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Modeling HPV-Associated Disease and Cancer Using the Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091964. [PMID: 36146770 PMCID: PMC9503101 DOI: 10.3390/v14091964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5% of all human cancers are attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. HPV-associated diseases and cancers remain a substantial public health and economic burden worldwide despite the availability of prophylactic HPV vaccines. Current diagnosis and treatments for HPV-associated diseases and cancers are predominantly based on cell/tissue morphological examination and/or testing for the presence of high-risk HPV types. There is a lack of robust targets/markers to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and treatments. Several naturally occurring animal papillomavirus models have been established as surrogates to study HPV pathogenesis. Among them, the Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) model has become known as the gold standard. This model has played a pivotal role in the successful development of vaccines now available to prevent HPV infections. Over the past eighty years, the CRPV model has been widely applied to study HPV carcinogenesis. Taking advantage of a large panel of functional mutant CRPV genomes with distinct, reproducible, and predictable phenotypes, we have gained a deeper understanding of viral–host interaction during tumor progression. In recent years, the application of genome-wide RNA-seq analysis to the CRPV model has allowed us to learn and validate changes that parallel those reported in HPV-associated cancers. In addition, we have established a selection of gene-modified rabbit lines to facilitate mechanistic studies and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In the current review, we summarize some significant findings that have advanced our understanding of HPV pathogenesis and highlight the implication of the development of novel gene-modified rabbits to future mechanistic studies.
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Brendle S, Li JJ, Cladel NM, Shearer DA, Budgeon LR, Balogh KK, Atkins H, Costa-Fujishima M, Lopez P, Christensen ND, Doorbar J, Murooka TT, Hu J. Mouse Papillomavirus L1 and L2 Are Dispensable for Viral Infection and Persistence at Both Cutaneous and Mucosal Tissues. Viruses 2021; 13:1824. [PMID: 34578405 PMCID: PMC8473024 DOI: 10.3390/v13091824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomavirus L1 and L2, the major and minor capsid proteins, play significant roles in viral assembly, entry, and propagation. In the current study, we investigate the impact of L1 and L2 on viral life cycle and tumor growth with a newly established mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1) infection model. MmuPV1 L1 knockout, L2 knockout, and L1 plus L2 knockout mutant genomes (designated as L1ATGko-4m, L2ATGko, and L1-L2ATGko respectively) were generated. The mutants were examined for their ability to generate lesions in athymic nude mice. Viral activities were examined by qPCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. We demonstrated that viral DNA replication and tumor growth occurred at both cutaneous and mucosal sites infected with each of the mutants. Infections involving L1ATGko-4m, L2ATGko, and L1-L2ATGko mutant genomes generally resulted in smaller tumor sizes compared to infection with the wild type. The L1 protein was absent in L1ATGko-4m and L1-L2ATGko mutant-treated tissues, even though viral transcripts and E4 protein expression were robust. Therefore, L1 is not essential for MmuPV1-induced tumor growth, and this finding parallels our previous observations in the rabbit papillomavirus model. Very few viral particles were detected in L2ATGko mutant-infected tissues. Interestingly, the localization of L1 in lesions induced by L2ATGko was primarily cytoplasmic rather than nuclear. The findings support the hypothesis that the L2 gene influences the expression, location, transport, and assembly of the L1 protein in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Brendle
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jingwei J. Li
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nancy M. Cladel
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Debra A. Shearer
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Lynn R. Budgeon
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Karla K. Balogh
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Marina Costa-Fujishima
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (M.C.-F.); (P.L.); (T.T.M.)
| | - Paul Lopez
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (M.C.-F.); (P.L.); (T.T.M.)
| | - Neil D. Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21 QP, UK;
| | - Thomas T. Murooka
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (M.C.-F.); (P.L.); (T.T.M.)
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Cladel NM, Peng X, Christensen N, Hu J. The rabbit papillomavirus model: a valuable tool to study viral-host interactions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180294. [PMID: 30955485 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) was the first DNA virus shown to be tumorigenic. The virus has since been renamed and is officially known as Sylvilagus floridanus papillomavirus 1 (SfPV1). Since its inception as a surrogate preclinical model for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, the SfPV1/rabbit model has been widely used to study viral-host interactions and has played a pivotal role in the successful development of three prophylactic virus-like particle vaccines. In this review, we will focus on the use of the model to gain a better understanding of viral pathogenesis, gene function and host immune responses to viral infections. We will discuss the application of the model in HPV-associated vaccine testing, in therapeutic vaccine development (using our novel HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits) and in the development and validation of novel anti-viral and anti-tumour compounds. Our goal is to demonstrate the role the SfPV1/rabbit model has played, and continues to play, in helping to unravel the intricacies of papillomavirus infections and to develop tools to thwart the disease. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Cladel
- 1 The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA.,2 Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA
| | - Xuwen Peng
- 3 Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA
| | - Neil Christensen
- 1 The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA.,2 Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA.,4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA
| | - Jiafen Hu
- 1 The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA.,2 Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA
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Cladel NM, Jiang P, Li JJ, Peng X, Cooper TK, Majerciak V, Balogh KK, Meyer TJ, Brendle SA, Budgeon LR, Shearer DA, Munden R, Cam M, Vallur R, Christensen ND, Zheng ZM, Hu J. Papillomavirus can be transmitted through the blood and produce infections in blood recipients: Evidence from two animal models. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1108-1121. [PMID: 31340720 PMCID: PMC6713970 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1637072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) contribute to most cervical cancers and are considered to be sexually transmitted. However, papillomaviruses are often found in cancers of internal organs, including the stomach, raising the question as to how the viruses gain access to these sites. A possible connection between blood transfusion and HPV-associated disease has not received much attention. Here we show, in rabbit and mouse models, that blood infected with papillomavirus yields infections at permissive sites with detectable viral DNA, RNA transcripts, and protein products. The rabbit skin tumours induced via blood infection displayed decreased expression of SLN, TAC1, MYH8, PGAM2, and APOBEC2 and increased expression of SDRC7, KRT16, S100A9, IL36G, and FABP9, as seen in tumours induced by local infections. Furthermore, we demonstrate that blood from infected mice can transmit the infection to uninfected animals. Finally, we demonstrate the presence of papillomavirus infections and virus-induced hyperplasia in the stomach tissues of animals infected via the blood. These results indicate that blood transmission could be another route for papillomavirus infection, implying that the human blood supply, which is not screened for papillomaviruses, could be a potential source of HPV infection as well as subsequent cancers in tissues not normally associated with the viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M. Cladel
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Pengfei Jiang
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwei J. Li
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xuwen Peng
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA , USA
| | - Timothy K. Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vladimir Majerciak
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Karla K. Balogh
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (CCBR), Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sarah A. Brendle
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lynn R. Budgeon
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Debra A. Shearer
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Regina Munden
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA , USA
| | - Maggie Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (CCBR), Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raghavan Vallur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Neil D. Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Wurdak M, Schneider M, Iftner T, Stubenrauch F. The contribution of SP100 to cottontail rabbit papillomavirus transcription and replication. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:344-354. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Wurdak
- Division of Experimental Virology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - M. Schneider
- Division of Experimental Virology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - T. Iftner
- Division of Experimental Virology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - F. Stubenrauch
- Division of Experimental Virology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
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Mouse papillomavirus infection persists in mucosal tissues of an immunocompetent mouse strain and progresses to cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16932. [PMID: 29208932 PMCID: PMC5717108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse papillomavirus has shown broad tissue tropism in nude mice. Previous studies have tested cutaneous infections in different immunocompromised and immunocompetent mouse strains. In the current study, we examined mucosal infection in several immunocompetent and immunocompromised mouse strains. Viral DNA was monitored periodically by Q-PCR of lavage samples. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to determine viral capsid protein and viral DNA respectively. All athymic nude mouse strains showed active infections at both cutaneous and mucosal sites. Interestingly, NOD/SCID mice, which have a deficiency in T, B, and NK cells, showed minimal disease at cutaneous sites but developed persistent infection at the mucosal sites including those of the anogenital region and the oral cavity. Three strains of immunocompetent mice supported mucosal infections. Infections of the lower genital tract in heterozygous (immunocompetent) mice of the NU/J strain progressed to high grade dysplasia and to carcinoma in situ. Anti-MmuPV1 neutralizing antibodies were detected in the sera of all immunocompetent animals. Our findings demonstrate that the mucosae may be the preferred sites for this virus in mice. The mouse model is expected to be a valuable model for the study of mucosal papillomavirus disease, progression, and host immune control.
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Antibody Competition Reveals Surface Location of HPV L2 Minor Capsid Protein Residues 17-36. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110336. [PMID: 29125554 PMCID: PMC5707543 DOI: 10.3390/v9110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently available nonavalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine exploits the highly antigenic L1 major capsid protein to promote high-titer neutralizing antibodies, but is limited to the HPV types included in the vaccine since the responses are highly type-specific. The limited cross-protection offered by the L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine warrants further investigation into cross-protective L2 epitopes. The L2 proteins are yet to be fully characterized as to their precise placement in the virion. Adding to the difficulties in localizing L2, studies have suggested that L2 epitopes are not well exposed on the surface of the mature capsid prior to cellular engagement. Using a series of competition assays between previously mapped anti-L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (H16.V5, H16.U4 and H16.7E) and novel anti-L2 mAbs, we probed the capsid surface for the location of an L2 epitope (aa17-36). The previously characterized L1 epitopes together with our competition data is consistent with a proposed L2 epitope within the canyons of pentavalent capsomers.
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Cladel NM, Budgeon LR, Cooper TK, Balogh KK, Christensen ND, Myers R, Majerciak V, Gotte D, Zheng ZM, Hu J. Mouse papillomavirus infections spread to cutaneous sites with progression to malignancy. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2520-2529. [PMID: 28942760 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report secondary cutaneous infections in the mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1)/mouse model. Our previous study demonstrated that cutaneous MmuPV1 infection could spread to mucosal sites. Recently, we observed that mucosal infections could also spread to various cutaneous sites including the back, tail, muzzle and mammary tissues. The secondary site lesions were positive for viral DNA, viral capsid protein and viral particles as determined by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy analyses, respectively. We also demonstrated differential viral production and tumour growth at different secondarily infected skin sites. For example, fewer viral particles were detected in the least susceptible back tissues when compared with those in the infected muzzle and tail, although similar amounts of viral DNA were detected. Follow-up studies demonstrated that significantly lower amounts of viral DNA were packaged in the back lesions. Lavages harvested from the oral cavity and lower genital tracts were equally infectious at both cutaneous and mucosal sites, supporting the broad tissue tropism of this papillomavirus. Importantly, two secondary skin lesions on the forearms of two mice displayed a malignant phenotype at about 9.5 months post-primary infection. Therefore, MmuPV1 induces not only dysplasia at mucosal sites such as the vagina, anus and oral cavity but also skin carcinoma at cutaneous sites. These findings demonstrate that MmuPV1 mucosal infection can be spread to cutaneous sites and suggest that the model could serve a useful role in the study of the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of papillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Cladel
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Lynn R Budgeon
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Karla K Balogh
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Neil D Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Roland Myers
- Section of Research Resources, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Vladimir Majerciak
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Deanna Gotte
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jiafen Hu
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Cladel NM, Budgeon LR, Balogh KK, Cooper TK, Hu J, Christensen ND. Mouse papillomavirus MmuPV1 infects oral mucosa and preferentially targets the base of the tongue. Virology 2015; 488:73-80. [PMID: 26609937 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, a new mouse papillomavirus, MmuPV1, was discovered in a colony of NMRI- Foxn1(nu)/Foxn1(nu) athymic mice in India. This finding was significant because it was the first papillomavirus to be found in a laboratory mouse. In this paper we report successful infections of both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the rostral tongues of outbred athymic nude mice. We also report the observation that the base of the tongue, the area of the tongue often targeted by cancer-associated high-risk papillomavirus infections in humans, is especially susceptible to infection. A suitable animal model for the study of oral papillomavirus infections, co-infections, and cancers has long been sought. The work presented here suggests that such a model is now at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Cladel
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States.
| | - Lynn R Budgeon
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Karla K Balogh
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Neil D Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States
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A novel pre-clinical murine model to study the life cycle and progression of cervical and anal papillomavirus infections. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120128. [PMID: 25803616 PMCID: PMC4372414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Papillomavirus disease and associated cancers remain a significant health burden in much of the world. The current protective vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, are expensive and not readily available to the underprivileged. In addition, the vaccines have not gained wide acceptance in the United States nor do they provide therapeutic value. Papillomaviruses are strictly species specific and thus human viruses cannot be studied in an animal host. An appropriate model for mucosal disease has long been sought. We chose to investigate whether the newly discovered mouse papillomavirus, MmuPV1, could infect mucosal tissues in Foxn1nu/Foxn1nu mice. Methods The vaginal and anal canals of Foxn1nu/Foxn1nu mice were gently abraded using Nonoxynol-9 and “Doctor’s BrushPicks” and MmuPV1 was delivered into the vaginal tract or the anal canal. Results Productive vaginal, cervical and anal infections developed in all mice. Vaginal/cervical infections could be monitored by vaginal lavage. Dysplasias were evident in all animals. Conclusions Anogenital tissues of a common laboratory mouse can be infected with a papillomavirus unique to that animal. This observation will pave the way for fundamental virological and immunological studies that have been challenging to carry out heretofore due to lack of a suitable model system.
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Hu J, Brendle S, Balogh K, Bywaters S, Christensen N. Antibody detection in tear samples as a surrogate to monitor host immunity against papillomavirus infections in vaccinated and naturally infected hosts. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2030-2037. [PMID: 24903329 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring serum antibodies against natural infections or after immunizations has been a standard clinical diagnostic procedure. However, collecting blood samples requires trained personnel, and may cause discomfort and increase the risk of complications. In this study, we investigated whether tear samples could serve as a surrogate for serum samples to measure specific antibodies. A widely used preclinical cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)/rabbit model has been a surrogate model for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. New Zealand white rabbits, either naturally infected with CRPV or immunized with two clinically available HPV vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix), were examined for antibody generation in both tear and serum samples. We demonstrated that antibodies were detectable in tears from both naturally infected as well as vaccinated animals. Overall, the antibody levels in tears were ~10-fold lower than those from the corresponding serum samples, but background noise was lower in tear samples. The isotypes of antibodies in tears were predominantly IgA and IgG. These findings showed clearly that tears could be a surrogate for serum samples for monitoring antibody responses. As collecting tears causes no discomfort and poses no risk to patients, it represents a novel and promising method for monitoring future HPV epidemiological studies as well as for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafen Hu
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Brendle
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Karla Balogh
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Bywaters
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Neil Christensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Abstract
Viral diseases of rabbits have been used historically to study oncogenesis (e.g. rabbit fibroma virus, cottontail rabbit papillomavirus) and biologically to control feral rabbit populations (e.g. myxoma virus). However, clinicians seeing pet rabbits in North America infrequently encounter viral diseases although myxomatosis may be seen occasionally. The situation is different in Europe and Australia, where myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease are endemic. Advances in epidemiology and virology have led to detection of other lapine viruses that are now recognized as agents of emerging infectious diseases. Rabbit caliciviruses, related to rabbit hemorrhagic disease, are generally avirulent, but lethal variants are being identified in Europe and North America. Enteric viruses including lapine rotavirus, rabbit enteric coronavirus and rabbit astrovirus are being acknowledged as contributors to the multifactorial enteritis complex of juvenile rabbits. Three avirulent leporid herpesviruses are found in domestic rabbits. A fourth highly pathogenic virus designated leporid herpesvirus 4 has been described in Canada and Alaska. This review considers viruses affecting rabbits by their clinical significance. Viruses of major and minor clinical significance are described, and viruses of laboratory significance are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Kerr
- CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas M. Donnelly
- The Kenneth S. Warren Institute, 712 Kitchawan Road, Ossining, NY 10562, USA
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14
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Bounds CE, Hu J, Cladel NM, Balogh K, Christensen ND. Vaccine generated immunity targets an HPV16 E7 HLA-A2.1-restricted CD8(+) T cell epitope relocated to an early gene or a late gene of the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) genome in HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits. Vaccine 2010; 29:1194-200. [PMID: 21167863 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The newly established HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model has proven useful for testing the immunogenicity of well known and computer-predicted A2-restricted epitopes. In the current study we compared the protective immunity induced to a preferred HPV16 E7 A2-restricted epitope that has been relocated to positions within the CRPV E7 gene and the CRPV L2 gene. Epitope expression from both the E7 protein and the L2 protein resulted in increased protection against viral DNA challenge of the HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits as compared to control-vaccinated rabbit groups. These data indicate that proteins expressed at both early and late time points during a natural papillomavirus infection can be targeted by epitope-specific immunity and indicate this immunity is increased to early rather than late expressed proteins of papillomaviruses. This study also highlights the broad utility of the HLAA2.1 transgenic rabbit model for testing numerous immunological factors involved in vaccine generated protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie E Bounds
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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15
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Weiner CM, Rosenbaum MD, Fox K, Mason G, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Veeramachaneni DNR, Vandewoude S. Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus in Langerhans cells in Sylvilagus spp. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:451-4. [PMID: 20453226 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A wildlife sanctuary presented an adult female cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus spp.), age unknown, to the Colorado State University Pathology service for postmortem examination. Gross examination revealed numerous pigmented wartlike lesions arising from the skin of the head surrounding the ears, eyes, nares, mouth, and dorsum. Masses were firm, friable, and easily detached from the underlying skin. Differential diagnoses included Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus, Rabbit fibroma virus, and Myxoma virus. Histological examination revealed multiple papillary masses lined by stratified squamous epithelial cells with central cores of fibrovascular connective tissue and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis. Cells of the Stratum spinosum were frequently swollen with abundant perinuclear, cytoplasmic, clearing, and occasional intranuclear basophilic, glassy, spherical inclusions up to 3 microm in diameter. The lesions were consistent with Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus infection. Papilloma virus antigens were identified by immunohistochemistry. In addition, papillomavirus particles were identified by transmission electron microscopy within Langerhans cells of the epidermis, suggesting a unique mechanism for systemic dissemination of the virus. The present case report highlights the finding of viral particles within the Langerhans cells and suggests a novel mechanism of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Weiner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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