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King S, Rajko-Nenow P, Ropiak HM, Ribeca P, Batten C, Baron MD. Full genome sequencing of archived wild type and vaccine rinderpest virus isolates prior to their destruction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6563. [PMID: 32300201 PMCID: PMC7162898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When rinderpest virus (RPV) was declared eradicated in 2011, the only remaining samples of this once much-feared livestock virus were those held in various laboratories. In order to allow the destruction of our institute's stocks of RPV while maintaining the ability to recover the various viruses if ever required, we have determined the full genome sequence of all our distinct samples of RPV, including 51 wild type viruses and examples of three different types of vaccine strain. Examination of the sequences of these virus isolates has shown that the African isolates form a single disparate clade, rather than two separate clades, which is more in accord with the known history of the virus in Africa. We have also identified two groups of goat-passaged viruses which have acquired an extra 6 bases in the long untranslated region between the M and F protein coding sequences, and shown that, for more than half the genomes sequenced, translation of the F protein requires translational frameshift or non-standard translation initiation. Curiously, the clade containing the lapinised vaccine viruses that were developed originally in Korea appears to be more similar to the known African viruses than to any other Asian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | | | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King's Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, Scotland, UK
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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2
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Eloiflin RJ, Boyer M, Kwiatek O, Guendouz S, Loire E, Servan de Almeida R, Libeau G, Bataille A. Evolution of Attenuation and Risk of Reversal in Peste des Petits Ruminants Vaccine Strain Nigeria 75/1. Viruses 2019; 11:E724. [PMID: 31394790 PMCID: PMC6724400 DOI: 10.3390/v11080724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus of the Morbillivirus genus. The current PPR eradication effort relies mainly on the implementation of massive vaccination campaigns. One of the most widely used PPR vaccines is the Nigeria 75/1 strain obtained after attenuation by 75 serial passages of the wild type isolate in cell cultures. Here we use high throughput deep sequencing of the historical passages that led to the Nigeria 75/1 attenuated strain to understand the evolution of PPRV attenuation and to assess the risk of reversal in different cell types. Comparison of the consensus sequences of the wild type and vaccine strains showed that only 18 fixed mutations separate the two strains. At the earliest attenuation passage at our disposal (passage 47), 12 out of the 18 mutations were already present at a frequency of 100%. Low-frequency variants were identified along the genome in all passages. Sequencing of passages after the vaccine strain showed evidence of genetic drift during cell passages, especially in cells expressing the SLAM receptor targeted by PPRV. However, 15 out of the 18 mutations related to attenuation remained fixed in the population. In vitro experiments suggest that one mutation in the leader region of the PPRV genome affects virus replication. Our results suggest that only a few mutations can have a serious impact on the pathogenicity of PPRV. Risk of reversion to virulence of the attenuated PPRV strain Nigeria 75/1 during serial passages in cell cultures seems low but limiting the number of passages during vaccine production is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger-Junior Eloiflin
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Boyer
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Kwiatek
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Samia Guendouz
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Loire
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Renata Servan de Almeida
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Libeau
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Bataille
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.
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3
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Liu F, Wu X, Li L, Zou Y, Liu S, Wang Z. Evolutionary characteristics of morbilliviruses during serial passages in vitro: Gradual attenuation of virus virulence. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 47:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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4
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Major mutation events in structural genes of peste des petits ruminants virus through serial passages in vitro. Virus Genes 2016; 52:422-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Baron J, Baron MD. Development of a helper cell-dependent form of peste des petits ruminants virus: a system for making biosafe antigen. Vet Res 2015; 46:101. [PMID: 26396073 PMCID: PMC4579661 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of sheep and goats that is spreading through many countries in the developing world. Work on the virus is often restricted to studies of attenuated vaccine strains or to work in laboratories that have high containment facilities. We have created a helper cell dependent form of PPR virus by removing the entire RNA polymerase gene and complementing it with polymerase made constitutively in a cell line. The resultant L-deleted virus grows efficiently in the L-expressing cell line but not in other cells. Virus made with this system is indistinguishable from normal virus when used in diagnostic assays, and can be grown in normal facilities without the need for high level biocontainment. The L-deleted virus will thus make a positive contribution to the control and study of this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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6
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Falling down the rabbit hole: aTRIP toward lexiconic precision in the "gain-of-function" debate. mBio 2014; 5:mBio.02421-14. [PMID: 25505123 PMCID: PMC4271557 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02421-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Kumar N, Maherchandani S, Kashyap SK, Singh SV, Sharma S, Chaubey KK, Ly H. Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: a comprehensive review. Viruses 2014; 6:2287-327. [PMID: 24915458 PMCID: PMC4074929 DOI: 10.3390/v6062287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is caused by a Morbillivirus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR is an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, whereas cattle undergo sub-clinical infection. With morbidity and mortality rates that can be as high as 90%, PPR is classified as an OIE (Office International des Epizooties)-listed disease. Considering the importance of sheep and goats in the livelihood of the poor and marginal farmers in Africa and South Asia, PPR is an important concern for food security and poverty alleviation. PPR virus (PPRV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) are closely related Morbilliviruses. Rinderpest has been globally eradicated by mass vaccination. Though a live attenuated vaccine is available against PPR for immunoprophylaxis, due to its instability in subtropical climate (thermo-sensitivity), unavailability of required doses and insufficient coverage (herd immunity), the disease control program has not been a great success. Further, emerging evidence of poor cross neutralization between vaccine strain and PPRV strains currently circulating in the field has raised concerns about the protective efficacy of the existing PPR vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advancement in PPRV replication, its pathogenesis, immune response to vaccine and disease control. Attempts have also been made to highlight the current trends in understanding the host susceptibility and resistance to PPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Sunil Maherchandani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India.
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Hinh Ly
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., Ste 295, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Yamada K, Ito N, Takayama-Ito M, Sugiyama M, Minamoto N. Multigenic Relation to the Attenuation of Rabies Virus. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:25-32. [PMID: 16428870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus Nishigahara strain causes lethal infection in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. On the other hand, the RC-HL strain, derived from the Nishigahara strain, does not cause lethal infection in adult mice. We previously demonstrated that a chimeric virus, R(G), with the open reading frame of the G gene (G-ORF) from the Nishigahara strain in the background of the RC-HL genome, is virulent. Reversely, in order to demonstrate that the G gene of the RC-HL strain is related to the attenuated phenotype, we established a reverse genetics system of the Nishigahara strain and generated a chimeric virus, Ni(G), with the G-ORF from RC-HL in the background of the Nishigahara genome. Contrary to our prediction, Ni(G) killed adult mice after intracerebral inoculation with neuropathic symptoms like those of Nishigahara strain infection. Therefore, the G-ORF of the RC-HL strain is not the sole determinant of the attenuated phenotype. In additional investigation, we examined other genes, including N, P, M and L genes, and generated chimeric viruses exhaustively. We found that chimeric viruses with a single gene from the RC-HL were not attenuated and that chimeric viruses with the G-ORF and at least one other ORF from the RC-HL were attenuated. In conclusion, attenuation from the Nishigahara to RC-HL strain is multigenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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9
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Sharma S, Hinds LA. Formulation and delivery of vaccines: Ongoing challenges for animal management. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2012; 4:258-66. [PMID: 23248557 PMCID: PMC3523519 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a commercially successful animal vaccine is not only influenced by various immunological factors, such as type of antigen but also by formulation and delivery aspects. The latter includes the need for a vector or specific delivery system, the choice of route of administration and the nature of the target animal population and their habitat. This review describes the formulation and delivery aspects of various types of antigens such as killed microorganisms, proteins and nucleic acids for the development of efficacious and safe animal vaccines. It also focuses on the challenges associated with the different approaches that might be required for formulating and delivering species specific vaccines, particularly if their intended use is for improved animal management with respect to disease and/or reproductive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Sharma
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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10
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Characterization of the complete genomic sequence of the rinderpest virus Fusan strain cattle type, which is the most classical isolate in Asia and comparison with its lapinized strain. Virus Genes 2011; 43:249-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Disease properties, geography, and mitigation strategies in a simulation spread of rinderpest across the United States. Vet Res 2011; 42:55. [PMID: 21435236 PMCID: PMC3072946 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past decade, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has been working toward eradicating rinderpest through vaccination and intense surveillance by 2012. Because of the potential severity of a rinderpest epidemic, it is prudent to prepare for an unexpected outbreak in animal populations. There is no immunity to the disease among the livestock or wildlife in the United States (US). If rinderpest were to emerge in the US, the loss in livestock could be devastating. We predict the potential spread of rinderpest using a two-stage model for the spread of a multi-host infectious disease among agricultural animals in the US. The model incorporates large-scale interactions among US counties and the small-scale dynamics of disease spread within a county. The model epidemic was seeded in 16 locations and there was a strong dependence of the overall epidemic size on the starting location. The epidemics were classified according to overall size into small epidemics of 100 to 300 animals (failed epidemics), epidemics infecting 3,000 to 30,000 animals (medium epidemics), and the large epidemics infecting around one million beef cattle. The size of the rinderpest epidemics were directly related to the origin of the disease and whether or not the disease moved into certain key counties in high-livestock-density areas of the US. The epidemic size also depended upon response time and effectiveness of movement controls.
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12
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Yeh JY, Kwoen CH, Jeong W, Jeoung HY, Lee HS, An DJ. Genetic characterization of the Korean LATC06 rinderpest vaccine strain. Virus Genes 2010; 42:71-5. [PMID: 21053063 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We sequenced the genome of LATC06 generated by in vitro passage in Vero cells of the lapinized-avianized (LA) strain and compared its sequence to those of other rinderpest viruses. The LATC06 genome consists of 15882 nucleotides. Its transcriptional regulatory control sequences (TRSs) at gene boundaries are identical to those of the Kabete O strain. Cleavage sites for generating F1/F2 proteins were identified in the same amino acid position (aa 108) as F proteins in LATC06, L13, RBT1, Kabete O, and RBOK strains. There are three predicted N-glycosylation sites of H proteins in LA (Japan) and LATC06 strains. The six epitopes of H protein in the LA (Japan) strain that elicit immunodominant humoral responses are also found in the LATC06 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Kyunggi-do, Anyang, Korea
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13
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Banyard AC, Simpson J, Monaghan P, Barrett T. Rinderpest virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein as a separate transcription unit retains pathogenicity for cattle. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2918-27. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.023598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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14
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Nakatsu Y, Takeda M, Iwasaki M, Yanagi Y. A highly attenuated measles virus vaccine strain encodes a fully functional C protein. J Virol 2009; 83:11996-2001. [PMID: 19726523 PMCID: PMC2772723 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00791-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The P, V, and C proteins of measles virus are encoded in overlapping reading frames of the P gene, which makes it difficult to analyze the functions of the individual proteins in the context of virus infection. We established a system to analyze the C protein independently from the P and V proteins by placing its gene in an additional transcription unit between the H and L genes. Analyses with this system indicated that a highly attenuated Edmonston lineage vaccine strain encodes a fully functional C protein, and the P and/or V protein is involved in the attenuated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Nakatsu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaharu Iwasaki
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanagi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Antigen delivery systems for veterinary vaccine development. Viral-vector based delivery systems. Vaccine 2009; 26:6508-28. [PMID: 18838097 PMCID: PMC7131726 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in molecular genetics, pathogenesis and immunology have provided an optimal framework for developing novel approaches in the rational design of vaccines effective against viral epizootic diseases. This paper reviews most of the viral-vector based antigen delivery systems (ADSs) recently developed for vaccine testing in veterinary species, including attenuated virus and DNA and RNA viral vectors. Besides their usefulness in vaccinology, these ADSs constitute invaluable tools to researchers for understanding the nature of protective responses in different species, opening the possibility of modulating or potentiating relevant immune mechanisms involved in protection.
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16
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Boxer EL, Nanda SK, Baron MD. The rinderpest virus non-structural C protein blocks the induction of type 1 interferon. Virology 2008; 385:134-42. [PMID: 19108859 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response, in particular the production of type 1 interferons, is an essential part of the mammalian host response to viral infection. We have previously shown that rinderpest virus, a morbillivirus closely related to the human pathogen measles virus, blocks the actions of type 1 and type 2 interferons. We show here that this virus can also block the induction of type 1 interferon. The viral non-structural C protein appears to be the active agent, since expressing this protein in cells makes them resistant to activation of the interferon-beta promoter while recombinant virus that does not express the C protein activates this promoter much more than virus expressing the C protein. In addition, differences in activation of the interferon-beta promoter by different strains of rinderpest virus are reflected in differing abilities of their respective C proteins to block activation of the promoter by dsRNA. The C protein blocks the activation of this promoter induced by either cytoplasmic dsRNA or by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection, as well as activation induced by overexpression of several elements of the signalling pathway, including mda-5, RIG-I and IRF-3. The RPV C protein also blocks transcription from promoters responsive individually to the three transcription factors that make up the interferon-beta promoter enhanceosome, although it does not appear to block the activation of IRF-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Boxer
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
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17
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Silva AC, Delgado I, Sousa MFQ, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM. Scalable culture systems using different cell lines for the production of Peste des Petits ruminants vaccine. Vaccine 2008; 26:3305-11. [PMID: 18486286 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is considered as one of the major constraints to the productivity of small ruminants in Africa and Asian countries. Currently PPR control is done by vaccination with an attenuated PPR strain (Nigeria 75/1) produced in monolayers of Vero cells grown in roller bottles or static flasks. This work focuses on the production of a PPR vaccine strain using stirred conditions as an advanced option for process scale-up. Non-porous microcarriers (Cytodex-1) were used to support Vero cell growth in suspension cultures. The use of Ex-Cell medium could improve cell specific productivities obtained with standard serum containing medium, independently of the type of system used, i.e. static as well as suspension stirred cultures. As an alternative, several cell lines adapted to grow as single cells in suspension (CHO-K1, BHK-21A and 293) and another anchorage-dependent (MRC-5) were evaluated in their capacity to produce a PPR vaccine. BHK-21A and 293 cells grown as single-cell suspension in serum free medium were both suited to produce PPR vaccine with productivities similar to Vero cells, namely 10(6)TCID(50)/mL. However, for the 293 cells, these results were only obtained 2-3 days later. CHO-K1 and MRC-5 cells have shown not to be suitable to adequately produce this virus. These results provide further insights into the feasibility of applying microcarrier cell culture technology to produce PPR vaccine in Vero cells as well as in the alternative use of single-cell suspension cultures of BHK-21A, significantly simplifying the existing production process.
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Meeusen ENT, Walker J, Peters A, Pastoret PP, Jungersen G. Current status of veterinary vaccines. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:489-510, table of contents. [PMID: 17630337 PMCID: PMC1932753 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00005-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major goals of veterinary vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of companion animals, increase production of livestock in a cost-effective manner, and prevent animal-to-human transmission from both domestic animals and wildlife. These diverse aims have led to different approaches to the development of veterinary vaccines from crude but effective whole-pathogen preparations to molecularly defined subunit vaccines, genetically engineered organisms or chimeras, vectored antigen formulations, and naked DNA injections. The final successful outcome of vaccine research and development is the generation of a product that will be available in the marketplace or that will be used in the field to achieve desired outcomes. As detailed in this review, successful veterinary vaccines have been produced against viral, bacterial, protozoal, and multicellular pathogens, which in many ways have led the field in the application and adaptation of novel technologies. These veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major impact not only on animal health and production but also on human health through increasing safe food supplies and preventing animal-to-human transmission of infectious diseases. The continued interaction between animals and human researchers and health professionals will be of major importance for adapting new technologies, providing animal models of disease, and confronting new and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els N T Meeusen
- Animal Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Building 13f, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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19
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Brown DD, Rima BK, Allen IV, Baron MD, Banyard AC, Barrett T, Duprex WP. Rational attenuation of a morbillivirus by modulating the activity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J Virol 2005; 79:14330-8. [PMID: 16254367 PMCID: PMC1280234 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.22.14330-14338.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative-strand RNA viruses encode a single RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which transcribes and replicates the genome. The open reading frame encoding the RdRp from a virulent wild-type strain of rinderpest virus (RPV) was inserted into an expression plasmid. Sequences encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were inserted into a variable hinge of the RdRp. The resulting polymerase was autofluorescent, and its activity in the replication/transcription of a synthetic minigenome was reduced. We investigated the potential of using this approach to rationally attenuate a virus by inserting the DNA sequences encoding the modified RdRp into a full-length anti-genome plasmid from which a virulent virus (rRPV(KO)) can be rescued. A recombinant virus, rRPV(KO)L-RRegfpR, which grew at an indistinguishable rate and to an identical titer as rRPV(KO) in vitro, was rescued. Fluorescently tagged polymerase was visible in large cytoplasmic inclusions and beneath the cell membrane. Subcutaneous injection of 10(4) TCID(50) of the rRPV(KO) parental recombinant virus into cattle leads to severe disease symptoms (leukopenia/diarrhea and pyrexia) and death by 9 days postinfection. Animals infected with rRPV(KO)L-RRegfpR exhibited transient leukopenia and mild pyrexia, and the only noticeable clinical signs were moderate reddening of one eye and a slight ocular-nasal discharge. Viruses that expressed the modified polymerase were isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes and eye swabs. This demonstrates that a virulent morbillivirus can be attenuated in a single step solely by modulating RdRp activity and that there is not necessarily a correlation between virus growth in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Rinderpest virus (RPV) is a morbillivirus, related closely to the human pathogen Measles virus (MV). Although cell culture-adapted strains of RPV can infect many kinds of cell from different hosts, one such strain has previously been shown to have a detectable preference for cells expressing the MV receptor CD150 (SLAM), a protein found only on certain types of activated T cells, B cells and dendritic cells. Here, it is shown that the wild-type, virulent parent of the most common vaccine strain of RPV requires CD150 as a receptor, whilst the cell culture-adapted vaccine strain has acquired the ability to use heparan sulphate as an alternative receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Baron
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Banyard AC, Baron MD, Barrett T. A role for virus promoters in determining the pathogenesis of Rinderpest virus in cattle. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:1083-1092. [PMID: 15784902 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rinderpest virus (RPV) is a morbillivirus that causes cattle plague, a disease of large ruminants. The viral genome is flanked at the 3′ and 5′ genome termini by the genome promoter (GP) and antigenome promoter (AGP), respectively. These promoters play essential roles in directing replication and transcription as well as RNA encapsidation and packaging. It has previously been shown that individual changes to the GP of RPV greatly affect promoter activity in a minigenome assay and it was therefore proposed that individual nucleotide changes in the GP and AGP might also have significant effects on the ability of the virus to replicate and cause disease in cattle. The Plowright vaccine strain of RPV has been derived by tissue-culture passage from the virulent Kabete ‘O’ isolate (KO) and is highly attenuated for all ruminant species in which it has been used. Here, it was shown that swapping the GP and the first 76 nt of the AGP between virulent and avirulent strains affected disease progression. In particular, it was shown that flanking the virulent strain with the vaccine GP and AGP sequences, while not appreciably affecting virus growth in vitro, led to attenuation in vivo. The reverse was not true, since the KO promoters did not alter the vaccine's attenuated nature. The GP/AGP therefore play a role in attenuation, but are not the only determinants of attenuation in this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Barrett
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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