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Kenney D, O’Connell AK, Tseng AE, Turcinovic J, Sheehan ML, Nitido AD, Montanaro P, Gertje HP, Ericsson M, Connor JH, Vrbanac V, Crossland NA, Harly C, Balazs AB, Douam F. Resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung tissues is driven by extravascular CD163+ monocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.583965. [PMID: 38496468 PMCID: PMC10942442 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.583965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The lung-resident immune mechanisms driving resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans remain elusive. Using mice co-engrafted with a genetically matched human immune system and fetal lung xenograft (fLX), we mapped the immunological events defining resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung tissues. Viral infection is rapidly cleared from fLX following a peak of viral replication. Acute replication results in the emergence of cell subsets enriched in viral RNA, including extravascular inflammatory monocytes (iMO) and macrophage-like T-cells, which dissipate upon infection resolution. iMO display robust antiviral responses, are transcriptomically unique among myeloid lineages, and their emergence associates with the recruitment of circulating CD4+ monocytes. Consistently, mice depleted for human CD4+ cells but not CD3+ T-cells failed to robustly clear infectious viruses and displayed signatures of chronic infection. Our findings uncover the transient differentiation of extravascular iMO from CD4+ monocytes as a major hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 infection resolution and open avenues for unravelling viral and host adaptations defining persistently active SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Kenney
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aoife K. O’Connell
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna E. Tseng
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Turcinovic
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meagan L. Sheehan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Adam D. Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Paige Montanaro
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hans P. Gertje
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H. Connor
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A. Crossland
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christelle Harly
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, CRCINA, Nantes, France
- LabEx IGO ‘Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology’, Nantes, France
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Florian Douam
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
- Lead contact
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Wu X, Manske MK, Ruan GJ, Witter TL, Nowakowski KE, Abeykoon JP, Tang X, Yu Y, Gwin KA, Wu A, Taupin V, Bhardwaj V, Paludo J, Dasari S, Dong H, Ansell SM, Badley AD, Schellenberg MJ, Witzig TE. Secreted ORF8 induces monocytic pro-inflammatory cytokines through NLRP3 pathways in patients with severe COVID-19. iScience 2023; 26:106929. [PMID: 37260746 PMCID: PMC10193824 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, the specific factor associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection that mediates the life-threatening inflammatory cytokine response in patients with severe COVID-19 remains unidentified. Herein we demonstrate that the virus-encoded Open Reading Frame 8 (ORF8) protein is abundantly secreted as a glycoprotein in vitro and in symptomatic patients with COVID-19. ORF8 specifically binds to the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) in CD14+ monocytes to induce inflammasomal cytokine/chemokine responses including IL1β, IL8, and CCL2. Levels of ORF8 protein in the blood correlate with severity and disease-specific mortality in patients with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, the ORF8-induced inflammasome response was readily inhibited by the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 in vitro. Our study identifies a dominant cause of pathogenesis, its underlying mechanism, and a potential new treatment strategy for severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michelle K Manske
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gordon J Ruan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Taylor L Witter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kevin E Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jithma P Abeykoon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kimberly A Gwin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Annie Wu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Vanessa Taupin
- Electron Microscopy Core, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vaishali Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jonas Paludo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haidong Dong
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen M Ansell
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Witzig
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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