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Borhani SG, Levine MZ, Krumpe LH, Wilson J, Henrich CJ, O’Keefe BR, Lo D, Sittampalam GS, Godfrey AG, Lunsford RD, Mangalampalli V, Tao D, LeClair CA, Thole A, Frey D, Swartz J, Rao G. An approach to rapid distributed manufacturing of broad spectrum anti-viral griffithsin using cell-free systems to mitigate pandemics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.12.19.521044. [PMID: 36597541 PMCID: PMC9810220 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.19.521044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the cell-free biomanufacturing of a broad-spectrum antiviral protein, griffithsin (GRFT) such that it can be produced with consistent purity and potency in less than 24 hours. We demonstrate GRFT production using two independent cell-free systems, one plant and one microbial. Griffithsin purity and quality were verified using standard regulatory metrics. Efficacy was demonstrated in vitro against SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 and was nearly identical to that of GRFT expressed in vivo . The proposed production process is efficient and can be readily scaled up and deployed anywhere in the world where a viral pathogen might emerge. The current emergence of viral variants has resulted in frequent updating of existing vaccines and loss of efficacy for front-line monoclonal antibody therapies. Proteins such as GRFT with its efficacious and broad virus neutralizing capability provide a compelling pandemic mitigation strategy to promptly suppress viral emergence at the source of an outbreak.
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2
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Ren J, Gao X, Guo X, Wang N, Wang X. Research Progress in Pharmacological Activities and Applications of Cardiotonic Steroids. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:902459. [PMID: 35721110 PMCID: PMC9205219 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.902459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) are a group of compounds existing in animals and plants. CTS are commonly referred to cardiac glycosides (CGs) which are composed of sugar residues, unsaturated lactone rings and steroid cores. Their traditional mechanism of action is to inhibit sodium-potassium ATPase to strengthen the heart and regulate heart rate, so it is currently widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure and tachyarrhythmia. It is worth noticing that recent studies have found an avalanche of inestimable values of CTS applications in many fields such as anti-tumor, anti-virus, neuroprotection, and immune regulation through multi-molecular mechanisms. Thus, the pharmacological activities and applications of CTS have extensive prospects, which would provide a direction for new drug research and development. Here, we review the potential applications of CTS in cardiovascular system and other systems. We also provide suggestions for new clinical practical strategies of CTS, for many diseases. Four main themes will be discussed, in relation to the impact of CTS, on 1) tumors, 2) viral infections, 3) nervous system diseases and 4) immune-inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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3
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Zhai J, Dong X, Yan F, Guo H, Yang J. Oleandrin: A Systematic Review of its Natural Sources, Structural Properties, Detection Methods, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:822726. [PMID: 35273501 PMCID: PMC8902680 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.822726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleandrin is a highly lipid-soluble cardiac glycoside isolated from the plant Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) and is used as a traditional herbal medicine due to its excellent pharmacological properties. It is widely applied for various disease treatments, such as congestive heart failure. Recently, oleandrin has attracted widespread attention due to its extensive anti-cancer and novel anti-viral effects. However, oleandrin has a narrow therapeutic window and exhibits various toxicities, especially typical cardiotoxicity, which is often fatal. This severe toxicity and low polarity have significantly hindered its application in the clinic. This review describes natural sources, structural properties, and detection methods of oleandrin. Based on reported poisoning cases and sporadic animal experiments, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of oleandrin are summarized, so as to infer some possible phenomena, such as enterohepatic circulation. Moreover, the relevant factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of oleandrin are analyzed, and some research approaches that may ameliorate the pharmacokinetic behavior of oleandrin are proposed. With the toxicology of oleandrin being thoroughly reviewed, the development of safe clinical applications of oleandrin may be possible given potential research strategies to decrease toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiao Zhai
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaoru Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoru Dong,
| | - Fenglian Yan
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hongsong Guo
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jinling Yang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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4
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Eze MO, Ejike CECC, Ifeonu P, Mignone J, Udenigwe CC, Uzoegwu PN. Mutual Pan-African support paradigm to produce scientific evidence of traditional medical practices for use against COVID-19 and emerging pandemics. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021; 14:e01046. [PMID: 34805649 PMCID: PMC8594059 DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Africa is endowed with a profoundly rich and diverse system of plants and other bio-resources out of which, by traditional medicine practice, the people have satisfied their healthcare needs right from antiquity. In contemporary times, it has become necessary to modernize this traditional medical care system via scientific studies. Validation of the efficacy of health-enhancement products and drugs from plants and other bio-resources is predicated on diligent and intensive research accompanied by rigorous and conclusive clinical trials. Africa has eminently qualified human resources but due to the finance-intensive nature of medical research, individual African states on their own cannot fund the level of research desired for dealing with such serious issues as the COVID-19 pandemic. A collaboration among African states guided by a Mutual Pan-African support paradigm (MPASP) is a unique strategy for achieving success in any such a high-impact global project as the use of traditional medicine against COVID-19 and emerging pandemics; and this is hereby advocated.
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Key Words
- CAM, conventional and alternative medicine
- CDC, centers for disease control and prevention
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 diseases 2019 [severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 disease 2019]
- COVID-organics
- CWM, conventional western medicine
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- MPASP, mutual Pan-African support paradigm
- Paradigm
- Research
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2
- SCD, sickle cell disease
- SSHA, South-South humanitarian assistance
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TM, traditional medicine
- Traditional medicine
- WHO, world health organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Eze
- Department of Chemistry, Health Enhancement and Public Health Biochemistry Lab, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki, Ebonyi PMB 1010, Nigeria
| | - Chukwunonso E C C Ejike
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki, Ebonyi PMB 1010, Nigeria
| | - Patrick Ifeonu
- National Association of Nigerian Traditional Medicine Practitioners, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra, Nigeria
| | - Javier Mignone
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, The University of Manitoba, 307 Human Ecology Building, 35 Chancellor's Circle, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chibuike C Udenigwe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki, Ebonyi PMB 1010, Nigeria
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Peter N Uzoegwu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
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Škubník J, Bejček J, Pavlíčková VS, Rimpelová S. Repurposing Cardiac Glycosides: Drugs for Heart Failure Surmounting Viruses. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185627. [PMID: 34577097 PMCID: PMC8469069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning is a successful approach in medicinal research. It significantly simplifies the long-term process of clinical drug evaluation, since the drug being tested has already been approved for another condition. One example of drug repositioning involves cardiac glycosides (CGs), which have, for a long time, been used in heart medicine. Moreover, it has been known for decades that CGs also have great potential in cancer treatment and, thus, many clinical trials now evaluate their anticancer potential. Interestingly, heart failure and cancer are not the only conditions for which CGs could be effectively used. In recent years, the antiviral potential of CGs has been extensively studied, and with the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this interest in CGs has increased even more. Therefore, here, we present CGs as potent and promising antiviral compounds, which can interfere with almost any steps of the viral life cycle, except for the viral attachment to a host cell. In this review article, we summarize the reported data on this hot topic and discuss the mechanisms of antiviral action of CGs, with reference to the particular viral life cycle phase they interfere with.
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Bedir E, Karakoyun Ç, Doğan G, Kuru G, Küçüksolak M, Yusufoğlu H. New Cardenolides from Biotransformation of Gitoxigenin by the Endophytic Fungus Alternaria eureka 1E1BL1: Characterization and Cytotoxic Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103030. [PMID: 34069653 PMCID: PMC8161373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial biotransformation is an important tool in drug discovery and for metabolism studies. To expand our bioactive natural product library via modification and to identify possible mammalian metabolites, a cytotoxic cardenolide (gitoxigenin) was biotransformed using the endophytic fungus Alternaria eureka 1E1BL1. Initially, oleandrin was isolated from the dried leaves of Nerium oleander L. and subjected to an acid-catalysed hydrolysis to obtain the substrate gitoxigenin (yield; ~25%). After 21 days of incubation, five new cardenolides 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8 and three previously- identified compounds 2, 5 and 7 were isolated using chromatographic methods. Structural elucidations were accomplished through 1D/2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS and FT-IR analysis. A. eureka catalyzed oxygenation, oxidation, epimerization and dimethyl acetal formation reactions on the substrate. Cytotoxicity of the metabolites were evaluated using MTT cell viability method, whereas doxorubicin and oleandrin were used as positive controls. Biotransformation products displayed less cytotoxicity than the substrate. The new metabolite 8 exhibited the highest activity with IC50 values of 8.25, 1.95 and 3.4 µM against A549, PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells, respectively, without causing toxicity on healthy cell lines (MRC-5 and HEK-293) up to concentration of 10 µM. Our results suggest that A. eureka is an effective biocatalyst for modifying cardenolide-type secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Bedir
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Urla-İzmir, Turkey; (G.D.); (G.K.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (Ç.K.); Tel.: +90-232-750-7389 (E.B.); +90-232-311-2598 (Ç.K.)
| | - Çiğdem Karakoyun
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-İzmir, Turkey
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (Ç.K.); Tel.: +90-232-750-7389 (E.B.); +90-232-311-2598 (Ç.K.)
| | - Gamze Doğan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Urla-İzmir, Turkey; (G.D.); (G.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Gülten Kuru
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Urla-İzmir, Turkey; (G.D.); (G.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Melis Küçüksolak
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Urla-İzmir, Turkey; (G.D.); (G.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Hasan Yusufoğlu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
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Srivastava A, Gupta RC, Doss RB, Lall R. Trace Minerals, Vitamins and Nutraceuticals in Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:395-429. [PMID: 33682615 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1890662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first officially diagnosed in the city of Wuhan, China in January 2020. In reality, the disease was identified in December 2019 in the same city where patients began showing symptoms of pneumonia of unidentified origin. Very soon the disease became a global pandemic due to the suppression of information in the country of origin and inadequate testing for the COVID-19 virus. Currently, > 101 million people have been found positive for this virus and > 2.17 million people have died. There are no signs that COVID-19 is slowing down. This deadly virus affects multiple vital organs (lungs, heart, nervous system, blood, and immune system), yet its exact mechanism of pathophysiology remains obscure. Depending on the viral load, sick people often show symptoms of fever, cough, shortness of breath, coagulopathy, cardiac abnormalities, fatigue, and death. Great strides have been made in COVID-19 testing, thereby allowing timely therapeutic intervention. Currently, vaccines are on the market from Pfizer, Moderna and Astra Zeneca with limited supply. Phase III clinical trials are also underway from other manufacturers. In the current scenario, nutraceuticals and other phyto-mineral supplements appear to be promising alternative solutions for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramesh C Gupta
- Breathitt Veterinary Center, Toxicology Department, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY, USA
| | - Robin B Doss
- Breathitt Veterinary Center, Toxicology Department, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY, USA
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8
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Villamagna AH, Gore SJ, Lewis JS, Doggett JS. The Need for Antiviral Drugs for Pandemic Coronaviruses From a Global Health Perspective. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:596587. [PMID: 33415116 PMCID: PMC7783399 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.596587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2 has caused widespread mortality, creating an urgent need for effective treatments and a long-term need for antivirals for future emergent coronaviruses. Pharmacotherapy for respiratory viruses has largely been unsuccessful with the exception of early treatment of influenza viruses, which shortens symptom duration and prevents infection in close contacts. Under the rapidly evolving circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, most clinical trials of experimental treatments in the United States have focused on later stages of the disease process. Worldwide, the clinical studies of the most impactful drugs, remdesivir and dexamethasone in ACTT-1, RECOVERY, and Solidarity, have studied hospitalized patients. Less than half of clinical trials in the U.S. have investigated oral agents, and the majority have taken place in hospitals at a disease stage where the viral load is already decreasing. The limited success of treatments for respiratory viruses and the viral dynamics of COVID-19 suggest that an antiviral therapy with the greatest impact against pandemic coronaviruses would be orally administered, well-tolerated, target a highly conserved viral protein or host-coronavirus interaction and could be used effectively throughout the world, including resource-poor settings. We examine the treatment of respiratory viral infections and current clinical trials for COVID-19 to provide a framework for effective antiviral therapy and prevention of future emergent coronaviruses and call attention to the need for continued preclinical drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Holly Villamagna
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sara J. Gore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, United States
| | - James S. Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, United States
| | - J. Stone Doggett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Hospital and Specialty Medicine, VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States
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9
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Cytotoxicity of Oleandrin Is Mediated by Calcium Influx and by Increased Manganese Uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184259. [PMID: 32957533 PMCID: PMC7570853 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleandrin, the main component of Nerium oleander L. extracts, is a cardiotoxic glycoside with multiple pharmacological implications, having potential anti-tumoral and antiviral characteristics. Although it is accepted that the main mechanism of oleandrin action is the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPases and subsequent increase in cell calcium, many aspects which determine oleandrin cytotoxicity remain elusive. In this study, we used the model Saccharomyces cerevisiae to unravel new elements accounting for oleandrin toxicity. Using cells expressing the Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein aequorin, we found that oleandrin exposure resulted in Ca2+ influx into the cytosol and that failing to pump Ca2+ from the cytosol to the vacuole increased oleandrin toxicity. We also found that oleandrin exposure induced Mn2+ accumulation by yeast cells via the plasma membrane Smf1 and that mutants with defects in Mn2+ homeostasis are oleandrin-hypersensitive. Our data suggest that combining oleandrin with agents which alter Ca2+ or Mn2+ uptake may be a way of controlling oleandrin toxicity.
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10
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Villas-Boas GR, Rescia VC, Paes MM, Lavorato SN, de Magalhães-Filho MF, Cunha MS, Simões RDC, de Lacerda RB, de Freitas-Júnior RS, Ramos BHDS, Mapeli AM, Henriques MDST, de Freitas WR, Lopes LAF, Oliveira LGR, da Silva JG, Silva-Filho SE, da Silveira APS, Leão KV, Matos MMDS, Fernandes JS, Cuman RKN, Silva-Comar FMDS, Comar JF, Brasileiro LDA, dos Santos JN, Oesterreich SA. The New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Comprehensive Review on Immunity and the Application of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling to the Discovery of Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:E4086. [PMID: 32906733 PMCID: PMC7571161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the outbreak caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) a pandemic. The rapid spread of the disease surprised the scientific and medical community. Based on the latest reports, news, and scientific articles published, there is no doubt that the coronavirus has overloaded health systems globally. Practical actions against the recent emergence and rapid expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 require the development and use of tools for discovering new molecular anti-SARS-CoV-2 targets. Thus, this review presents bioinformatics and molecular modeling strategies that aim to assist in the discovery of potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Besides, we reviewed the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity, since understanding the structures involved in this infection can contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets. Bioinformatics is a technology that assists researchers in coping with diseases by investigating genetic sequencing and seeking structural models of potential molecular targets present in SARS-CoV2. The details provided in this review provide future points of consideration in the field of virology and medical sciences that will contribute to clarifying potential therapeutic targets for anti-SARS-CoV-2 and for understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis and virulence of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo R. Villas-Boas
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Vanessa C. Rescia
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Marina M. Paes
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Stefânia N. Lavorato
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Manoel F. de Magalhães-Filho
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Mila S. Cunha
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Rafael da C. Simões
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (M.M.P.); (S.N.L.); (M.F.d.M.-F.); (M.S.C.); (R.d.C.S.)
| | - Roseli B. de Lacerda
- Department of Pharmacology of the Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraná, Jardim das Américas, Caixa. postal 19031, Curitiba CEP 81531-990, PR, Brazil;
| | - Renilson S. de Freitas-Júnior
- Clinical Health is Life-Integrated Health Center, Rua dos Andrades, 99, Barreirinhas, Barreiras CEP 47810-689, BA, Brazil;
| | - Bruno H. da S. Ramos
- Institute of the Spine and Pain Clinic, Rua Dr. Renato Gonçalves, 108, Renato Gonçalves, Barreiras CEP 47806-021, BA, Brazil;
| | - Ana M. Mapeli
- Research Group on Biomolecules and Catalyze, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil;
| | - Matheus da S. T. Henriques
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Toxins (LabTox), Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry (PPGFQM), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB) Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-590, RJ, Brazil;
| | - William R. de Freitas
- Research Group on Biodiversity and Health (BIOSA), Center for Training in Health Sciences, Federal University of Southern Bahia, Praça Joana Angélica, 58, São José, Teixeira de Freitas, Teixeira de Freitas CEP 45988-058, Brazil;
| | - Luiz A. F. Lopes
- University Hospital of the Federal University of Grande Dourados (HU-UFGD), Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rua Ivo Alves da Rocha, 558, Altos do Indaiá, Dourados CEP 79823-501, MS, Brazil;
| | - Luiz G. R. Oliveira
- Nucleus of Studies on Infectious Agents and Vectors (Naive), Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil;
| | - Jonatas G. da Silva
- Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (J.G.d.S.); (K.V.L.); (J.S.F.)
| | - Saulo E. Silva-Filho
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition College, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenida Costa e Silva, s/nº, Bairro Universitário, Campo Grande CEP 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Ana P. S. da Silveira
- Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, University Center Unigran Capital, Rua Balbina de Matos, 2121, Jd. University, Dourados CEP 79.824-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Katyuscya V. Leão
- Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (J.G.d.S.); (K.V.L.); (J.S.F.)
| | - Maria M. de S. Matos
- Health Sciences at ABC Health University Center, Avenida Príncipe de Gales, 667, Bairro Princípe de Gales, Santo André CEP 09060-870, SP, Brazil;
| | - Jamille S. Fernandes
- Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, Barreiras CEP 47810-059, BA, Brazil; (J.G.d.S.); (K.V.L.); (J.S.F.)
| | - Roberto K. N. Cuman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, nº 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá CEP 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (R.K.N.C.); (F.M.d.S.S.-C.)
| | - Francielli M. de S. Silva-Comar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, nº 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá CEP 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (R.K.N.C.); (F.M.d.S.S.-C.)
| | - Jurandir F. Comar
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, nº 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá CEP 87020-900, PR, Brazil;
| | - Luana do A. Brasileiro
- Nacional Cancer Institute (INCA), Rua Visconde de Santa Isabel, 274, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20560-121, RJ, Brazil;
| | | | - Silvia A. Oesterreich
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados Rodovia Dourados, Itahum Km 12, Cidade Universitaria, Caixa postal 364, Dourados CEP 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil;
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