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Zimecki M, Kochanowska I, Zaczyńska E, Kocięba M, Artym J, Zambrowicz A, Matwiejczyk M, Besman M, Kuchar K, Skotnicki A. Immunoregulatory actions of calf thymus extract (TFX®) in vitro in relation to its effect on expression of mitogen activated protein kinases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109995. [PMID: 36963263 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro immunotropic actions of a calf thymus extract - thymus factor X (TFX®) preparation were investigated. The preparation did not lower the viability of the A549 epithelial cell line and mouse bone marrow cells in the investigated concentration range. TFX® exhibited a co-stimulatory action of concanavalin A (Con A)-induced mouse thymocyte proliferation and partially restored the mitogen-induced proliferation capability of mouse thymocytes exposed to hydrocortisone (HC). The preparation also inhibited Herpes virus-1 (HSV-1) replication in A549 cells when preincubated with the virus and when added to the infected cells. In addition, it weakly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF α, IL-1β and IL-6 by the THP-1 monocyte cell line. The determination of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression in Jurkat T cells revealed strong increases in ERK-2 kinase and p38α subunits. In WEHI 231 immature B cells, TFX® elevated p38α, and had a particularly strong elevating effect on p38γ. In HL-60 myeloblastic cells, the expression of p38α, β and γ was not detectable, almost blocked for p38δ and JNK, but accompanied by an increase in ERK-1. In turn, the effects of TFX® in J744E macrophages resulted in a strong increase in p38γ expression, moderate elevations of ERK and a drop in p38δ. Significant increases in MAPK expression were also found in cells from the lymphoid organs. In the bone marrow cell population, p38α, β and γ, in thymocytes p38α, γ and δ, and in splenocytes p38β and γ, subunit expression was elevated. We conclude that the changes in MAPK expression may be attributed to cell maturation and differentiation, and explain the beneficial therapeutic effects of TFX®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zimecki
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Iwona Kochanowska
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zaczyńska
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jolanta Artym
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Zambrowicz
- Department of Functional Food Products Development Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Matwiejczyk
- Department of Functional Food Products Development Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; TFX PHARMA Sp. z o.o., Research and Development Department, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Besman
- Department of Functional Food Products Development Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; TFX PHARMA Sp. z o.o., Research and Development Department, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karol Kuchar
- TFX PHARMA Sp. z o.o., Research and Development Department, Wrocław, Poland; Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Sochacka-Ćwikła A, Regiec A, Zimecki M, Artym J, Zaczyńska E, Kocięba M, Kochanowska I, Bryndal I, Pyra A, Mączyński M. Synthesis and Biological Activity of New 7-Amino-oxazolo[5,4- d]Pyrimidine Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153558. [PMID: 32759841 PMCID: PMC7436121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of novel 7-aminooxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines 5, transformations during their synthesis and their physicochemical characteristics have been described. Complete detailed spectral analysis of the intermediates 2-4, the N'-cyanooxazolylacetamidine by-products 7 and final compounds 5 has been carried out using MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical research was carried out to explain the privileged formation of 7-aminooxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines in relation to the possibility of their isomer formation and the related thermodynamic aspects. Additionally, the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis for 5h was reported. Ten 7-aminooxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines 5 (SCM1-10) were biologically tested in vitro to preliminarily evaluate their immunological, antiviral and anticancer activity. Compounds SCM5 and SCM9 showed the best immunoregulatory profile. The compounds displayed low-toxicity and strongly inhibited phytohemagglutinin A-induced proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation of mouse splenocytes. Compound SCM9 caused also a moderate suppression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production in a human whole blood culture. Of note, the compounds also inhibited the growth of selected tumor cell lines and inhibited replication of human herpes virus type-1 (HHV-1) virus in A-549 cell line. Molecular investigations showed that the compounds exerted differential changes in expression of signaling proteins in Jurkat and WEHI-231 cell lines. The activity of SCM5 is likely associated with elicitation of cell signaling pathways leading to cell apoptosis. The compounds may be of interest in terms of therapeutic utility as inhibitors of autoimmune disorders, virus replication and antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sochacka-Ćwikła
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211A Borowska Street, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.-Ć.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrzej Regiec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211A Borowska Street, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.-Ć.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-717-840-347; Fax: +48-717-840-341
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Rudolf Weigl Street, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (J.A.); (E.Z.); (M.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Jolanta Artym
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Rudolf Weigl Street, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (J.A.); (E.Z.); (M.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Ewa Zaczyńska
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Rudolf Weigl Street, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (J.A.); (E.Z.); (M.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Rudolf Weigl Street, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (J.A.); (E.Z.); (M.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Iwona Kochanowska
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Rudolf Weigl Street, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (J.A.); (E.Z.); (M.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Iwona Bryndal
- Department of Drug Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211A Borowska Street, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Pyra
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 14 Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Mączyński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211A Borowska Street, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.-Ć.); (M.M.)
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Zhu Q, Song X, Zhou J, Wang Y, Xia J, Qian W, Zhu J, Gao R, Wang J, Xiao H. Target of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120-Induced Hippocampal Neuron Damage: Role of Voltage-Gated K(+) Channel Kv2.1. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:495-503. [PMID: 26393286 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) has been reported to be toxic to the hippocampal neurons, and to be involved in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, especially the outward delayed-rectifier K(+) (Ik) channels, play a critical role in gp120-induced cortical neuronal death in vitro. However, the potential mechanisms underlying the hippocampal neuronal injury resulted from gp120-mediated neurotoxicity remain poorly understood. Using whole-cell patch clamp recording in cultured hippocampal neurons, this study found that gp120 significantly increased the outward delayed-rectifier K(+) currents (Ik). Meanwhile, Western blot assay revealed that gp120 markedly upregulated Kv2.1 protein levels, which was consistent with the increased Ik density. With Western blot and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays, it was discovered that gp120-induced neuronal injury was largely due to activation of Kv2.1 channels and resultant apoptosis mediated by caspase-3 activation, as the pharmacological blockade of Kv2.1 channels largely attenuated gp120-induced cell damage and caspase-3 expression. Moreover, p38 MAPK was demonstrated to participate in gp120-induced hippocampal neural damage, since p38 MAPK antagonist (SB203580) partially abrogated gp120-induced Kv2.1 upregulation and neural apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that gp120 induces hippocampal neuron apoptosis by enhancement of the Ik, which might be associated with increased Kv2.1 expression via the p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- 1 Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Song
- 1 Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- 1 Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- 1 Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Jianxun Xia
- 2 Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York , New York
| | - Wenyi Qian
- 1 Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Jingying Zhu
- 1 Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Gao
- 1 Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- 1 Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- 1 Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
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Carrisoza-Gaytan R, Liu Y, Flores D, Else C, Lee HG, Rhodes G, Sandoval RM, Kleyman TR, Lee FYI, Molitoris B, Satlin LM, Rohatgi R. Effects of biomechanical forces on signaling in the cortical collecting duct (CCD). Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F195-204. [PMID: 24872319 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00634.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in tubular fluid flow rate (TFF) stimulates Na reabsorption and K secretion in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) and subjects cells therein to biomechanical forces including fluid shear stress (FSS) and circumferential stretch (CS). Intracellular MAPK and extracellular autocrine/paracrine PGE2 signaling regulate cation transport in the CCD and, at least in other systems, are affected by biomechanical forces. We hypothesized that FSS and CS differentially affect MAPK signaling and PGE2 release to modulate cation transport in the CCD. To validate that CS is a physiological force in vivo, we applied the intravital microscopic approach to rodent kidneys in vivo to show that saline or furosemide injection led to a 46.5 ± 2.0 or 170 ± 32% increase, respectively, in distal tubular diameter. Next, murine CCD (mpkCCD) cells were grown on glass or silicone coated with collagen type IV and subjected to 0 or 0.4 dyne/cm(2) of FSS or 10% CS, respectively, forces chosen based on prior biomechanical modeling of ex vivo microperfused CCDs. Cells exposed to FSS expressed an approximately twofold greater abundance of phospho(p)-ERK and p-p38 vs. static cells, while CS did not alter p-p38 and p-ERK expression compared with unstretched controls. FSS induced whereas CS reduced PGE2 release by ∼40%. In conclusion, FSS and CS differentially affect ERK and p38 activation and PGE2 release in a cell culture model of the CD. We speculate that TFF differentially regulates biomechanical signaling and, in turn, cation transport in the CCD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Daniel Flores
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Cindy Else
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Heon Goo Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, Robert Carroll and Jane Chace Carroll Laboratories, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - George Rhodes
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Thomas R Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Francis Young-In Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, Robert Carroll and Jane Chace Carroll Laboratories, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Bruce Molitoris
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Lisa M Satlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rajeev Rohatgi
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York;
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Boasso A. Type I Interferon at the Interface of Antiviral Immunity and Immune Regulation: The Curious Case of HIV-1. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:580968. [PMID: 24455433 PMCID: PMC3885208 DOI: 10.1155/2013/580968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) play a critical role in the innate immune response against viral infections. They actively participate in antiviral immunity by inducing molecular mechanisms of viral restriction and by limiting the spread of the infection, but they also orchestrate the initial phases of the adaptive immune response and influence the quality of T cell immunity. During infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the production of and response to IFN-I may be severely altered by the lymphotropic nature of the virus. In this review I consider the different aspects of virus sensing, IFN-I production, signalling, and effects on target cells, with a particular focus on the alterations observed following HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Boasso
- Immunology Section, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
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Furler RL, Uittenbogaart CH. Signaling through the P38 and ERK pathways: a common link between HIV replication and the immune response. Immunol Res 2011; 48:99-109. [PMID: 20725863 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-010-8170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the defining characteristics of HIV is its ability to manipulate the human immune response to promote its own replication. Since the beginning of the epidemic, there has been controversy whether a robust immune response to the virus is beneficial or detrimental for the host. Therefore, the effects of HIV on signaling pathways and cytokine production need to be characterized in order to distinguish between protective immune responses and inappropriate immune activation. Cytokine and biomarker expression during HIV infection results from the combined effects of intracellular signaling pathways orchestrated by kinases like P38 and ERK. The P38 and ERK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways govern the regulation of cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α) as well biomarkers (PD-1, Fas/FasL, among others) that are skewed in chronic HIV infection. HIV utilizes the P38 and ERK pathways to produce new virions and to deplete CD4+ T cells from the host's immune system. Understanding the interplay between HIV and the cytokines induced by activation of the P38 and ERK pathways may provide insights into HIV immunopathogenesis and the development of a protective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Furler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, UCLA AIDS Institute, David E. Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095-7363, USA
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Biotransformed blueberry juice protects neurons from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway alterations. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:656-63. [PMID: 20459875 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510001170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the therapeutic effects of blueberry in neurodegenerative disorders. Biotransformation of blueberry juice by Serratia vaccinii bacteria increases its phenolic content and antioxidant activity. In neuronal cell culture, biotransformed blueberry juice (BJ) significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, namely catalase and superoxide dismutase. Moreover, BJ protected neurons against H2O2-induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. This associated with the upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family enzymes p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, as well as with the protection of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK1/2) activity loss induced by H2O2. The present studies demonstrate that BJ can protect neurons against oxidative stress possibly by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities and activating p38- and JNK-dependent survival pathways while blocking MEK1/2- and ERK1/2-mediated cell death. Thus, BJ may represent a novel approach to prevent and to treat neurodegenerative disorders, and it may represent a source of novel therapeutic agents against these diseases.
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Wang X, Viswanath R, Zhao J, Tang S, Hewlett I. Changes in the level of apoptosis-related proteins in Jurkat cells infected with HIV-1 versus HIV-2. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 337:175-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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