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Liao Q, Guo G, Lu R, Wang X, Du Z. Movement Protein Mediates Systemic Necrosis in Tomato Plants with Infection of Tomato Mosaic Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:157. [PMID: 36680197 PMCID: PMC9861833 DOI: 10.3390/v15010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The necrogenic strain N5 of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV-N5) causes systemic necrosis in tomato cultivar Hezuo903. In this work, we mapped the viral determinant responsible for the induction of systemic necrosis. By exchanging viral genes between N5 and a non-necrogenic strain S1, we found that movement protein (MP) was the determinant for the differential symptoms caused by both strains. Compared with S1 MP, N5 MP had an additional ability to increase virus accumulation, which was not due to its functions in viral cell-to-cell movement. Actually, N5 MP, but not S1 MP, was a weak RNA silencing suppressor, which assisted viral accumulation. Sequence alignment showed that both MPs differed by only three amino acid residues. Experiments with viruses having mutated MPs indicated that the residue isoleucine at position 170 in MP was the key site for MP to increase virus accumulation, but also was required for MP to induce systemic necrosis in virus-infected tomato plants. Collectively, the lethal necrosis caused by N5 is dependent on its MP protein that enhances virus accumulation via its RNA silencing suppressor activity, probably leading to systemic necrosis responses in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiansheng Liao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | | | | | | | - Zhiyou Du
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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2
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of CMV or 2b-Deficient CMV-Infected dcl2dcl4 Reveals the Effects of Viral Infection on Symptom Induction in Arabidopsis thaliana. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071582. [PMID: 35891562 PMCID: PMC9320214 DOI: 10.3390/v14071582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the impaired antiviral RNAi, the dcl2dcl4 (dcl2/4) mutant is highly susceptible to viruses deficient of the viral suppressor of the RNA silencing (VSR) contrast to wild-type Arabidopsis. It was found that more severe disease symptoms were induced in dcl2/4 infected with VSR-deficient CMV (CMV-Δ2b or CMV-2aTΔ2b) compared to wild-type Arabidopsis infected with intact CMV. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed with Col-0 and dcl2/4 that were infected by CMV, CMV-Δ2b and CMV-2aTΔ2b, respectively. Our analysis showed that the systematic infection of CMV, CMV-Δ2b and CMV-2aTΔ2b could cause hypoxia response and reduce photosynthesis. Asymptomatic infections of CMV-Δ2b or CMV-2aTΔ2b in Columbia (Col-0) promoted the expression of cell division-related genes and suppressed the transcription of metabolism and acquired resistance genes. On the other hand, immunity and resistance genes were highly induced, but photosynthesis and polysaccharide metabolism-related genes were suppressed in diseased plants. More interestingly, cell wall reorganization was specifically caused in modestly diseased Col-0 infected by CMV and a strong activation of SA signaling were correspondingly induced in severely diseased dcl2/4 by CMV or CMV mutants. Thus, our research revealed the nature of the Arabidopsis–CMV interaction at the transcriptome level and could provide new clues in symptom development and antiviral defense in plants.
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Li H, Zhang D, Xie K, Wang Y, Liao Q, Hong Y, Liu Y. Efficient and high-throughput pseudorecombinant-chimeric Cucumber mosaic virus-based VIGS in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2865-2876. [PMID: 34606612 PMCID: PMC8644855 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a versatile and attractive approach for functional gene characterization in plants. Although several VIGS vectors for maize (Zea mays) have been previously developed, their utilities are limited due to low viral infection efficiency, insert instability, short maintenance of silencing, inadequate inoculation method, or abnormal requirement of growth temperature. Here, we established a Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-based VIGS system for efficient maize gene silencing that overcomes many limitations of VIGS currently available for maize. Using two distinct strains, CMV-ZMBJ and CMV-Fny, we generated a pseudorecombinant-chimeric (Pr) CMV. Pr CMV showed high infection efficacy but mild viral symptoms in maize. We then constructed Pr CMV-based vectors for VIGS, dubbed Pr CMV VIGS. Pr CMV VIGS is simply performed by mechanical inoculation of young maize leaves with saps of Pr CMV-infected Nicotiana benthamiana under normal growth conditions. Indeed, suppression of isopentenyl/dimethylallyl diphosphate synthase (ZmIspH) expression by Pr CMV VIGS resulted in non-inoculated leaf bleaching as early as 5 d post-inoculation (dpi) and exhibited constant and efficient systemic silencing over the whole maize growth period up to 105 dpi. Furthermore, utilizing a ligation-independent cloning (LIC) strategy, we developed a modified Pr CMV-LIC VIGS vector, allowing easy gene cloning for high-throughput silencing in maize. Thus, our Pr CMV VIGS system provides a much-improved toolbox to facilitate efficient and long-duration gene silencing for large-scale functional genomics in maize, and our pseudorecombination-chimera combination strategy provides an approach to construct efficient VIGS systems in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangai Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ke Xie
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiansheng Liao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
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Gao Y, Yang J, Zhang X, Chen A, Gu Z, Du Z. The Weak Small RNA-Binding Activity of the 2b Proteins of Subgroup II Cucumber Mosaic Virus Strains Is Insufficient for RNA Silencing Suppression. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:760937. [PMID: 34745069 PMCID: PMC8569468 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.760937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2b proteins encoded by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) subgroup I strains suppress RNA silencing primarily by competitively binding small RNAs (sRNAs) in the host cell cytoplasm. Interestingly, 2b proteins encoded by CMV subgroup II strains accumulate predominantly in nuclei. Here we determined that whereas the 2b protein (Fny2b) of subgroup IA strain Fny-CMV is highly effective in suppressing both sense RNA-induced and inverted repeat-induced posttranscriptional gene silencing, the 2b protein (LS2b) of the subgroup II strain LS-CMV was not as effective. Reducing nuclear accumulation of LS2b by mutating a residue in its nuclear localization sequence had no effect on RNA silencing suppressor activity, while attenuated viral symptoms. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the sRNA binding of LS2b was weaker and more selective than that of Fny2b. The domain determining the differential sRNA-binding ability was delimited to the putative helix α1 region. Moreover, LS2b mutants that completely lost suppressor activity still retained their weak sRNA-binding ability, suggesting that sRNA binding is not sufficient for LS2b to suppress RNA silencing. Considering the subgroup I strain-encoded 2b proteins that require sRNA-binding ability for the suppression of RNA silencing, we suggest that in addition to binding sRNA, the 2b proteins of subgroup II CMV strains would require extra biological activities to achieve RNA silencing inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinrui Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aizhong Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhouhang Gu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyou Du
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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Kumari R, Kumar S, Leibman D, Abebie B, Shnaider Y, Ding S, Gal‐On A. Cucumber RDR1s and cucumber mosaic virus suppressor protein 2b association directs host defence in cucumber plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1317-1331. [PMID: 34355485 PMCID: PMC8518566 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) regulate important aspects of plant development and resistance to pathogens. The role of RDRs in virus resistance has been demonstrated using siRNA signal amplification and through the methylation of viral genomes. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) has four RDR1 genes that are differentially induced during virus infection: CsRDR1a, CsRDR1b, and duplicated CsRDR1c1/c2. The mode of action of CsRDR1s during viral infection is unknown. Transient expression of the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-2b protein (the viral suppressor of RNA silencing) in cucumber protoplasts induced the expression of CsRDR1c, but not of CsRDR1a/1b. Results from the yeast two-hybrid system showed that CsRDR1 proteins interacted with CMV-2b and this was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. In protoplasts, CsRDR1s localized in the cytoplasm as punctate spots. Colocalization experiments revealed that CsRDR1s and CMV-2b were uniformly dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, suggesting that CsRDR1s are redistributed as a result of interactions. Transient overexpression of individual CsRDR1a/1b genes in protoplasts reduced CMV accumulation, indicating their antiviral role. However, overexpression of CsRDR1c in protoplasts resulted in relatively higher accumulation of CMV and CMVΔ2b. In single cells, CsRDR1c enhances viral replication, leading to CMV accumulation and blocking secondary siRNA amplification of CsRDR1c by CMV-2b protein. This suggests that CMV-2b acts as both a transcription factor that induces CsRDR1c (controlling virus accumulation) and a suppressor of CsRDR1c activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reenu Kumari
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- College of Horticulture and ForestryDr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and ForestryMandiIndia
| | - Surender Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- Plant Virology Lab, Biotechnology DivisionCSIR‐Institute of Himalayan Bioresource TechnologyPalampurIndia
| | - Diana Leibman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Bekele Abebie
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Yulia Shnaider
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Shou‐Wei Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology & Institute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amit Gal‐On
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
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Khaing YY, Kobayashi Y, Takeshita M. The 2b protein and C-terminal region of the 2a protein indispensably facilitate systemic movement of cucumber mosaic virus in radish with supplementary function by either the 3a or the coat protein. Virol J 2020; 17:49. [PMID: 32264933 PMCID: PMC7140367 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Raphanus sativus (Japanese radish), strain D8 of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-D8) establishes a systemic infection and induces mild mosaic on upper, non-inoculated leaves, whereas strain Y of CMV (CMV-Y) causes only a local infection in the inoculated leaves. Here, we further analyzed the specific viral factor(s) of CMV-D8 that is (are) indispensable for systemic infection in Japanese radish. METHODS To identify which genomic RNA(s) is (are) involved in systemic infection in radish, we carried out a pseudorecombination analysis between CMV-D8 and CMV-Y. With recombination analyses between CMV-D8 and CMV-Y using mutant/recombinant RNA2s, chimeric and point-mutated RNA3s, we identified viral factors that are indispensable for systemic infection. RESULTS Viral RNA2 and RNA3 of CMV-D8 facilitated efficient virus spread into the upper, non-inoculated plant tissues of radish (cv. Tokinashi), but not those of CMV-Y. Recombinant RNA2s demonstrated that the 2b protein (2b) and the C-terminus of the 2a protein (2a) of CMV-D8 have a crucial role in systemic infection. In addition, we used chimeric and point-mutated RNA3s to that Pro17 and Pro129 in the coat protein (CP) of CMV-D8 are involved in efficient systemic infection and that Ser51 in the 3a protein (3a) of CMV-D8 has positive effects on systemic spread. The results suggested that these viral factors facilitate systemic infection of CMV-D8 in Japanese radish. CONCLUSION The C-terminal region of 2a, the entire region of 2b, and supplementary function of either Ser51 in 3a or Pro17/Pro 129 in CP confer systemic infectivity on CMV-D8 in radish. These results further elucidate the complex interaction of viral proteins of CMV to complete systemic infection as a host-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu Khaing
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadainishi 1-1, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yudai Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadainishi 1-1, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Minoru Takeshita
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadainishi 1-1, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
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7
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Zu H, Zhang H, Yao M, Zhang J, Di H, Zhang L, Dong L, Wang Z, Zhou Y. Molecular characteristics of segment 5, a unique fragment encoding two partially overlapping ORFs in the genome of rice black-streaked dwarf virus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224569. [PMID: 31697693 PMCID: PMC6837423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), a ds-RNA virus in Fijivirus genus with family Reoviridae, which is transmitted by the small brown planthopper, is responsible for incidence of maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) and rice black-streaked dwarf disease (RBSDD). To understand the variation and evolution of S5, a unique fragment in the genome of RBSDV which encodes two partially overlapping ORFs (ORF5-1 and ORF5-2), we analyzed 127 sequences from maize and rice exhibiting symptoms of dwarfism. The nucleotide diversity of both ORF5-1 (π = 0.039) and ORF5-2 (π = 0.027) was higher than that of the overlapping region (π = 0.011) (P < 0.05). ORF5-2 was under the greatest selection pressure based on codon bias analysis, and its activation was possibly influenced by the overlapping region. The recombinant fragments of three recombinant events (14NM23, 14BM20, and 14NM17) cross the overlapping region. Based on neighbor-joining tree analysis, the overlapping region could represent the evolutionary basis of the full-length S5, which was classified into three main groups. RBSDV populations were expanding and haplotype diversity resulted mainly from the overlapping region. The genetic differentiation of combinations (T127-B35, T127-J34, A58-B35, A58-J34, and B35-J34) reached significant or extremely significant levels. Gene flow was most frequent between subpopulations A58 and B35, with the smallest |Fst| (0.02930). We investigated interactions between 13 RBSDV proteins by two-hybrid screening assays and identified interactions between P5-1/P6, P6/P9-1, and P3/P6. We also observed self-interactive effects of P3, P6, P7-1, and P10. In short, we have proven that RBSDV populations were expanding and the overlapping region plays an important role in the genetic variation and evolution of RBSDV S5. Our results enable ongoing research into the evolutionary history of RBSDV-S5 with two partly overlapping ORFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Zu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Minhao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jiayue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hong Di
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ZHW)
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ZHW)
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8
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He L, Wang Q, Gu Z, Liao Q, Palukaitis P, Du Z. A conserved RNA structure is essential for a satellite RNA-mediated inhibition of helper virus accumulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:8255-8271. [PMID: 31269212 PMCID: PMC6735963 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a class of parasitic, non-coding RNAs, satellite RNAs (satRNAs) have to compete with their helper virus for limited amounts of viral and/or host resources for efficient replication, by which they usually reduce viral accumulation and symptom expression. Here, we report a cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-associated satRNA (sat-T1) that ameliorated CMV-induced symptoms, accompanied with a significant reduction in the accumulation of viral genomic RNAs 1 and 2, which encode components of the viral replicase. Intrans replication assays suggest that the reduced accumulation is the outcome of replication competition. The structural basis of sat-T1 responsible for the inhibition of viral RNA accumulation was determined to be a three-way branched secondary structure that contains two biologically important hairpins. One is indispensable for the helper virus inhibition, and the other engages in formation of a tertiary pseudoknot structure that is essential for sat-T1 survival. The secondary structure containing the pseudoknot is the first RNA element with a biological phenotype experimentally identified in CMV satRNAs, and it is structurally conserved in most CMV satRNAs. Thus, this may be a generic method for CMV satRNAs to inhibit the accumulation of the helper virus via the newly-identified RNA structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Zhouhang Gu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qiansheng Liao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhiyou Du
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
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9
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Gao S, Lu J, Cheng X, Gu Z, Liao Q, Du Z. Heterologous Replicase from Cucumoviruses can Replicate Viral RNAs, but is Defective in Transcribing Subgenomic RNA4A or Facilitating Viral Movement. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110590. [PMID: 30373277 PMCID: PMC6265798 DOI: 10.3390/v10110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific exchange of RNA1 or RNA2 between the cucumoviruses cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tomato aspermy virus (TAV) was reported to be non-viable in plants previously. Here we investigated viability of the reassortants between CMV and TAV in Nicotiana benthamiana plants by Agrobacterium-mediated viral inoculation. The reassortants were composed of CMV RNA1 and TAV RNA2 plus RNA3 replicated in the inoculated leaves, while they were defective in viral systemic movement at the early stage of infection. Interestingly, the reassortant containing TAV RNA1 and CMV RNA2 and RNA3 infected plants systemically, but produced RNA4A (the RNA2 subgenome) at an undetectable level. The defect in production of RNA4A was due to the 1a protein encoded by TAV RNA1, and partially restored by replacing the C-terminus (helicase domain) in TAV 1a with that of CMV 1a. Collectively, exchange of the replicase components between CMV and TAV was acceptable for viral replication, but was defective in either directing transcription of subgenomic RNA4A or facilitating viral long-distance movement. Our finding may shed some light on evolution of subgenomic RNA4A in the family Bromoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyu Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jinda Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zhouhang Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Qiansheng Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zhiyou Du
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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10
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Qiu Y, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Xu W, Wang C, Zhu S. Profiling of small RNAs derived from cucumber mosaic virus in infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants by deep sequencing. Virus Res 2018; 252:1-7. [PMID: 29763626 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In plants, RNA silencing is a conserved mechanism underlying antiviral immunity. To investigate antiviral responses in Nicotiana benthamiana, we analyzed the profiles of the virus-derived small RNAs (vsRNAs) in wild-type N. benthamiana and NbRDR6 mutant plants infected with the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b-deficient mutant. We observed that NbRDR6 regulates RNA silencing by producing vsRNAs that trigger an effective antiviral response, while NbRDR1 may nonredundantly and synergistically function with NbRDR6 to mediate immune responses. The vsRNAs in N. benthamiana and NbRDR6 mutant plants mainly comprised 21 or 22 nucleotides, and mostly consisted of a 5'-terminal adenine. Additionally, NbAGO2 expression was significantly up-regulated in N. benthamiana and NbRDR6 mutant plants, suggesting that NbAGO2 is closely associated with the antiviral activities of vsRNAs. The distribution of vsRNAs in the CMV genome was biased toward RNA sense strands in both N. benthamiana and NbRDR6 mutant plants. These findings indicate the specific and conserved antiviral immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Qiu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ronghua South Street No. 11, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yuping Wu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ronghua South Street No. 11, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ronghua South Street No. 11, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ronghua South Street No. 11, Beijing 100176, China; China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Street No. 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ronghua South Street No. 11, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shuifang Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ronghua South Street No. 11, Beijing 100176, China.
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11
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Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Hu F, Zhu S. Characterization of siRNAs derived from cucumber mosaic virus in infected tobacco plants. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2077-2082. [PMID: 28349357 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study characterized the viral small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) from Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun infected with a cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b-deficient mutant. Most vsiRNAs were 21 -22 nucleotides in length and the 5'-terminal ends were dominated by A and U, respectively. The observed vsiRNAs were heterogeneously distributed throughout the CMV genome; however, most of the vsiRNAs were derived from sense strands, as opposed to antisense strands. These results demonstrate the conserved and specific function of Dicer-like (DCL), Argonaute (AGO) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) proteins in tobacco. Finally, it was revealed that vsiRNAs target abundant host genes, indicating complex roles for CMV vsiRNAs during the development of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Qiu
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ronghua South Street No. 11, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ronghua South Street No. 11, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Hu
- China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Street No. 2, Beijing, 100129, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuifang Zhu
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ronghua South Street No. 11, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Wang R, Yang X, Wang N, Liu X, Nelson RS, Li W, Fan Z, Zhou T. An efficient virus-induced gene silencing vector for maize functional genomics research. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:102-15. [PMID: 26921244 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Maize is a major crop whose rich genetic diversity provides an advanced resource for genetic research. However, a tool for rapid transient gene function analysis in maize that may be utilized in most maize cultivars has been lacking, resulting in reliance on time-consuming stable transformation and mutation studies to obtain answers. We developed an efficient virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector for maize based on a naturally maize-infecting cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) strain, ZMBJ-CMV. An infectious clone of ZMBJ-CMV was constructed, and a vascular puncture inoculation method utilizing Agrobacterium was optimized to improve its utility for CMV infection of maize. ZMBJ-CMV was then modified to function as a VIGS vector. The ZMBJ-CMV vector induced mild to moderate symptoms in many maize lines, making it useful for gene function studies in critically important maize cultivars, such as the sequenced reference inbred line B73. Using this CMV VIGS system, expression of two endogenous genes, ZmPDS and ZmIspH, was found to be decreased by 75% and 78%, respectively, compared with non-silenced tissue. Inserts with lengths of 100-300 bp produced the most complete transcriptional and visual silencing phenotypes. Moreover, genes related to autophagy, ZmATG3 and ZmATG8a, were also silenced, and it was found that they function in leaf starch degradation. These results indicate that our ZMBJ-CMV VIGS vector provides a tool for rapid and efficient gene function studies in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuedong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Richard S Nelson
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Weimin Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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13
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He Y, Fu J, Yu C, Wang X, Jiang Q, Hong J, Lu K, Xue G, Yan C, James A, Xu L, Chen J, Jiang D. Increasing cyclic electron flow is related to Na+ sequestration into vacuoles for salt tolerance in soybean. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6877-89. [PMID: 26276865 PMCID: PMC4623694 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In land plants, the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex reduces plastoquinones and drives cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI. It also produces extra ATP for photosynthesis and improves plant fitness under conditions of abiotic environmental stress. To elucidate the role of CEF in salt tolerance of the photosynthetic apparatus, Na(+) concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence, and expression of NDH B and H subunits, as well as of genes related to cellular and vacuolar Na(+) transport, were monitored. The salt-tolerant Glycine max (soybean) variety S111-9 exhibited much higher CEF activity and ATP accumulation in light than did the salt-sensitive variety Melrose, but similar leaf Na(+) concentrations under salt stress. In S111-9 plants, ndhB and ndhH were highly up-regulated under salt stress and their corresponding proteins were maintained at high levels or increased significantly. Under salt stress, S111-9 plants accumulated Na(+) in the vacuole, but Melrose plants accumulated Na(+) in the chloroplast. Compared with Melrose, S111-9 plants also showed higher expression of some genes associated with Na(+) transport into the vacuole and/or cell, such as genes encoding components of the CBL10 (calcineurin B-like protein 10)-CIPK24 (CBL-interacting protein kinase 24)-NHX (Na(+)/H(+) antiporter) and CBL4 (calcineurin B-like protein 4)-CIPK24-SOS1 (salt overly sensitive 1) complexes. Based on the findings, it is proposed that enhanced NDH-dependent CEF supplies extra ATP used to sequester Na(+) in the vacuole. This reveals an important mechanism for salt tolerance in soybean and provides new insights into plant resistance to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Junliang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenliang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoman Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinsu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Hong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kaixing Lu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Gangping Xue
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Chengqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021 Hangzhou, China
| | - Andrew James
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Ligen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021 Hangzhou, China
| | - Dean Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Maneechoat P, Takeshita M, Uenoyama M, Nakatsukasa M, Kuroda A, Furuya N, Tsuchiya K. A single amino acid at N-terminal region of the 2b protein of cucumber mosaic virus strain m1 has a pivotal role in virus attenuation. Virus Res 2015; 197:67-74. [PMID: 25541532 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Host responses to infection by a mild strain of cucumber mosaic virus, termed CMV-m1, were re-examined in several plant species in comparison with those by a severe strain CMV-Y. Mild systemic symptoms were developed on the six plant species inoculated with CMV-m1. Virus titer in the Nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with CMV-m1 was significantly lower than those infected with CMV-Y, although infection by CMV-m1 interfered with further infection by CMV-Y in the plants. Subsequently, the attenuated virulence of CMV-m1 was analyzed by reassortment and recombination analyses between CMV-m1 and CMV-Y RNAs. The results suggested that the 2b protein of CMV-m1 (m1-2b) is involved in the formation of mild symptoms in N. benthamiana. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that Thr18 of m1-2b is responsible for formation of mild symptoms. Local RNA silencing suppressor activity of m1-2b was a little lower than that of severe strain CMV-Y. We discuss the relationship between attenuation of CMV-m1 and the features of m1-2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoowanarth Maneechoat
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Minoru Takeshita
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Misa Uenoyama
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Maki Nakatsukasa
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kuroda
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Naruto Furuya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsuchiya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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15
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Phan MSV, Seo JK, Choi HS, Lee SH, Kim KH. Pseudorecombination between Two Distinct Strains of Cucumber mosaic virus Results in Enhancement of Symptom Severity. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 30:316-22. [PMID: 25289019 PMCID: PMC4181118 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.04.2014.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) strain, named as CMV-209, was isolated from Glycine soja. In this study, symptom expression of CMV-209 was analyzed in detail in Nicotiana benthamiana by comparing with that of CMV-Fny, which is a representative strain of CMV. Using infectious cDNA clones of CMV strains 209 and Fny, symptom expression of various pseudorecombinants between these two strains were examined in the early and late infection stages. In the early infection stage, the pseudorecombinants containing Fny-RNA2 induced stunting and leaf distortion on the newly emerged leaves whereas the pseudorecombinants containing 209-RNA2 caused no obvious symptoms. In the late infection stage, the pseudorecombinants containing 209-RNA1 and Fny-RNA2 induced severe leaf distortion and stunting, while CMV-209 induced mild symptom and CMV-Fny caused typical mosaic, general stunting, and leaf distortion symptoms, indicating that RNA 2 encodes a symptom determinant(s) of CMV, which is capable of enhancing symptoms. Furthermore, our results support the possibility that natural recombination between compatible viruses can result in emergence of novel viruses causing severe damages in crop fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sa Vo Phan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Jang-Kyun Seo
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Hong-Soo Choi
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Su-Heon Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
- Corresponding author. Phone) +82-2-880-4677, FAX) +82-2-873-2317 E-mail)
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Martínez C, Coll-Bonfill N, Aramburu J, Pallás V, Aparicio F, Galipienso L. Two basic (hydrophilic) regions in the movement protein of Parietaria mottle virus have RNA binding activity and are required for cell-to-cell transport. Virus Res 2014; 184:54-61. [PMID: 24583367 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The movement protein (MP) of parietaria mottle virus (PMoV) is required for virus cell-to-cell movement. Bioinformatics analysis identified two hydrophilic non-contiguous regions (R1 and R2) rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and with the predicted secondary structure of an α-helix. Different approaches were used to determine the implication of the R1 and R2 regions in RNA binding, plasmodesmata (PD) targeting and cell-to-cell movement. EMSA (Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay) showed that both regions have RNA-binding activity whereas that mutational analysis reported that either deletion of any of these regions, or loss of the basic amino acids, interfered with the viral intercellular movement. Subcellular localization studies showed that PMoV MP locates at PD. Mutants designed to impeded cell-to-cell movement failed to accumulate at PD indicating that basic residues in both R1 and R2 are critical for binding the MP at PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Martínez
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Ctra. de Cabrils s/n Cabrils, 08348 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nuria Coll-Bonfill
- Institut D́investigacions Biomediques Agusti Pi i Sunyer, C/Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jose Aramburu
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Ctra. de Cabrils s/n Cabrils, 08348 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Frederic Aparicio
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Luis Galipienso
- Plant Pathology and Biotechnologies for Sustainable Agriculture Section, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology - I.E.ME.S.T., Via Emerico Amari 123, 90139 Palermo, Italy.
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17
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Nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning of cucumber mosaic virus protein 2b determines the balance between its roles as a virulence determinant and an RNA-silencing suppressor. J Virol 2014; 88:5228-41. [PMID: 24599997 PMCID: PMC4019134 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00284-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) 2b protein is an RNA-silencing suppressor that plays roles in CMV accumulation and virulence. The 2b proteins of subgroup IA CMV strains partition between the nucleus and cytoplasm, but the biological significance of this is uncertain. We fused an additional nuclear localization signal (NLS) to the 2b protein of subgroup IA strain Fny-CMV to create 2b-NLS and tested its effects on subcellular distribution, silencing, and virulence. The additional NLS enhanced 2b protein nuclear and nucleolar accumulation, but nuclear and nucleolar enrichment correlated with markedly diminished silencing suppressor activity in patch assays and abolished 2b protein-mediated disruption of microRNA activity in transgenic Arabidopsis. Nucleus/nucleolus-localized 2b protein possesses at least some ability to inhibit antiviral silencing, but this was not sufficient to prevent recovery from disease in younger, developing leaves in Arabidopsis. However, enhanced nuclear and nucleolar accumulation of 2b increased virulence and accelerated symptom appearance in older leaves. Experiments with Arabidopsis lines carrying mutant Dicer-like alleles demonstrated that compromised suppressor activity explained the diminished ability of 2b-NLS to enhance virus accumulation. Remarkably, the increased virulence that 2b-NLS engendered was unrelated to effects on microRNA- or short interfering RNA-regulated host functions. Thus, although nucleus- and nucleolus-localized 2b protein is less efficient at silencing suppression than cytoplasm-localized 2b, it enhances CMV virulence. We propose that partitioning of the 2b protein between the cytoplasmic and nuclear/nucleolar compartments allows CMV to regulate the balance between virus accumulation and damage to the host, presumably to maximize the benefit for the virus. IMPORTANCE In this work, the main finding is that nucleus/nucleolus-localized 2b protein is strongly associated with CMV virulence, which is independent of its effect on small RNA pathways. Moreover, this work supports the contention that the silencing suppressor activity of CMV 2b protein is predominantly exerted by that portion of the 2b protein residing in the cytoplasm. Thus, we propose that partitioning of the 2b protein between the cytoplasmic and nuclear/nucleolar compartments allows CMV to regulate the balance between virus accumulation and damage to the host, presumably to maximize the benefit for the virus.
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18
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Xu A, Zhao Z, Chen W, Zhang H, Liao Q, Chen J, Carr JP, Du Z. Self-interaction of the cucumber mosaic virus 2b protein plays a vital role in the suppression of RNA silencing and the induction of viral symptoms. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:803-12. [PMID: 23782515 PMCID: PMC6638684 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b protein is an RNA silencing suppressor protein that can also play direct and indirect roles in symptom induction. Previous work has shown that a hybrid virus, FRad35(2b) -CMV (renamed here as CMV-FRad2b-Pro), generated by replacement of the 2b gene of strain Fny-CMV with that from Rad35-CMV, displays markedly lower pathogenicity than Fny-CMV on Nicotiana species. However, the replacement of proline with leucine at position 55 of the 2b protein of CMV-FRad2b-Pro (protein Rad2b-Pro) created a virus (CMV-FRad2b-Leu) that induced severe symptoms. Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants defective in the expression of DICER-like (DCL) endoribonucleases 2 and 4, which mediate antiviral RNA silencing, as well as of dcl3 and dcl2/3/4 triple-mutant plants, indicated that Rad2b-Pro was a weaker RNA silencing suppressor than the protein Rad2b-Leu. This was confirmed in Nicotiana benthamiana using agroinfiltration assays, showing that, compared with either Rad2b-Leu or the Fny2b protein, Rad2b-Pro was ineffective at inhibiting local or systemic silencing of expression of a green fluorescent protein reporter gene. Transgenic expression of Rad2b-Leu, but not of Rad2b-Pro, in Arabidopsis induced symptom-like phenotypes and rescued the accumulation of the 2b-deletion mutant Fny-CMVΔ2b. Bimolecular fluorescent complementation indicated that, in planta, Rad2b-Leu, but not Rad2b-Pro, self-interacts. Thus, self-interaction is crucial to the ability of the 2b protein to suppress silencing and induce a symptom-like phenotype, and is dependent on the properties of the residue at position 55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixia Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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19
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Xu J, Wang X, Shi L, Zhou Y, Li D, Han C, Zhang Z, Yu J. Two distinct sites are essential for virulent infection and support of variant satellite RNA replication in spontaneous beet black scorch virus variants. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2718-2728. [PMID: 22971822 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.045641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous point mutations of virus genomes are important in RNA virus evolution and often result in modifications of their biological properties. Spontaneous variants of beet black scorch virus (BBSV) and its satellite (sat) RNA were generated from cDNA clones by serial propagation in Chenopodium amaranticolor and Nicotiana benthamiana. Inoculation with recombinant RNAs synthesized in vitro revealed BBSV variants with divergent infectious phenotypes that affected either symptom expression or replication of satRNA variants. Sequence alignments showed a correlation between the phenotypes and distinct BBSV genomic loci in the 3'UTR or in the domain encoding the viral replicase. Comparative analysis between a virulent variant, BBSV-m294, and the wild-type (wt) BBSV by site-directed mutagenesis indicated that a single-nucleotide substitution of a uridine to a guanine at nt 3477 in the 3'UTR was responsible for significant increases in viral pathogenicity. Gain-of-function analyses demonstrated that the ability of the BBSV variants to support replication of variant satRNAs was mainly determined by aa 516 in the P82 replicase. In this case, an arginine substitution for a glutamine residue was essential for high levels of replication, and alterations of other residues surrounding position 516 in the wtBBSV isolate led to only minor phenotypic effects. These results provide evidence that divergence of virus functions affecting pathogenicity and supporting parasitic replication can be determined by a single genetic site, either a nucleotide or an amino acid. The results suggest that complex interactions occur between virus and associated satRNAs during virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lindan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ziding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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20
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Hwang MS, Lindenmuth BE, McDonald KA, Falk BW. Bipartite and tripartite Cucumber mosaic virus-based vectors for producing the Acidothermus cellulolyticus endo-1,4-β-glucanase and other proteins in non-transgenic plants. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:66. [PMID: 22999234 PMCID: PMC3582468 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using plant viruses to produce desirable proteins in plants allows for using non-transgenic plant hosts and if necessary, the ability to make rapid changes in the virus construct for increased or modified protein product yields. The objective of this work was the development of advanced CMV-based protein production systems to produce Acidothermus cellulolyticus endo-1, 4-β-glucanase (E1) in non-transgenic plants. RESULTS We used two new Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-based vector systems for producing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and more importantly, the Acidothermus cellulolyticus endo-1, 4-β-glucanase (E1) in non-transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants. These are the inducible CMVin (CMV-based inducible) and the autonomously replicating CMVar (CMV-based advanced replicating) systems. We modified a binary plasmid containing the complete CMV RNA 3 cDNA to facilitate insertion of desired sequences, and to give modifications of the subgenomic mRNA 4 leader sequence yielding several variants. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis showed good levels of CMV RNA and coat protein accumulation for some variants of both CMVin and CMVar. When genes for E1 or GFP were inserted in place of the CMV coat protein, both were produced in plants as shown by fluorescence (GFP) and immunoblot analysis. Enzymatic activity assays showed that active E1 was produced in plants with yields up to ~ 11 μg/g fresh weight (FW) for specific variant constructs. We also compared in vitro CMV genomic RNA reassortants, and CMV RNA 3 mutants which lacked the C' terminal 33 amino acids of the 3A movement protein in attempts to further increase E1 yield. Taken together specific variant constructs yielded up to ~21 μg/g FW of E1 in non-transgenic plants. CONCLUSIONS Intact, active E1 was rapidly produced in non-transgenic plants by using agroinfiltration with the CMV-based systems. This reduces the time and cost compared to that required to generate transgenic plants and still gives the comparable yields of active E1. Our modifications described here, including manipulating cloning sites for foreign gene introduction, enhance the ease of use. Also, N. benthamiana, which is particularly suitable for agroinfiltration, is a very good plant for transient protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sook Hwang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin E Lindenmuth
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Present address: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Karen A McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bryce W Falk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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21
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Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is an important virus because of its agricultural impact in the Mediterranean Basin and worldwide, and also as a model for understanding plant-virus interactions. This review focuses on those areas where most progress has been made over the past decade in our understanding of CMV. Clearly, a deep understanding of the role of the recently described CMV 2b gene in suppression of host RNA silencing and viral virulence is the most important discovery. These findings have had an impact well beyond the virus itself, as the 2b gene is an important tool in the studies of eukaryotic gene regulation. Protein 2b was shown to be involved in most of the steps of the virus cycle and to interfere with several basal host defenses. Progress has also been made concerning the mechanisms of virus replication and movement. However, only a few host proteins that interact with viral proteins have been identified, making this an area of research where major efforts are still needed. Another area where major advances have been made is CMV population genetics, where contrasting results were obtained. On the one hand, CMV was shown to be prone to recombination and to show high genetic diversity based on sequence data of different isolates. On the other hand, populations did not exhibit high genetic variability either within plants, or even in a field and the nearby wild plants. The situation was partially clarified with the finding that severe bottlenecks occur during both virus movement within a plant and transmission between plants. Finally, novel studies were undertaken to elucidate mechanisms leading to selection in virus population, according to the host or its environment, opening a new research area in plant-virus coevolution.
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22
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Lewsey M, Surette M, Robertson FC, Ziebell H, Choi SH, Ryu KH, Canto T, Palukaitis P, Payne T, Walsh JA, Carr JP. The role of the Cucumber mosaic virus 2b protein in viral movement and symptom induction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:642-54. [PMID: 19445589 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-6-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b protein is a counter-defense factor and symptom determinant. Conserved domains in the 2b protein sequence were mutated in the 2b gene of strain Fny-CMV. The effects of these mutations were assessed by infection of Nicotiana tabacum, N. benthamiana, and Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype Col-0) with mutant viruses and by expression of mutant 2b transgenes in A. thaliana. We confirmed that two nuclear localization signals were required for symptom induction and found that the N-terminal domain was essential for symptom induction. The C-terminal domain and two serine residues within a putative phosphorylation domain modulated symptom severity. Further infection studies were conducted using Fny-CMVdelta2b, a mutant that cannot express the 2b protein and that induces no symptoms in N. tabacum, N. benthamiana, or A. thaliana ecotype Col-0. Surprisingly, in plants of A. thaliana ecotype C24, Fny-CMVdelta2b induced severe symptoms similar to those induced by the wild-type virus. However, C24 plants infected with the mutant virus recovered from disease while those infected with the wild-type virus did not. Expression of 2b transgenes from either Fny-CMV or from LS-CMV (a mild strain) in Col-0 plants enhanced systemic movement of Fny-CMVdelta2b and permitted symptom induction by Fny-CMVdelta2b. Taken together, the results indicate that the 2b protein itself is an important symptom determinant in certain hosts. However, they also suggest that the protein may somehow synergize symptom induction by other CMV-encoded factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Lewsey
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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Du Z, Chen F, Zhao Z, Liao Q, Palukaitis P, Chen J. The 2b protein and the C-terminus of the 2a protein of cucumber mosaic virus subgroup I strains both play a role in viral RNA accumulation and induction of symptoms. Virology 2008; 380:363-70. [PMID: 18786688 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two chimeras of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), FCb7(2b)-CMV and FRad35(2b)-CMV, with the 2b genes of strains Cb7-CMV and Rad35-CMV, respectively, in an Fny-CMV background, gave different responses on Nicotiana glutinosa: FCb7(2b)-CMV induced systemic necrosis while FRad35(2b)-CMV caused only mild mosaic. This differential virulence was attributable to the nature of amino acid 55 of their 2b proteins. However, sequence analysis revealed that Leu(55) of the 2b protein was necessary but not sufficient for FCb7(2b)-CMV to induce systemic necrosis. Surprisingly, inhibition of translation of the 2a/2b overlapping region of the 2a protein in FCb7(2b)-CMV led to a loss of systemic necrosis and a reduction in accumulation of viral progeny RNAs. The 2a/2b overlapping region of Fny-CMV had a similar effect on virulence and viral accumulation. Thus, the 2a protein C-terminus of subgroup I strains, as well as the 2b protein, play a role in symptom induction and accumulation of viral RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Du
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 2 Road, Xiasha, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
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Praveen S, Mangrauthia SK, Singh P, Mishra AK. Behavior of RNAi suppressor protein 2b of Cucumber mosaic virus in planta in presence and absence of virus. Virus Genes 2008; 37:96-102. [PMID: 18438704 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The 2b protein encoded by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) has been shown as a virus counter defense factor that interferes with the RNAi pathway. The 2b gene from CMV-banana, New Delhi isolate (CMV-NDLS) was amplified from CMV infected cucumber plants to generate the sense and antisense binary vector constructs for 2b expression and repression in planta. Constitutive expression of 2b gene in healthy Nicotiana tabacum caused phenotypic aberrations during somatic embryogenesis, which were not observed when expressed in CMV infected N. tabacum. Further, the established virus population in CMV infected N. tabacum was not affected by constitutive expression and repression of 2b gene. Thus, indicating its role in initiation of gene silencing, at the early stage of viral infection. This is the first demonstration of differential behavior of 2b suppressor protein in host development in the absence and presence of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Praveen
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 12, India.
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25
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Characterization of conserved and novel microRNAs and their targets, including a TuMV-induced TIR-NBS-LRR class R gene-derived novel miRNA in Brassica. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2445-52. [PMID: 18558089 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nine conserved miRNA families and three potential novel miRNAs in Brassica rapa were identified from a small RNA library. The expression patterns of some conserved miRNAs had different tissue specificity in Brassica and Arabidopsis. One of the three potential miRNAs, named bra-miR1885, was verified as a true functional miRNA. It could be induced specifically by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection, and target TIR-NBS-LRR class disease-resistant transcripts for cleavage. Based on the hypothesis for de novo generation of new miRNA genes and the sequence similarity between bra-MIR1885 precursor loci and target transcript sequences, we suggest that bra-MIR1885 is a new miRNA gene that originated through inverted duplication events from TIR-NBS-LRR class disease-resistant protein-coding gene sequences, which became bra-miR1885 targets.
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26
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Feng J, Zeng R, Chen J. Accurate and efficient data processing for quantitative real-time PCR using a tripartite plant virus as a model. Biotechniques 2008; 44:901-12. [PMID: 18533900 DOI: 10.2144/000112750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time PCR is becoming a preferred method for quantification of minute amounts of nucleic acids. To achieve the full potential of this technique, accurate and convenient models for post-PCR data analysis are required. In this study, three different models were chosen to quantify the definitive copy numbers of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) genomic RNAs using raw fluorescence data of real-time PCR, and equations were proposed to compare their expression levels in virions or in planta. The results, as confirmed by standard curve and Northern blotting methods, show that the expression levels of different genes can be compared more accurately and more efficiently by these equations, especially using theoretical fluorescence (F0) and calibration factors (CF), determined by linear regression PCR (LinRegPCR). Thus, these equations, combined with data analysis by the LinRegPCR method, can greatly enhance the high-throughput quantification ability of real-time PCR, and permit accurate, reliable, and facile investigation of the changes in CMV RNAs accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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