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Bodie NM, Hashimoto R, Connolly D, Chu J, Takayama K, Uhal BD. Design of a chimeric ACE-2/Fc-silent fusion protein with ultrahigh affinity and neutralizing capacity for SARS-CoV-2 variants. Antib Ther 2023; 6:59-74. [PMID: 36741194 PMCID: PMC9889962 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As SARS-CoV-2 continues to mutate into Variants of Concern (VOC), there is growing and urgent need to develop effective antivirals to combat COVID-19. Monoclonal antibodies developed earlier are no longer capable of effectively neutralizing currently active VOCs. This report describes the design of variant-agnostic chimeric molecules consisting of an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE-2) domain mutated to retain ultrahigh affinity binding to a wide variety of SARS-CoV-2 variants, coupled to an Fc-silent immunoglobulin domain that eliminates antibody-dependent enhancement and extends biological half-life. Methods Molecular modeling, Surrogate Viral Neutralization tests (sVNTs) and infection studies of human airway organoid cultures were performed with synthetic chimeras, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mimics and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants B.1.1.214, BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. Results ACE-2 mutations L27, V34 and E90 resulted in ultrahigh affinity binding of the LVE-ACE-2 domain to the widest variety of VOCs, with KDs of 93 pM and 73 pM for binding to the Alpha B1.1.7 and Omicron B.1.1.529 variants, and notably, 78fM, 133fM and 1.81pM affinities to the Omicron BA.2, BA2.75 and BQ.1.1 subvariants, respectively. sVNT assays revealed titers of ≥4.9 ng/ml, for neutralization of recombinant viral proteins corresponding to the Alpha, Delta and Omicron variants. The values above were obtained with LVE-ACE-2/mAB chimeras containing the FcRn-binding Y-T-E sequence which extends biological half-life 3-4-fold. Conclusions The ACE-2-mutant/Fc silent fusion proteins described have ultrahigh affinity to a wide variety of SARS-CoV-2 variants including Omicron. It is proposed that these chimeric ACE-2/mABs will constitute variant-agnostic and cost-effective prophylactics against SARS-CoV-2, particularly when administered nasally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Bodie
- Paradigm Immunotherapeutics Inc., Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Rina Hashimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - David Connolly
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jennifer Chu
- Innovation Lab, ACROBiosystems, 1 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Bruce D. Uhal, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 3197 Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. and Kazuo Takayama, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
| | - Bruce D Uhal
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Bruce D. Uhal, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 3197 Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. and Kazuo Takayama, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
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Tobin RJ, Wood JG, Jayasundara D, Sara G, Walker CR, Martin GE, McCaw JM, Shearer FM, Price DJ. Real-time analysis of hospital length of stay in a mixed SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta epidemic in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:28. [PMID: 36650474 PMCID: PMC9844941 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distribution of the duration that clinical cases of COVID-19 occupy hospital beds (the 'length of stay') is a key factor in determining how incident caseloads translate into health system burden. Robust estimation of length of stay in real-time requires the use of survival methods that can account for right-censoring induced by yet unobserved events in patient progression (e.g. discharge, death). In this study, we estimate in real-time the length of stay distributions of hospitalised COVID-19 cases in New South Wales, Australia, comparing estimates between a period where Delta was the dominant variant and a subsequent period where Omicron was dominant. METHODS Using data on the hospital stays of 19,574 individuals who tested positive to COVID-19 prior to admission, we performed a competing-risk survival analysis of COVID-19 clinical progression. RESULTS During the mixed Omicron-Delta epidemic, we found that the mean length of stay for individuals who were discharged directly from ward without an ICU stay was, for age groups 0-39, 40-69 and 70 +, respectively, 2.16 (95% CI: 2.12-2.21), 3.93 (95% CI: 3.78-4.07) and 7.61 days (95% CI: 7.31-8.01), compared to 3.60 (95% CI: 3.48-3.81), 5.78 (95% CI: 5.59-5.99) and 12.31 days (95% CI: 11.75-12.95) across the preceding Delta epidemic (1 July 2021-15 December 2021). We also considered data on the stays of individuals within the Hunter New England Local Health District, where it was reported that Omicron was the only circulating variant, and found mean ward-to-discharge length of stays of 2.05 (95% CI: 1.80-2.30), 2.92 (95% CI: 2.50-3.67) and 6.02 days (95% CI: 4.91-7.01) for the same age groups. CONCLUSIONS Hospital length of stay was substantially reduced across all clinical pathways during a mixed Omicron-Delta epidemic compared to a prior Delta epidemic, contributing to a lessened health system burden despite a greatly increased infection burden. Our results demonstrate the utility of survival analysis in producing real-time estimates of hospital length of stay for assisting in situational assessment and planning of the COVID-19 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruarai J. Tobin
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James G. Wood
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Duleepa Jayasundara
- grid.416088.30000 0001 0753 1056System Information and Analytics Branch, New South Wales Ministry of Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Grant Sara
- grid.416088.30000 0001 0753 1056System Information and Analytics Branch, New South Wales Ministry of Health, Sydney, Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XNorthern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Camelia R. Walker
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSchool of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Genevieve E. Martin
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDoherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James M. McCaw
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSchool of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDoherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Freya M. Shearer
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J. Price
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDoherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Takayama S, Yoshino T, Koizumi S, Irie Y, Suzuki T, Fujii S, Katori R, Kainuma M, Kobayashi S, Nogami T, Yokota K, Yamazaki M, Minakawa S, Chiba S, Suda N, Nakada Y, Ishige T, Maehara H, Tanaka Y, Nagase M, Kashio A, Komatsu K, Nojiri M, Shimooki O, Nakamoto K, Arita R, Ono R, Saito N, Kikuchi A, Ohsawa M, Nakae H, Mitsuma T, Mimura M, Ishii T, Nochioka K, Chiu SW, Yamaguchi T, Namiki T, Hisanaga A, Mitani K, Ito T. Conventional and Kampo Medicine Treatment for Mild-to-moderate COVID-19: A Multicenter, Retrospective, Observational Study by the Integrative Management in Japan for Epidemic Disease (IMJEDI Study-observation). Intern Med 2023; 62:187-199. [PMID: 36328579 PMCID: PMC9908382 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0027-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Patients in whom coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was suspected or confirmed between January 1, 2020, and October 31, 2021, were enrolled from Japanese hospitals in this multicenter, retrospective, observational study. Methods Data on the treatment administered (including conventional and Kampo medicine) and changes in common cold-like symptoms (such as fever, cough, sputum, dyspnea, fatigue, and diarrhea) were collected from their medical records. The primary outcome was the number of days without a fever (with a body temperature <37°C). The secondary outcomes were symptomatic relief and the worsening of illness, defined as the presence of a condition requiring oxygen inhalation. The outcomes of patients treated with and without Kampo medicine were compared. Patients We enrolled 962 patients, among whom 528 received conventional and Kampo treatment (Kampo group) and 434 received conventional treatment (non-Kampo group). Results Overall, after adjusting for the staging of COVID-19 and risk factors, there were no significant between-group differences in the symptoms or number of days being afebrile. After performing propensity score matching and restricting the included cases to those with confirmed COVID-19 who did not receive steroid administration and initiated treatment within 4 days from the onset, the risk of illness worsening was significantly lower in the Kampo group than in the non-Kampo group (odds ratio=0.113, 95% confidence interval: 0.014-0.928, p=0.0424). Conclusion Early Kampo treatment may suppress illness worsening risk in COVID-19 cases without steroid use. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm the clinical benefit of Kampo medicine for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Takayama
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (General and Kampo Medicine), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Yoshino
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Sayaka Koizumi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kamitsuga General Hospital, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Irie
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tomoko Suzuki
- Department of General Medicine, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Susumu Fujii
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ogikubo Hospital, Japan
| | - Rie Katori
- Association of Medical Corporation Riseijinkai Katori Clinic, Japan
| | - Mosaburo Kainuma
- Department of Japanese Oriental Medicine, Toyama University Hospital, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kobayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nogami
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yokota
- Department of Surgery, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kesennuma City Hospital, Japan
| | - Mayuko Yamazaki
- Department of Kampo and Nephrology, Saiseikai Kurihashi Hospital, Japan
| | - Satoko Minakawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hirosaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Shigeki Chiba
- Department of Surgery, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kesennuma City Hospital, Japan
| | - Norio Suda
- Department of Internal Medicine and Kampo Medicine, Suda Medical Clinic, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Ishige
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Tanaka
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Mahiko Nagase
- Kichijyoji Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinic, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Osamu Shimooki
- Iwate Medical University Hospital, Iwate Medical University Uchimaru Medical Center, Japan
| | - Kayo Nakamoto
- Japan Traditional Chinese Medical Foundation of Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Arita
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (General and Kampo Medicine), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan
| | - Rie Ono
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (General and Kampo Medicine), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan
| | - Natsumi Saito
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (General and Kampo Medicine), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan
| | - Akiko Kikuchi
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (General and Kampo Medicine), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohsawa
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (General and Kampo Medicine), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan
| | - Hajime Nakae
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Mitsuma
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ishii
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (General and Kampo Medicine), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nochioka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shih-Wei Chiu
- Division of Biostatistics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Biostatistics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takao Namiki
- Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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Zhou H, Møhlenberg M, Thakor JC, Tuli HS, Wang P, Assaraf YG, Dhama K, Jiang S. Sensitivity to Vaccines, Therapeutic Antibodies, and Viral Entry Inhibitors and Advances To Counter the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0001422. [PMID: 35862736 PMCID: PMC9491202 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00014-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) keeps evolving and mutating into newer variants over time, which gain higher transmissibility, disease severity, and spread in communities at a faster rate, resulting in multiple waves of surge in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. A highly mutated and transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has recently emerged, driving the extremely high peak of infections in almost all continents at an unprecedented speed and scale. The Omicron variant evades the protection rendered by vaccine-induced antibodies and natural infection, as well as overpowers the antibody-based immunotherapies, raising the concerns of current effectiveness of available vaccines and monoclonal antibody-based therapies. This review outlines the most recent advancements in studying the virology and biology of the Omicron variant, highlighting its increased resistance to current antibody-based therapeutics and its immune escape against vaccines. However, the Omicron variant is highly sensitive to viral fusion inhibitors targeting the HR1 motif in the spike protein, enzyme inhibitors, involving the endosomal fusion pathway, and ACE2-based entry inhibitors. Omicron variant-associated infectivity and entry mechanisms of Omicron variant are essentially distinct from previous characterized variants. Innate sensing and immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 and T cell immunity to the virus provide new perspectives of vaccine and drug development. These findings are important for understanding SARS-CoV-2 viral biology and advances in developing vaccines, antibody-based therapies, and more effective strategies to mitigate the transmission of the Omicron variant or the next SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Michelle Møhlenberg
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jigarji C. Thakor
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yehuda G. Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Neutralizing antibodies and their cocktails against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other circulating variants. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:962-964. [PMID: 35750901 PMCID: PMC9243717 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Case JB, Mackin S, Errico JM, Chong Z, Madden EA, Whitener B, Guarino B, Schmid MA, Rosenthal K, Ren K, Dang HV, Snell G, Jung A, Droit L, Handley SA, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y, Crowe JE, Fremont DH, Virgin HW, Loo YM, Esser MT, Purcell LA, Corti D, Diamond MS. Resilience of S309 and AZD7442 monoclonal antibody treatments against infection by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage strains. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3824. [PMID: 35780162 PMCID: PMC9250508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Omicron variant strains encode large numbers of changes in the spike protein compared to historical SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Although in vitro studies have suggested that several monoclonal antibody therapies lose neutralizing activity against Omicron variants, the effects in vivo remain largely unknown. Here, we report on the protective efficacy against three SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage strains (BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2) of two monoclonal antibody therapeutics (S309 [Vir Biotechnology] monotherapy and AZD7442 [AstraZeneca] combination), which correspond to ones used to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans. Despite losses in neutralization potency in cell culture, S309 or AZD7442 treatments reduced BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2 lung infection in susceptible mice that express human ACE2 (K18-hACE2) in prophylactic and therapeutic settings. Correlation analyses between in vitro neutralizing activity and reductions in viral burden in K18-hACE2 or human FcγR transgenic mice suggest that S309 and AZD7442 have different mechanisms of protection against Omicron variants, with S309 utilizing Fc effector function interactions and AZD7442 acting principally by direct neutralization. Our data in mice demonstrate the resilience of S309 and AZD7442 mAbs against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant strains and provide insight into the relationship between loss of antibody neutralization potency and retained protection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samantha Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhenlu Chong
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emily A Madden
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Schmid
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kuishu Ren
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ha V Dang
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ana Jung
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mark T Esser
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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