1
|
Yang B, Liu S, Qian Z, Tong Z. Predicting the death of patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5-positive dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mod Rheumatol 2024; 34:541-550. [PMID: 37364274 DOI: 10.1093/mr/road042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the risk factors for death in anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5-positive dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD). METHODS Studies were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. We calculated pooled risk ratios (RRs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects models. RESULTS Twenty studies were selected. Factors that may increase death risk included older age (SMD: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.42-0.81), elevated Krebs von den Lungen-6 (SMD: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.47-0.86), lactate dehydrogenase (SMD: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.72-1.02), C-reactive protein (SMD: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44-0.80), ferritin (SMD: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.71-1.15), creatine kinase (SMD: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.13-0.44), neutrophil (SMD: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.04-0.64), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (SMD: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.24-0.79), aspartate aminotransferase (SMD: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.45-0.94), shorter disease duration (SMD: -0.44, 95% CI: -0.67 to -0.21), rapidly progressive ILD (RR: 4.08, 95% CI: 3.01-5.54), fever (RR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.46-2.69), dyspnoea (RR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.32-2.02), and anti-Ro52 antibody positive (RR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.11-1.49). Female (RR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.94), increased albumin (SMD: -1.20, 95% CI: -1.76 to -0.64), lymphocyte (SMD: -0.49, 95% CI: -0.67 to -0.30), and arthralgia (RR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.37-0.78) were protective factors. CONCLUSION Older age, shorter disease duration, rapidly progressive ILD, fever, dyspnoea, anti-Ro52 antibody positive, and some inflammatory markers were risk factors for death in patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5-positive dermatomyositis-associated ILD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baolu Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Suying Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenbei Qian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liang S, Li Z, Bao C, Liu B, Zhang H, Yuan Y, Yan H, Chen S, Zhang H, Shi W, Ren F, Li Y. Non-Cardiotoxic Tetradecanoic Acid-2,4-Dinitrophenol Ester Nanomicelles in Microneedles Exert Potent Anti-Obesity Effect by Regulating Adipocyte Browning and Lipogenesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301751. [PMID: 37259675 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sustained oral uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) administration exerts prominent anti-obesity effects, but the adipose tissue off-target disadvantage leads to systemic adverse effects. A novel non-cardiotoxicity DNP delivery method using a biocompatible microneedles patch containing the amphiphilic tetradecanoic acid-DNP ester (TADNP) is described, which is synthesized via esterification on the phenolic hydroxyl of DNP. The TADNP is self-assembled as nanomicelles, which enhance the endocytosis rate of DNP by adipocytes and its permeation in isolated adipose tissues. The microenvironment of adipose tissues promotes the massive release of DNP and plasma and simulated gastrointestinal fluids. The microneedles-delivered TADNP nanomicelles (MN-TADNP) effectively deliver DNP in treated adipose tissues and reduce DNP content in off-target organs. Both oral and MN patch-delivered TADNP micelles effectively exert anti-obesity effects in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity; and noteworthily, MN-TADNP exhibit more satisfactory biosafety than oral administration. Here, a smart MN patch loaded with tetradecanoic acid-modified DNP is reported, which enhances its accumulation in adipose tissues and exerts an anti-obesity effect without causing any systemic toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zekun Li
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Cheng Bao
- School of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huiling Yan
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shanan Chen
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenbiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
An observational study of clinical recurrence in patients with interstitial lung disease related to the antisynthetase syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:711-720. [PMID: 36334174 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical characteristics and risk factors of clinical recurrence in interstitial lung disease related to antisynthetase syndrome (ARS-ILD). METHODS Patients diagnosed as ARS-ILD in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital between January 2015 and November 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical information and treatment course were reviewed. The primary endpoint was the disease recurrence, and the secondary point was mortality. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for recurrence. RESULTS Totally, 132 patients with ARS-ILD received immunomodulation treatment from diagnosis. During follow-ups, sixty-nine patients showed recurrence, with a recurrency rate yielding 52.3%. The median duration from treatment initiation to recurrence was 11 (5-18) months. The median tapering course in the recurrence group was 8 (3-12.5) months, which was significantly shorter than the 16 (10-32) months in the no-recurrence group (p < 0.001). Fifty-eight patients experienced recurrence when the glucocorticoids (GC) dose dropped to 10 (9.375-15) mg/day. Twelve patients discontinued GC with a median treatment course of 11.5 (8-16.75) months, and 11 patients developed recurrence after discontinuing GC for 3 (1-4) months. Twelve patients died, with a mortality rate of 9.1%, and recurrence was not associated with increased mortality. The adjusted multivariate analysis showed that age, increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, relatively shorter tapering duration, and inappropriate GC discontinuation were associated with recurrence. CONCLUSION Recurrence of ARS-ILD was common during medication intensity reduction. Age, LDH, medication tapering duration, and discontinuation were risk factors for recurrence. Further efforts to reduce recurrence should take into consideration of these factors. Key Points • Recurrence is observed commonly with a recurrency rate 52.3% in patients with interstitial lung disease related to antisynthetase syndrome (ARS-ILD) when glucocorticoids (GC) tapering or discontinuation. • Age, increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, medication tapering duration, and GC discontinuation were identified to be significantly associated with the recurrence of ARS-ILD.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lutfi E, Berge GM, Bæverfjord G, Sigholt T, Bou M, Larsson T, Mørkøre T, Evensen Ø, Sissener NH, Rosenlund G, Sveen L, Østbye TK, Ruyter B. Increasing dietary levels of the n-3 long-chain PUFA, EPA and DHA, improves the growth, welfare, robustness and fillet quality of Atlantic salmon in sea cages. Br J Nutr 2023; 129:10-28. [PMID: 35236527 PMCID: PMC9816656 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of increasing the dietary levels of EPA and DHA in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in sea cages, in terms of growth performance, welfare, robustness and overall quality. Fish with an average starting weight of 275 g were fed one of four different diets containing 10, 13, 16 and 35 g/kg of EPA and DHA (designated as 1·0, 1·3, 1·6 and 3·5 % EPA and DHA) until they reached approximately 5 kg. The 3·5 % EPA and DHA diet showed a significantly beneficial effect on growth performance and fillet quality compared with all other diets, particularly the 1 % EPA and DHA diet. Fish fed the diet containing 3·5 % EPA and DHA showed 400-600 g higher final weights, improved internal organ health scores and external welfare indicators, better fillet quality in terms of higher visual colour score and lower occurrence of dark spots and higher EPA and DHA content in tissues at the end of the feeding trial. Moreover, fish fed the 3·5 % EPA and DHA diet showed lower mortality during a naturally occurring cardiomyopathy syndrome outbreak, although this did not reach statistical significance. Altogether, our findings emphasise the importance of dietary EPA and DHA to maintain good growth, robustness, welfare and fillet quality of Atlantic salmon reared in sea cages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmail Lutfi
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), ÅsN-1432, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Marta Bou
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), ÅsN-1432, Norway
| | - Thomas Larsson
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), ÅsN-1432, Norway
| | - Turid Mørkøre
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), ÅsN-1432, Norway
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Lene Sveen
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), ÅsN-1432, Norway
| | - Tone-Kari Østbye
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), ÅsN-1432, Norway
| | - Bente Ruyter
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), ÅsN-1432, Norway
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rennemo J, Myrvold S, Berge K, Kileng Ø, Pedersen B, Aksberg DS, Lisik P, Crappe D, McGurk C, Rimstad E, Wessel Ø, Koppang EO, Bjørgen H. In-depth health surveillance and clinical nutrition in farmed Atlantic salmon: a strategic attempt to detect and mitigate an HSMI outbreak. Vet Res 2023; 54:3. [PMID: 36694262 PMCID: PMC9872415 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish health personnel have limited tools in combatting viral diseases such as heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in open net-pen farmed Atlantic salmon. In this study, we aimed to predict HSMI by intensified health monitoring and apply clinical nutrition to mitigate the condition. We followed a commercial cohort (G1) of Atlantic salmon that was PRV-1 naïve when transferred to a sea cage at a location where HSMI outbreaks commonly occur. The fish in the other cages (G2-G6) at the location had a different origin than G1 and were PRV-1 positive prior to sea transfer. By continuous analysis of production data and sequentially (approximately every fourth week) performing autopsy, RT-qPCR (for PRV-1 and selected immune genes), blood and histological analysis of 10 fish from G1 and G2, we identified the time of PRV-1 infection in G1 and predicted the onset of HSMI prior to any clinical signs of disease. Identical sequences across partial genomes of PRV-1 isolates from G1 and G2 suggest the likely transfer from infected cages to G1. The isolates were grouped into a genogroup known to be of high virulence. A commercial health diet was applied during the HSMI outbreak, and the fish had low mortality and an unaffected appetite. In conclusion, we show that fish health and welfare can benefit from in-depth health monitoring. We also discuss the potential health value of clinical nutrition as a mean to mitigate HSMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Rennemo
- grid.436785.b0000 0004 0644 9116Skretting AS, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Kjetil Berge
- grid.436785.b0000 0004 0644 9116Skretting AS, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Børge Pedersen
- grid.436785.b0000 0004 0644 9116Skretting AS, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Piotr Lisik
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation (AI), Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Charles McGurk
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation (AI), Stavanger, Norway
| | - Espen Rimstad
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XUnit of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Øystein Wessel
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XUnit of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XUnit of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Håvard Bjørgen
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XUnit of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prado R, Carrillo D, Hernández R, Ruíz R, García C. Biochemical reference intervals for captive bred Crocodylus moreletii and Crocodylus acutus in the Alcuzahue Lagoon, Colima, Mexico. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Crocodylus moreletii and Crocodylus acutus are two endangered crocodile species endemic to Mexico. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 58 crocodiles (30 females and 28 males) were examined to determine and evaluate 24 blood biochemical indicators associated with energy, lipid, protein, mineral and enzymatic metabolic processes. Most of the serum biochemistry parameters were similar among sexes by species. However, male crocodiles showed higher triacylglycerol concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity, and lower globulin concentration than females. There were some significant differences between species. Total bilirubin, triacylglycerol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen carbonate were higher in Crocodylus moreletii, and urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were higher in Crocodylus acutus. These reference values are very important for the protection of crocodiles. The calculated confidence intervals could be used to detect alert situations when at least 5% of the sampled crocodiles would fall outside of the calculated reference interval for a given parameter.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang J, Gao X, Liu F, Dong J, Zhao P. Difenoconazole causes cardiotoxicity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Involvement of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135562. [PMID: 35792209 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole, a commonly used broad-spectrum triazole fungicide, is widely applied to fish culture in paddy fields. Due to its high chemical stability, low biodegradability, and easy transfer, difenoconazole persists in aquatic systems, raising public awareness of environmental threats. Difenoconazole causes cardiotoxicity in carp, however, the potential mechanisms of difenoconazole-induced cardiotoxicity remain unclear. Here, common carp were exposed to difenoconazole, and cardiotoxicity was evaluated by measuring the creatine kinase (CK) and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum. Cardiac pathological injury was determined by HE staining. The content and expression of oxidative stress indicators were detected using biochemical kits and qPCR analysis. Changes in inflammation-related cytokines were examined by qPCR. Apoptosis levels were assessed by TUNEL assay and qPCR. The occurrence of autophagy was measured by western blotting detection of autophagy flux LC3II/LC3I, and autophagy regulatory pathways were detected using qPCR. The results showed that difenoconazole exposure induced cardiotoxicity accompanied by obviously elevated LDH and CK levels and caused myocardial fibers to swell and inflammatory cells to increase. Elevated peroxide MDA and reduced transcriptional and activity levels of the antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD and GSH-Px were dependent on the Nrf2/Keap-1 pathway. Moreover, the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were upregulated, iNOS activity was enhanced, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10 were downregulated after exposure to difenoconazole. Moreover, apoptosis was observed in the TUNEL assay and mediated through the p53/Bcl-2/Bax-Caspase-9 mitochondrial pathway. Furthermore, difenoconazole increased the autophagy markers LC3II, ATG5 and p62 and regulated them through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Altogether, this study demonstrated that difenoconazole exposure caused common carp cardiotoxicity, which is regulated by oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy, providing central data for toxicological risk assessment of difenoconazole in the ecological environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xuzhu Gao
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Feixue Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Currie A, Cockerill D, Diez-Padrisa M, Haining H, Henriquez F, Quinn B. Anemia in salmon aquaculture: Scotland as a case study. AQUACULTURE (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 546:737313. [PMID: 35039692 PMCID: PMC8547259 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anemia in salmonid aquaculture is a recognized blood disorder resulting from the reduction of hemoglobin concentration and/or erythrocyte count. Because of sub-optimal oxygen supply to the tissues, as a negative impact of anemia fish will experience reduced growth and poor health. This health challenge may be linked with several factors including anthropogenic changes in the marine environment, infectious etiology (viral, bacterial, and parasitic), nutritional deficiencies, or hemorrhaging. From the mid-late summer of 2017 to 2019, Scottish salmon farming companies began to report the occurrence of anemic events in open-net marine sites. At that time, the industry had little understanding of the pathogenesis and possible mechanisms of anemia and limited the ability to formulate effective mitigation strategies. Clinical examination of fish raised suspicion of anemia and this was confirmed by generating a packed cell volume value by centrifugation of a microhematocrit tube of whole anticoagulated blood. Company health team members, including vets and biologists, reported discoloration of gills and local hemorrhages. This paper reviews various commercially significant cases and lesser-known cases of anemia in cultured salmonid species induced by various biological factors. The current methods available to assess hematology are addressed and some future methods that could be adopted in modern day fish farming are identified. An account of the most recent anemic event in Scottish farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is presented and discussed as a case study from information provided by two major Scottish salmon producers. The percent of total marine sites (n = 80) included in this case study, that reported with suspected or clinical anemia covering the period mid-late summer 2017 to 2019, was between 1 and 13%. The findings from this case study suggest that anemia experienced in most cases was regenerative and most likely linked to blood loss from the gills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Currie
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
- WellFish Diagnostics Ltd, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
| | - D. Cockerill
- Scottish Salmon Company, 8 Melville Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - M. Diez-Padrisa
- Mowi Scotland Ltd, Blar Mhor Industrial Estate, Fort William, Scotland, UK
| | - H. Haining
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - F.L. Henriquez
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
| | - B. Quinn
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
- WellFish Diagnostics Ltd, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Costa JZ, Del Pozo J, McLean K, Inglis N, Sourd P, Bordeianu A, Thompson KD. Proteomic characterization of serum proteins from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from an outbreak with cardiomyopathy syndrome. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1697-1709. [PMID: 34224170 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS), caused by piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV), is a serious challenge to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) aquaculture. Regrettably, husbandry techniques are the only tool to manage CMS outbreaks, and no prophylactic measures are available at present. Early diagnosis of CMS is therefore desirable, preferably with non-lethal diagnostic methods, such as serum biomarkers. To identify candidate biomarkers for CMS, the protein content of pools of sera (4 fish/pool) from salmon with a CMS outbreak (3 pools) and from clinically healthy salmon (3 pools) was compared using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Overall, seven proteins were uniquely identified in the sera of clinically healthy fish, while 27 proteins were unique to the sera of CMS fish. Of the latter, 24 have been associated with cardiac disease in humans. These were grouped as leakage enzymes (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glycogen phosphorylase and carbonic anhydrase); host reaction proteins (acute-phase response proteins-haptoglobin, fibrinogen, α2-macroglobulin and ceruloplasmin; and complement-related proteins); and regeneration/remodelling proteins (fibronectin, lumican and retinol). Clinical evaluation of the suitability of these proteins as biomarkers of CMS, either individually or as part of a panel, is a logical next step for the development of early diagnostic tools for CMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Z Costa
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik (Edinburgh), UK
| | - Jorge Del Pozo
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin McLean
- Proteomics Facilities, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik (Edinburgh), UK
| | - Neil Inglis
- Proteomics Facilities, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik (Edinburgh), UK
| | - Philippe Sourd
- Cooke Aquaculture Scotland, Willow House, Strathclyde Business Park, Bellshill, UK
| | - Andrei Bordeianu
- Cooke Aquaculture Scotland, Willow House, Strathclyde Business Park, Bellshill, UK
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik (Edinburgh), UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu S, Chen X, Chen Q, Cahilog Z, Hu L, Chen Y, Cao J, Ning J, Yi B, Lu K, Gu J. Effects of dexmedetomidine on the function of distal organs and oxidative stress after lower limb ischaemia-reperfusion in elderly patients undergoing unilateral knee arthroplasty. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:4212-4220. [PMID: 33754371 PMCID: PMC8596637 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aims to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on organ function, inflammation response, and oxidative stress in elderly patients following iatrogenic lower limb ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) during unilateral total knee arthroplasty. Methods Following unilateral total knee arthroplasty, 54 elderly patients were randomized to receive either intraoperative intravenous injection of dexmedetomidine (n = 27) or equivalent volume of 0.9% saline (n = 27). Blood samples were harvested at 5 minutes before lower limb tourniquet release (baseline); and 1, 6 and 24 hours after tourniquet release. Surrogate markers of cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic and renal function, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, along with parasympathetic and sympathetic activity were recorded and analysed. Results The levels of blood xanthine oxidase, creatine kinase, lactic acid and respiratory index increased in patients following tourniquet‐induced lower limb IR injury. Dexmedetomidine administration decreased the respiratory index (P = .014, P = .01, and P = .043) and the norepinephrine level (P < .001) at 1, 6 and 24 hours; and decreased the xanthine oxidase level (P = .049, P < .001) at 6 and 24 hours after tourniquet release compared with the Control group. Other measurements, including creatine kinase isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, urea nitrogen, glutamic–oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic–pyruvic transaminase, malondialdehyde, interleukin‐1, interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α, were not statistically significantly different between the 2 groups. Conclusions Intraoperative dexmedetomidine administration in elderly patients dampens the deterioration in respiratory function and suppresses the oxidative stress response in elderly patients following iatrogenic lower limb IR injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunshan Lu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingtong Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Road, Chongqing, China.,Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Zhen Cahilog
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lili Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaolin Ning
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaizhi Lu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianteng Gu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan Road, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Association of Lactate Dehydrogenase with In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Acute Aortic Dissection: A Retrospective Observational Study. Int J Hypertens 2020; 2020:1347165. [PMID: 31969993 PMCID: PMC6969996 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1347165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence regarding the relationship between serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and in-hospital mortality in acute aortic dissection (AAD) patients is extremely limited. We aimed to investigate the relationship between LDH and in-hospital mortality in AAD patients. Methods The present study was a retrospective observational study. A total of 1526 participants with acute aortic dissection were involved in a hospital in China from January 2014 to December 2018. The target-independent variable was LDH measured at baseline, and the dependent was all-cause mortality during hospitalization. Covariates involved in this study included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes, smoking, stroke, atherosclerosis, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin (ALB), creatinine (Cr), symptom, type of AAD (Stanford), and management. Results The average age of 1526 selected participants was 52.72 ± 11.94 years old, and about 80.41% of them were male. The result of the fully adjusted model showed LDH was positively associated with in-hospital mortality in AAD patients after adjusting confounders (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.13). A nonlinear relationship was detected between LDH and in-hospital mortality in AAD patients after adjusting for potential confounders (age, gender, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, atherosclerosis, smoking, symptom, SBP, DBP, WBC, Hb, ALT, AST, ALB, Cr, type of AAD (Stanford), and management), whose point was 557. The effect sizes and the confidence intervals of the left and right sides of the inflection point were 0.90 (0.74–1.10) and 1.12 (1.06–1.19), respectively. Subgroup analysis in participants showed that the relationship between LDH and in-hospital mortality was stable, and all of the P value for the interaction in different subgroup were more than 0.05. Conclusions The relationship between LDH and in-hospital mortality in AAD patients is nonlinear. LDH was positively related with in-hospital mortality when LDH is more than 557.
Collapse
|
12
|
Reveco-Urzua FE, Hofossæter M, Rao Kovi M, Mydland LT, Ånestad R, Sørby R, Press CM, Lagos L, Øverland M. Candida utilis yeast as a functional protein source for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Local intestinal tissue and plasma proteome responses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218360. [PMID: 31887112 PMCID: PMC6936787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial ingredients such as Candida utilis yeast are known to be functional protein sources with immunomodulating effects whereas soybean meal causes soybean meal-induced enteritis in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Inflammatory or immunomodulatory stimuli at the local level in the intestine may alter the plasma proteome profile of Atlantic salmon. These deviations can be helpful indicators for fish health and, therefore potential tools in the diagnosis of fish diseases. The present work aimed to identify local intestinal tissue responses and changes in plasma protein profiles of Atlantic salmon fed inactive dry Candida utilis yeast biomass, soybean meal, or combination of soybean meal based diet with various inclusion levels of Candida utilis. A fishmeal based diet was used as control diet. Inclusion of Candida utilis yeast to a fishmeal based diet did not alter the morphology, immune cell population or gene expression of the distal intestine. Lower levels of Candida utilis combined with soybean meal modulated immune cell populations in the distal intestine and reduced the severity of soybean meal-induced enteritis, while higher inclusion levels of Candida utilis were less effective. Changes in the plasma proteomic profile revealed differences between the diets but did not indicate any specific proteins that could be a marker for health or disease. The results suggest that Candida utilis does not alter intestinal morphology or induce major changes in plasma proteome, and thus could be a high-quality alternative protein source with potential functional properties in diets for Atlantic salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Eduardo Reveco-Urzua
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Mette Hofossæter
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Kovi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Ånestad
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Randi Sørby
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles McLean Press
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Luo H, Wang L, Li C, Liu L, Huang L, Liu K, Liu M, Gao S, Xiao Y, Zhu H, Zuo X, Li QZ, Zhang H. Increased Serum Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Levels are Associated with Anti-Jo1 but not Anti-MDA5 in Myositis Patients. Aging Dis 2019; 10:746-755. [PMID: 31440381 PMCID: PMC6675534 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9) is a member of the zinc-ion-dependent proteinases family and plays a pathogenic role in chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. However, its roles in the pathogenesis of myositis have not been elucidated. In this study, we aimed to determine the gene expression and serum level of MMP9 and their relationship with clinical features and serological parameters in myositis. Our results showed that MMP9 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was upregulated in myositis patients compared to that in healthy controls. Myositis patients positive for anti-Jo1 antibodies exhibited significantly higher serum MMP9 than anti-MDA5 positive or antibody-negative patients and healthy controls. However, the presence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) did not affect MMP9 levels. We further identified that anti-Jo1-positive myositis patients showed higher numbers of white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes and neutrophils; increased levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and C-reactive protein (CRP); and higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) than anti-MDA5 positive patients. In addition, serum MMP-9 levels were positively correlated with WBCs, neutrophils, CK, CRP, ESR, and LDH in myositis patients. In vitro experiments showed that purified serum IgG from Jo-1-positive patients could stimulate PBMCs to release more MMP9 than the IgG from MDA-5-positive sera. These results indicated that increased MMP9 in anti-Jo1-positive myositis patients was associated with the extent of muscle involvement, but not pulmonary damage. The distinct pattern of serum MMP9 perhaps clarifies the differences in pathophysiology between anti-Jo1 and anti-MDA5 in patients with myositis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Liu
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Luo
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Wang
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Caiyan Li
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Liyun Liu
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Li Huang
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Liu
- 2Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Meidong Liu
- 2Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Siming Gao
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Honglin Zhu
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,3Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Huali Zhang
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,4Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hall LM, Collins C, Collet B. The potential benefits of repeated measure experiments for fish disease-challenge host-pathogen investigations. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 85:126-131. [PMID: 29410276 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The utility of molecular response data arising from in-vivo single and repeated measure fish disease-challenge experiments is compared. An in-silico 'experiment' involving the generation of two imaginary immune-molecule quantity response profiles over time for individual animals was carried out. Daily 'observed' molecule quantities were drawn from the 'known' individual response profiles to mimic the results of single and repeated measurement. The results indicate that repeated measure experiments are required to infer individual level response profiles, and that these experiments also provide more accurate summary statistics and data more suited to inferring the dependent ordering of the molecular response. Additionally repeated measure experiments utilise fewer animals than single measure experiments. These results are described alongside a discussion of experimental methodological issues pertinent to the adoption of aquatic animal repeated measure experimental designs. We conclude that investigators need to take particular care when making inferences from single measure experiments and that serious consideration should be given to using repeated measure experiments for in-vivo fish disease-challenge investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bertrand Collet
- Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK; Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Munang'andu HM, Evensen Ø. Correlates of protective immunity for fish vaccines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 85:132-140. [PMID: 29621636 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most effective disease control strategies that has contributed to the significant reduction of disease outbreaks and antibiotics usage in salmonid aquaculture. To date, licensing of fish vaccines is to a limited extent based on in vitro correlates of protection, as done for many mammalian vaccines. This is because the immunological mechanisms of vaccine protection have not been clearly elucidated for most fish vaccines. Herein, we provide an overview of the different steps required to establish correlates of protective immunity required to serve as benchmarks in optimizing vaccine production in aquaculture. We highlight the importance of optimizing challenge models needed to generate consistent results used during vaccine development as a basis for establishing immune correlates of protection. Data generated this far shows that antibodies are potentially the most reliable correlates of protective immunity for fish vaccines. Our findings also show that antigen dose can be optimized to serve as a correlate of protection for fish vaccines. Further, there is need to establish signatures of T-cell protective immunity when antibodies fail to serve as proxies of immune protection, particularly for vaccines against intracellular pathogens. We can anticipate that documentation of efficacy for future vaccines in aquaculture, particularly batch testing will be based on in vitro correlates of protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Ullevålsveien 72, P.O. Box 8146, NO-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Ullevålsveien 72, P.O. Box 8146, NO-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Capaldo A, Gay F, Lepretti M, Paolella G, Martucciello S, Lionetti L, Caputo I, Laforgia V. Effects of environmental cocaine concentrations on the skeletal muscle of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:862-873. [PMID: 29879672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of illicit drugs in the aquatic environment represents a new potential risk for aquatic organisms, due to their constant exposure to substances with strong pharmacological activity. Currently, little is known about the ecological effects of illicit drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of environmental concentrations of cocaine, an illicit drug widespread in surface waters, on the skeletal muscle of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). The skeletal muscle of silver eels exposed to 20 ng L-1 of cocaine for 50 days were compared to control, vehicle control and two post-exposure recovery groups (3 and 10 days after interruption of cocaine). The eels general health, the morphology of the skeletal muscle and several parameters indicative of the skeletal muscle physiology were evaluated, namely the muscle whole protein profile, marker of the expression levels of the main muscle proteins; cytochrome oxidase activity, markers of oxidative metabolism; caspase-3, marker of apoptosis activation; serum levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase, markers of skeletal muscle damages. Cocaine-exposed eels appeared hyperactive but they showed the same general health status as the other groups. In contrast, their skeletal muscle showed evidence of serious injury, including muscle breakdown and swelling, similar to that typical of rhabdomyolysis. These changes were still present 10 days after the interruption of cocaine exposure. In fact, with the exception of the expression levels of the main muscle proteins, which remained unchanged, all the other parameters examined showed alterations that persisted for at least 10 days after the interruption of cocaine exposure. This study shows that even low environmental concentrations of cocaine cause severe damage to the morphology and physiology of the skeletal muscle of the silver eel, confirming the harmful impact of cocaine in the environment that potentially affects the survival of this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Capaldo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Gay
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 - 84084 Fisciano - Salerno, Italy.
| | - Marilena Lepretti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 - 84084 Fisciano - Salerno, Italy.
| | - Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 - 84084 Fisciano - Salerno, Italy.
| | - Stefania Martucciello
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 - 84084 Fisciano - Salerno, Italy.
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 - 84084 Fisciano - Salerno, Italy; ELFID (European Laboratory for Food-Induced Diseases), University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 - 84084 Fisciano - Salerno, Italy; ELFID (European Laboratory for Food-Induced Diseases), University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Floyd-Rump TP, Horstmann-Dehn LA, Atkinson S, Skaugstad C. Effect of Ichthyophonus on blood plasma chemistry of spawning Chinook salmon and their resulting offspring in a Yukon River tributary. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 122:223-236. [PMID: 28117301 DOI: 10.3354/dao03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophonus is a protozoan parasite of Alaska Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. In this study, we determined whether spawning Chinook salmon in the Yukon River drainage exhibited a measurable stress response (i.e. elevated plasma cortisol concentrations) and detectable changes in selected blood plasma chemistry parameters when infected with Ichthyophonus. The resulting alevin were also analyzed for any differences in blood plasma chemistry caused by parental infection with Ichthyophonus. In 2010, 2011, and 2012, spawning adult Chinook salmon were collected from the Salcha River, Alaska, USA, and the prevalence of Ichthyophonus in these fish was 7.8, 6.3, and 8.3%, respectively. Fish with no clinical signs of Ichthyophonus and Ichthyophonus-positive parents were cross-fertilized to investigate potential second-generation effects as a result of Ichthyophonus infection. We found no significant difference in cortisol concentrations in blood plasma between Ichthyophonus-positive and -negative adults or between alevin from Ichthyophonus-positive and -negative parents. There were no significant differences in blood plasma parameters (e.g. alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, glucose) of Ichthyophonus-negative and -positive adults, with the exception of aspartate aminotransferase, which was significantly higher in plasma of Ichthyophonus-negative adults. All clinical chemistry parameters for alevin resulting from both Ichthyophonus-negative and -positive parents were not significantly different. Based on this study, which has a limited sample size and low prevalence of Ichthyophonus, offspring of Chinook salmon appear to suffer no disadvantage as a result of Ichthyophonus infection in their parents on the Salcha River.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T P Floyd-Rump
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 905 N Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Braceland M, Houston K, Ashby A, Matthews C, Haining H, Rodger H, Eckersall PD. Technical pre-analytical effects on the clinical biochemistry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:29-40. [PMID: 27145526 PMCID: PMC5215511 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical biochemistry has long been utilized in human and veterinary medicine as a vital diagnostic tool, but despite occasional studies showing its usefulness in monitoring health status in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), it has not yet been widely utilized within the aquaculture industry. This is due, in part, to a lack of an agreed protocol for collection and processing of blood prior to analysis. Moreover, while the analytical phase of clinical biochemistry is well controlled, there is a growing understanding that technical pre-analytical variables can influence analyte concentrations or activities. In addition, post-analytical interpretation of treatment effects is variable in the literature, thus making the true effect of sample treatment hard to evaluate. Therefore, a number of pre-analytical treatments have been investigated to examine their effect on analyte concentrations and activities. In addition, reference ranges for salmon plasma biochemical analytes have been established to inform veterinary practitioners and the aquaculture industry of the importance of clinical biochemistry in health and disease monitoring. Furthermore, a standardized protocol for blood collection has been proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Braceland
- The Centre For Aquaculture TechnologiesSouris, Prince Edward IslandCanada
- Present address: Center for Aquaculture Technologies20 Hope StreetSourisMBCanada
| | - K Houston
- School of Veterinary MedicineCollege of MedicalVeterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | | | - H Haining
- School of Veterinary MedicineCollege of MedicalVeterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - P D Eckersall
- Institute of BiodiversityAnimal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of MedicalVeterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Skugor S, Jodaa Holm H, Bjelland AK, Pino J, Evensen Ø, Krasnov A, Wadsworth S. Nutrigenomic effects of glucosinolates on liver, muscle and distal kidney in parasite-free and salmon louse infected Atlantic salmon. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:639. [PMID: 27955686 PMCID: PMC5153675 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reduction of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infection in Atlantic salmon achieved by glucosinolates (GLs) from Brassica plants was recently reported. However, wider application of functional feeds based on GLs requires better knowledge of their positive and adverse effects. Methods Liver, distal kidney and muscle transcriptomes of salmon exposed to the extreme dose of GLs were profiled by microarray, while qPCR analysis followed up selected hepatic and renal responses under the extreme and moderate GLs dose during the L. salmonis challenge. Transcriptional analysis were complemented with measurements of organ indices, liver steatosis and plasma profiling, including indicators of cytolysis and bilirubin. Finally, the third trial was performed to quantify the effect of lower GLs doses on growth. Results The extreme GLs dose caused a decrease in hepatic fat deposition and growth, in line with microarray findings, which suggested tissue remodeling and reduction of cellular proliferation in the skeletal muscle and liver. Lower GLs inclusion levels in a follow-up trial did not show negative effects on growth. Microarray analysis of the distal kidney pointed to activation of anti-fibrotic responses under the overexposure. However, analyses of ALT, CK and AST enzymes in plasma provided no evidence of increased cytolysis and organ damage. Prevalent activation of phase-2 detoxification genes that occurred in all three tissues could be considered part of beneficial effects caused by the extreme dose of GLs. In addition, transcriptomic evidence suggested GLs-mediated iron and heme withdrawal response, including increased heme degradation in muscle (upregulation of heme oxygenase-1), decrease of its synthesis in liver (downregulation of porphobilinogen deaminase) and increased iron sequestration from blood (hepatic induction of hepcidin-1 and renal induction of intracellular storage protein ferritin). This response could be advantageous for salmon upon encountering lice, which depend on the host for the provision of iron carrying heme. Most of the hepatic genes studied by qPCR showed similar expression levels in fish exposed to GLs, lice and their combination, while renal induction of leptin suggested heightened stress by the combination of extreme dose of GLs and lice. High expression of interferonγ (cytokine considered organ-protective in mammalian kidney) was detected at the moderate GLs level. This fish also showed highest plasma bilirubin levels (degradation product of heme), and had lowest number of attached lice, further supporting hypothesis that making heme unavailable to lice could be part of an effective anti-parasitic strategy. Conclusions Modulation of detoxification and iron metabolism in Atlantic salmon tissues could be beneficial prior and during lice infestations. Investigation of anti-lice functional feeds based on low and moderate GLs inclusion levels thus deserves further attention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1921-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanko Skugor
- Cargill Innovation Center, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Helle Jodaa Holm
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jorge Pino
- Cargill Innovation Center, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li W, Chen S, Zhou G, Li H, Zhong L, Liu S. Potential role of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) in diabetic cardiomyopathy in diabetic rats: An in vivo approach. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 25:500-506. [PMID: 29686513 PMCID: PMC5910639 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the importance of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) of diabetic cardiomyopathy in diabetic rats. The rats were induced with diabetic using streptozotocin and total triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were determined. The range of myocardial enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) were also estimated, further, the Immuno histochemical analysis and western blot investigation were determined for the actual activity of C3G. Results indicated that the marker enzymes such as CK, LD and AST were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in STZ administered rats (DM group), while the levels of these elevated marker enzymes of cardiac injury significantly (P < 0.05) declined in the DM + C3G group, as compared to the diabetic group of rats. Additionally, a decrease in the level of TNF-alpha and interleukin-6, was noticed in the C3G treated group as compared to diabetic group. Finally, blotting analysis clearly confirmed that theC3G treatment resulted to higher level response of Bcl-2 and lower level response of caspase-3 and BAX. In conclusion, C3G a natural antioxidant may prevent cardiovascular complications by ameliorating oxidative damage, inflammation, metabolic dysfunctions and apoptosis pathways in type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China
| | - Songwen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China
| | - Genqing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China
| | - Lan Zhong
- Division of Gastroenterology, East Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Shaowen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kiron V, Kulkarni A, Dahle D, Vasanth G, Lokesh J, Elvebo O. Recognition of purified beta 1,3/1,6 glucan and molecular signalling in the intestine of Atlantic salmon. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:57-66. [PMID: 26615007 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon was orally intubated with a highly purified β-glucan product (MacroGard(®)) to study the recognition of the molecule by the receptor genes, the regulation of the downstream signalling genes and global proteins, and the micromorphological changes in the intestine. The β-glucan receptor genes of Atlantic salmon, sclra, sclrb, sclrc and cr3, seem to recognize the molecule, and initiate the downstream ITAM-motif signalling, as evident from the significantly high mRNA levels of ksyk, mapkin2, il1b and mip2a levels. Among the altered proteins, the Apoa4 (involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism); Tagln, Actb (uptake of β-glucan); Psma2 (associated with substrate recognition); and Ckt (energy metabolism-related) were the overexpressed ones. The underexpressed proteins included the Uk114, Rpl9, Ctsb and Lgal that are connected to proliferation, LPS-stimulation, Il1b and lactose recognition, respectively. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of igt and the number of immune cells in the distal intestine were found to increase upon β-glucan uptake by the fish. This study provides some clues on the mechanisms by which the β-glucan evokes response in Atlantic salmon, particularly at the intestinal level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway.
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway.
| | - Dalia Dahle
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway.
| | - Ghana Vasanth
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway.
| | - Jep Lokesh
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway.
| | - Odd Elvebo
- Biorigin Europe NV, Vosseschijnstraat 59, Haven 182, BE 2030 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Braceland M, McLoughlin MF, Tinsley J, Wallace C, Cockerill D, McLaughlin M, Eckersall PD. Serum enolase: a non-destructive biomarker of white skeletal myopathy during pancreas disease (PD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:821-831. [PMID: 25168106 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Diseases which cause skeletal muscle myopathy are some of the most economically damaging diseases in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., aquaculture. Despite this, there are limited means of assessing fish health non-destructively. Previous investigation of the serum proteome of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., during pancreas disease (PD) has identified proteins in serum that have potential as biomarkers of the disease. Amongst these proteins, the enzyme enolase was selected as the most viable for use as a biomarker of muscle myopathy associated with PD. Western blot and immunoassay (ELISA) validated enolase as a biomarker for PD, whilst immunohistochemistry identified white muscle as the source of enolase. Enolase was shown to be a specific marker for white muscle myopathy in salmon, rising in serum concentration significantly correlating with pathological damage to the tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Braceland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - C Wallace
- VESO Vikan, Aquamedical Contract Research, Vikan, Namsos, Norway
| | - D Cockerill
- Marine Harvest Scotland, Farms Office Blar Mhor Industrial Estate, Fort William, UK
| | - M McLaughlin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - P D Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The effect of dietary n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio on salmonid alphavirus subtype 1 (SAV-1) replication in tissues of experimentally infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:19-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
24
|
Johnston SE, Orell P, Pritchard VL, Kent MP, Lien S, Niemelä E, Erkinaro J, Primmer CR. Genome-wide SNP analysis reveals a genetic basis for sea-age variation in a wild population of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Mol Ecol 2014; 23:3452-68. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Johnston
- Division of Genetics and Physiology; Department of Biology; University of Turku; Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 Turku FIN-20520 Finland
| | - Panu Orell
- Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute; Utsjoki FIN-99980 Finland
| | - Victoria L. Pritchard
- Division of Genetics and Physiology; Department of Biology; University of Turku; Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 Turku FIN-20520 Finland
| | - Matthew P. Kent
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE) and Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Aas N-1432 Norway
| | - Sigbjørn Lien
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE) and Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Aas N-1432 Norway
| | - Eero Niemelä
- Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute; Utsjoki FIN-99980 Finland
| | - Jaakko Erkinaro
- Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute; Utsjoki FIN-99980 Finland
| | - Craig R. Primmer
- Division of Genetics and Physiology; Department of Biology; University of Turku; Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 Turku FIN-20520 Finland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kibenge MJT, Iwamoto T, Wang Y, Morton A, Godoy MG, Kibenge FSB. Whole-genome analysis of piscine reovirus (PRV) shows PRV represents a new genus in family Reoviridae and its genome segment S1 sequences group it into two separate sub-genotypes. Virol J 2013; 10:230. [PMID: 23844948 PMCID: PMC3711887 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piscine reovirus (PRV) is a newly discovered fish reovirus of anadromous and marine fish ubiquitous among fish in Norwegian salmon farms, and likely the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI). HSMI is an increasingly economically significant disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms. The nucleotide sequence data available for PRV are limited, and there is no genetic information on this virus outside of Norway and none from wild fish. METHODS RT-PCR amplification and sequencing were used to obtain the complete viral genome of PRV (10 segments) from western Canada and Chile. The genetic diversity among the PRV strains and their relationship to Norwegian PRV isolates were determined by phylogenetic analyses and sequence identity comparisons. RESULTS PRV is distantly related to members of the genera Orthoreovirus and Aquareovirus and an unambiguous new genus within the family Reoviridae. The Canadian and Norwegian PRV strains are most divergent in the segment S1 and S4 encoded proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of PRV S1 sequences, for which the largest number of complete sequences from different "isolates" is available, grouped Norwegian PRV strains into a single genotype, Genotype I, with sub-genotypes, Ia and Ib. The Canadian PRV strains matched sub-genotype Ia and Chilean PRV strains matched sub-genotype Ib. CONCLUSIONS PRV should be considered as a member of a new genus within the family Reoviridae with two major Norwegian sub-genotypes. The Canadian PRV diverged from Norwegian sub-genotype Ia around 2007 ± 1, whereas the Chilean PRV diverged from Norwegian sub-genotype Ib around 2008 ± 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly JT Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Tokinori Iwamoto
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Alexandra Morton
- Raincoast Research Society, Box 399, 390 1st Street, Sointula, BC V0N 3E0, Canada
| | - Marcos G Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Diego de Almagro Norte 1013, No. 10, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Universidad San Sebastián. Facultad de Ciencias, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, Chile
- ETECMA, Diego de Almagro Norte 1013 No. 10, Sector Cardonal, Puerto Montt, X Región, Chile
| | - Frederick SB Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|