1
|
Role of Host-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) in RNA Virus Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010323. [PMID: 33396899 PMCID: PMC7796338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Being opportunistic intracellular pathogens, viruses are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and survival by targeting crucial cellular physiological pathways, including transcription, translation, immune pathways, and apoptosis. Immediately after translation, the host and viral proteins undergo a process called post-translational modification (PTM). PTMs of proteins involves the attachment of small proteins, carbohydrates/lipids, or chemical groups to the proteins and are crucial for the proteins’ functioning. During viral infection, host proteins utilize PTMs to control the virus replication, using strategies like activating immune response pathways, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and ultimately eliminating the virus from the host. PTM of viral proteins increases solubility, enhances antigenicity and virulence properties. However, RNA viruses are devoid of enzymes capable of introducing PTMs to their proteins. Hence, they utilize the host PTM machinery to promote their survival. Proteins from viruses belonging to the family: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, and Coronaviridae such as chikungunya, dengue, zika, HIV, and coronavirus are a few that are well-known to be modified. This review discusses various host and virus-mediated PTMs that play a role in the outcome during the infection.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fiacre L, Pagès N, Albina E, Richardson J, Lecollinet S, Gonzalez G. Molecular Determinants of West Nile Virus Virulence and Pathogenesis in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239117. [PMID: 33266206 PMCID: PMC7731113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), like the dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV), are major arboviruses belonging to the Flavivirus genus. WNV is emerging or endemic in many countries around the world, affecting humans and other vertebrates. Since 1999, it has been considered to be a major public and veterinary health problem, causing diverse pathologies, ranging from a mild febrile state to severe neurological damage and death. WNV is transmitted in a bird–mosquito–bird cycle, and can occasionally infect humans and horses, both highly susceptible to the virus but considered dead-end hosts. Many studies have investigated the molecular determinants of WNV virulence, mainly with the ultimate objective of guiding vaccine development. Several vaccines are used in horses in different parts of the world, but there are no licensed WNV vaccines for humans, suggesting the need for greater understanding of the molecular determinants of virulence and antigenicity in different hosts. Owing to technical and economic considerations, WNV virulence factors have essentially been studied in rodent models, and the results cannot always be transported to mosquito vectors or to avian hosts. In this review, the known molecular determinants of WNV virulence, according to invertebrate (mosquitoes) or vertebrate hosts (mammalian and avian), are presented and discussed. This overview will highlight the differences and similarities found between WNV hosts and models, to provide a foundation for the prediction and anticipation of WNV re-emergence and its risk of global spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise Fiacre
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Nonito Pagès
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-43967376
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maharaj PD, Langevin SA, Bolling BG, Andrade CC, Engle XA, Ramey WN, Bosco-Lauth A, Bowen RA, Sanders TA, Huang CYH, Reisen WK, Brault AC. N-linked glycosylation of the West Nile virus envelope protein is not a requisite for avian virulence or vector competence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007473. [PMID: 31306420 PMCID: PMC6658116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-linked glycosylation motif at amino acid position 154-156 of the envelope (E) protein of West Nile virus (WNV) is linked to enhanced murine neuroinvasiveness, avian pathogenicity and vector competence. Naturally occurring isolates with altered E protein glycosylation patterns have been observed in WNV isolates; however, the specific effects of these polymorphisms on avian host pathogenesis and vector competence have not been investigated before. In the present study, amino acid polymorphisms, NYT, NYP, NYF, SYP, SYS, KYS and deletion (A'DEL), were reverse engineered into a parental WNV (NYS) cDNA infectious clone to generate WNV glycosylation mutant viruses. These WNV glycosylation mutant viruses were characterized for in vitro growth, pH-sensitivity, temperature-sensitivity and host competence in American crows (AMCR), house sparrows (HOSP) and Culex quinquefasciatus. The NYS and NYT glycosylated viruses showed higher viral replication, and lower pH and temperature sensitivity than NYP, NYF, SYP, SYS, KYS and A'DEL viruses in vitro. Interestingly, in vivo results demonstrated asymmetric effects in avian and mosquito competence that were independent of the E-protein glycosylation status. In AMCRs and HOSPs, all viruses showed comparable viremias with the exception of NYP and KYS viruses that showed attenuated phenotypes. Only NYP showed reduced vector competence in both Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. tarsalis. Glycosylated NYT exhibited similar avian virulence properties as NYS, but resulted in higher mosquito oral infectivity than glycosylated NYS and nonglycosylated, NYP, NYF, SYP and KYS mutants. These data demonstrated that amino acid polymorphisms at E154/156 dictate differential avian host and vector competence phenotypes independent of E-protein glycosylation status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payal D. Maharaj
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- Center for Vector-borne Disease Research and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Stanley A. Langevin
- Center for Vector-borne Disease Research and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Bethany G. Bolling
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Christy C. Andrade
- Center for Vector-borne Disease Research and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Xavier A. Engle
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Wanichaya N. Ramey
- Center for Vector-borne Disease Research and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Angela Bosco-Lauth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Todd A. Sanders
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Vancouver, WA, United States of America
| | - Claire Y.-H. Huang
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - William K. Reisen
- Center for Vector-borne Disease Research and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- Center for Vector-borne Disease Research and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dinnon III KH, Gallichotte EN, Fritch EJ, Menachery VD, Baric RS. Shortening of Zika virus CD-loop reduces neurovirulence while preserving antigenicity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007212. [PMID: 30845254 PMCID: PMC6424462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne positive sense RNA virus. Recently, ZIKV emerged into the Western hemisphere as a human health threat, with severe disease associated with developmental and neurological complications. The structural envelope protein of ZIKV and other neurotropic flaviviruses contains an extended CD-loop relative to non-neurotropic flaviviruses, and has been shown to augment ZIKV stability and pathogenesis. Here we show that shortening the CD-loop in ZIKV attenuates the virus in mice, by reducing the ability to invade and replicate in the central nervous system. The CD-loop mutation was genetically stable following infection in mice, though secondary site mutations arise adjacent to the CD-loop. Importantly, while shortening of the CD-loop attenuates the virus, the CD-loop mutant maintains antigenicity in immunocompetent mice, eliciting an antibody response that similarly neutralizes both the mutant and wildtype ZIKV. These findings suggest that the extended CD-loop in ZIKV is a determinant of neurotropism and may be a target in live-attenuated vaccine design, for not only ZIKV, but for other neurotropic flaviviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H. Dinnon III
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emily N. Gallichotte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ethan J. Fritch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vineet D. Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen T, He X, Zhang P, Yuan Y, Lang X, Yu J, Qin Z, Li X, Zhang Q, Zhu L, Zhang B, Wu Q, Zhao W. Research advancements in the neurological presentation of flaviviruses. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2021. [PMID: 30548722 PMCID: PMC6590462 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the large-scale epidemic of Zika virus disease and its association with microcephaly, properties that allow flaviviruses to cause nervous system diseases are an important area of investigation. At present, although potential pathogenic mechanisms of flaviviruses in the nervous system have been examined, they have not been completely elucidated. In this paper, we review the possible mechanisms of blood-brain barrier penetration, the pathological effects on neurons, and the association between virus mutations and neurotoxicity. A hypothesis on neurotoxicity caused by the Zika virus is presented. Clarifying the mechanisms of virulence of flaviviruses will be helpful in finding better antiviral drugs and optimizing the treatment of symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Peiru Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yawen Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xinyue Lang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianhai Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhiran Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xujuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Li Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bagdonaite I, Wandall HH. Global aspects of viral glycosylation. Glycobiology 2018; 28:443-467. [PMID: 29579213 PMCID: PMC7108637 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses encompass some of the most common human pathogens causing infections of different severity, ranging from no or very few symptoms to lethal disease as seen with the viral hemorrhagic fevers. All enveloped viruses possess an envelope membrane derived from the host cell, modified with often heavily glycosylated virally encoded glycoproteins important for infectivity, viral particle formation and immune evasion. While N-linked glycosylation of viral envelope proteins is well characterized with respect to location, structure and site occupancy, information on mucin-type O-glycosylation of these proteins is less comprehensive. Studies on viral glycosylation are often limited to analysis of recombinant proteins that in most cases are produced in cell lines with a glycosylation capacity different from the capacity of the host cells. The glycosylation pattern of the produced recombinant glycoproteins might therefore be different from the pattern on native viral proteins. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on analysis of viral glycosylation, and summarize known roles of glycans in the biology of enveloped human viruses. In addition, we describe how to overcome the analytical limitations by using a global approach based on mass spectrometry to identify viral O-glycosylation in virus-infected cell lysates using the complex enveloped virus herpes simplex virus type 1 as a model. We underscore that glycans often pay important contributions to overall protein structure, function and immune recognition, and that glycans represent a crucial determinant for vaccine design. High throughput analysis of glycosylation on relevant glycoprotein formulations, as well as data compilation and sharing is therefore important to identify consensus glycosylation patterns for translational applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Y, Wang G, Wang J, Man K, Yang Q. Cell attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain Zhejiang08 provides effective immune protection attributed to dendritic cell stimulation. Vaccine 2018; 35:7033-7041. [PMID: 29100707 PMCID: PMC7115645 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain Zhejiang08 provides effective immune protection in piglets. Zhejiang08 has higher ability to stimulate DCs and activates T-cell proliferation than classical vaccine strain CV777. Potential glycosylation site lacking in S protein may cause the stronger immune response.
Since 2010, the porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (PEDV) has caused significant damage to the global pork industry. However, classical PEDV vaccine strains only provide limited protection against emerging strains. In this study, we successfully isolated and attenuated the PEDV epidemic strain Zhejiang08, which was characterized by good cell adaptation and high-titer production 48 h post infection in Vero E6 cells. The attenuated virus induced a high level of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies until 120 days after immunization in piglets and provided complete protection when challenged with an emerging virus strain on day 14 post immunization. Moreover, the capability to activate dendritic cells (DCs) of this isolate was identified. Higher expression levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ were recorded in DCs after treatment with Zhejiang08 for 24 h. Furthermore, genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed high homology between the main antigen epitopes of Zhejiang08 and PEDV pandemic isolates following 2011. Combining the glycosylation site prediction results and their distribution within the spatial structure of the S protein, led to the conclusion that the observed more effective host immune response of Zhejiang08 compared to CV777 was possibly associated with a lack of the potential glycosylation site in the 296 amino acids of the S protein. In summary, we illustrated that the attenuated virus represents a promising vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Veterinary Medicine Research Centre of Beijing Da Bei Nong Group, Beijing 100195, PR China
| | - Jialu Wang
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Kun Man
- Veterinary Medicine Research Centre of Beijing Da Bei Nong Group, Beijing 100195, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mossenta M, Marchese S, Poggianella M, Slon Campos J, Burrone O. Role of N-glycosylation on Zika virus E protein secretion, viral assembly and infectivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 492:579-586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
9
|
Yap SSL, Nguyen-Khuong T, Rudd PM, Alonso S. Dengue Virus Glycosylation: What Do We Know? Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1415. [PMID: 28791003 PMCID: PMC5524768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In many infectious diseases caused by either viruses or bacteria, pathogen glycoproteins play important roles during the infection cycle, ranging from entry to successful intracellular replication and host immune evasion. Dengue is no exception. Dengue virus glycoproteins, envelope protein (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) are two popular sub-unit vaccine candidates. E protein on the virion surface is the major target of neutralizing antibodies. NS1 which is secreted during DENV infection has been shown to induce a variety of host responses through its binding to several host factors. However, despite their critical role in disease and protection, the glycosylated variants of these two proteins and their biological importance have remained understudied. In this review, we seek to provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on protein glycosylation in DENV, and its role in virus biogenesis, host cell receptor interaction and disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally S L Yap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Terry Nguyen-Khuong
- Analytics Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A∗STARSingapore, Singapore
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- Analytics Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A∗STARSingapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Albulescu IC, Kovacikova K, Tas A, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ. Suramin inhibits Zika virus replication by interfering with virus attachment and release of infectious particles. Antiviral Res 2017; 143:230-236. [PMID: 28461070 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that mostly causes asymptomatic infections or mild disease characterized by low-grade fever, rash, conjunctivitis, and malaise. However, the recent massive ZIKV epidemics in the Americas have also linked ZIKV infection to fetal malformations like microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults, and have uncovered previously unrecognized routes of vertical and sexual transmission. Here we describe inhibition of ZIKV replication by suramin, originally an anti-parasitic drug, which was more recently shown to inhibit multiple viruses. In cell culture-based assays, using reduction of cytopathic effect as read-out, suramin had an EC50 of ∼40 μM and a selectivity index of 48. In single replication cycle experiments, suramin treatment also caused a strong dose-dependent decrease in intracellular ZIKV RNA levels and a >3-log reduction in infectious progeny titers. Time-of-addition experiments revealed that suramin inhibits a very early step of the replication cycle as well as the release of infectious progeny. Only during the first 2 h of infection suramin treatment strongly reduced the fraction of cells that became infected with ZIKV, suggesting the drug affects virus binding/entry. Binding experiments at 4 °C using 35S-labeled ZIKV demonstrated that suramin interferes with attachment to host cells. When suramin treatment was initiated post-entry, viral RNA synthesis was unaffected, while both the release of genomes and the infectivity of ZIKV were reduced. This suggests the compound also affects virion biogenesis, possibly by interfering with glycosylation and the maturation of ZIKV during its traffic through the secretory pathway. The inhibitory effect of suramin on ZIKV attachment and virion biogenesis and its broad-spectrum activity warrant further evaluation of this compound as a potential therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina C Albulescu
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Kovacikova
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Tas
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J van Hemert
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Blázquez AB, Saiz JC. Neurological manifestations of Zika virus infection. World J Virol 2016; 5:135-143. [PMID: 27878100 PMCID: PMC5105046 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v5.i4.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus (Flaviviridae family) transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes. The virus was restricted to the African continent until its spread to south-east Asia in the 1980's, the Micronesia in 2007, the French Polynesia in 2013 and, more recently in the Americas in 2015, where, up to date, the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated about 3-4 million total cases of ZIKV infection. During outbreaks in the French Polynesia and Brazil in 2013 and 2015, respectively, national health authorities reported potential neurological complications of ZIKV disease, chiefly an upsurge in Guillain-Barré syndrome, which coincided with ZIKV outbreaks. On the other hand, the emergence of ZIKV in Brazil has been associated with a striking increase in the number of reported cases of microcephaly in fetus and newborns, twenty times higher than in that reported in previous years. While investigations are currently assessing whether there is an actual association between neurological complications and ZIKV infections, the evidence was enough worrisome for WHO to declare a public health emergency of international concern. Here we present an updated review addressing what is currently known about the possible association between ZIKV infection and the development of severe neurological disorders.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ye Q, Liu ZY, Han JF, Jiang T, Li XF, Qin CF. Genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Zika virus circulating in the Americas. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:43-9. [PMID: 27156653 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread and potential link with birth defects have made Zika virus (ZIKV) a global public health problem. The virus was discovered 70years ago, yet the knowledge about its genomic structure and the genetic variations associated with current ZIKV explosive epidemics remains not fully understood. In this review, the genome organization, especially conserved terminal structures of ZIKV genome were characterized and compared with other mosquito-borne flaviviruses. It is suggested that major viral proteins of ZIKV share high structural and functional similarity with other known flaviviruses as shown by sequence comparison and prediction of functional motifs in viral proteins. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all ZIKV strains circulating in the America form a unique clade within the Asian lineage. Furthermore, we identified a series of conserved amino acid residues that differentiate the Asian strains including the current circulating American strains from the ancient African strains. Overall, our findings provide an overview of ZIKV genome characterization and evolutionary dynamics in the Americas and point out critical clues for future virological and epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhong-Yu Liu
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jian-Feng Han
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang HJ, Liu L, Li XF, Ye Q, Deng YQ, Qin ED, Qin CF. In vitro and in vivo characterization of chimeric duck Tembusu virus based on Japanese encephalitis live vaccine strain SA14-14-2. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1551-1556. [PMID: 27100268 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), a newly identified flavivirus, has rapidly spread to China, Malaysia and Thailand. The potential threats to public health have been well-highlighted; however its virulence and pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, by using reverse genetics, a recombinant chimeric DTMUV based on Japanese encephalitis live vaccine strain SA14-14-2 was obtained by substituting the corresponding prM and E genes (named ChinDTMUV). In vitro characterization demonstrated that ChinDTMUV replicated efficiently in mammalian cells with small-plaque phenotype in comparison with its parental viruses. Mouse tests showed ChinDTMUV exhibited avirulent phenotype in terms of neuroinvasiveness, while it retained neurovirulence from its parental virus DTMUV. Furthermore, immunization with ChinDTMUV was evidenced to elicit robust IgG and neutralizing antibody responses in mice. Overall, we successfully developed a viable chimeric DTMUV, and these results provide a useful platform for further investigation of the pathogenesis of DTMUV and development of a live attenuated DTMUV vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jiang Wang
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Long Liu
- Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - E-De Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China.,Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saiz JC, Vázquez-Calvo Á, Blázquez AB, Merino-Ramos T, Escribano-Romero E, Martín-Acebes MA. Zika Virus: the Latest Newcomer. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:496. [PMID: 27148186 PMCID: PMC4835484 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of this century, humanity has been facing a new emerging, or re-emerging, virus threat almost every year: West Nile, Influenza A, avian flu, dengue, Chikungunya, SARS, MERS, Ebola, and now Zika, the latest newcomer. Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, was identified in 1947 in a sentinel monkey in Uganda, and later on in humans in Nigeria. The virus was mainly confined to the African continent until it was detected in south-east Asia the 1980's, then in the Micronesia in 2007 and, more recently in the Americas in 2014, where it has displayed an explosive spread, as advised by the World Health Organization, which resulted in the infection of hundreds of thousands of people. ZIKV infection was characterized by causing a mild disease presented with fever, headache, rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis, with exceptional reports of an association with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly. However, since the end of 2015, an increase in the number of GBS associated cases and an astonishing number of microcephaly in fetus and new-borns in Brazil have been related to ZIKV infection, raising serious worldwide public health concerns. Clarifying such worrisome relationships is, thus, a current unavoidable goal. Here, we extensively review what is currently known about ZIKV, from molecular biology, transmission routes, ecology, and epidemiology, to clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ecuador Paraiso Escondido Virus, a New Flavivirus Isolated from New World Sand Flies in Ecuador, Is the First Representative of a Novel Clade in the Genus Flavivirus. J Virol 2015; 89:11773-85. [PMID: 26355096 PMCID: PMC4645344 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01543-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A new flavivirus, Ecuador Paraiso Escondido virus (EPEV), named after the village where it was discovered, was isolated from sand flies (Psathyromyia abonnenci, formerly Lutzomyia abonnenci) that are unique to the New World. This represents the first sand fly-borne flavivirus identified in the New World. EPEV exhibited a typical flavivirus genome organization. Nevertheless, the maximum pairwise amino acid sequence identity with currently recognized flaviviruses was 52.8%. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete coding sequence showed that EPEV represents a distinct clade which diverged from a lineage that was ancestral to the nonvectored flaviviruses Entebbe bat virus, Yokose virus, and Sokoluk virus and also the Aedes-associated mosquito-borne flaviviruses, which include yellow fever virus, Sepik virus, Saboya virus, and others. EPEV replicated in C6/36 mosquito cells, yielding high infectious titers, but failed to reproduce either in vertebrate cell lines (Vero, BHK, SW13, and XTC cells) or in suckling mouse brains. This surprising result, which appears to eliminate an association with vertebrate hosts in the life cycle of EPEV, is discussed in the context of the evolutionary origins of EPEV in the New World. IMPORTANCE The flaviviruses are rarely (if ever) vectored by sand fly species, at least in the Old World. We have identified the first representative of a sand fly-associated flavivirus, Ecuador Paraiso Escondido virus (EPEV), in the New World. EPEV constitutes a novel clade according to current knowledge of the flaviviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the virus genome showed that EPEV roots the Aedes-associated mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including yellow fever virus. In light of this new discovery, the New World origin of EPEV is discussed together with that of the other flaviviruses.
Collapse
|
16
|
Roby JA, Setoh YX, Hall RA, Khromykh AA. Post-translational regulation and modifications of flavivirus structural proteins. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1551-69. [PMID: 25711963 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a group of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that generally circulate between arthropod vectors and susceptible vertebrate hosts, producing significant human and veterinary disease burdens. Intensive research efforts have broadened our scientific understanding of the replication cycles of these viruses and have revealed several elegant and tightly co-ordinated post-translational modifications that regulate the activity of viral proteins. The three structural proteins in particular - capsid (C), pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) - are subjected to strict regulatory modifications as they progress from translation through virus particle assembly and egress. The timing of proteolytic cleavage events at the C-prM junction directly influences the degree of genomic RNA packaging into nascent virions. Proteolytic maturation of prM by host furin during Golgi transit facilitates rearrangement of the E proteins at the virion surface, exposing the fusion loop and thus increasing particle infectivity. Specific interactions between the prM and E proteins are also important for particle assembly, as prM acts as a chaperone, facilitating correct conformational folding of E. It is only once prM/E heterodimers form that these proteins can be secreted efficiently. The addition of branched glycans to the prM and E proteins during virion transit also plays a key role in modulating the rate of secretion, pH sensitivity and infectivity of flavivirus particles. The insights gained from research into post-translational regulation of structural proteins are beginning to be applied in the rational design of improved flavivirus vaccine candidates and make attractive targets for the development of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Roby
- 1Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia 2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Yin Xiang Setoh
- 1Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia 2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- 1Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia 2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- 1Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia 2School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
West Nile virus genome with glycosylated envelope protein and deletion of alpha helices 1, 2, and 4 in the capsid protein is noninfectious and efficiently secretes subviral particles. J Virol 2013; 87:13063-9. [PMID: 24049184 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01552-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus genomes with deletions in the capsid (C) gene are attractive vaccine candidates, as they secrete highly immunogenic subviral particles (SVPs) without generating infectious virus. Here, we report that cytomegalovirus promoter-driven cDNA of West Nile virus Kunjin (KUNV) containing a glycosylation motif in the envelope (E) gene and a combined deletion of alpha helices 1, 2, and 4 in C produces significantly more SVPs than KUNV cDNAs with nonglycosylated E and various other deletions in C.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yoshii K, Yanagihara N, Ishizuka M, Sakai M, Kariwa H. N-linked glycan in tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope protein affects viral secretion in mammalian cells, but not in tick cells. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2249-2258. [PMID: 23824303 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a zoonotic disease agent that causes severe encephalitis in humans. The envelope protein E of TBEV has one N-linked glycosylation consensus sequence, but little is known about the biological function of the N-linked glycan. In this study, the function of protein E glycosylation was investigated using recombinant TBEV with or without the protein E N-linked glycan. Virion infectivity was not affected after removing the N-linked glycans using N-glycosidase F. In mammalian cells, loss of glycosylation affected the conformation of protein E during secretion, reducing the infectivity of secreted virions. Mice subcutaneously infected with TBEV lacking protein E glycosylation showed no signs of disease, and viral multiplication in peripheral organs was reduced relative to that with the parental virus. In contrast, loss of glycosylation did not affect the secretory process of infectious virions in tick cells. Furthermore, inhibition of transport to the Golgi apparatus affected TBEV secretion in mammalian cells, but not in tick cells, indicating that TBEV was secreted through an unidentified pathway after synthesis in endoplasmic reticulum in tick cells. These results increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TBEV maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Natsumi Yanagihara
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mariko Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sakai
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mutations in the West Nile prM protein affect VLP and virion secretion in vitro. Virology 2012; 433:35-44. [PMID: 22858174 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of the West Nile virus-like particle (WN VLP) prM protein (T20D, K31A, K31V, or K31T) results in undetectable VLP secretion from transformed COS-1 cells. K31 mutants formed intracellular prM-E heterodimers; however these proteins remained in the ER and ER-Golgi intermediary compartments of transfected cells. The T20D mutation affected glycosylation, heterodimer formation, and WN VLP secretion. When infectious viruses bearing the same mutations were used to infect COS-1 cells, K31 mutant viruses exhibited delayed growth and reduced infectivity compared to WT virus. Epitope maps of WN VLP and WNV prM were also different. These results suggest that while mutations in the prM protein can reduce or eliminate secretion of WN VLPs, they have less effect on virus. This difference may be due to the quantity of prM in WN VLPs compared to WNV or to differences in maturation, structure, and symmetry of these particles.
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu P, Lu H, Li S, Moureau G, Deng YQ, Wang Y, Zhang L, Jiang T, de Lamballerie X, Qin CF, Gould EA, Su J, Gao GF. Genomic and antigenic characterization of the newly emerging Chinese duck egg-drop syndrome flavivirus: genomic comparison with Tembusu and Sitiawan viruses. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2158-2170. [PMID: 22764316 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.043554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck egg-drop syndrome virus (DEDSV) is a newly emerging pathogenic flavivirus causing avian diseases in China. The infection occurs in laying ducks characterized by a severe drop in egg production with a fatality rate of 5-15 %. The virus was found to be most closely related to Tembusu virus (TMUV), an isolate from mosquitoes in South-east Asia. Here, we have sequenced and characterized the full-length genomes of seven DEDSV strains, including the 5'- and 3'-non-coding regions (NCRs). We also report for the first time the ORF sequences of TMUV and Sitiawan virus (STWV), another closely related flavivirus isolated from diseased chickens. We analysed the phylogenetic and antigenic relationships of DEDSV in relation to the Asian viruses TMUV and STWV, and other representative flaviviruses. Our results confirm the close relationship between DEDSV and TMUV/STWV and we discuss their probable evolutionary origins. We have also characterized the cleavage sites, potential glycosylation sites and unique motifs/modules of these viruses. Additionally, conserved sequences in both 5'- and 3'-NCRs were identified and the predicted secondary structures of the terminal sequences were studied. Antigenic cross-reactivity comparisons of DEDSV with related pathogenic flaviviruses identified a surprisingly close relationship with dengue virus (DENV) and raised the question of whether or not DEDSV may have a potential infectious threat to man. Importantly, DEDSV can be efficiently recognized by a broadly cross-reactive flavivirus mAb, 2A10G6, derived against DENV. The significance of these studies is discussed in the context of the emergence, evolution, epidemiology, antigenicity and pathogenicity of the newly emergent DEDSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Liu
- Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hao Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Gregory Moureau
- UMR 190 'Emergence de Pathologies Virales' (AMU-IRD-EHESP), Aix-Marseille Université and IHU Mediterranee-infection, Marseille, France
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lijiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- UMR 190 'Emergence de Pathologies Virales' (AMU-IRD-EHESP), Aix-Marseille Université and IHU Mediterranee-infection, Marseille, France
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ernest A Gould
- NERC, CEH Wallingford, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB UK.,UMR 190 'Emergence de Pathologies Virales' (AMU-IRD-EHESP), Aix-Marseille Université and IHU Mediterranee-infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jingliang Su
- Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - George F Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lincui East Road, Beijing, PR China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, PR China.,Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yamada K, Park CH, Noguchi K, Kojima D, Kubo T, Komiya N, Matsumoto T, Mitui MT, Ahmed K, Morimoto K, Inoue S, Nishizono A. Serial passage of a street rabies virus in mouse neuroblastoma cells resulted in attenuation: potential role of the additional N-glycosylation of a viral glycoprotein in the reduced pathogenicity of street rabies virus. Virus Res 2012; 165:34-45. [PMID: 22248643 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Street rabies viruses are field isolates known to be highly neurotropic. However, the viral elements related to their pathogenicity have yet to be identified at the nucleotide or amino acid level. Here, through 30 passages in mouse neuroblastoma NA cells, we have established an attenuated variant of street rabies virus strain 1088, originating from a rabid woodchuck followed by 2 passages in the brains of suckling mice. The variant, 1088-N30, was well adapted to NA cells and highly attenuated in adult mice after intramuscular (i.m.) but not intracerebral (i.c.) inoculations. 1088-N30 had seven nucleotide substitutions, and the R196S mutation of the G protein led to an additional N-glycosylation. Street viruses usually possess one or two N-glycosylation sites on the G protein, 1088 has two, while an additional N-glycosylation site is observed in laboratory-adapted strains. We also established a cloned variant 1088-N4#14 by limiting dilution. Apart from the R196S mutation, 1088-N4#14 possessed only one amino acid substitution in the P protein, which is found in several field isolates. 1088-N4#14 also efficiently replicated in NA cells and was attenuated in adult mice after i.m. inoculations, although it was more pathogenic than 1088-N30. The spread of 1088-N30 in the brain was highly restricted after i.m. inoculations, although the pattern of 1088-N4#14's spread was intermediate between that of the parental 1088 and 1088-N30. Meanwhile, both variants strongly induced humoral immune responses in mice compared to 1088. Our results indicate that the additional N-glycosylation is likely related to the reduced pathogenicity. Taken together, we propose that the number of N-glycosylation sites in the G protein is one of the determinants of the pathogenicity of street rabies viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- Research Promotion Project, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pesko KN, Ebel GD. West Nile virus population genetics and evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 12:181-90. [PMID: 22226703 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) is transmitted from mosquitoes to birds, but can cause fatal encephalitis in infected humans. Since its introduction into North America in New York in 1999, it has spread throughout the western hemisphere. Multiple outbreaks have also occurred in Europe over the last 20 years. This review highlights recent efforts to understand how host pressures impact viral population genetics, genotypic and phenotypic changes which have occurred in the WNV genome as it adapts to this novel environment, and molecular epidemiology of WNV worldwide. Future research directions are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra N Pesko
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tang Y, Diao Y, Gao X, Yu C, Chen L, Zhang D. Analysis of the complete genome of Tembusu virus, a flavivirus isolated from ducks in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 59:336-43. [PMID: 22103739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During investigations into the outbreak of duck viral infection in 2010 in China, with a severe drop in egg production, a flavivirus was isolated from the affected ducks. It was characterized as a Tembusu virus (TMUV). In this study, we obtained a complete genome sequence of Tembusu virus using RT-PCR and RACE techniques. TMUV genome is a singled-stranded RNA, with 10,990 nucleotides in length, and contains a single open reading frame (3410 amino acids) encoding 11 viral proteins with 5'and 3'non-translated regions (NTRs) of 142 and 618 nt, respectively. We characterized the open reading frame (ORF) with respect to gene sizes, cleavage sites and potential glycosylation sites. The different genomic regions of the virus were also compared with those of six other flaviviruses including Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus (WNV), dengue-2 virus, yellow fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Bagaza virus. TMUV demonstrated the highest similarity to Bagaza virus. The result of entire ORF scanning shows that TMUV was close to Bagaza viruses in genetic relatedness. These data demonstrate that TMUV is a unique virus among the mosquito-borne flaviviruses and also provide a useful reference for a critically important study to determine why TMUV is a serious pathogen for ducks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tang
- Zoology Institute, Agricultural University of Shan Dong Province, Shan Dong Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brault AC, Langevin SA, Ramey WN, Fang Y, Beasley DWC, Barker CM, Sanders TA, Reisen WK, Barrett ADT, Bowen RA. Reduced avian virulence and viremia of West Nile virus isolates from Mexico and Texas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:758-67. [PMID: 21976584 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A West Nile virus (WNV) isolate from Mexico (TM171-03) and BIRD1153, a unique genotype from Texas, have exhibited reduced murine neuroinvasive phenotypes. To determine if murine neuroinvasive capacity equates to avian virulence potential, American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) were experimentally inoculated with representative murine neuroinvasive/non-neuroinvasive strains. In both avian species, a plaque variant from Mexico that was E-glycosylation competent produced higher viremias than an E-glycosylation-incompetent variant, indicating the potential importance of E-glycosylation for avian replication. The murine non-neuroinvasive BIRD1153 strain was significantly attenuated in American crows but not house sparrows when compared with the murine neuroinvasive Texas strain. Despite the loss of murine neuroinvasive properties of nonglycosylated variants from Mexico, our data indicate avian replication potential of these strains and that unique WNV virulence characteristics exist between murine and avian models. The implications of reduced avian replication of variants from Mexico for restricted WNV transmission in Latin America is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Neutralization escape variant of West Nile virus associated with altered peripheral pathogenicity and differential cytokine profile. Virus Res 2011; 158:130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
26
|
A reinvestigation provides no evidence for sugar residues on structural proteins of poleroviruses and argues against a role for glycosylation of virus structural proteins in aphid transmission. Virology 2010; 402:303-14. [PMID: 20416918 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poleroviruses are strictly transmitted by aphids. Glycosylation of Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) was previously reported and this modification was supposed to be required for aphid transmission. Using different approaches based on (i) a lectin-binding assay, (ii) use of specific complex glycan antibodies and (iii) mass spectrometry, we found no evidence that the structural proteins of TuYV and Cucurbit aphid-borne yellow virus (CABYV) carry glycan residues. Moreover, mutation of each of the four potential N-glycosylation sites of the structural protein sequences of CABYV indicated that, unless more than one site on the structural protein is glycosylated, N-glycosylation is not involved in aphid transmission. These results did not corroborate the previous hypothesis for the role of glycosylation in aphid transmission. They, however, revealed the presence of a glycosylated plant protein in purified polerovirus suspensions, whose function in aphid transmission should be further investigated.
Collapse
|
27
|
Both E protein glycans adversely affect dengue virus infectivity but are beneficial for virion release. J Virol 2010; 84:5171-80. [PMID: 20219924 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01900-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The E protein of most flaviviruses is modified by Asn-linked glycosylation at residue 153/154 and in the case of the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes by a second glycan at residue 67. However, the absence of E protein glycosylation among numerous natural isolates of different flaviviruses suggests that the glycan, per se, is not critically important in the virus life cycle. Consistent with this notion, we show that ablation of both glycans from the DENV-2 E protein reduces but does not prevent growth of the variant in mammalian and mosquito cells. We found a pronounced and opposing effect of glycan ablation on two stages of the virus growth cycle: infectivity and release. Loss of either of the two DENV E protein glycans markedly enhanced infectivity of variants for mosquito cells at the expense of efficient virion release. The variants also displayed reduced release in mammalian cells, which was more prominent for viruses lacking the Asn 67-linked glycan than for those lacking the Asn 153-linked glycan, without a marked change in infectivity. Mutations, which compensated for the defect in virus morphogenesis associated with ablation of the Asn 67-linked glycan in mammalian cells but interestingly not in mosquito cells, were identified at the glycosylation acceptor motif and a second site in E protein domain II. The dueling influences of infectivity and release on virus growth affected by the glycans may explain the plasticity in E protein glycosylation among the flaviviruses.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bhuvanakantham R, Li J, Tan TTT, Ng ML. Human Sec3 protein is a novel transcriptional and translational repressor of flavivirus. Cell Microbiol 2009; 12:453-72. [PMID: 19889084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Flaviviridae family consists of several medically important pathogens such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus (DENV). Flavivirus capsid (C) protein is a key structural component of virus particles. However, the role of C protein in the pathogenesis of arthropod-borne flaviviruses is poorly understood. To examine whether flavivirus C protein can associate with cellular proteins, and contribute to viral pathogenesis, WNV/DENV C protein was screened against a human brain/liver cDNA yeast two-hybrid library. This study identified human Sec3 exocyst protein (hSec3p) as a novel interacting partner of WNV and DENV C protein. Mutagenesis studies showed that the SH2 domain-binding motif of hSec3p binds to the first 15 amino acids of C protein. We report for the first time that hSec3p can modulate virus production by affecting viral RNA transcription and translation through the sequestration of elongation factor 1alpha (EF1alpha). This molecular discovery shed light on the protective role of hSec3p during flavivirus infection. This study also highlighted the antagonistic mechanism adopted by flavivirus C protein that can negatively regulate the formation of hSec3p-EF1alpha complex by sequestering hSec3p to establish successful infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Bhuvanakantham
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tan TTT, Bhuvanakantham R, Li J, Howe J, Ng ML. Tyrosine 78 of premembrane protein is essential for assembly of West Nile virus. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1081-1092. [PMID: 19264649 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.007872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus premembrane (prM) protein plays an important role in conformational folding of the envelope (E) protein and protects it against premature fusion in acidic vesicles of the Golgi network. Currently, molecular determinants on the prM protein ectodomain which mediate critical steps during the flavivirus assembly process are poorly characterized. In this study, bioinformatics analysis and alanine scanning mutagenesis showed that the amino acid triplet valine 76, tyrosine 78 and glycine 79 is absolutely conserved among flavivirus prM ectodomains. Triple mutations engineered at these residues in prM ectodomain of West Nile virus (WNV) completely abrogated virus infectivity. Site-directed mutagenesis of prM protein revealed that tyrosine 78 of the amino acid triplet was required for virus infectivity and secretion. The mutation did not affect folding, post-translational modifications and trafficking of the prM and E proteins. Ultrastructural studies using transmission electron microscopy confirmed that virus particle formation was blocked by tyrosine 78 mutation. Specificity of assembly defect conferred by tyrosine 78 mutation was demonstrated by positive and negative trans complementation studies. Collectively, these results defined tyrosine 78 as a novel critical determinant present on prM protein ectodomain that is required for flavivirus assembly. Molecular dissection of prM protein function provides the crucial knowledge much needed in the elucidation of flavivirus particle formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terence T T Tan
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Raghavan Bhuvanakantham
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Jun Li
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Josephine Howe
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Mah-Lee Ng
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Moudy RM, Zhang B, Shi PY, Kramer LD. West Nile virus envelope protein glycosylation is required for efficient viral transmission by Culex vectors. Virology 2009; 387:222-8. [PMID: 19249803 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many, but not all, strains of West Nile virus (WNV) contain a single N-linked glycosylation site on their envelope (E) proteins. Previous studies have shown that E-glycosylated strains are more neuroinvasive in mice than non-glycosylated strains. E protein glycosylation also appears to play a role in attachment and entry of WNV into host cells in vitro; however, studies examining how E protein glycosylation affects the interactions of WNV with its mosquito vectors in vivo have not yet been performed. We mutated the E protein glycosylation site from NYS to IYS in a previously described full-length clone of the NY99 genotype of WNV (WT), resulting in a virus that lacked the glycan at aa154. WNV-N154I replicated less efficiently than WNV-WT in Culex mosquito tissues, although the extent of the decrease was greater in Cx. pipiens than in Cx. tarsalis. Following peroral infection, mosquitoes infected with WNV-N154I were less likely to transmit virus than those infected with WNV-WT. Interestingly, all but one of the mosquitoes infected with WNV-N154I transmitted a revertant virus, suggesting that there is strong selective pressure toward E protein glycosylation. Together these data suggest that loss of the glycan at aa154 on the WNV E protein can severely restrict viral spread in the mosquito vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Moudy
- Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Baillie GJ, Kolokotronis SO, Waltari E, Maffei JG, Kramer LD, Perkins SL. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of St. Louis encephalitis virus genomes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 47:717-28. [PMID: 18374605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
St. Louis encephalitis virus belongs to the Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Since the first known epidemic in 1933, the virus has been isolated from a variety of geographical, temporal, and host origins. We have sequenced 10,236 nucleotides of the open reading frame (93.6% of the full-length genome) of 23 of these strains, and have used the sequences to conduct phylogenetic analyses, in order to investigate the forces shaping the evolution of St. Louis encephalitis virus. Contrary to previous reports, we found little evidence for recombination in these isolates. Most of the amino acid sites in the SLEV polyprotein appeared to be under negative selection, with some sites evolving neutrally, and a small number under positive selection. The strongest signal for positive selection was evident in the N-linked glycosylation site of the envelope protein. Intra-strain sequence variability within strains was observed at this site, and analyses suggested that it is under selection in vitro. Furthermore, using heterochronous sequence data, we estimated the most recent expansion of St. Louis encephalitis virus in North America to have happened towards the end of the 19th century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Baillie
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at West 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Medeiros DBA, Nunes MRT, Vasconcelos PFC, Chang GJJ, Kuno G. Complete genome characterization of Rocio virus (Flavivirus: Flaviviridae), a Brazilian flavivirus isolated from a fatal case of encephalitis during an epidemic in São Paulo state. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2237-2246. [PMID: 17622628 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The flaviviruses of major medical importance in South American countries are yellow fever, dengue, Saint Louis encephalitis, West Nile and Rocio viruses. Rocio virus (ROCV) has been responsible for epidemics of severe encephalitis in Brazil with a case-fatality rate of 10 % and development of sequelae in 20 % of the survivors. We have sequenced and characterized the entire genome of ROCV for the first time, by determining the general traits of the open reading frame and the characteristics of viral genes including the potential cleavage sites, conserved or unique motifs, cysteine residues and potential glycosylation sites. The conserved sequences in the 3′-non-coding region were identified, and the predicted secondary structures during cyclization between 5′- and 3′-non-coding regions were studied. Multiple protein and phylogenetic analyses based on antigenically important and phylogenetically informative genes confirmed a close relationship between ROCV and Ilheus virus (ILHV), together constituting a unique and distinct phylogenetic subgroup as well as the genetic relationship of ROCV with several members of the Japanese encephalitis group. Although ROCV is phylogenetically related to ILHV, our study shows that it is still a virus distinct from the latter virus. This is the first flavivirus uniquely indigenous to Brazil that has been sequenced completely and the genome characterized. The data should be useful for further studies at the molecular level, including construction of infectious clone, identification of gene function, improved disease surveillance based on molecular diagnostic tools and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele B A Medeiros
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Márcio R T Nunes
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Pedro F C Vasconcelos
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Gwong-Jen J Chang
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Goro Kuno
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vigerust DJ, Shepherd VL. Virus glycosylation: role in virulence and immune interactions. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:211-8. [PMID: 17398101 PMCID: PMC7127133 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of N-linked glycosylation as it relates to virus biology has become an area of intense interest in recent years due to its ability to impart various advantages to virus survival and virulence. HIV and influenza, two clear threats to human health, have been shown to rely on expression of specific oligosaccharides to evade detection by the host immune system. Additionally, other viruses such as Hendra, SARS-CoV, influenza, hepatitis and West Nile rely on N-linked glycosylation for crucial functions such as entry into host cells, proteolytic processing and protein trafficking. This review focuses on recent findings on the importance of glycosylation to viral virulence and immune evasion for several prominent human pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Vigerust
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Vaccine Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kuno G, Chang GJJ. Full-length sequencing and genomic characterization of Bagaza, Kedougou, and Zika viruses. Arch Virol 2007; 152:687-96. [PMID: 17195954 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many members of the genus Flavivirus are the agents of important diseases of humans, livestock, and wildlife. Currently, no complete genome sequence is available for the three African viruses, Bagaza, Zika, and Kedougou viruses, each representing a distinct virus subgroup according to the latest virus classification. In this study, we obtained a complete genome sequence of each of those three viruses and characterized the open reading frames (ORFs) with respect to gene sizes, cleavage sites, potential glycosylation sites, distribution of cysteine residues, and unique motifs. The sequences of the three viruses were then scanned across the entire length of the ORF against available sequences of other African flaviviruses and selected reference viruses for genetic relatedness. The data collectively indicated that Kedougou virus was close to dengue viruses but nonetheless distinct, while Bagaza virus shared genetic relatedness with West Nile virus in several genomic regions. In the non-coding regions, it was found that a particular organizational pattern of conserved sequences in the 3' terminal region generally correlated with the current virus grouping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Kuno
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522-2087, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Samuel MA, Diamond MS. Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus infection: a balance between virulence, innate and adaptive immunity, and viral evasion. J Virol 2006; 80:9349-60. [PMID: 16973541 PMCID: PMC1617273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01122-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Samuel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shirato K, Miyoshi H, Kariwa H, Takashima I. The kinetics of proinflammatory cytokines in murine peritoneal macrophages infected with envelope protein-glycosylated or non-glycosylated West Nile virus. Virus Res 2006; 121:11-6. [PMID: 16632038 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The envelope (E) protein glycosylation status of the New York strain of West Nile (WN) virus is an important determinant of virus neuroinvasiveness. To elucidate the determinant of the difference between E protein-glycosylated and non-glycosylated WN virus infections, the cytokine expression of murine peritoneal macrophages infected with each virus was examined. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta were up-regulated with replication of the E protein-glycosylated virus. Interferon (IFN) beta and IL-6 were up-regulated with the clearance of both viruses. These results suggest that TNFalpha and IL-1beta expression are related to the virulence of E protein-glycosylated WN virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|