1
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Majeed NA, Hitawala AA, Heller T, Koh C. Diagnosis of HDV: From virology to non-invasive markers of fibrosis. Liver Int 2023; 43 Suppl 1:31-46. [PMID: 36621853 PMCID: PMC10329733 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis D viral infection in humans is a disease that requires the establishment of hepatitis B, relying on hepatitis B surface Ag and host cellular machinery to replicate and propagate the infection. Since its discovery in 1977, substantial progress has been made to better understand the hepatitis D viral life cycle, pathogenesis and modes of transmission along with expanding on clinical knowledge related to prevention, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment. The availability of serologic diagnostic assays for hepatitis D infection has evolved over time with current widespread availability, improved detection and standardized reporting. With human migration, the epidemiology of hepatitis D infection has changed over time. Thus, the ability to use diagnostic assays remains essential to monitor the global impact of hepatitis D infection. Separately, while liver biopsy remains the gold standard for the staging of this rapidly progressive and severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, there is an unmet need for clinical monitoring of chronic hepatitis D infection for management of progressive disease. Thus, exploration of the utility of non-invasive fibrosis markers in hepatitis D is ongoing. In this review, we discuss the virology, the evolution of diagnostics and the development of non-invasive markers for the detection and monitoring of fibrosis in patients with hepatitis D infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehna Abdul Majeed
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Asif Ali Hitawala
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Theo Heller
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Koh
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Role of ER Stress in Xenobiotic-Induced Liver Diseases and Hepatotoxicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4640161. [PMID: 36388166 PMCID: PMC9652065 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4640161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a highly metabolic organ and plays a crucial role in the transportation, storage, and/or detoxication of xenobiotics. Liver damage induced by xenobiotics (e.g., heavy metal, endocrine disrupting chemicals, Chinese herbal medicine, or nanoparticles) has become a pivotal reason for liver diseases, leading to great clinical challenge and much attention for the past decades. Given that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the prominent organelle involved in hepatic metabolism, ER dysfunction, namely, ER stress, is clearly observed in various liver diseases. In response to ER stress, a conserved adaptive signaling pathway known as unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to restore ER homeostasis. However, the prolonged ER stress with UPR eventually leads to the death of hepatocytes, which is a pathogenic event in many hepatic diseases. Therefore, analyzing the perturbation in the activation or inhibition of ER stress and the UPR signaling pathway is likely an effective marker for investigating the molecular mechanisms behind the toxic effects of xenobiotics on the liver. We review the role of ER stress in hepatic diseases and xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity, which not only provides a theoretical basis for further understanding the pathogenesis of liver diseases and the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by xenobiotics but also presents a potential target for the prevention and treatment of xenobiotic-related liver diseases.
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3
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Wu S, Yi W, Gao Y, Deng W, Bi X, Lin Y, Yang L, Lu Y, Liu R, Chang M, Shen G, Hu L, Zhang L, Li M, Xie Y. Immune Mechanisms Underlying Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Seroclearance in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients With Viral Coinfection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893512. [PMID: 35634301 PMCID: PMC9130599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is considered that chronic hepatitis B patients have obtained functional cure if they get hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance after treatment. Serum HBsAg is produced by cccDNA that is extremely difficult to clear and dslDNA that is integrated with host chromosome. High HBsAg serum level leads to failure of host immune system, which makes it unable to produce effective antiviral response required for HBsAg seroclerance. Therefore, it is very difficult to achieve functional cure, and fewer than 1% of chronic hepatitis B patients are cured with antiviral treatment annually. Some chronic hepatitis B patients are coinfected with other chronic viral infections, such as HIV, HCV and HDV, which makes more difficult to cure. However, it is found that the probability of obtaining HBsAg seroclearance in patients with coinfection is higher than that in patients with HBV monoinfection, especially in patients with HBV/HIV coinfection who have an up to 36% of HBsAg 5-year-seroclerance rate. The mechanism of this interesting phenomenon is related to the functional reconstruction of immune system after antiretroviral therapy (ART). The quantity increase and function recovery of HBV specific T cells and B cells, and the higher level of cytokines and chemokines such as IP-10, GM-CSF, promote HBsAg seroclearance. This review summarizes recent studies on the immune factors that have influence on HBsAg seroconversion in the chronic hepatitis B patients with viral coinfection, which might provide new insights for the development of therapeutic approaches to partially restore the specific immune response to HBV and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Wu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjiao Gao
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Deng
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Bi
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Lin
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyu Liu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Shen
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Leiping Hu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
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4
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HDV Pathogenesis: Unravelling Ariadne's Thread. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050778. [PMID: 33924806 PMCID: PMC8145675 DOI: 10.3390/v13050778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) lies in between satellite viruses and viroids, as its unique molecular characteristics and life cycle cannot categorize it according to the standard taxonomy norms for viruses. Being a satellite virus of hepatitis B virus (HBV), HDV requires HBV envelope glycoproteins for its infection cycle and its transmission. HDV pathogenesis varies and depends on the mode of HDV and HBV infection; a simultaneous HDV and HBV infection will lead to an acute hepatitis that will resolve spontaneously in the majority of patients, whereas an HDV super-infection of a chronic HBV carrier will mainly result in the establishment of a chronic HDV infection that may progress towards cirrhosis, liver decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). With this review, we aim to unravel Ariadne’s thread into the labyrinth of acute and chronic HDV infection pathogenesis and will provide insights into the complexity of this exciting topic by detailing the different players and mechanisms that shape the clinical outcome.
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5
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Jung S, Altstetter SM, Protzer U. Innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis D virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2781-2791. [PMID: 32550754 PMCID: PMC7284172 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a global health threat with more than 15 million humans affected. Current treatment options are largely unsatisfactory leaving chronically infected humans at high risk to develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HDV is the only human satellite virus known. It encodes only two proteins, and requires Hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope protein expression for productive virion release and spread of the infection. How HDV could evolve and why HBV was selected as a helper virus remains unknown. Since the discovery of Na+-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide as the essential uptake receptor for HBV and HDV, we are beginning to understand the interactions of HDV and the immune system. While HBV is mostly regarded a stealth virus, that escapes innate immune recognition, HBV-HDV coinfection is characterized by a strong innate immune response. Cytoplasmic RNA sensor melanoma differentiation antigen 5 has been reported to recognize HDV RNA replication and activate innate immunity. Innate immunity, however, seems not to impair HDV replication while it inhibits HBV. In this review, we describe what is known up-to-date about the interplay between HBV as a helper and HDV’s immune evasion strategy and identify where additional research is required.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Coinfection/complications
- Coinfection/immunology
- Coinfection/pathology
- Coinfection/virology
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/metabolism
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Hepatitis D, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis D, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis D, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis D, Chronic/virology
- Hepatitis Delta Virus/genetics
- Hepatitis Delta Virus/immunology
- Hepatitis Delta Virus/metabolism
- Hepatitis delta Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis delta Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/virology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
- Satellite Viruses/genetics
- Satellite Viruses/immunology
- Satellite Viruses/metabolism
- Symporters/metabolism
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jung
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich D-81675, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich D-81675, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich D-81675, Germany
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6
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Da BL, Heller T, Koh C. Hepatitis D infection: from initial discovery to current investigational therapies. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2019; 7:231-245. [PMID: 32477569 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis D is the most severe form of viral hepatitis associated with a more rapid progression to cirrhosis and an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality compared with hepatitis B mono-infection. Although once thought of as a disappearing disease, hepatitis D is now becoming recognized as a serious worldwide issue due to improvement in diagnostic testing and immigration from endemic countries. Despite these concerns, there is currently only one accepted medical therapy (pegylated-interferon-α) for the treatment of hepatitis D with less than desirable efficacy and significant side effects. Due to these reasons, many patients never undergo treatment. However, increasing knowledge about the virus and its life cycle has led to the clinical development of multiple promising new therapies that hope to alter the natural history of this disease and improve patient outcome. In this article, we will review the literature from discovery to the current investigational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben L Da
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theo Heller
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Koh
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Colagrossi L, Salpini R, Scutari R, Carioti L, Battisti A, Piermatteo L, Bertoli A, Fabeni L, Minichini C, Trimoulet P, Fleury H, Nebuloso E, De Cristofaro M, Cappiello G, Spanò A, Malagnino V, Mari T, Barlattani A, Iapadre N, Lichtner M, Mastroianni C, Lenci I, Pasquazzi C, De Sanctis GM, Galeota Lanza A, Stanzione M, Stornaiuolo G, Marignani M, Sarmati L, Andreoni M, Angelico M, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Perno CF, Coppola N, Svicher V. HDV Can Constrain HBV Genetic Evolution in HBsAg: Implications for the Identification of Innovative Pharmacological Targets. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070363. [PMID: 29987240 PMCID: PMC6071122 DOI: 10.3390/v10070363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HBV + HDV infection is associated with greater risk of liver fibrosis, earlier hepatic decompensation, and liver cirrhosis hepatocellular carcinoma compared to HBV mono-infection. However, to-date no direct anti-HDV drugs are available in clinical practice. Here, we identified conserved and variable regions in HBsAg and HDAg domains in HBV + HDV infection, a critical finding for the design of innovative therapeutic agents. The extent of amino-acid variability was measured by Shannon-Entropy (Sn) in HBsAg genotype-d sequences from 31 HBV + HDV infected and 62 HBV mono-infected patients (comparable for demographics and virological-parameters), and in 47 HDAg genotype-1 sequences. Positions with Sn = 0 were defined as conserved. The percentage of conserved HBsAg-positions was significantly higher in HBV + HDV infection than HBV mono-infection (p = 0.001). Results were confirmed after stratification for HBeAg-status and patients’ age. A Sn = 0 at specific positions in the C-terminus HBsAg were correlated with higher HDV-RNA, suggesting that conservation of these positions can preserve HDV-fitness. Conversely, HDAg was characterized by a lower percentage of conserved-residues than HBsAg (p < 0.001), indicating higher functional plasticity. Furthermore, specific HDAg-mutations were significantly correlated with higher HDV-RNA, suggesting a role in conferring HDV replicative-advantage. Among HDAg-domains, only the virus-assembly signal exhibited a high genetic conservation (75% of conserved-residues). In conclusion, HDV can constrain HBsAg genetic evolution to preserve its fitness. The identification of conserved regions in HDAg poses the basis for designing innovative targets against HDV-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Colagrossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Romina Salpini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rossana Scutari
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Carioti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Arianna Battisti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Piermatteo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ada Bertoli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lavinia Fabeni
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmine Minichini
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pascale Trimoulet
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Pellegrin tripode, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Hervé Fleury
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Pellegrin tripode, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Elena Nebuloso
- Unit of Microbiology, Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00157 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Alberto Spanò
- Unit of Microbiology, Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00157 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Malagnino
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Terenzio Mari
- Hepatology Unit, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, 00153 Rome, Italy.
| | - Angelo Barlattani
- Hepatology Unit, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, 00153 Rome, Italy.
| | - Nerio Iapadre
- Infectious Diseases Unit, San Salvatore Hospital, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Lenci
- Hepatology Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Maria Stanzione
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viral Unit, 81100 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gianfranca Stornaiuolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viral Unit, 81100 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Loredana Sarmati
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mario Angelico
- Hepatology Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Carlo-Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Haematology and Oncohematology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valentina Svicher
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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8
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Hesari A, Ghasemi F, Salarinia R, Biglari H, Tabar Molla Hassan A, Abdoli V, Mirzaei H. Effects of curcumin on NF-κB, AP-1, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in hepatitis B virus infection. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7898-7904. [PMID: 29923222 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a yellow-orange powder derived from the Curcuma longa plant. Curcumin has been used extensively in traditional medicine for centuries. This component is non-toxic and shown different therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasites, and anti-oxidant. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small DNA member of the genus Orthohepadnavirus (Hepadnaviridae family) which is a highly contagious blood-borne viral pathogen. HBV infection is a major public health problem with 2 billion people infected throughout the world and 350 million suffering from chronic HBV infection. Increasing evidence indicated that curcumin as a natural product could be employed in the treatment of HBV patients. It has been showed that curcumin exerts its therapeutic effects on HBV patients via targeting a variety of cellular and molecular pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Ap1, STAT3, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling. Here, we summarized the therapeutic effects of curcumin on patients who infected with HBV. Moreover, we highlighted main signaling pathways (eg, NF-κB, AP1, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling) which affected by curcumin in HBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- AmirReza Hesari
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Reza Salarinia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hamed Biglari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | | | - Vali Abdoli
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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9
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Sureau C, Negro F. The hepatitis delta virus: Replication and pathogenesis. J Hepatol 2016; 64:S102-S116. [PMID: 27084031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective virus and a satellite of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Its RNA genome is unique among animal viruses, but it shares common features with some plant viroids, including a replication mechanism that uses a host RNA polymerase. In infected cells, HDV genome replication and formation of a nucleocapsid-like ribonucleoprotein (RNP) are independent of HBV. But the RNP cannot exit, and therefore propagate, in the absence of HBV, as the latter supplies the propagation mechanism, from coating the HDV RNP with the HBV envelope proteins for cell egress to delivery of the HDV virions to the human hepatocyte target. HDV is therefore an obligate satellite of HBV; it infects humans either concomitantly with HBV or after HBV infection. HDV affects an estimated 15 to 20 million individuals worldwide, and the clinical significance of HDV infection is more severe forms of viral hepatitis--acute or chronic--, and a higher risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in comparison to HBV monoinfection. This review covers molecular aspects of HDV replication cycle, including its interaction with the helper HBV and the pathogenesis of infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Sureau
- Molecular Virology laboratory, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), CNRS INSERM U1134, Paris, France.
| | - Francesco Negro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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10
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Alfaiate D, Dény P, Durantel D. Hepatitis delta virus: From biological and medical aspects to current and investigational therapeutic options. Antiviral Res 2015; 122:112-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Giersch K, Dandri M. Hepatitis B and Delta Virus: Advances on Studies about Interactions between the Two Viruses and the Infected Hepatocyte. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2015; 3:220-9. [PMID: 26623269 PMCID: PMC4663204 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2015.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms determining persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and long-term pathogenesis of HBV-associated liver disease appear to be multifactorial. Although viral replication can be efficiently suppressed by the antiviral treatments currently available, viral clearance is generally not achieved since HBV has developed unique replication strategies, enabling persistence of its genome within the infected hepatocytes. Moreover, no direct antiviral therapy exists for the more than 15 million people worldwide that are also coinfected with the hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a defective virus that needs the HBV envelope proteins for propagation. The limited availability of robust HBV and HDV infection systems has hindered the understanding of the complex network of virus-virus and virus-host interactions that are established in the course of infection and slowed down progress in drug development. Since chronic HBV/HDV coinfection leads to the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regulating virus-host interplay and pathogenesis are urgently needed. This article summarizes the current knowledge regarding the interactions among HBV, HDV, and the infected target cell and discusses the dependence of HDV on HBV activity and possible future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Giersch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel site, Germany
- Correspondence to: Maura Dandri, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany. Tel: +49-40741052949, Fax: +49-40741057232, E-mail:
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12
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Abbas Z, Afzal R. Life cycle and pathogenesis of hepatitis D virus: A review. World J Hepatol 2013; 5:666-675. [PMID: 24409335 PMCID: PMC3879688 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i12.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus which requires the help of hepatitis B virus (HBV) virus for its replication and assembly of new virions. HDV genome contains only one actively transcribed open reading frame which encodes for two isoforms of hepatitis delta antigen. Post-translational modifications of small and large delta antigens (S-HDAg and L-HDAg) involving phosphorylation and isoprenylation respectively confer these antigens their specific properties. S-HDAg is required for the initiation of the viral genome replication, whereas L-HDAg serves as a principal inhibitor of replication and is essential for the assembly of new virion particles. Immune mediation has usually been implicated in HDV-associated liver damage. The pathogenesis of HDV mainly involves interferon-α signaling inhibition, HDV-specific T-lymphocyte activation and cytokine responses, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nuclear factor kappa B signaling. Due to limited protein coding capacity, HDV makes use of host cellular proteins to accomplish their life cycle processes, including transcription, replication, post-transcriptional and translational modifications. This intimate host-pathogen interaction significantly alters cell proteome and is associated with an augmented expression of pro-inflammatory, growth and anti-apoptotic factors which explains severe necroinflammation and increased cell survival and an early progression to hepatocellular carcinoma in HDV patients. The understanding of the process of viral replication, HBV-HDV interactions, and etio-pathogenesis of the severe course of HDV infection is helpful in identifying the potential therapeutic targets in the virus life cycle for the prophylaxis and treatment of HDV infection and complications.
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Huang CR, Wang RYL, Hsu SC, Lo SJ. Lysine-71 in the large delta antigen of hepatitis delta virus clade 3 modulates its localization and secretion. Virus Res 2012; 170:75-84. [PMID: 23022530 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is an RNA virus and eight clades of HDV have been identified. HDV clade 3 (HDV-3) is isolated only in the northern area of South America. The outcome of HDV-3 infection is associated with severe fulminant hepatitis. Variations in the large delta antigen (LDAg) between HDV clade 1 (HDV-1) and HDV-3 have been proposed to contribute to differences in viral secretion efficiency, but which changes might be relevant remains unclear. The control of subcellular localization of LDAg has been reported to be associated with post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and isoprenylation. We have observed evidence for acetylation on the LDAg of HDV-3 (LDAg-3) and LDAg of HDV-1 (LDAg-1). Green fluorescent protein-fused LDAg-3 (GFP-LD3) was used to investigate the cellular distribution and secretion of the protein. Sequence alignment of LDAg amino acids suggested that lysine-71 of LDAg-3 could be an acetylation site. Expression of a mutant form of LDAg-3 with an arginine-substitution at lysine-71 (GFP-LD3K71R) showed a distribution of the protein predominantly in the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus. Western blot analyses of secreted empty viral particles (EVPs) revealed a higher amount of secreted GFP-LD3K71R compared to GFP-LD3. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of p300, a histone acetyltransferase, led to a reduction of GFP-LD3 in EVPs. By contrast, expression of three histone deacetylases (HDAC-4, -5, and -6) facilitated the secretion of GFP-LD3. Combined, our observations support the hypothesis that the acetylation status of LDAg-3 plays a role in regulating LDAg-3's localization inside the nucleus or cytoplasm, and its secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ruei Huang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC
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Subversion of cellular autophagy machinery by hepatitis B virus for viral envelopment. J Virol 2011; 85:6319-33. [PMID: 21507968 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02627-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved eukaryotic mechanism that mediates the removal of long-lived cytoplasmic macromolecules and damaged organelles via a lysosomal degradative pathway. Recently, a multitude of studies have reported that viral infections may have complex interconnections with the autophagic process. The findings reported here demonstrate that hepatitis B virus (HBV) can enhance the autophagic process in hepatoma cells without promoting protein degradation by the lysosome. Mutation analysis showed that HBV small surface protein (SHBs) was required for HBV to induce autophagy. The overexpression of SHBs was sufficient to induce autophagy. Furthermore, SHBs could trigger unfolded protein responses (UPR), and the blockage of UPR signaling pathways abrogated the SHB-induced lipidation of LC3-I. Meanwhile, the role of the autophagosome in HBV replication was examined. The inhibition of autophagosome formation by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or small interfering RNA duplexes targeting the genes critical for autophagosome formation (Beclin1 and ATG5 genes) markedly inhibited HBV production, and the induction of autophagy by rapamycin or starvation greatly contributed to HBV production. Furthermore, evidence was provided to suggest that the autophagy machinery was required for HBV envelopment but not for the efficiency of HBV release. Finally, SHBs partially colocalized and interacted with autophagy protein LC3. Taken together, these results suggest that the host's autophagy machinery is activated during HBV infection to enhance HBV replication.
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Wang YC, Huang CR, Chao M, Lo SJ. The C-terminal sequence of the large hepatitis delta antigen is variable but retains the ability to bind clathrin. Virol J 2009; 6:31. [PMID: 19284884 PMCID: PMC2661055 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defected RNA virus and requires its encoded large antigen (LDAg) to interact with helper viral proteins (HBsAgs) during assembly. Recently, a study demonstrated a direct binding of the LDAg C-terminus from genotype I HDV to the clathrin heavy chain (CHC), which suggests that this interaction might facilitate HDV assembly. If LDAg binding to clathrin is essential to HDV life cycle, a clathrin box sequence at the C-terminus of LDAg should be conserved across all HDV. However, the C-terminal sequence of LDAg is variable among 43 HDV isolates. RESULTS Based on the presence and location of clathrin box at the C-terminus of LDAg from 43 isolates of HDV, we classified them into three groups. Group 1 (13 isolates) and 2 (26 isolates) contain a clathrin box located at amino acids 199-203 and 206-210, respectively, as found in genotype I and genotype II. Group 3 (4 isolates) contains no clathrin box as found in genotype III. CHC binding by three different LDAg (genotype I to III) was then tested by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Transfection of plasmids which encode fusion proteins of EGFP and full-length of LDAg from three genotypes into HuH-7 cells, a human hepatoma cell line, was performed. GFP-pull down assays showed that a full-length of CHC was co-precipitated by EGFP-LDI, -LDII and -LDIII but not by EGFP. Further in vitro studies showed a full-length or fragment (amino acids 1 to 107) of CHC can be pull-down by 13-amino-acid peptides of LDAg from three genotypes of HDV. CONCLUSION Both in vivo and in vitro studies showed that CHC can bind to various sequences of LDAg from the three major genotypes of HDV. We therefore suggest that the clathrin-LDAg interaction is essential to the HDV life-cycle and that sequences binding to clathrin are evolutionarily selected, but nonetheless show the diversity across different HDV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The NF-kappaB signaling pathway has particular relevance to several liver diseases including hepatitis (liver infection by Helicobacter, viral hepatitis induced by HBV and HCV), liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, the NF-kappaB signaling pathway is a potential target for development of hepatoprotective agents. Several types of drugs including: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), antioxidants, proteasome inhibitors, IKK inhibitors and nucleic acid-based decoys have been shown to interfere with NF-kappaB activity at different levels and may be useful for the treatment of liver diseases. However, NF-kappaB also plays an important hepatoprotective function that needs to be taken into consideration during development of new therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Guan YS, He Q, Wang MQ, Li P. Nuclear factor kappa B and hepatitis viruses. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:265-80. [PMID: 18269337 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.3.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis can be caused by a number of viruses, which have similar clinical manifestations and render infected individuals at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. Current therapies for hepatitis have limited effects and unsatisfactory patient outcomes. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is critical for immune and inflammatory responses. During its lifetime the cell demands specific and highly regulated control of NF-kappaB activity. OBJECTIVE To develop novel strategies to overcome various hepatitides and related liver cancer with NF-kappaB as the key point. METHODS All aspects of NF-kappaB control with regard to hepatitis are covered. RESULTS/CONCLUSION NF-kappaB plays an important role in the process of hepatitis and is hypothesized to be an anti-cancer factor in the subsequent inflammation-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Song Guan
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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Abstract
Proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are properly folded with the assistance of ER chaperones. Malfolded proteins are disposed of by ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). When the amount of unfolded protein exceeds the folding capacity of the ER, human cells activate a defense mechanism called the ER stress response, which induces expression of ER chaperones and ERAD components and transiently attenuates protein synthesis to decrease the burden on the ER. It has been revealed that three independent response pathways separately regulate induction of the expression of chaperones, ERAD components, and translational attenuation. A malfunction of the ER stress response caused by aging, genetic mutations, or environmental factors can result in various diseases such as diabetes, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and bipolar disorder, which are collectively known as 'conformational diseases'. In this review, I will summarize recent progress in this field. Molecules that regulate the ER stress response would be potential candidates for drug targets in various conformational diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiderou Yoshida
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan.
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