1
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Kuznetsov AV. The growth rate of senile plaques is determined by the competition between the rate of deposition of free Aβ aggregates into plaques and the autocatalytic production of free Aβ aggregates. J Theor Biol 2024; 593:111900. [PMID: 38992461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits (senile plaques) is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigates what processes are primarily responsible for their formation. A model is developed to simulate the diffusion of amyloid beta (Aβ) monomers, the production of free Aβ aggregates through nucleation and autocatalytic processes, and the deposition of these aggregates into senile plaques. The model suggests that efficient degradation of Aβ monomers alone may suffice to prevent the growth of senile plaques, even without degrading Aβ aggregates and existing plaques. This is because the degradation of Aβ monomers interrupts the supply of reactants needed for plaque formation. The impact of Aβ monomer diffusivity is demonstrated to be small, enabling the application of the lumped capacitance approximation and the derivation of approximate analytical solutions for limiting cases with both small and large rates of Aβ aggregate deposition into plaques. It is found that the rate of plaque growth is governed by two competing processes. One is the deposition rate of free Aβ aggregates into senile plaques. If this rate is small, the plaque grows slowly. However, if the rate of deposition of Aβ aggregates into senile plaques is very large, the free Aβ aggregates are removed from the intracellular fluid by deposition into the plaques, leaving insufficient free Aβ aggregates to catalyze the production of new aggregates. This suggests that under certain conditions, Aβ plaques may offer neuroprotection and impede their own growth. Additionally, it indicates that there exists an optimal rate of deposition of free Aβ aggregates into the plaques, at which the plaques attain their maximum size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kuznetsov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, USA.
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2
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Liang T, Liu S, Dang B, Luan X, Guo Y, Steimbach RR, Hu J, Lu L, Yue P, Wang R, Zheng M, Gao J, Yin X, Chen X. Multimechanism biological profiling of tetrahydro-β-carboline analogues as selective HDAC6 inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116624. [PMID: 38925015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
With the intensive research on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), inhibition of HDAC6 appears to be a potential therapeutic approach for AD. In this paper, a series of tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives with hydroxamic acid group were fast synthesized. Among all, the most potent 15 selectively inhibited HDAC6 with IC50 of 15.2 nM and markedly increased acetylated alpha-tubulin levels. In cellular assay, 15 showed excellent neurotrophic effect by increasing the expression of GAP43 and Beta-3 tubulin markers. Besides, 15 showed neuroprotective effects in PC12 or SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2 and 6-OHDA injury through activation of Nrf2, catalase and Prx II, and significantly reduced H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In vivo, 15 significantly attenuated zebrafish anxiety-like behaviour and memory deficits in a SCOP-induced zebrafish model of AD. To sum up, multifunctional 15 might be a good lead to develop novel tetrahydrocarboline-based agents for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liang
- Shaanxi Key Labotory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Shiru Liu
- Shaanxi Key Labotory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Baiyun Dang
- Shaanxi Key Labotory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaofa Luan
- Shaanxi Key Labotory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Yifan Guo
- Shaanxi Key Labotory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Raphael R Steimbach
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Biosciences Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jiadong Hu
- School of Medicinal and Chemical Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Long Lu
- School of Medicinal and Chemical Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Peiyu Yue
- School of Medicinal and Chemical Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Ruotian Wang
- School of Medicinal and Chemical Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Labotory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Jinming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Labotory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China.
| | - Xia Yin
- Shaanxi Key Labotory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Shaanxi Key Labotory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China.
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3
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Dabas A, Goyal B. Structural Reorganization Mechanism of the Aβ 42 Fibril Mediated by N-Substituted Oligopyrrolamide ADH-353. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 39158263 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrillation and clearance of Aβ aggregates have emerged as a potential pharmacological strategy to alleviate Aβ aggregate-induced neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Maity et al. shortlisted ADH-353 from a small library of positively charged N-substituted oligopyrrolamides for its notable ability to inhibit Aβ fibrillation, disintegrate intracellular cytotoxic Aβ oligomers, and alleviate Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in the SH-SY5Y and N2a cells. However, the molecular mechanism through which ADH-353 interacts with the Aβ42 fibrils, leading to their disruption and subsequent clearance, remains unclear. Thus, a detailed molecular mechanism underlying the disruption of neurotoxic Aβ42 fibrils (PDB ID 2NAO) by ADH-353 has been illuminated in this work using molecular dynamics simulations. Interestingly, conformational snapshots during simulation depicted the shortening and disappearance of β-strands and the emergence of a helix conformation, indicating a loss of the well-organized β-sheet-rich structure of the disease-relevant Aβ42 fibril on the incorporation of ADH-353. ADH-353 binds strongly to the Aβ42 fibril (ΔGbinding= -142.91 ± 1.61 kcal/mol) with a notable contribution from the electrostatic interactions between positively charged N-propylamine side chains of ADH-353 with the glutamic (Glu3, Glu11, and Glu22) and aspartic (Asp7 and Asp23) acid residues of the Aβ42 fibril. This aligns well with heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR studies, which depict that the binding of ADH-353 with the Aβ peptide is driven by electrostatic and hydrophobic contacts. Furthermore, a noteworthy decrease in the binding affinity of Aβ42 fibril chains on the incorporation of ADH-353 indicates the weakening of interchain interactions leading to the disruption of the double-horseshoe conformation of the Aβ42 fibril. The illumination of key interactions responsible for the destabilization of the Aβ42 fibril by ADH-353 in this work will greatly aid in designing new chemical scaffolds with enhanced efficacy for the clearance of Aβ aggregates in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Dabas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India
| | - Bhupesh Goyal
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India
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4
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Zhang Z, Xue P, Bendlin BB, Zetterberg H, De Felice F, Tan X, Benedict C. Melatonin: A potential nighttime guardian against Alzheimer's. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02691-6. [PMID: 39128995 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
In the context of the escalating global health challenge posed by Alzheimer's disease (AD), this comprehensive review considers the potential of melatonin in both preventive and therapeutic capacities. As a naturally occurring hormone and robust antioxidant, accumulating evidence suggests melatonin is a compelling candidate to consider in the context of AD-related pathologies. The review considers several mechanisms, including potential effects on amyloid-beta and pathologic tau burden, antioxidant defense, immune modulation, and regulation of circadian rhythms. Despite its promise, several gaps need to be addressed prior to clinical translation. These include conducting additional randomized clinical trials in patients with or at risk for AD dementia, determining optimal dosage and timing, and further determining potential side effects, particularly of long-term use. This review consolidates existing knowledge, identifies gaps, and suggests directions for future research to better understand the potential of melatonin for neuroprotection and disease mitigation within the landscape of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefan Zhang
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, Zhejiang University School of Public Health and Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbara B Bendlin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fernanda De Felice
- Centre for Neurosciences Studies, Departments of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, and Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 22281-100, Brazil
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Xiao Tan
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, Zhejiang University School of Public Health and Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christian Benedict
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Honda K, Takahashi H, Hata S, Abe R, Saito T, Saido TC, Taru H, Sobu Y, Ando K, Yamamoto T, Suzuki T. Suppression of the amyloidogenic metabolism of APP and the accumulation of Aβ by alcadein α in the brain during aging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18471. [PMID: 39122814 PMCID: PMC11316129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Generation and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein in the brain are the primary causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alcadeins (Alcs composed of Alcα, Alcβ and Alcγ family) are a neuronal membrane protein that is subject to proteolytic processing, as is Aβ protein precursor (APP), by APP secretases. Previous observations suggest that Alcs are involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we generated new mouse AppNL-F (APP-KI) lines with either Alcα- or Alcβ-deficient background and analyzed APP processing and Aβ accumulation through the aging process. The Alcα-deficient APP-KI (APP-KI/Alcα-KO) mice enhanced brain Aβ accumulation along with increased amyloidogenic β-site cleavage of APP through the aging process whereas Alcβ-deficient APP-KI (APP-KI/Alcβ-KO) mice neither affected APP metabolism nor Aβ accumulation at any age. More colocalization of APP and BACE1 was observed in the endolysosomal pathway in neurons of APP-KI/Alcα-KO mice compared to APP-KI and APP-KI/Alcβ-KO mice. These results indicate that Alcα plays an important role in the neuroprotective function by suppressing the amyloidogenic cleavage of APP by BACE1 in the brain, which is distinct from the neuroprotective function of Alcβ, in which p3-Alcβ peptides derived from Alcβ restores the viability in neurons impaired by toxic Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Honda
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hiroo Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, 062-8517, Japan
| | - Ruriko Abe
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, 062-8517, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
- Laboratory of Neuronal Regeneration, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kanae Ando
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
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6
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Ferrer I. Amyloid-β Pathology Is the Common Nominator Proteinopathy of the Primate Brain Aging. J Alzheimers Dis 2024:JAD240389. [PMID: 39031364 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Senile plaques, mainly diffuse, and cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) angiopathy are prevalent in the aging brain of non-human primates, from lemurs to non-human Hominidae. Aβ but not hyper-phosphorylated tau (HPtau) pathology is the common nominator proteinopathy of non-human primate brain aging. The abundance of Aβ in the aging primate brain is well tolerated, and the impact on cognitive functions is usually limited to particular tasks. In contrast, human brain aging is characterized by the early appearance of HPtau pathology, mainly forming neurofibrillary tangles, dystrophic neurites of neuritic plaques, and neuropil threads, preceding Aβ deposits by several decades and by its severity progressing from selected nuclei of the brain stem, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus to the limbic system, neocortex, and other brain regions. Neurofibrillary tangles correlate with cognitive impairment and dementia in advanced cases. Aβ pathology is linked in humans to altered membrane protein and lipid composition, particularly involving lipid rafts. Although similar membrane alterations are unknown in non-human primates, membrane senescence is postulated to cause the activated β-amyloidogenic pathway, and Aβ pathology is the prevailing signature of non-human and human primate brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Chattopadhyay T, Ozarkar SS, Buwa K, Joshy NA, Komandur D, Naik J, Thomopoulos SI, Ver Steeg G, Ambite JL, Thompson PM. Comparison of deep learning architectures for predicting amyloid positivity in Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy aging, from T1-weighted brain structural MRI. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1387196. [PMID: 39015378 PMCID: PMC11250587 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1387196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation in the brain is an early indicator of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is typically assessed through invasive procedures such as PET (positron emission tomography) or CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) assays. As new anti-Alzheimer's treatments can now successfully target amyloid pathology, there is a growing interest in predicting Aβ positivity (Aβ+) from less invasive, more widely available types of brain scans, such as T1-weighted (T1w) MRI. Here we compare multiple approaches to infer Aβ + from standard anatomical MRI: (1) classical machine learning algorithms, including logistic regression, XGBoost, and shallow artificial neural networks, (2) deep learning models based on 2D and 3D convolutional neural networks (CNNs), (3) a hybrid ANN-CNN, combining the strengths of shallow and deep neural networks, (4) transfer learning models based on CNNs, and (5) 3D Vision Transformers. All models were trained on paired MRI/PET data from 1,847 elderly participants (mean age: 75.1 yrs. ± 7.6SD; 863 females/984 males; 661 healthy controls, 889 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 297 with Dementia), scanned as part of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. We evaluated each model's balanced accuracy and F1 scores. While further tests on more diverse data are warranted, deep learning models trained on standard MRI showed promise for estimating Aβ + status, at least in people with MCI. This may offer a potential screening option before resorting to more invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Chattopadhyay
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Saket S. Ozarkar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Ketaki Buwa
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Neha Ann Joshy
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Dheeraj Komandur
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Jayati Naik
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Sophia I. Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | | | - Jose Luis Ambite
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
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8
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Kuznetsov AV. Numerical modeling of senile plaque development under conditions of limited diffusivity of amyloid-β monomers. J Theor Biol 2024; 587:111823. [PMID: 38608804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new model to simulate the progression of senile plaques, focusing on scenarios where concentrations of amyloid beta (Aβ) monomers and aggregates vary between neurons. Extracellular variations in these concentrations may arise due to limited diffusivity of Aβ monomers and a high rate of Aβ monomer production at lipid membranes, requiring a substantial concentration gradient for diffusion-driven transport of Aβ monomers. The dimensionless formulation of the model is presented, which identifies four key dimensionless parameters governing the solutions for Aβ monomer and aggregate concentrations, as well as the radius of a growing Aβ plaque within the control volume. These parameters include the dimensionless diffusivity of Aβ monomers, the dimensionless rate of Aβ monomer production, and the dimensionless half-lives of Aβ monomers and aggregates. A dimensionless parameter is then introduced to evaluate the validity of the lumped capacitance approximation. An approximate solution is derived for the scenario involving large diffusivity of Aβ monomers and dysfunctional protein degradation machinery, resulting in infinitely long half-lives for Aβ monomers and aggregates. In this scenario, the concentrations of Aβ aggregates and the radius of the Aβ plaque depend solely on a single dimensionless parameter that characterizes the rate of Aβ monomer production. According to the approximate solution, the concentration of Aβ aggregates is linearly dependent on the rate of monomer production, and the radius of an Aβ plaque is directly proportional to the cube root of the rate of monomer production. However, when departing from the conditions of the approximate solution (e.g., finite half-lives), the concentrations of Aβ monomers and aggregates, along with the plaque radius, exhibit complex dependencies on all four dimensionless parameters. For instance, under physiological half-life conditions, the plaque radius reaches a maximum value and stabilizes thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kuznetsov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, USA.
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9
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Zhang Q, Yang G, Luo Y, Jiang L, Chi H, Tian G. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: insights from peripheral immune cells. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:38. [PMID: 38877498 PMCID: PMC11177389 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious brain disorder characterized by the presence of beta-amyloid plaques, tau pathology, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cerebrovascular dysfunction. The presence of chronic neuroinflammation, breaches in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and increased levels of inflammatory mediators are central to the pathogenesis of AD. These factors promote the penetration of immune cells into the brain, potentially exacerbating clinical symptoms and neuronal death in AD patients. While microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a crucial role in AD, recent evidence suggests the infiltration of cerebral vessels and parenchyma by peripheral immune cells, including neutrophils, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, NK cells, and monocytes in AD. These cells participate in the regulation of immunity and inflammation, which is expected to play a huge role in future immunotherapy. Given the crucial role of peripheral immune cells in AD, this article seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of their contributions to neuroinflammation in the disease. Understanding the role of these cells in the neuroinflammatory response is vital for developing new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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10
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Khorsand FR, Uversky VN. Liquid-liquid phase separation as triggering factor of fibril formation. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 206:143-182. [PMID: 38811080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) refers to the phenomenon, where a homogeneous solution spontaneously undergoes a transition into two or more immiscible phases. Through transient weak multivalent macromolecular interactions, a homogeneous solution can spontaneously separate into two phases: one rich in biomolecules and the other poor in biomolecules. Phase separation is believed to serve as the physicochemical foundation for the formation of membrane-less organelles (MLOs) and bio-molecular condensates within cells. Moreover, numerous biological processes depend on LLPS, such as transcription, immunological response, chromatin architecture, DNA damage response, stress granule formation, viral infection, etc. Abnormalities in phase separation can lead to diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders. LLPS is regulated by various factors, such as concentration of molecules undergoing LLPS, salt concentration, pH, temperature, post-translational modifications, and molecular chaperones. Recent research on LLPS of biomolecules has progressed rapidly and led to the development of databases containing information pertaining to various aspects of the biomolecule separation analysis. However, more comprehensive research is still required to fully comprehend the specific molecular mechanisms and biological effects of LLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
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11
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Strausbaugh Hjelmstad A, Pushie MJ, Ruth K, Escobedo M, Kuter K, Haas KL. Investigating Cu(I) binding to model peptides of N-terminal Aβ isoforms. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 253:112480. [PMID: 38309203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and copper (Cu) ions are each involved in critical biological processes including antimicrobial activity, regulation of synaptic function, angiogenesis, and others. Aβ binds to Cu and may play a role in Cu trafficking. Aβ peptides exist in isoforms that vary at their C-and N-termini; variation at the N-terminal sequence affects Cu binding affinity, structure, and redox activity by providing different sets of coordinating groups to the metal ion. Several N-terminal isoforms have been detected in human brain tissues including Aβ1-40/42, Aβ3-42, pEAβ3-42, Aβ4-42, Aβ11-40 and pEAβ11-40 (where pE denotes an N-terminal pyroglutamic acid). Several previous works have individually investigated the affinity and structure of Cu(I) bound to some of these isoforms' metal binding domains. However, the disparately reported values are apparent constants collected under different sets of conditions, and thus an integrated comparison cannot be made. The work presented here provides the Cu(I) coordination structure and binding affinities of these six biologically relevant Aβ isoforms determined in parallel using model peptides of the Aβ metal binding domains (Aβ1-16, Aβ3-16, pEAβ3-16, Aβ4-16, Aβ11-16 and pEAβ11-16). The binding affinities of Cu(I)-Aβ complexes were measured using solution competition with ferrozine (Fz) and bicinchoninic acid (BCA), two colorimetric Cu(I) indicators in common use. The Cu(I) coordination structures were characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The data presented here facilitate comparison of the isoforms' Cu-binding interactions and contribute to our understanding of the role of Aβ peptides as copper chelators in healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Kaylee Ruth
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Maria Escobedo
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Kristin Kuter
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Kathryn L Haas
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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12
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Feole M, Pozo Devoto VM, Dragišić N, Arnaiz C, Bianchelli J, Texlová K, Kovačovicova K, Novotny JS, Havas D, Falzone TL, Stokin GB. Swedish Alzheimer's disease variant perturbs activity of retrograde molecular motors and causes widespread derangement of axonal transport pathways. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107137. [PMID: 38447793 PMCID: PMC10997842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies in flies, mice, and humans suggest a significant role of impaired axonal transport in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanisms underlying these impairments in axonal transport, however, remain poorly understood. Here we report that the Swedish familial AD mutation causes a standstill of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the axons at the expense of its reduced anterograde transport. The standstill reflects the perturbed directionality of the axonal transport of APP, which spends significantly more time traveling in the retrograde direction. This ineffective movement is accompanied by an enhanced association of dynactin-1 with APP, which suggests that reduced anterograde transport of APP is the result of enhanced activation of the retrograde molecular motor dynein by dynactin-1. The impact of the Swedish mutation on axonal transport is not limited to the APP vesicles since it also reverses the directionality of a subset of early endosomes, which become enlarged and aberrantly accumulate in distal locations. In addition, it also reduces the trafficking of lysosomes due to their less effective retrograde movement. Altogether, our experiments suggest a pivotal involvement of retrograde molecular motors and transport in the mechanisms underlying impaired axonal transport in AD and reveal significantly more widespread derangement of axonal transport pathways in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Feole
- Translational Ageing and Neuroscience Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Victorio M Pozo Devoto
- Translational Ageing and Neuroscience Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Neda Dragišić
- Translational Ageing and Neuroscience Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cayetana Arnaiz
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA-CONICET-MPSP), Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Bianchelli
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA-CONICET-MPSP), Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kateřina Texlová
- Translational Ageing and Neuroscience Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; PsychoGenics, Paramus, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Jan S Novotny
- Translational Ageing and Neuroscience Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomas L Falzone
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA-CONICET-MPSP), Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gorazd B Stokin
- Translational Ageing and Neuroscience Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Division of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurosciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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13
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Ferdous R, Islam MB, Al-Amin MY, Dey AK, Mondal MOA, Islam MN, Alam AK, Rahman AA, Sadik MG. Anticholinesterase and antioxidant activity of Drynaria quercifolia and its ameliorative effect in scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117095. [PMID: 37634747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Drynaria quercifolia is an epiphytic fern distributed all over Bangladesh with traditional use in treating neurological disorders and other ailments. Although several pharmacological activities of D. quercifolia have been investigated, the neuroprotective potential of this plant is still unexplored. AIM OF STUDY In this study, we evaluated the in vitro anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of D. quercifolia and the neuroprotective effect in scopolamine-induced memory-impaired mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crude methanol extract (DCM) of the plant was fractionated to prepare n-hexane (DHF), chloroform (DCF), ethyl acetate (DEF), and aqueous (DAF) factions. All the fractions were evaluated for anticholinesterase activity by modified Ellman's method and the antioxidant activity by several in vitro assays such as DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals scavenging, reducing power, and inhibition of brain lipid peroxidation. The effect of the most active fractions (both DCF and DEF) on learning and memory was assessed in scopolamine-induced mouse model of memory-impairment by Morris water maze tasks. Biochemical assays were performed in brain tissue. The active compound was isolated and characterized by chromatographic, spectroscopic, and molecular docking methods. RESULTS Phytochemical analysis demonstrated a high content of phenolic and flavonoid in DEF. In vitro studies revealed a strong antioxidant power of DEF and anticholinesterase activity of DCF. Both the DCF and DEF significantly (P˂0.05) reduced the escape latency time in the Morris's water maze tasks, and increased the time spent in the northeast quadrant in the probe trial. Biochemical data demonstrated that treatment with DCF and DEF at different doses significantly (P˂0.0001) inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity, restored GSH levels, and reduced MDA levels in the brain of scopolamine-induced memory-impaired mice, indicating the protective effect of D. quercifolia, possibly by acetylcholinesterase inhibition and oxidative stress prevention. Chromatographic methods of separation led to he isolation of catechin and protocatechuric acid from DEF and 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid from DCF. The structure of the compounds was determined by studies of their 1H-NMR spectra. Molecular docking as well as in vitro study suggests the anticholinesterase and antioxidant activity of the isolated compounds. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that the extracts of D. quercifolia, due to anticholinesterase and antioxidant activity, ameliorate the scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and thus may represent therapeutics in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafia Ferdous
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Badrul Islam
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh, Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Yusuf Al-Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
| | - Anik Kumar Dey
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Md Nurul Islam
- Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
| | - Ahm Khurshid Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
| | - Aziz Abdur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Golam Sadik
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
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14
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Chen Y, Zhan C, Li X, Pan T, Yao Y, Tan Y, Wei G. Five similar anthocyanidin molecules display distinct disruptive effects and mechanisms of action on Aβ 1-42 protofibril: A molecular dynamic simulation study. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128467. [PMID: 38035959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrillary aggregates. Disaggregation of Aβ fibrils is considered as one of the promising AD treatments. Recent experimental studies showed that anthocyanidins, one type of flavonoids abundant in fruits/vegetables, can disaggregate Aβ fibrillary aggregates. However, their relative disruptive capacities and underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the detailed interactions between five most common anthocyanidins (cyanidin, aurantinidin, peonidin, delphinidin, and pelargonidin) and Aβ protofibril (an intermediate of Aβ fibrillization) by performing microsecond molecular dynamic simulations. We found that all five anthocyanidins can destroy F4-L34-V36 hydrophobic core and K28-A42 salt bridge, leading to Aβ protofibril destabilization. Aurantinidin exhibits the strongest damage to Aβ protofibril (with the most severe disruption on K28-A42 salt bridges), followed by cyanidin (with the most destructive effect on F4-L34-V36 core). Detailed analyses reveal that the protofibril-destruction capacities of anthocyanidins are subtly modulated by the interplay of anthocyanidin-protofibril hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, aromatic stacking interactions, which are dictated by the number or location of hydroxyl/methyl groups of anthocyanidins. These findings provide important mechanistic insights into Aβ protofibril disaggregation by anthocyanidins, and suggest that aurantinidin/cyanidin may serve as promising starting-points for the development of new drug candidates against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chendi Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xuhua Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yifei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guanghong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
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15
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Kozin SA, Kechko OI, Adzhubei AA, Makarov AA, Mitkevich VA. Switching On/Off Amyloid Plaque Formation in Transgenic Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:72. [PMID: 38203242 PMCID: PMC10778642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the proteinaceous aggregates formed by the amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) that is deposited inside the brain as amyloid plaques. The accumulation of aggregated Aβ may initiate or enhance pathologic processes in AD. According to the amyloid hypothesis, any agent that has the capability to inhibit Aβ aggregation and/or destroy amyloid plaques represents a potential disease-modifying drug. In 2023, a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody (lecanemab) against the Aβ-soluble protofibrils was approved by the US FDA for AD therapy, thus providing compelling support to the amyloid hypothesis. To acquire a deeper insight on the in vivo Aβ aggregation, various animal models, including aged herbivores and carnivores, non-human primates, transgenic rodents, fish and worms were widely exploited. This review is based on the recent data obtained using transgenic animal AD models and presents experimental verification of the critical role in Aβ aggregation seeding of the interactions between zinc ions, Aβ with the isomerized Asp7 (isoD7-Aβ) and the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Kozin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.I.K.); (A.A.A.); (A.A.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Vladimir A. Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.I.K.); (A.A.A.); (A.A.M.)
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16
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Marei HE, Khan MUA, Hasan A. Potential use of iPSCs for disease modeling, drug screening, and cell-based therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:98. [PMID: 38031028 PMCID: PMC10687886 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic illness marked by increasing cognitive decline and nervous system deterioration. At this time, there is no known medication that will stop the course of Alzheimer's disease; instead, most symptoms are treated. Clinical trial failure rates for new drugs remain high, highlighting the urgent need for improved AD modeling for improving understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of disease and improving drug development. The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has made it possible to model neurological diseases like AD, giving access to an infinite number of patient-derived cells capable of differentiating neuronal fates. This advance will accelerate Alzheimer's disease research and provide an opportunity to create more accurate patient-specific models of Alzheimer's disease to support pathophysiological research, drug development, and the potential application of stem cell-based therapeutics. This review article provides a complete summary of research done to date on the potential use of iPSCs from AD patients for disease modeling, drug discovery, and cell-based therapeutics. Current technological developments in AD research including 3D modeling, genome editing, gene therapy for AD, and research on familial (FAD) and sporadic (SAD) forms of the disease are discussed. Finally, we outline the issues that need to be elucidated and future directions for iPSC modeling in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany E Marei
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35116, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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17
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Zhang Y, Yang YS, Wang CM, Chen WC, Chen XL, Wu F, He HF. Copper metabolism-related Genes in entorhinal cortex for Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17458. [PMID: 37838728 PMCID: PMC10576783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological features of Alzheimer's disease are the formation of amyloid plaques and entanglement of nerve fibers. Studies have shown that Cu may be involved in the formation of amyloid plaques. However, their role has been controversial. The aim of this study was to explore the role of Cu in AD. We applied the "R" software for our differential analysis. Differentially expressed genes were screened using the limma package. Copper metabolism-related genes and the intersection set of differential genes with GSE5281 were searched; functional annotation was performed. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed using several modules to analyse the most significant hub genes. The hub genes were then qualified, and a database was used to screen for small-molecule AD drugs. We identified 87 DEGs. gene ontology analysis focused on homeostatic processes, response to toxic substances, positive regulation of transport, and secretion. The enriched molecular functions are mainly related to copper ion binding, molecular function regulators, protein-containing complex binding, identical protein binding and signalling receptor binding. The KEGG database is mainly involved in central carbon metabolism in various cancers, Parkinson's disease and melanoma. We identified five hub genes, FGF2, B2M, PTPRC, CD44 and SPP1, and identified the corresponding small molecule drugs. Our study identified key genes possibly related to energy metabolism in the pathological mechanism of AD and explored potential targets for AD treatment by establishing interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yu-Shen Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Cong-Mei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shishi General Hospital, No. 2156 Shijin Road, Shishi, 362700, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei-Can Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xin-Li Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - He-Fan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China.
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18
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Hirai M, Arai S, Iwase H. Fibrillization Process of Human Amyloid-Beta Protein (1-40) under a Molecular Crowding Environment Mimicking the Interior of Living Cells Using Cell Debris. Molecules 2023; 28:6555. [PMID: 37764331 PMCID: PMC10535490 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular crowding environments play a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms of biological reactions. Inside living cells, a diverse array of molecules coexists within a volume fraction ranging from 10% to 30% v/v. However, conventional spectroscopic methods often face difficulties in selectively observing the structures of particular proteins or membranes within such molecularly crowded environments due to the presence of high background signals. Therefore, it is crucial to establish in vitro measurement conditions that closely resemble the intracellular environment. Meanwhile, the neutron scattering method offers a significant advantage in selectively observing target biological components, even within crowded environments. Recently, we have demonstrated a novel scattering method capable of selectively detecting the structures of targeted proteins or membranes in a closely mimicking intracellular milieu achieved utilizing whole-cell contents (deuterated-cell debris). This method relies on the inverse contrast matching technique in neutron scattering. By employing this method, we successfully observed the fibrillization process of human amyloid beta-protein (Aβ 1-40) under a molecular crowding environment (13.1% w/v cell debris, Aβ/cell debris = ~1/25 w/w) that closely mimics the interior of living cells. Aβ protein is well known as a major pathogenic component of Alzheimer's disease. The present results combining model simulation analyses clearly show that the intracellular environment facilitates the potential formation of even more intricate higher-order aggregates of Aβ proteins than those previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Hirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 4-2 Aramaki, Maebashi 371-8510, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shigeki Arai
- National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Tokai 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Iwase
- Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan;
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19
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Efraimidis E, Krokidis MG, Exarchos TP, Lazar T, Vlamos P. In Silico Structural Analysis Exploring Conformational Folding of Protein Variants in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13543. [PMID: 37686347 PMCID: PMC10487466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate protein structure prediction using computational methods remains a challenge in molecular biology. Recent advances in AI-powered algorithms provide a transformative effect in solving this problem. Even though AlphaFold's performance has improved since its release, there are still limitations that apply to its efficacy. In this study, a selection of proteins related to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease was modeled, with Presenilin-1 (PSN1) and its mutated variants in the foreground. Their structural predictions were evaluated using the ColabFold implementation of AlphaFold, which utilizes MMseqs2 for the creation of multiple sequence alignments (MSAs). A higher number of recycles than the one used in the AlphaFold DB was selected, and no templates were used. In addition, prediction by RoseTTAFold was also applied to address how structures from the two deep learning frameworks match reality. The resulting conformations were compared with the corresponding experimental structures, providing potential insights into the predictive ability of this approach in this particular group of proteins. Furthermore, a comprehensive examination was performed on features such as predicted regions of disorder and the potential effect of mutations on PSN1. Our findings consist of highly accurate superpositions with little or no deviation from experimentally determined domain-level models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Efraimidis
- Bioinformatics and Neuroinformatics MSc Program, Hellenic Open University, 26335 Patras, Greece;
| | - Marios G. Krokidis
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (M.G.K.); (T.P.E.)
| | - Themis P. Exarchos
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (M.G.K.); (T.P.E.)
| | - Tamas Lazar
- VIB–VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), B1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Panagiotis Vlamos
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (M.G.K.); (T.P.E.)
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20
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Sulatsky MI, Belousov MV, Kosolapova AO, Mikhailova EV, Romanenko MN, Antonets KS, Kuznetsova IM, Turoverov KK, Nizhnikov AA, Sulatskaya AI. Amyloid Fibrils of Pisum sativum L. Vicilin Inhibit Pathological Aggregation of Mammalian Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12932. [PMID: 37629113 PMCID: PMC10454621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although incurable pathologies associated with the formation of highly ordered fibrillar protein aggregates called amyloids have been known for about two centuries, functional roles of amyloids have been studied for only two decades. Recently, we identified functional amyloids in plants. These amyloids formed using garden pea Pisum sativum L. storage globulin and vicilin, accumulated during the seed maturation and resisted treatment with gastric enzymes and canning. Thus, vicilin amyloids ingested with food could interact with mammalian proteins. In this work, we analyzed the effects of vicilin amyloids on the fibril formation of proteins that form pathological amyloids. We found that vicilin amyloids inhibit the fibrillogenesis of these proteins. In particular, vicilin amyloids decrease the number and length of lysozyme amyloid fibrils; the length and width of β-2-microglobulin fibrils; the number, length and the degree of clustering of β-amyloid fibrils; and, finally, they change the structure and decrease the length of insulin fibrils. Such drastic influences of vicilin amyloids on the pathological amyloids' formation cause the alteration of their toxicity for mammalian cells, which decreases for all tested amyloids with the exception of insulin. Taken together, our study, for the first time, demonstrates the anti-amyloid effect of vicilin fibrils and suggests the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim I. Sulatsky
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.I.S.); (E.V.M.); (I.M.K.); (K.K.T.)
| | - Mikhail V. Belousov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.B.); (A.O.K.); (M.N.R.); (K.S.A.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasiia O. Kosolapova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.B.); (A.O.K.); (M.N.R.); (K.S.A.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V. Mikhailova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.I.S.); (E.V.M.); (I.M.K.); (K.K.T.)
| | - Maria N. Romanenko
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.B.); (A.O.K.); (M.N.R.); (K.S.A.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.B.); (A.O.K.); (M.N.R.); (K.S.A.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina M. Kuznetsova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.I.S.); (E.V.M.); (I.M.K.); (K.K.T.)
| | - Konstantin K. Turoverov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.I.S.); (E.V.M.); (I.M.K.); (K.K.T.)
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.B.); (A.O.K.); (M.N.R.); (K.S.A.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna I. Sulatskaya
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.I.S.); (E.V.M.); (I.M.K.); (K.K.T.)
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21
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Ikegawa M, Kakuda N, Miyasaka T, Toyama Y, Nirasawa T, Minta K, Hanrieder J. Mass Spectrometry Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Connect 2023; 13:319-333. [PMID: 36905365 PMCID: PMC10494909 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2022.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology is the precipitating histopathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the formation of amyloid plaques in human brains is suggested to be a key factor in initiating AD pathogenesis, it is still not fully understood the upstream events that lead to Aβ plaque formation and its metabolism inside the brains. Methods: Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been successfully introduced to study AD pathology in brain tissue both in AD mouse models and human samples. By using MALDI-MSI, a highly selective deposition of Aβ peptides in AD brains with a variety of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) involvement was observed. Results: MALDI-MSI visualized depositions of shorter peptides in AD brains; Aβ1-36 to Aβ1-39 were quite similarly distributed with Aβ1-40 as a vascular pattern, and deposition of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 was visualized with a distinct senile plaque pattern distributed in parenchyma. Moreover, how MALDI-MSI covered in situ lipidomics of plaque pathology has been reviewed, which is of interest as aberrations in neuronal lipid biochemistry have been implicated in AD pathogenesis. Discussion: In this study, we introduce the methodological concepts and challenges of MALDI-MSI for the studies of AD pathogenesis. Diverse Aβ isoforms including various C- and N-terminal truncations in AD and CAA brain tissues will be visualized. Despite the close relationship between vascular and plaque Aβ deposition, the current strategy will define cross talk between neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular processes at the level of Aβ metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Ikegawa
- Department of Life and Medical Systems, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuto Kakuda
- Department of Life and Medical Systems, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyasaka
- Department of Life and Medical Systems, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumiko Toyama
- Department of Life and Medical Systems, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Karolina Minta
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Meng F, Kim JY, Gopich IV, Chung HS. Single-molecule FRET and molecular diffusion analysis characterize stable oligomers of amyloid-β 42 of extremely low population. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad253. [PMID: 37564361 PMCID: PMC10411938 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Soluble oligomers produced during protein aggregation have been thought to be toxic species causing various diseases. Characterization of these oligomers is difficult because oligomers are a heterogeneous mixture, which is not readily separable, and may appear transiently during aggregation. Single-molecule spectroscopy can provide valuable information by detecting individual oligomers, but there have been various problems in determining the size and concentration of oligomers. In this work, we develop and use a method that analyzes single-molecule fluorescence burst data of freely diffusing molecules in solution based on molecular diffusion theory and maximum likelihood method. We demonstrate that the photon count rate, diffusion time, population, and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency can be accurately determined from simulated data and the experimental data of a known oligomerization system, the tetramerization domain of p53. We used this method to characterize the oligomers of the 42-residue amyloid-β (Aβ42) peptide. Combining peptide incubation in a plate reader and single-molecule free-diffusion experiments allows for the detection of stable oligomers appearing at various stages of aggregation. We find that the average size of these oligomers is 70-mer and their overall population is very low, less than 1 nM, in the early and middle stages of aggregation of 1 µM Aβ42 peptide. Based on their average size and long diffusion time, we predict the oligomers have a highly elongated rod-like shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanjie Meng
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
| | - Jae-Yeol Kim
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
| | - Irina V Gopich
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
| | - Hoi Sung Chung
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
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23
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Čarna M, Onyango IG, Katina S, Holub D, Novotny JS, Nezvedova M, Jha D, Nedelska Z, Lacovich V, Vyvere TV, Houbrechts R, Garcia-Mansfield K, Sharma R, David-Dirgo V, Vyhnalek M, Texlova K, Chaves H, Bakkar N, Pertierra L, Vinkler M, Markova H, Laczo J, Sheardova K, Hortova-Kohoutkova M, Frič J, Forte G, Kaňovsky P, Belaškova S, Damborsky J, Hort J, Seyfried NT, Bowser R, Sevlever G, Rissman RA, Smith RA, Hajduch M, Pirrotte P, Spačil Z, Dammer EB, Limbäck-Stokin C, Stokin GB. Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: Involvement of the choroid plexus. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3537-3554. [PMID: 36825691 PMCID: PMC10634590 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) produces and is bathed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) shows extensive proteomic alterations including evidence of inflammation. Considering inflammation hampers functions of the involved tissues, the CSF abnormalities reported in these conditions are suggestive of ChP injury. Indeed, several studies document ChP damage in aging and AD, which nevertheless remains to be systematically characterized. We here report that the changes elicited in the CSF by AD are consistent with a perturbed aging process and accompanied by aberrant accumulation of inflammatory signals and metabolically active proteins in the ChP. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging shows that these molecular aberrancies correspond to significant remodeling of ChP in AD, which correlates with aging and cognitive decline. Collectively, our preliminary post-mortem and in vivo findings reveal a repertoire of ChP pathologies indicative of its dysfunction and involvement in the pathogenesis of AD. HIGHLIGHTS: Cerebrospinal fluid changes associated with aging are perturbed in Alzheimer's disease Paradoxically, in Alzheimer's disease, the choroid plexus exhibits increased cytokine levels without evidence of inflammatory activation or infiltrates In Alzheimer's disease, increased choroid plexus volumes correlate with age and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Čarna
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Isaac G. Onyango
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Katina
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Holub
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sebastian Novotny
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Nezvedova
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Durga Jha
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Nedelska
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valentina Lacovich
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Krystine Garcia-Mansfield
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ritin Sharma
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Victoria David-Dirgo
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Martin Vyhnalek
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Texlova
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Nadine Bakkar
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Mojmir Vinkler
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Markova
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Laczo
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Sheardova
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- 1 Department of Neurology, St. Anne’s University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Frič
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kaňovsky
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and Research and Science Department, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Belaškova
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiři Damborsky
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Bowser
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Core Facility, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Zdeněk Spačil
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eric B. Dammer
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clara Limbäck-Stokin
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gorazd B. Stokin
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Division of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Translational Aging and Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, MN, Rochester, USA
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Donato L, Mordà D, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. How Many Alzheimer-Perusini's Atypical Forms Do We Still Have to Discover? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2035. [PMID: 37509674 PMCID: PMC10377159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer-Perusini's (AD) disease represents the most spread dementia around the world and constitutes a serious problem for public health. It was first described by the two physicians from whom it took its name. Nowadays, we have extensively expanded our knowledge about this disease. Starting from a merely clinical and histopathologic description, we have now reached better molecular comprehension. For instance, we passed from an old conceptualization of the disease based on plaques and tangles to a more modern vision of mixed proteinopathy in a one-to-one relationship with an alteration of specific glial and neuronal phenotypes. However, no disease-modifying therapies are yet available. It is likely that the only way to find a few "magic bullets" is to deepen this aspect more and more until we are able to draw up specific molecular profiles for single AD cases. This review reports the most recent classifications of AD atypical variants in order to summarize all the clinical evidence using several discrimina (for example, post mortem neurofibrillary tangle density, cerebral atrophy, or FDG-PET studies). The better defined four atypical forms are posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (LvPPA), behavioral/dysexecutive variant and AD with corticobasal degeneration (CBS). Moreover, we discuss the usefulness of such classifications before outlining the molecular-genetic aspects focusing on microglial activity or, more generally, immune system control of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, 98139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Mordà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, 98139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, 98139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia D'Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
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25
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Doher N, Davoudi V, Magaki S, Townley RA, Haeri M, Vinters HV. Illustrated Neuropathologic Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurol Int 2023; 15:857-867. [PMID: 37489360 PMCID: PMC10366902 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As of 2022, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) among individuals aged 65 and older is estimated to be 6.2 million in the United States. This figure is predicted to grow to 13.8 million by 2060. An accurate assessment of neuropathologic changes represents a critical step in understanding the underlying mechanisms in AD. The current method for assessing postmortem Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change follows version 11 of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) coding guidebook. Ambiguity regarding steps in the ABC scoring method can lead to increased time or inaccuracy in staging AD. We present a concise overview of how this postmortem diagnosis is made and relate it to the evolving understanding of antemortem AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Doher
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Vahid Davoudi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Shino Magaki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ryan A Townley
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway City, KS 66205, USA
| | - Mohammad Haeri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway City, KS 66205, USA
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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26
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Hashemi L, Soodi M, Hajimehdipoor H, Dashti A. Ferulago angulata Methanolic Extract Protects PC12 Cells Against Beta-amyloid-induced Toxicity. Basic Clin Neurosci 2023; 14:453-462. [PMID: 38050568 PMCID: PMC10693816 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2022.919.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease. Beta-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity has a pivotal role in AD pathogenesis; therefore, the modulation of Aβ toxicity is the promising therapeutic approach to control the disease progression. Medicinal plants because of their multiple active ingredients are effective in complex diseases, such as AD. Therefore, several studies have studied medicinal plants to find an effective treatment for AD. Ferulago angulata is a medicinal plant with antioxidant and neuroprotective activity. The present study was done to assess the protective effect of the methanolic extract of Ferulago angulate on Aβ-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in PC12 cells. Methods The methanolic extract of aerial parts of the plant was prepared by the maceration method. PC12 cells were cultured according to a standard protocol. PC12 cells were incubated for 24 hours with Aβ alone, and Aβ in combination with various concentrations of the F. angulata extract. Cell viability was determined by the methyl thiazole tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Also, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and caspase-3 enzymes were measured. Results The extract dose-dependently protected PC12 cells against Aβ-induced cell death. Also, Aβ increased ROS production, AChE, and caspase-3 activity, and decreased the GPx activity, which all were ameliorated by F. angulata extract. Conclusion F. angulata extract protects against Aβ-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. These effects may be due to the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of the extract. It is recommended to assess F. angulata extract as an anti-AD agent. Highlights Ferulago angulata extract dose-dependently ameliorates Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.Aβ induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells, which was attenuated by the F. angulata extract.Aβ increased acetylcholinesterase activity in PC12 cells, which was prevented by the F. angulata extract. Plain Language Summary Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common form of dementia in the elderly with a complex pathophysiology. Beta-amyloid (Aβ)- induced neurotoxicity plays a pivotal role in AD progression. So far, there is no cure for AD. Medicinal plants contain various pharmacologically active compounds that make them suitable for the treatment of complex diseases. In this study, the anti-AD effect of F. angulata extract was investigated by assessing its protective effect against Aβ-induced toxicity in PC12 cells F. angulata extract improved Aβ-induced toxicity by diminishing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Therefore, F. angulata extract merits further studies for use in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hashemi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Soodi
- Institute for Natural Products and Medicinal Plants, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Hajimehdipoor
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Dashti
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Wang YH, Luo PP, Geng AY, Li X, Liu TH, He YJ, Huang L, Tang YQ. Identification of highly reliable risk genes for Alzheimer's disease through joint-tissue integrative analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1183119. [PMID: 37416324 PMCID: PMC10320295 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1183119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous genetic variants associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but their interpretation is hindered by the strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) among the variants, making it difficult to identify the causal variants directly. To address this issue, the transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) was employed to infer the association between gene expression and a trait at the genetic level using expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) cohorts. In this study, we applied the TWAS theory and utilized the improved Joint-Tissue Imputation (JTI) approach and Mendelian Randomization (MR) framework (MR-JTI) to identify potential AD-associated genes. By integrating LD score, GTEx eQTL data, and GWAS summary statistic data from a large cohort using MR-JTI, a total of 415 AD-associated genes were identified. Then, 2873 differentially expressed genes from 11 AD-related datasets were used for the Fisher test of these AD-associated genes. We finally obtained 36 highly reliable AD-associated genes, including APOC1, CR1, ERBB2, and RIN3. Moreover, the GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that these genes are primarily involved in antigen processing and presentation, amyloid-beta formation, tau protein binding, and response to oxidative stress. The identification of these potential AD-associated genes not only provides insights into the pathogenesis of AD but also offers biomarkers for early diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Heng Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Pan Luo
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ao Yi Geng
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tai-Hang Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Jie He
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya Qin Tang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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28
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Sulatsky MI, Stepanenko OV, Stepanenko OV, Mikhailova EV, Kuznetsova IM, Turoverov KK, Sulatskaya AI. Amyloid fibrils degradation: the pathway to recovery or aggravation of the disease? Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1208059. [PMID: 37377863 PMCID: PMC10291066 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1208059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The most obvious manifestation of amyloidoses is the accumulation of amyloid fibrils as plaques in tissues and organs, which always leads to a noticeable deterioration in the patients' condition and is the main marker of the disease. For this reason, early diagnosis of amyloidosis is difficult, and inhibition of fibrillogenesis, when mature amyloids are already accumulated in large quantities, is ineffective. A new direction for amyloidosis treatment is the development of approaches aimed at the degradation of mature amyloid fibrils. In the present work, we investigated possible consequences of amyloid's degradation. Methods: We analyzed the size and morphology of amyloid degradation products by transmission and confocal laser scanning microscopy, their secondary structure and spectral properties of aromatic amino acids, intrinsic chromophore sfGFP, and fibril-bound amyloid-specific probe thioflavin T (ThT) by the absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy, as well as the cytotoxicity of the formed protein aggregates by MTT-test and their resistance to ionic detergents and boiling by SDS-PAGE. Results: On the example of sfGFP fibrils (model fibrils, structural rearrangements of which can be detected by a specific change in the spectral properties of their chromophore), and pathological Aβ-peptide (Aβ42) fibrils, leading to neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease, the possible mechanisms of amyloids degradation after exposure to factors of different nature (proteins with chaperone and protease activity, denaturant, and ultrasound) was demonstrated. Our study shows that, regardless of the method of fibril degradation, the resulting species retain some amyloid's properties, including cytotoxicity, which may even be higher than that of intact amyloids. Conclusion: The results of our work indicate that the degradation of amyloid fibrils in vivo should be treated with caution since such an approach can lead not to recovery, but to aggravation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim I. Sulatsky
- Laboratory of cell morphology, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V. Stepanenko
- Laboratory of structural dynamics, stability and folding of proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olesya V. Stepanenko
- Laboratory of structural dynamics, stability and folding of proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V. Mikhailova
- Laboratory of structural dynamics, stability and folding of proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina M. Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of structural dynamics, stability and folding of proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin K. Turoverov
- Laboratory of structural dynamics, stability and folding of proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna I. Sulatskaya
- Laboratory of structural dynamics, stability and folding of proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Zheng Y, Zheng C, Tu W, Jiang Y, Lin H, Chen W, Lee Q, Zheng W. Danshensu inhibits Aβ aggregation and neurotoxicity as one of the main prominent features of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125294. [PMID: 37315666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It has been found that the main cause of neurodegenerative proteinopathies, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the formation of Aβ amyloid plaques, which can be regulated by application of potential small molecules. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of danshensu on Aβ(1-42) aggregation and relevant apoptotic pathway in neurons. A broad range of spectroscopic, theoretical, and cellular assays were done to investigate the anti-amyloidogenic characteristics of danshensu. It was found that danshensu triggers its inhibitory effect against Aβ(1-42) aggregation through modulation of hydrophobic patches as well as structural and morphological changes through a stacking interaction. Furthermore, it was observed that incubation of Aβ(1-42) samples with danshensu during aggregation process recovered the cell viability and mitigated the expression of caspase-3 mRNA and protein as well caspase-3 activity deregulated by Aβ(1-42) amyloid fibrils alone. In general, obtained data showed that danshensu potentially inhibits Aβ(1-42) aggregation and associated proteinopathies through regulation of apoptotic pathway in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, danshensu may be used as a promising biomolecule against the Aβ aggregation and associated proteinopathies, which can be further analyzed in the future studies for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyin Zheng
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Wenzhan Tu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Alberta Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Wangchao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Qian Lee
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Wu Zheng
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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Kim SY. Personalized Explanations for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Using Explainable Graph Neural Networks with Population Graphs. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:701. [PMID: 37370632 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leveraging recent advances in graph neural networks, our study introduces an application of graph convolutional networks (GCNs) within a correlation-based population graph, aiming to enhance Alzheimer's disease (AD) prognosis and illuminate the intricacies of AD progression. This methodological approach leverages the inherent structure and correlations in demographic and neuroimaging data to predict amyloid-beta (Aβ) positivity. To validate our approach, we conducted extensive performance comparisons with conventional machine learning models and a GCN model with randomly assigned edges. The results consistently highlighted the superior performance of the correlation-based GCN model across different sample groups in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset, suggesting the importance of accurately reflecting the correlation structure in population graphs for effective pattern recognition and accurate prediction. Furthermore, our exploration of the model's decision-making process using GNNExplainer identified unique sets of biomarkers indicative of Aβ positivity in different groups, shedding light on the heterogeneity of AD progression. This study underscores the potential of our proposed approach for more nuanced AD prognoses, potentially informing more personalized and precise therapeutic strategies. Future research can extend these findings by integrating diverse data sources, employing longitudinal data, and refining the interpretability of the model, which potentially has broad applicability to other complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Kim
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Software and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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31
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Hershkovits AS, Gelley S, Hanna R, Kleifeld O, Shulman A, Fishman A. Shifting the balance: soluble ADAM10 as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1171123. [PMID: 37266401 PMCID: PMC10229884 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1171123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accumulation of amyloid β in the brain is regarded as a key initiator of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the amyloidogenic pathway yields neurotoxic amyloid β species. In the non-amyloidogenic pathway, APP is processed by membrane-bound ADAM10, the main α-secretase in the nervous system. Here we present a new enzymatic approach for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease using a soluble form of ADAM10. Methods The ability of the soluble ADAM10 to shed overexpressed and endogenous APP was determined with an ADAM10 knockout cell line and a human neuroblastoma cell line, respectively. We further examined its effect on amyloid β aggregation by thioflavin T fluorescence, HPLC, and confocal microscopy. Using N-terminal and C-terminal enrichment proteomic approaches, we identified soluble ADAM10 substrates. Finally, a truncated soluble ADAM10, based on the catalytic domain, was expressed in Escherichia coli for the first time, and its activity was evaluated. Results The soluble enzyme hydrolyzes APP and releases the neuroprotective soluble APPα when exogenously added to cell cultures. The soluble ADAM10 inhibits the formation and aggregation of characteristic amyloid β extracellular neuronal aggregates. The proteomic investigation identified new and verified known substrates, such as VGF and N-cadherin, respectively. The truncated variant also exhibited α-secretase capacity as shown with a specific ADAM10 fluorescent substrate in addition to shedding overexpressed and endogenous APP. Discussion Our in vitro study demonstrates that exogenous treatment with a soluble variant of ADAM10 would shift the balance toward the non-amyloidogenic pathway, thus utilizing its natural neuroprotective effect and inhibiting the main neurotoxic amyloid β species. The potential of such a treatment for Alzheimer's disease needs to be further evaluated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Sarah Hershkovits
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- The Interdisciplinary Program for Biotechnology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sivan Gelley
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rawad Hanna
- Department of Biology Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- Department of Biology Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Qu W, Canoll P, Hargus G. Molecular Insights into Cell Type-specific Roles in Alzheimer's Disease: Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-based Disease Modelling. Neuroscience 2023; 518:10-26. [PMID: 35569647 PMCID: PMC9974106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia resulting in widespread degeneration of the central nervous system with severe cognitive impairment. Despite the devastating toll of AD, the incomplete understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms hinders the expeditious development of effective cures. Emerging evidence from animal studies has shown that different brain cell types play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of AD. Glutamatergic neurons are preferentially affected in AD and pronounced gliosis contributes to the progression of AD in both a cell-autonomous and a non-cell-autonomous manner. Much has been discovered through genetically modified animal models, yet frequently failed translational attempts to clinical applications call for better disease models. Emerging evidence supports the significance of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived brain cells in modeling disease development and progression, opening new avenues for the discovery of molecular mechanisms. This review summarizes the function of different cell types in the pathogenesis of AD, such as neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, and recognizes the potential of utilizing the rapidly growing iPSC technology in modeling AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gunnar Hargus
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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Abbate C. The Adult Neurogenesis Theory of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221279. [PMID: 37182879 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease starts in neural stem cells (NSCs) in the niches of adult neurogenesis. All primary factors responsible for pathological tau hyperphosphorylation are inherent to adult neurogenesis and migration. However, when amyloid pathology is present, it strongly amplifies tau pathogenesis. Indeed, the progressive accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β deposits in the brain triggers a state of chronic inflammation by microglia. Microglial activation has a significant pro-neurogenic effect that fosters the process of adult neurogenesis and supports neuronal migration. Unfortunately, this "reactive" pro-neurogenic activity ultimately perturbs homeostatic equilibrium in the niches of adult neurogenesis by amplifying tau pathogenesis in AD. This scenario involves NSCs in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in late-onset AD (LOAD) and NSCs in the ventricular-subventricular zone along the lateral ventricles in early-onset AD (EOAD), including familial AD (FAD). Neuroblasts carrying the initial seed of tau pathology travel throughout the brain via neuronal migration driven by complex signals and convey the disease from the niches of adult neurogenesis to near (LOAD) or distant (EOAD) brain regions. In these locations, or in close proximity, a focus of degeneration begins to develop. Then, tau pathology spreads from the initial foci to large neuronal networks along neural connections through neuron-to-neuron transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Abbate
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
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Sato W, Watanabe-Takahashi M, Murata T, Utsunomiya-Tate N, Motoyama J, Anzai M, Ishihara S, Nishioka N, Uchiyama H, Togashi J, Nishihara S, Kawasaki K, Saito T, Saido TC, Funamoto S, Nishikawa K. A tailored tetravalent peptide displays dual functions to inhibit amyloid β production and aggregation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:383. [PMID: 37031306 PMCID: PMC10082830 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation in the brain is a promising approach for treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is produced by β-secretase and γ-secretase in endosomes via sequential proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Aβ and APP have a common feature to readily cluster to form multimers. Here, using multivalent peptide library screens, we identified a tetravalent peptide, LME-tet, which binds APP and Aβ via multivalent interactions. In cells, LME-tet-bound APP in the plasma membrane is transported to endosomes, blocking Aβ production through specific inhibition of β-cleavage, but not γ-cleavage. LME-tet further suppresses Aβ aggregation by blocking formation of the β-sheet conformation. Inhibitory effects are not observed with a monomeric peptide, emphasizing the significance of multivalent interactions for mediating these activities. Critically, LME-tet efficiently reduces Aβ levels in the brain of AD model mice, suggesting it may hold promise for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waka Sato
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miho Watanabe-Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Murata
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jun Motoyama
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masataka Anzai
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiko Ishihara
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nanako Nishioka
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hina Uchiyama
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Juri Togashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeka Nishihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kawasaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, Riken Center For Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoru Funamoto
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kiyotaka Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
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I F. The unique neuropathological vulnerability of the human brain to aging. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101916. [PMID: 36990284 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), argyrophilic grain disease (AGD), aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG), limbic predominant TDP-43 proteinopathy (LATE), and amygdala-predominant Lewy body disease (LBD) are proteinopathies that, together with hippocampal sclerosis, progressively appear in the elderly affecting from 50% to 99% of individuals aged 80 years, depending on the disease. These disorders usually converge on the same subject and associate with additive cognitive impairment. Abnormal Tau, TDP-43, and α-synuclein pathologies progress following a pattern consistent with an active cell-to-cell transmission and abnormal protein processing in the host cell. However, cell vulnerability and transmission pathways are specific for each disorder, albeit abnormal proteins may co-localize in particular neurons. All these alterations are unique or highly prevalent in humans. They all affect, at first, the archicortex and paleocortex to extend at later stages to the neocortex and other regions of the telencephalon. These observations show that the phylogenetically oldest areas of the human cerebral cortex and amygdala are not designed to cope with the lifespan of actual humans. New strategies aimed at reducing the functional overload of the human telencephalon, including optimization of dream repair mechanisms and implementation of artificial circuit devices to surrogate specific brain functions, appear promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferrer I
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Emeritus Researcher of the Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhang H, Li X, Wang X, Xu J, Elefant F, Wang J. Cellular response to β-amyloid neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease and implications in new therapeutics. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:3-9. [PMID: 36872303 PMCID: PMC9986234 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ) is a specific pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because of its neurotoxicity, AD patients exhibit multiple brain dysfunctions. Disease-modifying therapy (DMT) is the central concept in the development of AD therapeutics today, and most DMT drugs that are currently in clinical trials are anti-Aβ drugs, such as aducanumab and lecanemab. Therefore, understanding Aβ's neurotoxic mechanism is crucial for Aβ-targeted drug development. Despite its total length of only a few dozen amino acids, Aβ is incredibly diverse. In addition to the well-known Aβ1-42 , N-terminally truncated, glutaminyl cyclase (QC) catalyzed, and pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pEAβ) is also highly amyloidogenic and far more cytotoxic. The extracellular monomeric Aβx-42 (x = 1-11) initiates the aggregation to form fibrils and plaques and causes many abnormal cellular responses through cell membrane receptors and receptor-coupled signal pathways. These signal cascades further influence many cellular metabolism-related processes, such as gene expression, cell cycle, and cell fate, and ultimately cause severe neural cell damage. However, endogenous cellular anti-Aβ defense processes always accompany the Aβ-induced microenvironment alterations. Aβ-cleaving endopeptidases, Aβ-degrading ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and Aβ-engulfing glial cell immune responses are all essential self-defense mechanisms that we can leverage to develop new drugs. This review discusses some of the most recent advances in understanding Aβ-centric AD mechanisms and suggests prospects for promising anti-Aβ strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and LifeBeijing University of TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Xianghua Li
- Faculty of Environment and LifeBeijing University of TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Faculty of Environment and LifeBeijing University of TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Jiayu Xu
- Faculty of Environment and LifeBeijing University of TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Felice Elefant
- Department of BiologyDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Juan Wang
- Faculty of Environment and LifeBeijing University of TechnologyBeijingChina
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Zhang E, Dai F, Chen T, Liu S, Xiao C, Shen X. Diagnostic models and predictive drugs associated with cuproptosis hub genes in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1064639. [PMID: 36776574 PMCID: PMC9909238 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1064639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, and its underlying genes and treatments are unclear. Abnormalities in copper metabolism can prevent the clearance of β-amyloid peptides and promote the progression of AD pathogenesis. Therefore, the present study used a bioinformatics approach to perform an integrated analysis of the hub gene based on cuproptosis that can influence the diagnosis and treatment of AD. The gene expression profiles were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, including non-demented (ND) and AD samples. A total of 2,977 cuproptosis genes were retrieved from published articles. The seven hub genes associated with cuproptosis and AD were obtained from the differentially expressed genes and WGCNA in brain tissue from GSE33000. The GO analysis demonstrated that these genes were involved in phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, lipid, and glucose metabolism. By stepwise regression and logistic regression analysis, we screened four of the seven cuproptosis genes to construct a diagnostic model for AD, which was validated by GES15222, GS48350, and GSE5281. In addition, immune cell infiltration of samples was investigated for correlation with these hub genes. We identified six drugs targeting these seven cuproptosis genes in DrugBank. Hence, these cuproptosis gene signatures may be an important prognostic indicator for AD and may offer new insights into treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China,Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicinal Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China,*Correspondence: Erdong Zhang ✉
| | - Fengqiu Dai
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Guiyang Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shanhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chaolun Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China,Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicinal Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China,Xiangchun Shen ✉
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Andrews B, Ruggiero T, Urbanc B. How do salt and lipids affect conformational dynamics of Aβ42 monomers in water? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2566-2583. [PMID: 36602150 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05044g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that amyloid β-protein (Aβ) self-assembly is involved in triggering of Alzheimer's disease. On the other hand, evidence of physiological function of Aβ interacting with lipids has only begun to emerge. Details of Aβ-lipid interactions, which may underlie physiological and pathological activities of Aβ, are not well understood. Here, the effects of salt and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) lipids on conformational dynamics of Aβ42 monomer in water are examined by all-atom molecular dynamics (MD). We acquired six sets of 250 ns long MD trajectories for each of the three lipid concentrations (0, 27, and 109 mM) in the absence and presence of 150 mM salt. Ten replica trajectories per set are used to enhance sampling of Aβ42 conformational space. We show that salt facilitates long-range tertiary contacts in Aβ42, resulting in more compact Aβ42 conformations. By contrast, addition of lipids results in lipid-concentration dependent Aβ42 unfolding concomitant with enhanced stability of the turn in the A21-A30 region. At the high lipid concentration, salt enables the N-terminal region of Aβ42 to form long-range tertiary contacts and interact with lipids, which results in formation of a parallel β-strand. Aβ42 forms stable lipid-protein complexes whereby the protein is adhered to the lipid cluster rather than embedded into it. We propose that the inability of Aβ42 monomer to get embedded into the lipid cluster may be important for facilitating repair of leaks in the blood-brain barrier without penetrating and damaging cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Andrews
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Thomas Ruggiero
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Brigita Urbanc
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Warpechowski M, Warpechowski J, Kulczyńska-Przybik A, Mroczko B. Biomarkers of Activity-Dependent Plasticity and Persistent Enhancement of Synaptic Transmission in Alzheimer Disease: A Review of the Current Status. Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e938826. [PMID: 36600577 PMCID: PMC9832729 DOI: 10.12659/msm.938826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder characterized by complex pathological processes involving neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and synaptic dysfunction. Understanding the exact neurobiological mechanisms underlying AD pathology may help to provide a biomarker for early diagnosis or at least for assessment of vulnerability to dementia development. Neural plasticity is defined as a capability of the brain to respond to alterations including aging, injury, or learning, with a crucial role of synaptic elements. Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are important in regulating synaptic connections between neural cells in functional plasticity. Synaptic loss and impairment of the brain's plasticity in AD leads to cognitive impairment, and one of important roles of synaptic biomarkers is monitoring synaptic dysfunction, response to treatment, and predicting future development of AD. Synaptic biomarkers are undoubtedly very promising in developing novel approach to AD treatment and control, especially in the era of aging of societies, which is one of the most common risk factor of AD. Implementing a widespread measurement of synaptic biomarkers of AD will probably be crucial in early diagnosis of AD, early therapeutic intervention, monitoring progression of the disease, or response to treatment. One of the most important challenges is finding a biomarker whose blood concentration correlates with its level in the central nervous system (CNS). This review aims to present the current status of biomarkers of activity-dependent plasticity and persistent enhancement of synaptic transmission in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Warpechowski
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland,Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Maina MB, Al-Hilaly YK, Serpell LC. Dityrosine cross-linking and its potential roles in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1132670. [PMID: 37034163 PMCID: PMC10075315 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1132670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a significant source of damage that accumulates during aging and contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Oxidation of proteins can give rise to covalent links between adjacent tyrosines known as dityrosine (DiY) cross-linking, amongst other modifications, and this observation suggests that DiY could serve as a biomarker of accumulated oxidative stress over the lifespan. Many studies have focused on understanding the contribution of DiY to AD pathogenesis and have revealed that DiY crosslinks can be found in both Aβ and tau deposits - the two key proteins involved in the formation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles, respectively. However, there is no consensus yet in the field on the impact of DiY on Aβ and tau function, aggregation, and toxicity. Here we review the current understanding of the role of DiY on Aβ and tau gathered over the last 20 years since the first observation, and discuss the effect of this modification for Aβ and tau aggregation, and its potential as a biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud B. Maina
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
- Biomedical Science Research and Training Centre, College of Medical Sciences, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | - Youssra K. Al-Hilaly
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Louise C. Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Louise C. Serpell,
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Kozin SA. Role of Interaction between Zinc and Amyloid Beta in Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:S75-S87. [PMID: 37069115 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923140055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Progression of Alzheimer's disease is accompanied by the appearance of extracellular deposits in the brain tissues of patients with characteristic supramolecular morphology (amyloid plaques) the main components of which are β-amyloid isoforms (Aβ) and biometal ions (zinc, copper, iron). For nearly 40 years and up to the present time, the vast majority of experimental data indicate critical role of formation and accumulation of amyloid plaques (cerebral amyloidogenesis) in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, however, nature of the molecular agents that initiate cerebral amyloidogenesis, as well as causes of aggregation of the native Aβ molecules in vivo remained unknown for a long time. This review discusses the current level of fundamental knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of interactions of zinc ions with a number of Aβ isoforms present in amyloid plaques of the patients with Alzheimer's disease, and also shows how this knowledge made it possible to identify driving forces of the cerebral amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease and made it possible to determine fundamentally new biomarkers and drug targets as part of development of innovative strategy for diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Kozin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Kabir ER, Chowdhury NM, Yasmin H, Kabir MT, Akter R, Perveen A, Ashraf GM, Akter S, Rahman MH, Sweilam SH. Unveiling the Potential of Polyphenols as Anti-Amyloid Molecules in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:787-807. [PMID: 36221865 PMCID: PMC10227919 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666221010113812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that mostly affects the elderly population. Mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis are yet to be fully revealed, but there are several hypotheses regarding AD. Even though free radicals and inflammation are likely to be linked with AD pathogenesis, still amyloid-beta (Aβ) cascade is the dominant hypothesis. According to the Aβ hypothesis, a progressive buildup of extracellular and intracellular Aβ aggregates has a significant contribution to the AD-linked neurodegeneration process. Since Aβ plays an important role in the etiology of AD, therefore Aβ-linked pathways are mainly targeted in order to develop potential AD therapies. Accumulation of Aβ plaques in the brains of AD individuals is an important hallmark of AD. These plaques are mainly composed of Aβ (a peptide of 39-42 amino acids) aggregates produced via the proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein. Numerous studies have demonstrated that various polyphenols (PPHs), including cyanidins, anthocyanins, curcumin, catechins and their gallate esters were found to markedly suppress Aβ aggregation and prevent the formation of Aβ oligomers and toxicity, which is further suggesting that these PPHs might be regarded as effective therapeutic agents for the AD treatment. This review summarizes the roles of Aβ in AD pathogenesis, the Aβ aggregation pathway, types of PPHs, and distribution of PPHs in dietary sources. Furthermore, we have predominantly focused on the potential of food-derived PPHs as putative anti-amyloid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rahman Kabir
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Hasina Yasmin
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Kabir
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shamima Akter
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
| | | | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City 11829, Egypt
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Kadhim HJ, Al-Mumen H, Nahi HH, Hamidi SM. Streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease investigation by one-dimensional plasmonic grating chip. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21878. [PMID: 36536049 PMCID: PMC9763475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been significant interest in researching brain insulin resistance as it has been hypothesized that it may play a role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is brain dementia that contributes to damage to the neuron cells and then patient death. This dementia is ranked as the fifth more dangerous disease in the world. Streptozotocin (STZ) is used to induce Alzheimer's disease experimentally. STZ is toxic to the pancreatic beta cells and induces insulin resistance. Neuroplasmonin techniques have been used to investigate the ability of STZ on the activity of cultured neuron cells. Neuroplasmonic is a novel technology that combines nanotechnology and biosensor. This technique has been used to record neuron signals in vivo and in vitro. Also, it has many facilities such as label-free detection, real-time analysis, biological compatibility, small sample, high throughput, and low detection limit. In this paper, we introduce a one-dimensional electro-plasmonic nanograting platform that consists of a straight nanorod of gold embedded in a dielectric layer of polycarbonate. The chip is connected with an externally applied voltage to induce tunable PIT and increase the sensor sensitivity. To evaluate the sensing performance of the electro-plasmonic sensor, this chip was cultured with Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells (HNPC). The first step was to measure the neuron cell activity in a healthy case. The next step was to measure the activity of neuron cells injected with different concentrations of STZ (0.5, 1, 2 mM) to induce the formation of Alzheimer's disease in the cultured neuron cells. The results indicated that the electro-plasmonics sensor had a high sensitivity to the cells' activity and showed good results for the effecting STZ on the neuron cell's activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Jawad Kadhim
- grid.412502.00000 0001 0686 4748Magneto‑plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran ,grid.427646.50000 0004 0417 7786Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Haider Al-Mumen
- grid.427646.50000 0004 0417 7786Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - H. H. Nahi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq
| | - S. M. Hamidi
- grid.412502.00000 0001 0686 4748Magneto‑plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Wang S, Sudan R, Peng V, Zhou Y, Du S, Yuede CM, Lei T, Hou J, Cai Z, Cella M, Nguyen K, Poliani PL, Beatty WL, Chen Y, Cao S, Lin K, Rodrigues C, Ellebedy AH, Gilfillan S, Brown GD, Holtzman DM, Brioschi S, Colonna M. TREM2 drives microglia response to amyloid-β via SYK-dependent and -independent pathways. Cell 2022; 185:4153-4169.e19. [PMID: 36306735 PMCID: PMC9625082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have highlighted microglia as pivotal in orchestrating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia that adhere to Aβ plaques acquire a transcriptional signature, "disease-associated microglia" (DAM), which largely emanates from the TREM2-DAP12 receptor complex that transmits intracellular signals through the protein tyrosine kinase SYK. The human TREM2R47H variant associated with high AD risk fails to activate microglia via SYK. We found that SYK-deficient microglia cannot encase Aβ plaques, accelerating brain pathology and behavioral deficits. SYK deficiency impaired the PI3K-AKT-GSK-3β-mTOR pathway, incapacitating anabolic support required for attaining the DAM profile. However, SYK-deficient microglia proliferated and advanced to an Apoe-expressing prodromal stage of DAM; this pathway relied on the adapter DAP10, which also binds TREM2. Thus, microglial responses to Aβ involve non-redundant SYK- and DAP10-pathways. Systemic administration of an antibody against CLEC7A, a receptor that directly activates SYK, rescued microglia activation in mice expressing the TREM2R47H allele, unveiling new options for AD immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoutang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Raki Sudan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vincent Peng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yingyue Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Siling Du
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carla M Yuede
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jinchao Hou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhangying Cai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Khai Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pietro L Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Molecular and Translational Medicine Department, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Wandy L Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Siyan Cao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kent Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cecilia Rodrigues
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Amyloid beta and its naturally occurring N-terminal variants are potent activators of human and mouse formyl peptide receptor 1. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102642. [PMID: 36309087 PMCID: PMC9694488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) may contribute to inflammation in Alzheimer's disease through interactions with neuropathological Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. Previous studies reported activation of FPR2 by Aβ1-42, but further investigation of other FPRs and Aβ variants is needed. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the interactions of mouse and human FPRs with different physiologically relevant Aβ-peptides using transiently transfected cells in combination with calcium imaging. We observed that, in addition to hFPR2, all other hFPRs also responded to Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, and the naturally occurring variants Aβ11-40 and Aβ17-40. Notably, Aβ11-40 and Aβ17-40 are very potent activators of mouse and human FPR1, acting at nanomolar concentrations. Buffer composition and aggregation state are extremely crucial factors that critically affect the interaction of Aβ with different FPR subtypes. To investigate the physiological relevance of these findings, we examined the effects of Aβ11-40 and Aβ17-40 on the human glial cell line U87. Both peptides induced a strong calcium flux at concentrations that are very similar to those obtained in experiments for hFPR1 in HEK cells. Further immunocytochemistry, qPCR, and pharmacological experiments verified that these responses were primarily mediated through hFPR1. Chemotaxis experiments revealed that Aβ11-40 but not Aβ17-40 evoked cell migration, which argues for a functional selectivity of different Aβ peptides. Together, these findings provide the first evidence that not only hFPR2 but also hFPR1 and hFPR3 may contribute to neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease through an interaction with different Aβ variants.
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Olajide OJ, La Rue C, Bergdahl A, Chapman CA. Inhibiting amyloid beta (1–42) peptide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction prevents the degradation of synaptic proteins in the entorhinal cortex. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:960314. [PMID: 36275011 PMCID: PMC9582742 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.960314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant release of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in early synaptic perturbations and neuropathology that drive memory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We recently showed that solubilized human amyloid beta peptide 1–42 (hAβ1–42) causes rapid alterations at glutamatergic synapses in the entorhinal cortex (EC) through the activation of both GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. However, whether disruption of mitochondrial dynamics and increased ROS contributes to mechanisms mediating hAβ1–42-induced synaptic perturbations in the EC is unknown. Here we assessed the impact of hAβ1–42 on mitochondrial respiratory functions, and the expression of key mitochondrial and synaptic proteins in the EC. Measurements of mitochondrial respiratory function in wild-type EC slices exposed to 1 μM hAβ1–42 revealed marked reductions in tissue oxygen consumption and energy production efficiency relative to control. hAβ1–42 also markedly reduced the immunoexpression of both mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and mitochondrial-cytochrome c protein but had no significant impact on cytosolic-cytochrome c expression, voltage-dependent anion channel protein (a marker for mitochondrial density/integrity), and the immunoexpression of protein markers for all five mitochondrial complexes. The rapid impairments in mitochondrial functions induced by hAβ1–42 were accompanied by reductions in the presynaptic marker synaptophysin, postsynaptic density protein (PSD95), and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, with no significant changes in the degradative enzyme acetylcholinesterase. We then assessed whether reducing hAβ1–42-induced increases in ROS could prevent dysregulation of entorhinal synaptic proteins, and found that synaptic impairments induced by hAβ1–42 were prevented by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant drug mitoquinone mesylate, and by the SOD and catalase mimetic EUK134. These findings indicate that hAβ1–2 can rapidly disrupt mitochondrial functions and increase ROS in the entorhinal, and that this may contribute to synaptic dysfunctions that may promote early AD-related neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayemi Joseph Olajide
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Claudia La Rue
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andreas Bergdahl
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Clifton Andrew Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Clifton Andrew Chapman,
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Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation of Biomacromolecules and Its Roles in Metabolic Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193023. [PMID: 36230986 PMCID: PMC9562192 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) compartmentalizes and concentrates biomacromolecules into liquid-like condensates, which underlies membraneless organelles (MLOs) formation in eukaryotic cells. With increasing evidence of the LLPS concept and methods, this phenomenon as a novel principle accounts for explaining the precise spatial and temporal regulation of cellular functions. Moreover, the phenomenon that LLPS tends to concentrate proteins is often accompanied by several abnormal signals for human diseases. It is reported that multiple metabolic diseases are strongly associated with the deposition of insoluble proteinaceous aggregating termed amyloids. At present, recent studies have observed the roles of LLPS in several metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and metabolic bone diseases (MBDs). This review aims to expound on the current concept and methods of LLPS and summarize its vital roles in T2DM, AD, and MBDs, uncover novel mechanisms of these metabolic diseases, and thus provide powerful potential therapeutic strategies and targets for ameliorating these metabolic diseases.
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Hromadkova L, Siddiqi MK, Liu H, Safar JG. Populations of Tau Conformers Drive Prion-like Strain Effects in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias. Cells 2022; 11:2997. [PMID: 36230957 PMCID: PMC9562632 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings of diverse populations of prion-like conformers of misfolded tau protein expand the prion concept to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and monogenic frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)-MAPT P301L, and suggest that distinct strains of misfolded proteins drive the phenotypes and progression rates in many neurodegenerative diseases. Notable progress in the previous decades has generated many lines of proof arguing that yeast, fungal, and mammalian prions determine heritable as well as infectious traits. The extraordinary phenotypic diversity of human prion diseases arises from structurally distinct prion strains that target, at different progression speeds, variable brain structures and cells. Although human prion research presents beneficial lessons and methods to study the mechanism of strain diversity of protein-only pathogens, the fundamental molecular mechanism by which tau conformers are formed and replicate in diverse tauopathies is still poorly understood. In this review, we summarize up to date advances in identification of diverse tau conformers through biophysical and cellular experimental paradigms, and the impact of heterogeneity of pathological tau strains on personalized structure- and strain-specific therapeutic approaches in major tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Hromadkova
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - He Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jiri G. Safar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Kim J, Wulschner LEG, Oh WC, Ko J. Trans
‐synaptic mechanisms orchestrated by mammalian synaptic cell adhesion molecules. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200134. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu Korea
- Center for Synapse Diversity and Specificity DGIST Daegu Korea
| | | | - Won Chan Oh
- Department of Pharmacology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Jaewon Ko
- Department of Brain Sciences Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu Korea
- Center for Synapse Diversity and Specificity DGIST Daegu Korea
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50
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Proteomic Discovery and Validation of Novel Fluid Biomarkers for Improved Patient Selection and Prediction of Clinical Outcomes in Alzheimer’s Disease Patient Cohorts. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10030026. [PMID: 35997438 PMCID: PMC9397030 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline. The two cardinal neuropathological hallmarks of AD include the buildup of cerebral β amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau. The current disease-modifying treatments are still not effective enough to lower the rate of cognitive decline. There is an urgent need to identify early detection and disease progression biomarkers that can facilitate AD drug development. The current established readouts based on the expression levels of amyloid beta, tau, and phospho-tau have shown many discrepancies in patient samples when linked to disease progression. There is an urgent need to identify diagnostic and disease progression biomarkers from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or other biofluids that can facilitate the early detection of the disease and provide pharmacodynamic readouts for new drugs being tested in clinical trials. Advances in proteomic approaches using state-of-the-art mass spectrometry are now being increasingly applied to study AD disease mechanisms and identify drug targets and novel disease biomarkers. In this report, we describe the application of quantitative proteomic approaches for understanding AD pathophysiology, summarize the current knowledge gained from proteomic investigations of AD, and discuss the development and validation of new predictive and diagnostic disease biomarkers.
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