft function in kidney transplant patients. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of BKV infection in consecutive pediatric kidney transplant recipients at our center. Fifty-eight pediatric kidney transplant recipients were studied. The mean age at screening was 9.4 ± 2.8 yr, and samples were obtained at a median of 2.4 ± 1.4 yr after transplantation. BKV-DNA was analyzed in urine and plasma by quantitative PCR. Occurrences of BK-DNAuria and BK-DNAemia did not change in the first two yr after transplantation in children and amounted to 21-23% and 7-8%, respectively (p > 0.05). In the third year, the occurrences of BK-DNAuria and BK-DNAemia increased insignificantly to 27% and 9% in the pediatric patients. We also determined the subtypes and subgroups of BK virus isolated from Russian renal transplant recipients and found that BKV isolates were composed of subtypes Ib-2 and IV/c2. The data we obtained indicate that although only 5% of BKVAN cases occurred between years two and five post-transplantation, it seems necessary to regularly monitor pediatric patients for BKV infection through the third year after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Momynaliev
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine of Federal Agency of Biology and Medicine, Moscow, Russia.
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Abstract
Polyomavirus BK latently persist in different sites, including the renourinary tract, and may reactivate causing nephropathy in renal transplant recipients or hemorrhagic cystitis in bone marrow recipients. Based on the sequence of the VP1 gene, four genotypes have been described, corresponding to the four serologically differentiated subtypes I-IV, with different prevalence and geographic distribution. In this study, the development and clinical validation of four different Real-Time PCR assays for the detection and discrimination of BKV genotypes as a substitute of DNA sequencing are described. 379 BK VP1 sequences, belonging to the main four genotypes, were aligned and "hot spots" of mutation specific for all the strains or isolates were identified. Specific primers and probes for the detection and discrimination of each genotype by four Real-Time PCR assays were designed and technically validated. Subsequently, the four Real-Time PCR assays were used to test 20 BK-positive urine specimens from renal transplant patients, and evidenced a prevalence of BK genotype I, as previously reported in Europe. Results were confirmed by sequencing. The availability of a rapid and simple genotyping method could be useful for the evaluation of BK genotypes prevalence and studies on the impact of the infecting genotype on viral biological behavior, pathogenic role, and immune evasion strategies.
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Bárcena-Panero A, Van Ghelue M, Khan MTH, Echevarría JE, Fedele G, Moens U. BK virus-associated infection in cerebrospinal fluid of neurological patients and mutation analysis of the complete VP1 gene in different patient groups. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:136-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boukoum H, Nahdi I, Foulongne V, Zallema D, Aloui S, Achour A, Segondy M, Aouni M. Distribution of BK polyomavirus genotypes in Tunisian renal transplant recipients. J Med Virol 2011; 83:725-30. [PMID: 21328390 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) is a ubiquitous virus in humans that remains latent in the urogenital tract after a primary infection during childhood. The virus, which is reactivated frequently and excreted in urine, can cause nephropathy in renal transplant recipients. BKV sequences are classified into four subtypes (I-IV). Subtype I and IV are divided further into four and six subgroups, respectively. To characterize the subtypes of BKV prevalent in Tunisia, the presence of the virus was investigated by real-time PCR in urine samples from 77 renal transplant recipients. For subtype identification, a DNA fragment in the VP1 coding region, amplified by nested PCR from positive samples, was sequenced and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. In the studied population, subtype I (75.5%), II (14.5%), and IV (2.5%) were identified with a clear predominance of subtype Ib-2 (73%) as observed in European population. This study suggests that in North Africa, the BKV genotype distribution is similar to that of Europe and different from that of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanen Boukoum
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Transmissible diseases and Biological Active substances LR99-ES27, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Tremolada S, Akan S, Otte J, Khalili K, Ferrante P, Chaudhury PR, Woodle ES, Trofe-Clark J, White MK, Gordon J. Rare subtypes of BK virus are viable and frequently detected in renal transplant recipients with BK virus-associated nephropathy. Virology 2010; 404:312-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tremolada S, Delbue S, Castagnoli L, Allegrini S, Miglio U, Boldorini R, Elia F, Gordon J, Ferrante P. Mutations in the external loops of BK virus VP1 and urine viral load in renal transplant recipients. J Cell Physiol 2009; 222:195-9. [PMID: 19780025 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) is a major complication that occurs after renal transplantation and is induced by reactivation of the human polyomavirus BK (BKV). The structure of the viral capsid protein 1 (VP1) is characterized by the presence of external loops, BC, DE, EF, GH, and HI, which are involved in receptor binding. The pathogenesis of PVAN is not well understood, but viral risk factors are thought to play a crucial role in the onset of this pathology. In an attempt to better understand PVAN pathogenesis, the BKV-VP1 coding region was amplified, cloned, and sequenced from the urine of kidney transplant recipients who did, and did not, develop the pathology. Urine viral loads were determined by using real time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). Amino acid substitutions were detected in 6/8 patients, and 6/7 controls. The BC and EF loop regions were most frequently affected by mutations, while no mutations were found within the GH and HI loops of both patients and controls. Some mutations, that were exclusively detected in the urine of PVAN patients, overlapped with previously reported mutations, although a correlation between changes in amino acids and the development of PVAN was not found. Urine viral loads were higher than that of the proposed cut-off loads for identification of patients that are at a high risk of developing PVAN (10(7) copies/ml), both in the PVAN and control groups, thus confirming that urine viral load is not a useful predictive marker for the development of PVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tremolada
- Department of Public Health-Microbiology-Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Yogo Y, Sugimoto C, Zhong S, Homma Y. Evolution of the BK polyomavirus: epidemiological, anthropological and clinical implications. Rev Med Virol 2009; 19:185-99. [PMID: 19530118 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) is essentially ubiquitous in all human populations worldwide. Asymptomatic infection with this virus occurs during early childhood, leading to life-long persistence in the kidney. BKV has four subtypes that can be identified using serological and genotyping methods. The evolutionary aspects of BKV have remained poorly understood due to the limited availability of BKV genomes, since urinary excretion of BKV DNA is detected primarily in immunocompromised individuals. However, we have found that BKV DNA sequences can often be amplified from non-immunocompromised elderly individuals, using a highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with highly concentrated urinary DNA as the source of viral DNA. Using this approach, we have PCR-amplified and sequenced a large number of partial and complete BKV genomes from various human populations worldwide and conducted a series of evolutionary studies using these sequences. We have shown that subtypes I and IV evolved into four and six subgroups, respectively, with each having a close relationship with a particular human population. In addition, we have provided evidence supporting the hypothesis that BKV strains with the archetypal transcriptional control region (TCR) circulate in the human population. In this review, we describe these findings and discuss their epidemiological, anthropological and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yogo
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Chan GS, Tsoi HW, Wong SS, Li CL, Tse H, Un I K, Yuen KY, Chan KW. BK Virus Nephropathy Due to KOM-3 Strain. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54:122-6. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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