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Qing LL, Zhao H, Liu LL. Progress on low susceptibility mechanisms of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 35:436-45. [PMID: 25297084 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2014.5.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases detected in a wide range of mammalian species. The "protein-only" hypothesis of TSE suggests that prions are transmissible particles devoid of nucleic acid and the primary pathogenic event is thought to be the conversion of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into the disease-associated isoform (PrP(Sc)). According to susceptibility to TSEs, animals can be classified into susceptible species and low susceptibility species. In this review we focus on several species with low susceptibility to TSEs: dogs, rabbits, horses and buffaloes. We summarize recent studies into the characteristics of low susceptibility regarding protein structure, and biochemical and genetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Qing
- Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Liu
- Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural transmission of prion diseases depends upon the spread of prions from the nervous system to excretory or secretory tissues, but the mechanism of prion transport in axons and into peripheral tissue is unresolved. Here, we examined the temporal and spatial movement of prions from the brain stem along cranial nerves into skeletal muscle as a model of axonal transport and transynaptic spread. The disease-specific isoform of the prion protein, PrP(Sc), was observed in nerve fibers of the tongue approximately 2 weeks prior to PrP(Sc) deposition in skeletal muscle. Initially, PrP(Sc) deposits had a small punctate pattern on the edge of muscle cells that colocalized with synaptophysin, a marker for the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), in >50% of the cells. At later time points PrP(Sc) was widely distributed in muscle cells, but <10% of prion-infected cells exhibited PrP(Sc) deposition at the NMJ, suggesting additional prion replication and dissemination within muscle cells. In contrast to the NMJ, PrP(Sc) was not associated with synaptophysin in nerve fibers but was found to colocalize with LAMP-1 and cathepsin D during early stages of axonal spread. We propose that PrP(Sc)-bound endosomes can lead to membrane recycling in which PrP(Sc) is directed to the synapse, where it either moves across the NMJ into the postsynaptic muscle cell or induces PrP(Sc) formation on muscle cells across the NMJ. IMPORTANCE Prion diseases are transmissible and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in which prion dissemination to excretory or secretory tissues is necessary for natural disease transmission. Despite the importance of this pathway, the cellular mechanism of prion transport in axons and into peripheral tissue is unresolved. This study demonstrates anterograde spread of prions within nerve fibers prior to infection of peripheral synapses (i.e., neuromuscular junction) and infection of peripheral tissues (i.e., muscle cells). Within nerve fibers prions were associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway prior to entry into muscle cells. Since early prion spread is anterograde and endosome-lysosomal movement within axons is primarily retrograde, these findings suggest that endosome-bound prions may have an alternate fate that directs prions to the peripheral synapse.
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Food Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Neumann M, Krasemann S, Schröck K, Steinbach K, Glatzel M. Myositis facilitates preclinical accumulation of pathological prion protein in muscle. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:78. [PMID: 24299111 PMCID: PMC4046662 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In human and animal prion diseases, pathological prion protein, PrPSc, as well as prion infectivity is mainly found in the central nervous system, but also in lymphoid organs and muscle. Pathophysiology of prion colonization of lymphoid organs has been studied intensively, yet how myositis influences prion accumulation in muscle is unknown. Result We have investigated the influence of myositis on PrPSc accumulation and prion infectivity in two distinct mouse models of experimental autoimmune myositis. Furthermore, we have addressed the relevance of PrPC expression in the lymphoreticular system in myositis by generating bone marrow chimeras. Here we show that myositis positively influences muscular PrPSc accumulation at preclinical time points and that PrPC-expression in the lymphoid system is critical for this. In muscle, PrPSc and prion infectivity are uncoupled with detectable PrPSc but no prion infectivity at preclinical time points. Muscle has an intrinsically high ability to clear PrPSc once myositis has ceased, possibly involving autophagy. Conclusion Our findings provide new insights into the pathophysiology of prion colonization in muscle pointing out that myositis leads to enhanced prion colonization of muscle in subclinical prion disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2051-5960-1-78) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Lu X, Zeng J, Gao Y, Zhang JZH, Zhang D, Mei Y. The intrinsic helical propensities of the helical fragments in prion protein under neutral and low pH conditions: a replica exchange molecular dynamics study. J Mol Model 2013; 19:4897-908. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Okada H, Miyazawa K, Fukuda S, Iwamaru Y, Imamura M, Masujin K, Matsuura Y, Fujii T, Fujii K, Kageyama S, Yoshioka M, Murayama Y, Yokoyama T. The presence of disease-associated prion protein in skeletal muscle of cattle infected with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:103-7. [PMID: 23986118 PMCID: PMC3979948 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of disease-associated prion protein (PrP(Sc)) in the skeletal muscle of cattle infected with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE). The study was carried out systematically in 12 different muscle samples from 43 (3 field and 40 experimental) cases of C-BSE; however, muscle spindles were not available in many of these cases. Therefore, analysis became restricted to a total of 31 muscles in 23 cattle. Even after this restriction, low levels of PrP(Sc) were detected in the muscle spindles of the masseter, intercostal, triceps brachii, psoas major, quadriceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles from 3 field and 6 experimental clinical-stage cases. The present data indicate that small amounts of PrP(Sc) are detectable by immunohistochemistry in the skeletal muscles of animals terminally affected with C-BSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Suardi S, Vimercati C, Casalone C, Gelmetti D, Corona C, Iulini B, Mazza M, Lombardi G, Moda F, Ruggerone M, Campagnani I, Piccoli E, Catania M, Groschup MH, Balkema-Buschmann A, Caramelli M, Monaco S, Zanusso G, Tagliavini F. Infectivity in skeletal muscle of cattle with atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31449. [PMID: 22363650 PMCID: PMC3283643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloidotic form of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) termed BASE is caused by a prion strain whose biological properties differ from those of typical BSE, resulting in a clinically and pathologically distinct phenotype. Whether peripheral tissues of BASE-affected cattle contain infectivity is unknown. This is a critical issue since the BASE prion is readily transmissible to a variety of hosts including primates, suggesting that humans may be susceptible. We carried out bioassays in transgenic mice overexpressing bovine PrP (Tgbov XV) and found infectivity in a variety of skeletal muscles from cattle with natural and experimental BASE. Noteworthy, all BASE muscles used for inoculation transmitted disease, although the attack rate differed between experimental and natural cases (∼70% versus ∼10%, respectively). This difference was likely related to different prion titers, possibly due to different stages of disease in the two conditions, i.e. terminal stage in experimental BASE and pre-symptomatic stage in natural BASE. The neuropathological phenotype and PrPres type were consistent in all affected mice and matched those of Tgbov XV mice infected with brain homogenate from natural BASE. The immunohistochemical analysis of skeletal muscles from cattle with natural and experimental BASE showed the presence of abnormal prion protein deposits within muscle fibers. Conversely, Tgbov XV mice challenged with lymphoid tissue and kidney from natural and experimental BASE did not develop disease. The novel information on the neuromuscular tropism of the BASE strain, efficiently overcoming species barriers, underlines the relevance of maintaining an active surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Suardi
- Instituto Di Ricoveroe Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Vimercati
- Instituto Di Ricoveroe Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Gelmetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristiano Corona
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Iulini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Mazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Guerino Lombardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Moda
- Instituto Di Ricoveroe Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Ruggerone
- Instituto Di Ricoveroe Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Campagnani
- Instituto Di Ricoveroe Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Piccoli
- Instituto Di Ricoveroe Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Marcella Catania
- Instituto Di Ricoveroe Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Caramelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Instituto Di Ricoveroe Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Bessen RA, Robinson CJ, Seelig DM, Watschke CP, Lowe D, Shearin H, Martinka S, Babcock AM. Transmission of chronic wasting disease identifies a prion strain causing cachexia and heart infection in hamsters. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28026. [PMID: 22174765 PMCID: PMC3236201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an emerging prion disease of free-ranging and captive cervids in North America. In this study we established a rodent model for CWD in Syrian golden hamsters that resemble key features of the disease in cervids including cachexia and infection of cardiac muscle. Following one to three serial passages of CWD from white-tailed deer into transgenic mice expressing the hamster prion protein gene, CWD was subsequently passaged into Syrian golden hamsters. In one passage line there were preclinical changes in locomotor activity and a loss of body mass prior to onset of subtle neurological symptoms around 340 days. The clinical symptoms included a prominent wasting disease, similar to cachexia, with a prolonged duration. Other features of CWD in hamsters that were similar to cervid CWD included the brain distribution of the disease-specific isoform of the prion protein, PrPSc, prion infection of the central and peripheral neuroendocrine system, and PrPSc deposition in cardiac muscle. There was also prominent PrPSc deposition in the nasal mucosa on the edge of the olfactory sensory epithelium with the lumen of the nasal airway that could have implications for CWD shedding into nasal secretions and disease transmission. Since the mechanism of wasting disease in prion diseases is unknown this hamster CWD model could provide a means to investigate the physiological basis of cachexia, which we propose is due to a prion-induced endocrinopathy. This prion disease phenotype has not been described in hamsters and we designate it as the ‘wasting’ or WST strain of hamster CWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Bessen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America.
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Shu Y, Masujin K, Okada H, Iwamaru Y, Imamura M, Matsuura Y, Mohri S, Yokoyama T. Characterization of Syrian hamster adapted prions derived from L-type and C-type bovine spongiform encephalopathies. Prion 2011; 5:103-8. [PMID: 21597334 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.2.15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical forms of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) may be caused by different prions from classical BSE (C-BSE). In this study, we examined the susceptibility of mice overexpressing mouse and hamster chimeric prion protein (PrP) to L-type atypical BSE (L-BSE). None of the transgenic mice showed susceptibility to L-BSE, except mice overexpressing hamster PrP. We also examined the transmission properties of L-BSE in hamsters. The incubation period of hamsters intracerebrally inoculated with L-BSE was 576.8 days, and that of the subsequent passage was decreased to 208 days. Although the lesion and glycoform profiles and relative proteinase K resistant core fragment of the abnormal isoform of PrP (PrPcore) of L-BSE were similar to that of C-BSE, the deposition of the abnormal isoform of PrP (PrPSc) and the molecular weight of PrPcore of L-BSE was different from than that of C-BSE. In hamster models, some prion strain characteristics of L-BSE were indistinguishable from those of C-BSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Shu
- Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Daus ML, Breyer J, Wagenfuehr K, Wemheuer WM, Thomzig A, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Beekes M. Presence and seeding activity of pathological prion protein (PrP(TSE)) in skeletal muscles of white-tailed deer infected with chronic wasting disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18345. [PMID: 21483771 PMCID: PMC3069970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious, rapidly spreading transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), or prion disease, occurring in cervids such as white tailed-deer (WTD), mule deer or elk in North America. Despite efficient horizontal transmission of CWD among cervids natural transmission of the disease to other species has not yet been observed. Here, we report for the first time a direct biochemical demonstration of pathological prion protein PrPTSE and of PrPTSE-associated seeding activity, the static and dynamic biochemical markers for biological prion infectivity, respectively, in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected cervids, i. e. WTD for which no clinical signs of CWD had been recognized. The presence of PrPTSE was detected by Western- and postfixed frozen tissue blotting, while the seeding activity of PrPTSE was revealed by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Semi-quantitative Western blotting indicated that the concentration of PrPTSE in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected WTD was approximately 2000-10000 -fold lower than in brain tissue. Tissue-blot-analyses revealed that PrPTSE was located in muscle-associated nerve fascicles but not, in detectable amounts, in myocytes. The presence and seeding activity of PrPTSE in skeletal muscle from CWD-infected cervids suggests prevention of such tissue in the human diet as a precautionary measure for food safety, pending on further clarification of whether CWD may be transmissible to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L. Daus
- P24 - Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Breyer
- Prion and Dementia Research Unit, Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Wagenfuehr
- P24 - Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke M. Wemheuer
- Prion and Dementia Research Unit, Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Achim Thomzig
- P24 - Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Walter J. Schulz-Schaeffer
- Prion and Dementia Research Unit, Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Beekes
- P24 - Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Optical Imaging Detects Apoptosis in the Brain and Peripheral Organs of Prion-Infected Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:143-50. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3182084a8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Krasemann S, Neumann M, Geissen M, Bodemer W, Kaup FJ, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Morel N, Aguzzi A, Glatzel M. Preclinical deposition of pathological prion protein in muscle of experimentally infected primates. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13906. [PMID: 21085647 PMCID: PMC2978702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and animals. A central step in disease progression is the accumulation of a misfolded form (PrPSc) of the host encoded prion protein (PrPC) in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. The involvement of peripheral tissues in preclinical states increases the risk of accidental transmission. On the other hand, detection of PrPSc in non-neuronal easy-accessible compartments such as muscle may offer a novel diagnostic tool. Primate models have proven invaluable to investigate prion diseases. We have studied the deposition of PrPSc in muscle and central nervous system of rhesus monkeys challenged with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), variant CJD (vCJD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in preclinical and clinical stage using biochemical and morphological methods. Here, we show the preclinical presence of PrPSc in muscle and central nervous system of rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with vCJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Neumann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Geissen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Nathalie Morel
- CEA, IBitec-S, Service de Pharmacologie et dlmmunoanalyse, CEA/Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AA); , (MG)
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (AA); , (MG)
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Prion disease susceptibility is affected by beta-structure folding propensity and local side-chain interactions in PrP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:19808-13. [PMID: 21041683 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005267107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases occur when the normally α-helical prion protein (PrP) converts to a pathological β-structured state with prion infectivity (PrP(Sc)). Exposure to PrP(Sc) from other mammals can catalyze this conversion. Evidence from experimental and accidental transmission of prions suggests that mammals vary in their prion disease susceptibility: Hamsters and mice show relatively high susceptibility, whereas rabbits, horses, and dogs show low susceptibility. Using a novel approach to quantify conformational states of PrP by circular dichroism (CD), we find that prion susceptibility tracks with the intrinsic propensity of mammalian PrP to convert from the native, α-helical state to a cytotoxic β-structured state, which exists in a monomer-octamer equilibrium. It has been controversial whether β-structured monomers exist at acidic pH; sedimentation equilibrium and dual-wavelength CD evidence is presented for an equilibrium between a β-structured monomer and octamer in some acidic pH conditions. Our X-ray crystallographic structure of rabbit PrP has identified a key helix-capping motif implicated in the low prion disease susceptibility of rabbits. Removal of this capping motif increases the β-structure folding propensity of rabbit PrP to match that of PrP from mouse, a species more susceptible to prion disease.
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Qian J, Yan J, Ge F, Zhang B, Fu X, Tomozawa H, Sawashita J, Mori M, Higuchi K. Mouse senile amyloid fibrils deposited in skeletal muscle exhibit amyloidosis-enhancing activity. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000914. [PMID: 20502680 PMCID: PMC2873911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis describes a group of protein folding diseases in which amyloid proteins are abnormally deposited in organs and/or tissues as fine fibrils. Mouse senile amyloidosis is a disorder in which apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) deposits as amyloid fibrils (AApoAII) and can be transmitted from one animal to another both by the feces and milk excreted by mice with amyloidosis. Thus, mouse AApoAII amyloidosis has been demonstrated to be a “transmissible disease”. In this study, to further characterize the transmissibility of amyloidosis, AApoAII amyloid fibrils were injected into transgenic Apoa2cTg+/− and normal R1.P1-Apoa2c mice to induce AApoAII systemic amyloidosis. Two months later, AApoAII amyloid deposits were found in the skeletal muscles of amyloid-affected mice, primarily in the blood vessels and in the interstitial tissues surrounding muscle fibers. When amyloid fibrils extracted from the skeletal muscles were subjected to Western blot analysis, apoA-II was detected. Amyloid fibril fractions isolated from the muscles not only demonstrated the structure of amyloid fibrils but could also induce amyloidosis in young mice depending on its fibril conformation. These findings present a possible pathogenesis of amyloidosis: transmission of amyloid fibril conformation through muscle, and shed new light on the etiology involved in amyloid disorders. “Amyloidosis”, a group of protein folding diseases characterized by deposition of fine fibrils in tissues, is a common disorder of protein metabolism and can be acquired, inherited and/or age-associated. Recently, prion-like transmission has been found in various amyloidoses. AApoAII amyloid fibrils in mouse senile amyloidosis have exhibited transmissibility. For instance, ingested AApoAII amyloid fibrils, which were excreted from mice and contained in feces or milk, function as seeds for changing apoA-II amyloid precursor protein to the fibrillar form and cause mouse senile amyloidosis. However, transmissibility through other pathways has not yet been established. Here, we induced AApoAII systemic amyloidosis in transgenic Apoa2cTg+/− and normal R1.P1-Apoa2c mice to analyze the transmissibility of mouse senile amyloidosis through muscle tissues. In this study, we not only detected AApoAII deposited in various skeletal muscles, but also found that it could induce secondary transmission of AApoAII amyloidosis. This is the first evidence of transmission through skeletal muscles in non-prion systemic amyloidosis. This pathway of transmission provides new insight into the potential for food-borne pathogenesis and etiology of systemic amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Qian
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingmin Yan
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Fengxia Ge
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Beiru Zhang
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomozawa
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, Research Center for Human and Environmental Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Jinko Sawashita
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mori
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Keiichi Higuchi
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Cardone F, Thomzig A, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Valanzano A, Sbriccoli M, Abdel-Haq H, Graziano S, Pritzkow S, Puopolo M, Brown P, Beekes M, Pocchiari M. PrPTSE in muscle-associated lymphatic tissue during the preclinical stage of mice infected orally with bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2563-2568. [PMID: 19535501 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.010801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of muscles in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) is irregular and unpredictable. We show that the TSE-specific protein (PrP(TSE)) is present in muscles of mice fed with a mouse-adapted strain of bovine spongiform encephalopathy as early as 100 days post-infection, corresponding to about one-third of the incubation period. The proportion of mice with PrP(TSE)-positive muscles and the number of muscles involved increased as infection progressed, but never attained more than a limited distribution, even at the clinical stage of disease. The appearance of PrP(TSE) in muscles during the preclinical stage of disease was probably due to the haematogenous/lymphatic spread of infectivity from the gastrointestinal tract to lymphatic tissues associated with muscles, whereas in symptomatic animals, the presence of PrP(TSE) in the nervous system, in neuromuscular junctions and in muscle fibres suggests a centrifugal spread from the central nervous system, as already observed in other TSE models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cardone
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Achim Thomzig
- Robert Koch-Institut (P24 - Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies), Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Walter Schulz-Schaeffer
- Prion and Dementia Research Unit, Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Angelina Valanzano
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sbriccoli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Hanin Abdel-Haq
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Graziano
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Pritzkow
- Robert Koch-Institut (P24 - Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies), Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Puopolo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paul Brown
- 7815 Exeter Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Michael Beekes
- Robert Koch-Institut (P24 - Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies), Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maurizio Pocchiari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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16
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Race B, Meade-White K, Oldstone MBA, Race R, Chesebro B. Detection of prion infectivity in fat tissues of scrapie-infected mice. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000232. [PMID: 19057664 PMCID: PMC2585054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Distribution of prion infectivity in organs and tissues is important in understanding prion disease pathogenesis and designing strategies to prevent prion infection in animals and humans. Transmission of prion disease from cattle to humans resulted in banning human consumption of ruminant nervous system and certain other tissues. In the present study, we surveyed tissue distribution of prion infectivity in mice with prion disease. We show for the first time detection of infectivity in white and brown fat. Since high amounts of ruminant fat are consumed by humans and also incorporated into animal feed, fat-containing tissues may pose a previously unappreciated hazard for spread of prion infection. Prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are infectious progressive fatal neurodegenerative diseases which affect humans as well as wild and domestic animals. Distribution of prion infectivity in organs and tissues is important in understanding prion disease pathogenesis and designing strategies to prevent prion infection in animals and humans. We show for the first time the presence of prion infectivity in white fat and brown fat tissues of mice with prion disease. Our results suggest that fat tissues of domestic or wild animals infected with prions may pose an unappreciated hazard for spread of infection to humans or domestic animals. The presence of prion infectivity in fat suggests that additional consideration may be required to eliminate from the food chain any fat from ruminants suspected of exposure to or infection with prions. Thus, this finding has implications for public health, food safety, and prion disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Virus Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Persistent Virus Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, LaJolla, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Virus Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Virus Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Beekes M, McBride PA. The spread of prions through the body in naturally acquired transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. FEBS J 2007; 274:588-605. [PMID: 17288548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by unconventional pathogens and affect the central nervous system of animals and humans. Several different forms of these diseases result from natural infection (i.e. exposure to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents or prions, present in the natural environment of the respective host). This holds true also for scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, chronic wasting disease in elk and deer, or variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, all of which are assumed to originate predominantly from peroral prion infection. This article intends to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on the spread of scrapie, chronic wasting disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease agents through the body in naturally affected hosts, and in model animals experimentally challenged via the alimentary tract. Special attention is given to the tissue components and spreading pathways involved in the key stages of prion routing through the body, such as intestinal uptake, neuroinvasion of nerves and the central nervous system, and centrifugal spread from the brain and spinal cord to peripheral sites (e.g. sensory ganglia or muscles). The elucidation of the pathways and mechanisms by which prions invade a host and spread through the organism can contribute to efficient infection control strategies and the improvement of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diagnostics. It may also help to identify prophylactic or therapeutic approaches that would impede naturally acquired transmissible spongiform encephalopathy infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beekes
- Robert Koch-Institut (P24 - Transmissible Spongiforme Enzephalopathien), Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Bade S, Frey A. Potential of active and passive immunizations for the prevention and therapy of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:153-68. [PMID: 17408366 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and certain animals and are caused by prions. In most cases, infection occurs by ingestion of prions. Their long-time persistence in the environment creates a reservoir of potentially infectious matter that renders the eradication of the disease problematic. Unfortunately, no cure is available to date. Yet, for both the treatment of infected and the protection of uninfected individuals, active and passive immunizations have been shown to have a beneficial effect on the course of the disease. The current review provides an overview of such antibody-based approaches and assesses their feasibility and potential in prophylaxis and therapy of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Bade
- Research Center Borstel, Division of Mucosal Immunology, Borstel, Germany.
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19
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Jewell JE, Brown J, Kreeger T, Williams ES. Prion protein in cardiac muscle of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) infected with chronic wasting disease. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:3443-3450. [PMID: 17030881 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the possible presence of disease-associated prion protein (PrP(d)) in striated muscle of chronic wasting disease (CWD)-affected cervids, samples of diaphragm, tongue, heart and three appendicular skeletal muscles from mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (Alces alces shirasi) were examined by ELISA, Western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). PrP(d) was detected in samples of heart muscle from seven of 16 CWD-infected white-tailed deer, including one free-ranging deer, and in 12 of 17 CWD-infected elk, but not in any of 13 mule deer samples, nor in the single CWD-infected moose. For white-tailed deer, PrP(d) was detected by Western blot at multiple sites throughout the heart; IHC results on ventricular sections of both elk and white-tailed deer showed positive staining in cardiac myocytes, but not in conduction tissues or nerve ganglia. Levels of PrP(d) in cardiac tissues were estimated from Western blot band intensity to be lower than levels found in brain tissue. PrP(d) was not detected in diaphragm, triceps brachii, semitendinosus, latissiumus dorsi or tongue muscles for any of the study subjects. This is the first report of PrP(d) in cardiac tissue from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy-infected ruminants in the human food chain and the first demonstration by immunological assays of PrP(d) in any striated muscle of CWD-infected cervids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Jewell
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory (WSVL), 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
| | - Jeremy Brown
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory (WSVL), 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
| | - Terry Kreeger
- Veterinary Services Branch, Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD), Wheatland, WY 82201, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Williams
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory (WSVL), 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
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20
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Cardone F, Brown P, Meyer R, Pocchiari M. Inactivation of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents in food products by ultra high pressure-temperature treatment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:558-62. [PMID: 16542885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contamination of the human food chain most likely resulted from nervous system tissue in mechanically recovered meat used in the manufacture of processed meats. The availability of effective decontamination methods for products considered at risk for BSE or other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) would be an attractive safeguard to human health, but neither of the two proven inactivating methods, autoclaving or exposure to strong alkali or bleach, are applicable to foodstuffs. Ultra high pressure-temperature treatment of foods is an effective decontamination method that can reduce the pathogen load while keeping unaltered the nutritional and organoleptic properties of the product. The application of different combinations of high pressure-temperature pulses to meat products 'spiked' with the agents of TSEs can reduce the level of infectivity by 10(3) to 10(6) mean lethal doses (LD(50)) per gram of tissue. These data indicate that the high pressure-temperature treatment is a ready-to-use and feasible strategy to reduce the risk of TSEs transmission via contaminated meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cardone
- Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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