1
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Stephens C, Naghavi MH. The host cytoskeleton: a key regulator of early HIV-1 infection. FEBS J 2024; 291:1835-1848. [PMID: 36527282 PMCID: PMC10272291 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to its central role in cell biology, the cytoskeleton is a key regulator of viral infection, influencing nearly every step of the viral life cycle. In this review, we will discuss the role of two key components of the cytoskeleton, namely the actin and microtubule networks in early HIV-1 infection. We will discuss key contributions to processes ranging from the attachment and entry of viral particles at the cell surface to their arrival and import into the nucleus and identify areas where further research into this complex relationship may yield new insights into HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Stephens
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mojgan H. Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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2
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Wang L, Sheth V, Liu K, Panja P, Frickenstein AN, He Y, Yang W, Thomas AG, Jamei MH, Park J, Lyu S, Donahue ND, Chen WR, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P, Wilhelm S. Primary Human Breast Cancer-Associated Endothelial Cells Favor Interactions with Nanomedicines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403986. [PMID: 38663008 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Cancer nanomedicines predominately rely on transport processes controlled by tumor-associated endothelial cells to deliver therapeutic and diagnostic payloads into solid tumors. While the dominant role of this class of endothelial cells for nanoparticle transport and tumor delivery is established in animal models, the translational potential in human cells needs exploration. Using primary human breast cancer as a model, the differential interactions of normal and tumor-associated endothelial cells with clinically relevant nanomedicine formulations are explored and quantified. Primary human breast cancer-associated endothelial cells exhibit up to ≈2 times higher nanoparticle uptake than normal human mammary microvascular endothelial cells. Super-resolution imaging studies reveal a significantly higher intracellular vesicle number for tumor-associated endothelial cells, indicating a substantial increase in cellular transport activities. RNA sequencing and gene expression analysis indicate the upregulation of transport-related genes, especially motor protein genes, in tumor-associated endothelial cells. Collectively, the results demonstrate that primary human breast cancer-associated endothelial cells exhibit enhanced interactions with nanomedicines, suggesting a potentially significant role for these cells in nanoparticle tumor delivery in human patients. Engineering nanoparticles that leverage the translational potential of tumor-associated endothelial cell-mediated transport into human solid tumors may lead to the development of safer and more effective clinical cancer nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Vinit Sheth
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Kaili Liu
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Prasanta Panja
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Alex N Frickenstein
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Yuxin He
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Wen Yang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Abigail G Thomas
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Mohammad Hasan Jamei
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Jeesoo Park
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Shanxin Lyu
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Nathan D Donahue
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Wei R Chen
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Stefan Wilhelm
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (IBEST), Norman, OK, 73019, USA
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3
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Ebrahimi AM, Gawlik W, Wojciechowski AM, Rajfur Z. Cell-particles interaction - selective uptake and transport of microdiamonds. Commun Biol 2024; 7:318. [PMID: 38480800 PMCID: PMC10937934 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Diamond particles have recently emerged as novel agents in cellular studies because of their superb biocompatibility. Their unique characteristics, including small size and the presence of fluorescent color centers, stimulate many important applications. However, the mechanism of interaction between cells and diamond particles-uptake, transport, and final localization within cells-is not yet fully understood. Herein, we show a novel, to the best of our knowledge, cell behavior wherein cells actively target and uptake diamond particles rather than latex beads from their surroundings, followed by their active transport within cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that myosin-X is involved in cell-particle interaction, while myosin-II does not participate in particle uptake and transport. These results can have important implications for drug delivery and improve sensing methods that use diamond particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin M Ebrahimi
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Gawlik
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam M Wojciechowski
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Zenon Rajfur
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348, Kraków, Poland.
- Jagiellonian Center of Biomedical Imaging, Jagiellonian University, 30-348, Kraków, Poland.
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4
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Wu Z, Liu Q, Zhao Y, Fang C, Zheng W, Zhao Z, Zhang N, Yang X. Rhogef17: A novel target for endothelial barrier function. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115983. [PMID: 38134633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ARHGEF17 encodes the protein RhoGEF17, which is highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells. It is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that accelerates the exchange of GDP with GTP on many small GTPases through its Dbl homology (DH) domain, enabling the activation of Rho-GTPases such as RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC. Rho GTPase-regulated changes in the actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion kinetics are the main mechanisms mediating many endothelial cell (EC) alterations, including cell morphology, migration, and division changes, which profoundly affect EC barrier function. This review focuses on ARHGEF17 expression, activation and biological functions in ECs, linking its regulation of cellular morphology, migration, mitosis and other cellular behaviors to disease onset and progression. Understanding ARHGEF17 mechanisms of action will contribute to the design of therapeutic approaches targeting RhoGEF17, a potential drug target for the treatment of various endothelium-related diseases, Such as vascular inflammation, carcinogenesis and transendothelial metastasis of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Quanlei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Wen Zheng
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zilin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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5
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Du WW, Qadir J, Du KY, Chen Y, Wu N, Yang BB. Nuclear Actin Polymerization Regulates Cell Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300425. [PMID: 37566765 PMCID: PMC10558697 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Current studies on actin function primarily rely on cytoplasmic actin due to the absence of cellular models specifically expressing nuclear actin. Here, cell models capable of expressing varying levels of nuclear F/G-actin are generated and a significant role of nuclear actin in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is uncovered. Through immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analyses, distinct binding partners for nuclear F-actin (β-catenin, SMAD2, and SMAD3) and nuclear G-actin (MYBBP1A, NKRF, and MYPOP) are investigated, which respectively modulate EMT-promoting and EMT-repressing transcriptional events. While nuclear F-actin promotes EMT with enhanced cell migration, survival, and elongated mesenchymal morphology, nuclear G-actin represses EMT and related cell activities. Mechanistically, nuclear F-actin enhances β-catenin, SMAD2, and SMAD3 expression and stability in the nuclei, while nuclear G-actin increases MYBBP1A, NKRF, and MYPOP expression and stability in the nuclei. The association between nuclear F/G-actin and N-cadherin/E-cadherin in the cell lines (in vitro), and increased nuclear actin polymerization in the wound healing cells (in vivo) affirm a significant role of nuclear actin in EMT regulation. With evidence of nuclear actin polymerization and EMT during development, and irregularities in disease states such as cancer and fibrosis, targeting nuclear actin dynamics to trigger dysregulated EMT warrants ongoing study.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W. Du
- Sunnybrook Research Instituteand Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM4N3M5Canada
| | - Javeria Qadir
- Sunnybrook Research Instituteand Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM4N3M5Canada
| | - Kevin Y. Du
- Sunnybrook Research Instituteand Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM4N3M5Canada
| | - Yu Chen
- Sunnybrook Research Instituteand Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM4N3M5Canada
| | - Nan Wu
- Sunnybrook Research Instituteand Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM4N3M5Canada
| | - Burton B. Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Instituteand Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM4N3M5Canada
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Zheng P, Kumadaki K, Quek C, Lim ZH, Ashenafi Y, Yip ZT, Newby J, Alverson AJ, Jie Y, Jedd G. Cooperative motility, force generation and mechanosensing in a foraging non-photosynthetic diatom. Open Biol 2023; 13:230148. [PMID: 37788707 PMCID: PMC10547550 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are ancestrally photosynthetic microalgae. However, some underwent a major evolutionary transition, losing photosynthesis to become obligate heterotrophs. The molecular and physiological basis for this transition is unclear. Here, we isolate and characterize new strains of non-photosynthetic diatoms from the coastal waters of Singapore. These diatoms occupy diverse ecological niches and display glucose-mediated catabolite repression, a classical feature of bacterial and fungal heterotrophs. Live-cell imaging reveals deposition of secreted extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Diatoms moving on pre-existing EPS trails (runners) move faster than those laying new trails (blazers). This leads to cell-to-cell coupling where runners can push blazers to make them move faster. Calibrated micropipettes measure substantial single-cell pushing forces, which are consistent with high-order myosin motor cooperativity. Collisions that impede forward motion induce reversal, revealing navigation-related force sensing. Together, these data identify aspects of metabolism and motility that are likely to promote and underpin diatom heterotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 117604 Singapore
| | - Kayo Kumadaki
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542 Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore
| | | | - Zeng Hao Lim
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 117604 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yonatan Ashenafi
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G1
| | - Zhi Ting Yip
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jay Newby
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G1
| | - Andrew J. Alverson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Yan Jie
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542 Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore
| | - Gregory Jedd
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 117604 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Vitriol EA, Quintanilla MA, Tidei JJ, Troughton LD, Cody A, Cisterna BA, Jane ML, Oakes PW, Beach JR. Nonmuscle myosin 2 filaments are processive in cells. Biophys J 2023; 122:3678-3689. [PMID: 37218133 PMCID: PMC10541485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed transport of cellular components is often dependent on the processive movements of cytoskeletal motors. Myosin 2 motors predominantly engage actin filaments of opposing orientation to drive contractile events and are therefore not traditionally viewed as processive. However, recent in vitro experiments with purified nonmuscle myosin 2 (NM2) demonstrated myosin 2 filaments could move processively. Here, we establish processivity as a cellular property of NM2. Processive runs in central nervous system-derived CAD cells are most apparent on bundled actin in protrusions that terminate at the leading edge. We find that processive velocities in vivo are consistent with in vitro measurements. NM2 makes these processive runs in its filamentous form against lamellipodia retrograde flow, though anterograde movement can still occur in the absence of actin dynamics. Comparing the processivity of NM2 isoforms, we find that NM2A moves slightly faster than NM2B. Finally, we demonstrate that this is not a cell-specific property, as we observe processive-like movements of NM2 in the lamella and subnuclear stress fibers of fibroblasts. Collectively, these observations further broaden NM2 functionality and the biological processes in which the already ubiquitous motor can contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Vitriol
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
| | - Melissa A Quintanilla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Joseph J Tidei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Lee D Troughton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Abigail Cody
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Bruno A Cisterna
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Makenzie L Jane
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois.
| | - Jordan R Beach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois.
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8
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Salem D, Fecek RJ. Role of microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) in bipolar disorder pathophysiology and potential in lithium therapeutic mechanism. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:221. [PMID: 37353479 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) are life-long disorders that account for significant morbidity in afflicted patients. The etiology of BPAD is complex, combining genetic and environmental factors to increase the risk of disease. Genetic studies have pointed toward cytoskeletal dysfunction as a potential molecular mechanism through which BPAD may arise and have implicated proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton as risk factors. Microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) is a giant cytoskeletal crosslinking protein that can coordinate the different aspects of the mammalian cytoskeleton with a wide variety of actions. In this review, we seek to highlight the functions of MACF1 in the nervous system and the molecular mechanisms leading to BPAD pathogenesis. We also offer a brief perspective on MACF1 and the role it may be playing in lithium's mechanism of action in treating BPAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Salem
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Department of Microbiology, Greensburg, USA
- University of Maryland Medical Center/Sheppard Pratt Psychiatry Residency Program, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ronald J Fecek
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Department of Microbiology, Greensburg, USA.
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9
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Songster LD, Bhuyan D, Christensen JR, Reck-Peterson SL. Woronin body hitchhiking on early endosomes is dispensable for septal localization in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:br9. [PMID: 37017489 PMCID: PMC10295486 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper functioning of organelles depends on their intracellular localization, mediated by motor protein-dependent transport on cytoskeletal tracks. Rather than directly associating with a motor protein, peroxisomes move by hitchhiking on motile early endosomes in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. However, the physiological role of peroxisome hitchhiking is unclear. Peroxisome hitchhiking requires the protein PxdA, which is conserved within the fungal subphylum Pezizomycotina but absent from other fungal clades. Woronin bodies are specialized peroxisomes that are also unique to the Pezizomycotina. In these fungi, multinucleate hyphal segments are separated by incomplete cell walls called septa that possess a central pore enabling cytoplasmic exchange. Upon damage to a hyphal segment, Woronin bodies plug septal pores to prevent widespread leakage. Here, we tested whether peroxisome hitchhiking is important for Woronin body motility, distribution, and function in A. nidulans. We show that Woronin body proteins are present within all motile peroxisomes and hitchhike on PxdA-labeled early endosomes during bidirectional, long-distance movements. Loss of peroxisome hitchhiking significantly affected Woronin body distribution and motility in the cytoplasm, but Woronin body hitchhiking is ultimately dispensable for septal localization and plugging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia D. Songster
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Devahuti Bhuyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jenna R. Christensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Samara L. Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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10
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Loric S, Denis JA, Desbene C, Sabbah M, Conti M. Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer: From Biology and Function to Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7208. [PMID: 37108371 PMCID: PMC10139222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the first worldwide most frequent cancer in both sexes and the most commonly diagnosed in females. Although BC mortality has been thoroughly declining over the past decades, there are still considerable differences between women diagnosed with early BC and when metastatic BC is diagnosed. BC treatment choice is widely dependent on precise histological and molecular characterization. However, recurrence or distant metastasis still occurs even with the most recent efficient therapies. Thus, a better understanding of the different factors underlying tumor escape is mainly mandatory. Among the leading candidates is the continuous interplay between tumor cells and their microenvironment, where extracellular vesicles play a significant role. Among extracellular vesicles, smaller ones, also called exosomes, can carry biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and generate signal transmission through an intercellular transfer of their content. This mechanism allows tumor cells to recruit and modify the adjacent and systemic microenvironment to support further invasion and dissemination. By reciprocity, stromal cells can also use exosomes to profoundly modify tumor cell behavior. This review intends to cover the most recent literature on the role of extracellular vesicle production in normal and cancerous breast tissues. Specific attention is paid to the use of extracellular vesicles for early BC diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis because exosomes are actually under the spotlight of researchers as a high-potential source of liquid biopsies. Extracellular vesicles in BC treatment as new targets for therapy or efficient nanovectors to drive drug delivery are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Loric
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | | | - Cédric Desbene
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Marc Conti
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
- INTEGRACELL SAS, 91160 Longjumeau, France
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11
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Frank D, Moussi CJ, Ulferts S, Lorenzen L, Schwan C, Grosse R. Vesicle-Associated Actin Assembly by Formins Promotes TGFβ-Induced ANGPTL4 Trafficking, Secretion and Cell Invasion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204896. [PMID: 36691769 PMCID: PMC10037683 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking has emerged as an important process driving tumor progression through various mechanisms. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-mediated secretion of Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is important for cancer development. Here, Formin-like 2 (FMNL2) is identified to be necessary for ANGPTL4 trafficking and secretion in response to TGFβ. Protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent phosphorylation of FMNL2 downstream of TGFβ stimulation is required for cancer cell invasion as well as ANGPTL4 vesicle trafficking and secretion. Moreover, using super resolution microscopy, ANGPTL4 trafficking is actin-dependent with FMNL2 directly polymerizing actin at ANGPTL4-containing vesicles, which are associated with Rab8a and myosin Vb. This work uncovers a formin-controlled mechanism that transiently polymerizes actin directly at intracellular vesicles to facilitate their mobility. This mechanism may be important for the regulation of cancer cell metastasis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Frank
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Christel Jessica Moussi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Research Training GroupMembrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and RemodelingUniversity of Marburg35037MarburgGermany
| | - Svenja Ulferts
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Lina Lorenzen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies – CIBSS79104FreiburgGermany
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12
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Vitriol EA, Quintanilla MA, Tidei JJ, Troughton LD, Cody A, Cisterna BA, Jane ML, Oakes PW, Beach JR. Non-muscle myosin 2 filaments are processive in cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.24.529920. [PMID: 36865321 PMCID: PMC9980172 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.24.529920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Directed transport of cellular components is often dependent on the processive movements of cytoskeletal motors. Myosin 2 motors predominantly engage actin filaments of opposing orientation to drive contractile events, and are therefore not traditionally viewed as processive. However, recent in vitro experiments with purified non-muscle myosin 2 (NM2) demonstrated myosin 2 filaments could move processively. Here, we establish processivity as a cellular property of NM2. Processive runs in central nervous system-derived CAD cells are most apparent as processive movements on bundled actin in protrusions that terminate at the leading edge. We find that processive velocities in vivo are consistent with in vitro measurements. NM2 makes these processive runs in its filamentous form against lamellipodia retrograde flow, though anterograde movement can still occur in the absence of actin dynamics. Comparing the processivity of NM2 isoforms, we find that NM2A moves slightly faster than NM2B. Finally, we demonstrate that this is not a cell-specific property, as we observe processive-like movements of NM2 in the lamella and subnuclear stress fibers of fibroblasts. Collectively, these observations further broaden NM2 functionality and the biological processes in which the already ubiquitous motor can contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Vitriol
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Melissa A Quintanilla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Joseph J Tidei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Lee D Troughton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Abigail Cody
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Bruno A Cisterna
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Makenzie L Jane
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Jordan R Beach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
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Zhan XJ, Wang R, Kuang XR, Zhou JY, Hu XL. Elevated expression of myosin VI contributes to breast cancer progression via MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110633. [PMID: 36803774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies occurring in women worldwide, and its incidence is increasing each year. Accumulating evidence indicated that Myosin VI (MYO6) functions as a gene associated with tumor progression in several cancers. However, the potential role of MYO6 and its underlying mechanisms in the development and progression of BC remains unknown. Herein, we examined the expression levels of MYO6 in BC cells and tissues by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Loss- and gain-of-function investigations in vitro were performed to determine the biological functions of MYO6. And in vivo effects of MYO6 on tumorigenesis were investigated in nude mice. Our findings showed that the expression of MYO6 was up-regulated in breast cancer, and its high expression was correlated with poor prognosis. Further investigation exhibited that silencing the expression of MYO6 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas overexpression of MYO6 enhanced these abilities in vitro. Also, reduced expression of MYO6 significantly retarded the tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that MYO6 was involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Moreover, we proved that MYO6 enhanced BC proliferation, migration and invasion via increasing the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2. Taken together, our findings highlight the role of MYO6 in promoting BC cell progression through MAPK/ERK pathway, suggesting it may be a new potential therapeutic and prognostic target for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Xiong-Ri Kuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Jue-Yu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Lei Hu
- Breast Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
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Songster LD, Bhuyan D, Christensen JR, Reck-Peterson SL. Woronin bodies move dynamically and bidirectionally by hitchhiking on early endosomes in Aspergillus nidulans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.20.524968. [PMID: 36711994 PMCID: PMC9882315 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The proper functioning of organelles depends on their intracellular localization, mediated by motor protein-dependent transport on cytoskeletal tracks. Rather than directly associating with a motor protein, peroxisomes move by hitchhiking on motile early endosomes in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans . However, the cellular function of peroxisome hitchhiking is unclear. Peroxisome hitchhiking requires the protein PxdA, which is conserved within the fungal subphylum Pezizomycotina, but absent from other fungal clades. Woronin bodies are specialized peroxisomes that are also unique to the Pezizomycotina. In these fungi, multinucleate hyphal segments are separated by incomplete cell walls called septa that possess a central pore enabling cytoplasmic exchange. Upon damage to a hyphal segment, Woronin bodies plug septal pores to prevent wide-spread leakage. Here, we tested if peroxisome hitchhiking is important for Woronin body motility, distribution, and function in A. nidulans . We show that Woronin body proteins are present within all motile peroxisomes and hitchhike on PxdA-labeled early endosomes during bidirectional, long-distance movements. Loss of peroxisome hitchhiking by knocking out pxdA significantly affected Woronin body distribution and motility in the cytoplasm, but Woronin body hitchhiking is ultimately dispensable for septal localization and plugging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia D. Songster
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Devahuti Bhuyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jenna R. Christensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to JRC () or SLR-P ()
| | - Samara L. Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to JRC () or SLR-P ()
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15
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Kudryashova E, Ankita, Ulrichs H, Shekhar S, Kudryashov DS. Pointed-end processive elongation of actin filaments by Vibrio effectors VopF and VopL. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc9239. [PMID: 36399577 PMCID: PMC9674292 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
According to the cellular actin dynamics paradigm, filaments grow at their barbed ends and depolymerize predominantly from their pointed ends to form polar structures and do productive work. We show that actin can elongate at the pointed end when assisted by Vibrio VopF/L toxins, which act as processive polymerases. In cells, processively moving VopF/L speckles are inhibited by factors blocking the pointed but not barbed ends. Multispectral single-molecule imaging confirmed that VopF molecules associate with the pointed end, actively promoting its elongation even in the presence of profilin. Consequently, VopF/L can break the actin cytoskeleton's polarity by compromising actin-based cellular processes. Therefore, actin filament design allows processive growth at both ends, which suggests unforeseen possibilities for cellular actin organization, particularly in specialized cells and compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kudryashova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ankita
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Heidi Ulrichs
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dmitri S. Kudryashov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Christensen JR, Reck-Peterson SL. Hitchhiking Across Kingdoms: Cotransport of Cargos in Fungal, Animal, and Plant Cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2022; 38:155-178. [PMID: 35905769 PMCID: PMC10967659 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120420-104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells across the tree of life organize their subcellular components via intracellular transport mechanisms. In canonical transport, myosin, kinesin, and dynein motor proteins interact with cargos via adaptor proteins and move along filamentous actin or microtubule tracks. In contrast to this canonical mode, hitchhiking is a newly discovered mode of intracellular transport in which a cargo attaches itself to an already-motile cargo rather than directly associating with a motor protein itself. Many cargos including messenger RNAs, protein complexes, and organelles hitchhike on membrane-bound cargos. Hitchhiking-like behaviors have been shown to impact cellular processes including local protein translation, long-distance signaling, and organelle network reorganization. Here, we review instances of cargo hitchhiking in fungal, animal, and plant cells and discuss the potential cellular and evolutionary importance of hitchhiking in these different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Christensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; ,
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; ,
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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17
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Cui L, Li H, Xi Y, Hu Q, Liu H, Fan J, Xiang Y, Zhang X, Shui W, Lai Y. Vesicle trafficking and vesicle fusion: mechanisms, biological functions, and their implications for potential disease therapy. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:29. [PMID: 36129576 PMCID: PMC9492833 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular vesicle trafficking is the fundamental process to maintain the homeostasis of membrane-enclosed organelles in eukaryotic cells. These organelles transport cargo from the donor membrane to the target membrane through the cargo containing vesicles. Vesicle trafficking pathway includes vesicle formation from the donor membrane, vesicle transport, and vesicle fusion with the target membrane. Coat protein mediated vesicle formation is a delicate membrane budding process for cargo molecules selection and package into vesicle carriers. Vesicle transport is a dynamic and specific process for the cargo containing vesicles translocation from the donor membrane to the target membrane. This process requires a group of conserved proteins such as Rab GTPases, motor adaptors, and motor proteins to ensure vesicle transport along cytoskeletal track. Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein receptors (SNARE)-mediated vesicle fusion is the final process for vesicle unloading the cargo molecules at the target membrane. To ensure vesicle fusion occurring at a defined position and time pattern in eukaryotic cell, multiple fusogenic proteins, such as synaptotagmin (Syt), complexin (Cpx), Munc13, Munc18 and other tethering factors, cooperate together to precisely regulate the process of vesicle fusion. Dysfunctions of the fusogenic proteins in SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion are closely related to many diseases. Recent studies have suggested that stimulated membrane fusion can be manipulated pharmacologically via disruption the interface between the SNARE complex and Ca2+ sensor protein. Here, we summarize recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of vesicle trafficking, and implications for the development of new therapeutics based on the manipulation of vesicle fusion.
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Mapping the dynamics of insulin-responsive pathways in the blood-brain barrier endothelium using time-series transcriptomics data. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2022; 8:29. [PMID: 35974022 PMCID: PMC9381797 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-022-00235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), including cerebral blood flow, energy metabolism, and immunomodulation, are regulated by insulin signaling pathways. Therefore, endothelial insulin resistance could lead to BBB dysfunction, which is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current study aims to map the dynamics of insulin-responsive pathways in polarized human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell (hCMEC/D3) monolayers. RNA-Sequencing was performed on hCMEC/D3 monolayers with and without insulin treatment at various time points. The Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM) method was used to identify gene clusters with distinct and representative expression patterns. Functional annotation and pathway analysis of genes from selected clusters were conducted using Webgestalt and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software. Quantitative expression differences of 16,570 genes between insulin-treated and control monolayers were determined at five-time points. The STEM software identified 12 significant clusters with 6880 genes that displayed distinct temporal patterns upon insulin exposure, and the clusters were further divided into three groups. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis demonstrated that biological processes protecting BBB functions such as regulation of vascular development and actin cytoskeleton reorganization were upregulated after insulin treatment (Group 1 and 2). In contrast, GO pathways related to inflammation, such as response to interferon-gamma, were downregulated (Group 3). The IPA analyses further identified insulin-responsive cellular and molecular pathways that are associated with AD pathology. These findings unravel the dynamics of insulin action on the BBB endothelium and inform about downstream signaling cascades that are potentially disrupted due to brain insulin resistance prevalent in AD.
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Wen X, Yang M, Zhou K, Huang J, Fan X, Zhang W, Luo J. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal the common and unique pathway(s) underlying different skin colors of leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus). J Proteomics 2022; 266:104671. [PMID: 35788407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To gain a comprehensive and unbiased molecular understanding of the different skin colors of P. leopardus, we used Illumina HiSeq 2500 and TMT (Tandem Mass Tag) to compare transcription and protein levels between red and black skin of P. leopardus. We identified 797 upregulated and 314 downregulated genes (differentially expressed genes; DEGs) in red (RG) compared with black (BG) skin of P. leopardus. We also identified 377 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs), including 314 upregulated and 63 downregulated proteins. These DEGs and DAPs were significantly enriched in melanin synthesis (e.g., pyrimidine metabolism, Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, melanogenesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism), oxidative phosphorylation (e.g., phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation), energy metabolism (e.g., HIF-1, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and fatty acid degradation), and signal transduction (e.g., Wnt, calcium, MAPK, and cGMP-PKG signaling pathways), etc. Further analysis of MAPKs showed that the activation levels of its main members JNK1 and ERK1/2 differed significantly between red and black skin colors. After RNAi was used to interfere with ERK1/2, it was found that the local skin of the tail of P. leopardus would turn black. Combined transcriptome and proteome analysis showed that most DEGs-DAPs in red skin were higher than in black skin (58 were upregulated, 1 was downregulated, and 4 were opposite). These DEGs-DAPs showed that the differences between red and black skin tissues of P. leopardus were related primarily to energy metabolism, signal transduction and cytoskeleton. These findings are not only conducive to understand the skin color regulation mechanism of P. leopardus and other coral reef fish, but also provide an important descriptive to the breeding of color strains. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The skin color of P. leopardus gradually darkens or blackens due to environmental factors such as changes in light intensity and human activities, and this directly affects its ornamental and economic value. In this study, RNAseq and TMT were used to conduct comparative quantitative transcriptomics and proteomics and analyze differences between red and black P. leopardus skin. The results showed that energy metabolism, signal transduction and cytoskeleton were the main metabolic pathways causing their skin color differences. These findings contribute to existing data describing fish skin color, and provide information about protein levels, which are of great significance to a deeper understanding of the skin color regulation mechanism in P. leopardus and other coral reef fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Kexin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Sakai T, Choo YY, Sato O, Ikebe R, Jeffers A, Idell S, Tucker T, Ikebe M. Myo5b Transports Fibronectin-Containing Vesicles and Facilitates FN1 Secretion from Human Pleural Mesothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094823. [PMID: 35563212 PMCID: PMC9101030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) play a central role in the progression of pleural fibrosis. As pleural injury progresses to fibrosis, PMCs transition to mesenchymal myofibroblast via mesothelial mesenchymal transition (MesoMT), and produce extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including collagen and fibronectin (FN1). FN1 plays an important role in ECM maturation and facilitates ECM-myofibroblast interaction, thus facilitating fibrosis. However, the mechanism of FN1 secretion is poorly understood. We report here that myosin 5b (Myo5b) plays a critical role in the transportation and secretion of FN1 from human pleural mesothelial cells (HPMCs). TGF-β significantly increased the expression and secretion of FN1 from HPMCs and facilitates the close association of Myo5B with FN1 and Rab11b. Moreover, Myo5b directly binds to GTP bound Rab11b (Rab11b-GTP) but not GDP bound Rab11b. Myo5b or Rab11b knockdown via siRNA significantly attenuated the secretion of FN1 without changing FN1 expression. TGF-β also induced Rab11b-GTP formation, and Rab11b-GTP but not Rab11b-GDP significantly activated the actin-activated ATPase activity of Myo5B. Live cell imaging revealed that Myo5b- and FN1-containing vesicles continuously moved together in a single direction. These results support that Myo5b and Rab11b play an important role in FN1 transportation and secretion from HPMCs, and consequently may contribute to the development of pleural fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mitsuo Ikebe
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(903)-877-7785; Fax: +1-(903)-877-5438
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21
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The biogenesis and secretion of exosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs): Intercellular shuttles and implications in human diseases. Genes Dis 2022. [PMID: 37492712 PMCID: PMC10363595 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes carry and transmit signaling molecules used for intercellular communication. The generation and secretion of exosomes is a multistep interlocking process that allows simultaneous control of multiple regulatory sites. Protein molecules, mainly RAB GTPases, cytoskeletal proteins and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor (SNARE), are specifically regulated in response to pathological conditions such as altered cellular microenvironment, stimulation by pathogenic factors, or gene mutation. This interferes with the smooth functioning of endocytosis, translocation, degradation, docking and fusion processes, leading to changes in the secretion of exosomes. Large numbers of secreted exosomes are disseminated by the flow of body fluids and absorbed by the recipient cells. By transmitting characteristic functional proteins and genetic information produced under disease conditions, exosomes can change the physiological state of the recipient cells and their microenvironment. The microenvironment, in turn, affects the occurrence and development of disease. Therefore, this review will discuss the mechanism by which exosome secretion is regulated in cells following the formation of mature secretory multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The overall aim is to find ways to eliminate disease-derived exosomes at their source, thereby providing an important new basis for the clinical treatment of disease.
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22
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Haraguchi T, Ito K, Morikawa T, Yoshimura K, Shoji N, Kimura A, Iwaki M, Tominaga M. Autoregulation and dual stepping mode of MYA2, an Arabidopsis myosin XI responsible for cytoplasmic streaming. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3150. [PMID: 35210477 PMCID: PMC8873201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana has 13 genes belonging to the myosin XI family. Myosin XI-2 (MYA2) plays a major role in the generation of cytoplasmic streaming in Arabidopsis cells. In this study, we investigated the molecular properties of MYA2 expressed by the baculovirus transfer system. Actin-activated ATPase activity and in vitro motility assays revealed that activity of MYA2 was regulated by the globular tail domain (GTD). When the GTD is not bound to the cargo, the GTD inhibits ADP dissociation from the motor domain. Optical nanometry of single MYA2 molecules, combining total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) and the fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (FIONA) method, revealed that the MYA2 processively moved on actin with three different step sizes: − 28 nm, 29 nm, and 60 nm, at low ATP concentrations. This result indicates that MYA2 uses two different stepping modes; hand-over-hand and inchworm-like. Force measurement using optical trapping showed the stall force of MYA2 was 0.85 pN, which was less than half that of myosin V (2–3 pN). These results indicated that MYA2 has different transport properties from that of the myosin V responsible for vesicle transport in animal cells. Such properties may enable multiple myosin XIs to transport organelles quickly and smoothly, for the generation of cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Haraguchi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kohji Ito
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
| | | | - Kohei Yoshimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Nao Shoji
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Iwaki
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Motoki Tominaga
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan. .,Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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23
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An itch for things remote: The journey of Wnts. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 150:91-128. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Cruz-Zárate D, Miguel-Rodríguez CE, Martínez-Vargas IU, Santos-Argumedo L. Myosin 1g and 1f: A Prospective Analysis in NK Cell Functions. Front Immunol 2022; 12:760290. [PMID: 34970258 PMCID: PMC8712487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells are contained in the ILC1 group; they are recognized for their antiviral and antitumor cytotoxic capacity; NK cells also participate in other immune response processes through cytokines secretion. However, the mechanisms that regulate these functions are poorly understood since NK cells are not as abundant as other lymphocytes, which has made them difficult to study. Using public databases, we identified that NK cells express mRNA encoding class I myosins, among which Myosin 1g and Myosin 1f are prominent. Therefore, this mini-review aims to generate a model of the probable participation of Myosin 1g and 1f in NK cells, based on information reported about the function of these myosins in other leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cruz-Zárate
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Emilio Miguel-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Irving Ulises Martínez-Vargas
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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The Central Role of the F-Actin Surface in Myosin Force Generation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121221. [PMID: 34943138 PMCID: PMC8698748 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Although actin is a highly conserved protein, it is involved in many diverse cellular processes. Actin owes its diversity of function to its ability to bind to a host of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) that localize across its surface. Among the most studied ABPs is the molecular motor, myosin. Myosin generates force on actin filaments by pairing ATP hydrolysis, product release, and actin-binding to the conformational changes that lead to movement. Central to this process is the progression of myosin binding to the actin surface as it moves through its ATPase cycle. During binding, actin acts as a myosin ATPase activator, catalyzing essential hydrolysis release steps. Here, we use the current model of actin-myosin binding as a roadmap to describe the portions of the actin-myosin interface that are sequentially formed throughout the motor cycle. At each step, we compare the interactions of a diverse set of high-resolution actin-myosin cryo-electron microscopy structures to define what portions of the interface are conserved and which are isoform-specific. Abstract Actin is one of the most abundant and versatile proteins in eukaryotic cells. As discussed in many contributions to this Special Issue, its transition from a monomeric G-actin to a filamentous F-actin form plays a critical role in a variety of cellular processes, including control of cell shape and cell motility. Once polymerized from G-actin, F-actin forms the central core of muscle-thin filaments and acts as molecular tracks for myosin-based motor activity. The ATP-dependent cross-bridge cycle of myosin attachment and detachment drives the sliding of myosin thick filaments past thin filaments in muscle and the translocation of cargo in somatic cells. The variation in actin function is dependent on the variation in muscle and non-muscle myosin isoform behavior as well as interactions with a plethora of additional actin-binding proteins. Extensive work has been devoted to defining the kinetics of actin-based force generation powered by the ATPase activity of myosin. In addition, over the past decade, cryo-electron microscopy has revealed the atomic-evel details of the binding of myosin isoforms on the F-actin surface. Most accounts of the structural interactions between myosin and actin are described from the perspective of the myosin molecule. Here, we discuss myosin-binding to actin as viewed from the actin surface. We then describe conserved structural features of actin required for the binding of all or most myosin isoforms while also noting specific interactions unique to myosin isoforms.
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Myrka A, Buck L. Cytoskeletal Arrest: An Anoxia Tolerance Mechanism. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080561. [PMID: 34436502 PMCID: PMC8401981 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerization of actin filaments and microtubules constitutes a ubiquitous demand for cellular adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP). In anoxia-tolerant animals, ATP consumption is minimized during overwintering conditions, but little is known about the role of cell structure in anoxia tolerance. Studies of overwintering mammals have revealed that microtubule stability in neurites is reduced at low temperature, resulting in withdrawal of neurites and reduced abundance of excitatory synapses. Literature for turtles is consistent with a similar downregulation of peripheral cytoskeletal activity in brain and liver during anoxic overwintering. Downregulation of actin dynamics, as well as modification to microtubule organization, may play vital roles in facilitating anoxia tolerance. Mitochondrial calcium release occurs during anoxia in turtle neurons, and subsequent activation of calcium-binding proteins likely regulates cytoskeletal stability. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation can lead to catastrophic cytoskeletal damage during overwintering and ROS production can be regulated by the dynamics of mitochondrial interconnectivity. Therefore, suppression of ROS formation is likely an important aspect of cytoskeletal arrest. Furthermore, gasotransmitters can regulate ROS levels, as well as cytoskeletal contractility and rearrangement. In this review we will explore the energetic costs of cytoskeletal activity, the cellular mechanisms regulating it, and the potential for cytoskeletal arrest being an important mechanism permitting long-term anoxia survival in anoxia-tolerant species, such as the western painted turtle and goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Myrka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada;
| | - Leslie Buck
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada;
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-978-3506
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Benoit B, Baillet A, Poüs C. Cytoskeleton and Associated Proteins: Pleiotropic JNK Substrates and Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8375. [PMID: 34445080 PMCID: PMC8395060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review extensively reports data from the literature concerning the complex relationships between the stress-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and the four main cytoskeleton elements, which are actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and septins. To a lesser extent, we also focused on the two membrane-associated cytoskeletons spectrin and ESCRT-III. We gather the mechanisms controlling cytoskeleton-associated JNK activation and the known cytoskeleton-related substrates directly phosphorylated by JNK. We also point out specific locations of the JNK upstream regulators at cytoskeletal components. We finally compile available techniques and tools that could allow a better characterization of the interplay between the different types of cytoskeleton filaments upon JNK-mediated stress and during development. This overview may bring new important information for applied medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Benoit
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR-S-1193, 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (A.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Anita Baillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR-S-1193, 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (A.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Christian Poüs
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR-S-1193, 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (A.B.); (C.P.)
- Biochimie-Hormonologie, AP-HP Université Paris-Saclay, Site Antoine Béclère, 157 Rue de la Porte de Trivaux, 92141 Clamart, France
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Dimitrova-Paternoga L, Jagtap PKA, Cyrklaff A, Vaishali, Lapouge K, Sehr P, Perez K, Heber S, Löw C, Hennig J, Ephrussi A. Molecular basis of mRNA transport by a kinesin-1-atypical tropomyosin complex. Genes Dev 2021; 35:976-991. [PMID: 34140355 PMCID: PMC8247599 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348443.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, Dimitrova-Paternoga et al. present the high-resolution crystal structure of Khc–aTm1 (Drosophila kinesin-1, also called kinesin heavy chain [Khc], in complex with a putative cargo adaptor, the atypical tropomyosin [aTm1]), which mediates transport of oskar mRNA to the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte. They show that aTm1 binds to an evolutionarily conserved cargo binding site on Khc, demonstrate that Khc binds RNA directly, and show that aTm1 plays a stabilizing role in the interaction of Khc with RNA, which distinguishes aTm1 from classical motor adaptors. Kinesin-1 carries cargos including proteins, RNAs, vesicles, and pathogens over long distances within cells. The mechanochemical cycle of kinesins is well described, but how they establish cargo specificity is not fully understood. Transport of oskar mRNA to the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte is mediated by Drosophila kinesin-1, also called kinesin heavy chain (Khc), and a putative cargo adaptor, the atypical tropomyosin, aTm1. How the proteins cooperate in mRNA transport is unknown. Here, we present the high-resolution crystal structure of a Khc–aTm1 complex. The proteins form a tripartite coiled coil comprising two in-register Khc chains and one aTm1 chain, in antiparallel orientation. We show that aTm1 binds to an evolutionarily conserved cargo binding site on Khc, and mutational analysis confirms the importance of this interaction for mRNA transport in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Khc binds RNA directly and that it does so via its alternative cargo binding domain, which forms a positively charged joint surface with aTm1, as well as through its adjacent auxiliary microtubule binding domain. Finally, we show that aTm1 plays a stabilizing role in the interaction of Khc with RNA, which distinguishes aTm1 from classical motor adaptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Dimitrova-Paternoga
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), EMBL Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Cyrklaff
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vaishali
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karine Lapouge
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Sehr
- Chemical Biology Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathryn Perez
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Heber
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Löw
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), EMBL Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janosch Hennig
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Ephrussi
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Basu H, Schwarz TL. QuoVadoPro, an Autonomous Tool for Measuring Intracellular Dynamics using Temporal Variance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 87:e108. [PMID: 32569415 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking of intracellular cargo is essential to cellular function and can be defective in pathological states including cancer and neurodegeneration. Tools to quantify intracellular traffic are thus necessary for understanding this fundamental cellular process, studying disease mechanisms, and testing the effects of therapeutic pharmaceuticals. In this article we introduce an algorithm called QuoVadoPro that autonomously quantifies the movement of fluorescently tagged intracellular cargo. QuoVadoPro infers the extent of intracellular motility based on the variance of pixel illumination in a series of time-lapse images. The algorithm is an unconventional approach to the automatic measurement of intracellular traffic and is suitable for quantifying movements of intracellular cargo under diverse experimental paradigms. QuoVadoPro is particularly useful to measure intracellular cargo movement in non-neuronal cells, where cargo trafficking occurs as short movements in mixed directions. The algorithm can be applied to images with low temporal or spatial resolutions and to intracellular cargo with varying shapes or sizes, like mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum: situations in which conventional methods such as kymography and particle tracking cannot be applied. In this article we present a stepwise protocol for using the QuoVadoPro software, illustrate its methodology with common examples, discuss critical parameters for reliable data analysis, and demonstrate its use with a previously published example. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: QuoVadoPro, an autonomous tool for measuring intracellular dynamics using temporal variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanish Basu
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas L Schwarz
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Basu H, Ding L, Pekkurnaz G, Cronin M, Schwarz TL. Kymolyzer, a Semi-Autonomous Kymography Tool to Analyze Intracellular Motility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 87:e107. [PMID: 32530579 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The movement of intracellular cargo, such as transcripts, proteins, and organelles, is fundamental to cellular function. Neurons, due to their long axons and dendrites, are particularly dependent on proper intracellular trafficking and vulnerable to defects in the movement of intracellular cargo that are noted in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Accurate quantification of intracellular transport is therefore needed for studying the mechanisms of cargo trafficking, the influence of mutations, and the effects of potentially therapeutic pharmaceuticals. In this article, we introduce an algorithm called "Kymolyzer." The algorithm can quantify intracellular trafficking along a defined path, such as that formed by the aligned microtubules of axons and dendrites. Kymolyzer works as a semi-autonomous kymography software application. It constructs and analyzes kymographs to measure the movement and distribution of fluorescently tagged objects along a user-defined path. The algorithm can be used under a wide variety of experimental conditions and can extract a diverse array of motility parameters describing intracellular movement, including time spent in motion, percentage of objects in motion, percentage of objects that are stationary, and velocities of motile objects. This article serves as a user manual describing the design of Kymolyzer, providing a stepwise protocol for its use and illustrating its functions with common examples. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC Basic Protocol: Kymolyzer, a semi-autonomous kymography tool to analyze intracellular motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanish Basu
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lai Ding
- Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Present Address: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gulcin Pekkurnaz
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Present Address: Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Michelle Cronin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Present Address: Addgene, Watertown, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas L Schwarz
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Filopodia, microvilli and stereocilia represent an important group of plasma membrane protrusions. These specialized projections are supported by parallel bundles of actin filaments and have critical roles in sensing the external environment, increasing cell surface area, and acting as mechanosensors. While actin-associated proteins are essential for actin-filament elongation and bundling in these protrusions, myosin motors have a surprising role in the formation and extension of filopodia and stereocilia and in the organization of microvilli. Actin regulators and specific myosins collaborate in controlling the length of these structures. Myosins can transport cargoes along the length of these protrusions, and, in the case of stereocilia and microvilli, interactions with adaptors and cargoes can also serve to anchor adhesion receptors to the actin-rich core via functionally conserved motor-adaptor complexes. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the diverse roles myosins play in filopodia, microvilli and stereocilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Margaret A Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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32
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Chakrabarti R, Lee M, Higgs HN. Multiple roles for actin in secretory and endocytic pathways. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R603-R618. [PMID: 34033793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Actin filaments play multiple roles in the secretory pathway and in endosome dynamics in mammals, including maintenance of Golgi structure, release of membrane cargo from the trans-Golgi network (TGN), endocytosis, and endosomal sorting dynamics. In addition, TGN carrier transport and endocytosis both occur by multiple mechanisms in mammals. Actin likely plays a role in at least four mammalian endocytic pathways, five pathways for membrane release from the TGN, and three processes involving endosomes. Also, the mammalian Golgi structure is highly dynamic, and actin is likely important for these dynamics. One challenge for many of these processes is the need to deal with other membrane-associated structures, such as the cortical actin network at the plasma membrane or the matrix that surrounds the Golgi. Arp2/3 complex is a major actin assembly factor in most of the processes mentioned, but roles for formins and tandem WH2-motif-containing assembly factors are being elucidated and are anticipated to grow with further study. The specific role for actin has not been defined for most of these processes, but is likely to involve the generation of force for membrane dynamics, either by actin polymerization itself or by myosin motor activity. Defining these processes mechanistically is necessary for understanding membrane dynamics in general, as well as pathways that utilize these processes, such as autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Miriam Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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33
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Datta A, Deng S, Gopal V, Yap KCH, Halim CE, Lye ML, Ong MS, Tan TZ, Sethi G, Hooi SC, Kumar AP, Yap CT. Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Insights into Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081882. [PMID: 33919917 PMCID: PMC8070945 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells, a vital cellular process during metastasis is the transformation of epithelial cells towards motile mesenchymal cells called the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The cytoskeleton is an active network of three intracellular filaments: actin cytoskeleton, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. These filaments play a central role in the structural design and cell behavior and are necessary for EMT. During EMT, epithelial cells undergo a cellular transformation as manifested by cell elongation, migration, and invasion, coordinated by actin cytoskeleton reorganization. The actin cytoskeleton is an extremely dynamic structure, controlled by a balance of assembly and disassembly of actin filaments. Actin-binding proteins regulate the process of actin polymerization and depolymerization. Microtubule reorganization also plays an important role in cell migration and polarization. Intermediate filaments are rearranged, switching to a vimentin-rich network, and this protein is used as a marker for a mesenchymal cell. Hence, targeting EMT by regulating the activities of their key components may be a potential solution to metastasis. This review summarizes the research done on the physiological functions of the cytoskeleton, its role in the EMT process, and its effect on multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells-highlight some future perspectives in cancer therapy by targeting cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Datta
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Shuo Deng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Vennila Gopal
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Kenneth Chun-Hong Yap
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
| | - Clarissa Esmeralda Halim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Mun Leng Lye
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Mei Shan Ong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Cancer Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Shing Chuan Hooi
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
- Cancer Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Cancer Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Correspondence: (A.P.K.); (C.T.Y); Tel.: +65-6873-5456 (A.P.K.); +65-6516-3294 (C.T.Y.); Fax: +65-6873-9664 (A.P.K.); +65-6778-8161 (C.T.Y.)
| | - Celestial T. Yap
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
- Cancer Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Correspondence: (A.P.K.); (C.T.Y); Tel.: +65-6873-5456 (A.P.K.); +65-6516-3294 (C.T.Y.); Fax: +65-6873-9664 (A.P.K.); +65-6778-8161 (C.T.Y.)
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Cancer type-specific alterations in actin genes: Worth a closer look? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 360:133-184. [PMID: 33962749 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Actins form a strongly conserved family of proteins that are central to the functioning of the actin cytoskeleton partaking in natural processes such as cell division, adhesion, contraction and migration. These processes, however, also occur during the various phases of cancer progression. Yet, surprisingly, alterations in the six human actin genes in cancer studies have received little attention and the focus was mostly on deregulated expression levels of actins and even more so of actin-binding or regulatory proteins. Starting from the early mutation work in the 1980s, we propose based on reviewing literature and data from patient cancer genomes that alterations in actin genes are different in distinct cancer subtypes, suggesting some specificity. These actin gene alterations include (missense) mutations, gene fusions and copy number alterations (deletions and amplifications) and we illustrate their occurrence for a limited number of examples including actin mutations in lymphoid cancers and nonmelanoma skin cancer and actin gene copy number alterations for breast, prostate and liver cancers. A challenge in the future will be to further sort out the specificity per actin gene, alteration type and cancer subtype. Even more challenging is (experimentally) distinguishing between cause and consequence: which alterations are passengers and which are involved in tumor progression of particular cancer subtypes?
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35
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Ashraf S, Tay YD, Kelly DA, Sawin KE. Microtubule-independent movement of the fission yeast nucleus. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.253021. [PMID: 33602740 PMCID: PMC8015250 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of the cell nucleus typically involves the cytoskeleton and either polymerization-based pushing forces or motor-based pulling forces. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, nuclear movement and positioning are thought to depend on microtubule polymerization-based pushing forces. Here, we describe a novel, microtubule-independent, form of nuclear movement in fission yeast. Microtubule-independent nuclear movement is directed towards growing cell tips, and it is strongest when the nucleus is close to a growing cell tip, and weakest when the nucleus is far from that tip. Microtubule-independent nuclear movement requires actin cables but does not depend on actin polymerization-based pushing or myosin V-based pulling forces. The vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated proteins (VAPs) Scs2 and Scs22, which are critical for endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact sites in fission yeast, are also required for microtubule-independent nuclear movement. We also find that in cells in which microtubule-based pushing forces are present, disruption of actin cables leads to increased fluctuations in interphase nuclear positioning and subsequent altered septation. Our results suggest two non-exclusive mechanisms for microtubule-independent nuclear movement, which may help illuminate aspects of nuclear positioning in other cells.
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36
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dos Santos Á, Toseland CP. Regulation of Nuclear Mechanics and the Impact on DNA Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3178. [PMID: 33804722 PMCID: PMC8003950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus houses the genomic material of the cell. The physical properties of the nucleus and its ability to sense external mechanical cues are tightly linked to the regulation of cellular events, such as gene expression. Nuclear mechanics and morphology are altered in many diseases such as cancer and premature ageing syndromes. Therefore, it is important to understand how different components contribute to nuclear processes, organisation and mechanics, and how they are misregulated in disease. Although, over the years, studies have focused on the nuclear lamina-a mesh of intermediate filament proteins residing between the chromatin and the nuclear membrane-there is growing evidence that chromatin structure and factors that regulate chromatin organisation are essential contributors to the physical properties of the nucleus. Here, we review the main structural components that contribute to the mechanical properties of the nucleus, with particular emphasis on chromatin structure. We also provide an example of how nuclear stiffness can both impact and be affected by cellular processes such as DNA damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ália dos Santos
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Christopher P. Toseland
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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Ramirez I, Gholkar AA, Velasquez EF, Guo X, Tofig B, Damoiseaux R, Torres JZ. The myosin regulatory light chain Myl5 localizes to mitotic spindle poles and is required for proper cell division. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:23-35. [PMID: 33641240 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myosins are ATP-dependent actin-based molecular motors critical for diverse cellular processes like intracellular trafficking, cell motility, and cell invasion. During cell division, myosin MYO10 is important for proper mitotic spindle assembly, the anchoring of the spindle to the cortex, and positioning of the spindle to the cell mid-plane. However, myosins are regulated by myosin regulatory light chains (RLCs), and whether RLCs are important for cell division has remained unexplored. Here, we have determined that the previously uncharacterized myosin RLC Myl5 associates with the mitotic spindle and is required for cell division. We show that Myl5 localizes to the leading edge and filopodia during interphase and to mitotic spindle poles and spindle microtubules during early mitosis. Importantly, depletion of Myl5 led to defects in mitotic spindle assembly, chromosome congression, and chromosome segregation and to a slower transition through mitosis. Furthermore, Myl5 bound to MYO10 in vitro and co-localized with MYO10 at the spindle poles. These results suggest that Myl5 is important for cell division and that it may be performing its function through MYO10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ankur A Gholkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erick F Velasquez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bobby Tofig
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Ulferts S, Prajapati B, Grosse R, Vartiainen MK. Emerging Properties and Functions of Actin and Actin Filaments Inside the Nucleus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a040121. [PMID: 33288541 PMCID: PMC7919393 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have provided considerable insights into the dynamic nature of the cell nucleus, which is constantly reorganizing its genome, controlling its size and shape, as well as spatiotemporally orchestrating chromatin remodeling and transcription. Remarkably, it has become clear that the ancient and highly conserved cytoskeletal protein actin plays a crucial part in these processes. However, the underlying mechanisms, regulations, and properties of actin functions inside the nucleus are still not well understood. Here we summarize the diverse and distinct roles of monomeric and filamentous actin as well as the emerging roles for actin dynamics inside the nuclear compartment for genome organization and nuclear architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Ulferts
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bina Prajapati
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute for Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria K. Vartiainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute for Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Prostak SM, Robinson KA, Titus MA, Fritz-Laylin LK. The actin networks of chytrid fungi reveal evolutionary loss of cytoskeletal complexity in the fungal kingdom. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1192-1205.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Myosin Motors: Novel Regulators and Therapeutic Targets in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040741. [PMID: 33670106 PMCID: PMC7916823 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a deadly disease that may go undiagnosed until it presents at an advanced metastatic stage for which few interventions are available. The development and metastatic spread of CRC is driven by remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in cancer cells. Myosins represent a large family of actin motor proteins that play key roles in regulating actin cytoskeleton architecture and dynamics. Different myosins can move and cross-link actin filaments, attach them to the membrane organelles and translocate vesicles along the actin filaments. These diverse activities determine the key roles of myosins in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and motility. Either mutations or the altered expression of different myosins have been well-documented in CRC; however, the roles of these actin motors in colon cancer development remain poorly understood. The present review aims at summarizing the evidence that implicate myosin motors in regulating CRC growth and metastasis and discusses the mechanisms underlying the oncogenic and tumor-suppressing activities of myosins. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most common cause of cancer and the second most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Clinicians are largely faced with advanced and metastatic disease for which few interventions are available. One poorly understood aspect of CRC involves altered organization of the actin cytoskeleton, especially at the metastatic stage of the disease. Myosin motors are crucial regulators of actin cytoskeletal architecture and remodeling. They act as mechanosensors of the tumor environments and control key cellular processes linked to oncogenesis, including cell division, extracellular matrix adhesion and tissue invasion. Different myosins play either oncogenic or tumor suppressor roles in breast, lung and prostate cancer; however, little is known about their functions in CRC. This review focuses on the functional roles of myosins in colon cancer development. We discuss the most studied class of myosins, class II (conventional) myosins, as well as several classes (I, V, VI, X and XVIII) of unconventional myosins that have been linked to CRC development. Altered expression and mutations of these motors in clinical tumor samples and their roles in CRC growth and metastasis are described. We also evaluate the potential of using small molecular modulators of myosin activity to develop novel anticancer therapies.
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41
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Modulation of post-powerstroke dynamics in myosin II by 2'-deoxy-ADP. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 699:108733. [PMID: 33388313 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Muscle myosins are molecular motors that hydrolyze ATP and generate force through coordinated interactions with actin filaments, known as cross-bridge cycling. During the cross-bridge cycle, functional sites in myosin 'sense' changes in interactions with actin filaments and the nucleotide binding region, resulting in allosteric transmission of information throughout the structure. We investigated whether the dynamics of the post-powerstroke state of the cross-bridge cycle are modulated in a nucleotide-dependent fashion. We compared molecular dynamics simulations of the myosin II motor domain (M) from Dictyostelium discoideum in the presence of ADP (M.ADP) versus 2'-deoxy-ADP bound myosin (M.dADP). We found that dADP was more flexible than ADP and the two nucleotides interacted with myosin in different ways. Replacement of ADP with dADP in the post-powerstroke state also altered the conformation of the actin binding region in myosin heads. Our results provide atomic level insights into allosteric communication networks in myosin that provide insight into the nucleotide-dependent dynamics of the cross-bridge cycle.
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42
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Nuclear F-actin counteracts nuclear deformation and promotes fork repair during replication stress. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1460-1470. [PMID: 33257806 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous actin (F-actin) provides cells with mechanical support and promotes the mobility of intracellular structures. Although F-actin is traditionally considered to be cytoplasmic, here we reveal that nuclear F-actin participates in the replication stress response. Using live and super-resolution imaging, we find that nuclear F-actin is polymerized in response to replication stress through a pathway regulated by ATR-dependent activation of mTORC1, and nucleation through IQGAP1, WASP and ARP2/3. During replication stress, nuclear F-actin increases the nuclear volume and sphericity to counteract nuclear deformation. Furthermore, F-actin and myosin II promote the mobility of stressed-replication foci to the nuclear periphery through increasingly diffusive motion and directed movements along the nuclear actin filaments. These actin functions promote replication stress repair and suppress chromosome and mitotic abnormalities. Moreover, we find that nuclear F-actin is polymerized in vivo in xenograft tumours after treatment with replication-stress-inducing chemotherapeutic agents, indicating that this pathway has a role in human disease.
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Abstract
Simple Summary Cell migration is an essential process from embryogenesis to cell death. This is tightly regulated by numerous proteins that help in proper functioning of the cell. In diseases like cancer, this process is deregulated and helps in the dissemination of tumor cells from the primary site to secondary sites initiating the process of metastasis. For metastasis to be efficient, cytoskeletal components like actin, myosin, and intermediate filaments and their associated proteins should co-ordinate in an orderly fashion leading to the formation of many cellular protrusions-like lamellipodia and filopodia and invadopodia. Knowledge of this process is the key to control metastasis of cancer cells that leads to death in 90% of the patients. The focus of this review is giving an overall understanding of these process, concentrating on the changes in protein association and regulation and how the tumor cells use it to their advantage. Since the expression of cytoskeletal proteins can be directly related to the degree of malignancy, knowledge about these proteins will provide powerful tools to improve both cancer prognosis and treatment. Abstract Successful metastasis depends on cell invasion, migration, host immune escape, extravasation, and angiogenesis. The process of cell invasion and migration relies on the dynamic changes taking place in the cytoskeletal components; actin, tubulin and intermediate filaments. This is possible due to the plasticity of the cytoskeleton and coordinated action of all the three, is crucial for the process of metastasis from the primary site. Changes in cellular architecture by internal clues will affect the cell functions leading to the formation of different protrusions like lamellipodia, filopodia, and invadopodia that help in cell migration eventually leading to metastasis, which is life threatening than the formation of neoplasms. Understanding the signaling mechanisms involved, will give a better insight of the changes during metastasis, which will eventually help targeting proteins for treatment resulting in reduced mortality and longer survival.
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44
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Rath PP, Gourinath S. The actin cytoskeleton orchestra in Entamoeba histolytica. Proteins 2020; 88:1361-1375. [PMID: 32506560 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Years of evolution have kept actin conserved throughout various clades of life. It is an essential protein starring in many cellular processes. In a primitive eukaryote named Entamoeba histolytica, actin directs the process of phagocytosis. A finely tuned coordination between various actin-binding proteins (ABPs) choreographs this process and forms one of the virulence factors for this protist pathogen. The ever-expanding world of ABPs always has space to accommodate new and varied types of proteins to the earlier existing repertoire. In this article, we report the identification of 390 ABPs from Entamoeba histolytica. These proteins are part of diverse families that have been known to regulate actin dynamics. Most of the proteins are primarily uncharacterized in this organism; however, this study aims to annotate the ABPs based on their domain arrangements. A unique characteristic about some of the ABPs found is the combination of domains present in them unlike any other reported till date. Calponin domain-containing proteins formed the largest group among all types with 38 proteins, followed by 29 proteins with the infamous BAR domain in them, and 23 proteins belonging to actin-related proteins. The other protein families had a lesser number of members. Presence of exclusive domain arrangements in these proteins could guide us to yet unknown actin regulatory mechanisms prevalent in nature. This article is the first step to unraveling them.
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45
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Frank M, Citarella CG, Quinones GB, Bentley M. A novel labeling strategy reveals that myosin Va and myosin Vb bind the same dendritically polarized vesicle population. Traffic 2020; 21:689-701. [PMID: 32959500 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are specialized cells with a polarized geometry and several distinct subdomains that require specific complements of proteins. Delivery of transmembrane proteins requires vesicle transport, which is mediated by molecular motor proteins. The myosin V family of motor proteins mediates transport to the barbed end of actin filaments, and little is known about the vesicles bound by myosin V in neurons. We developed a novel strategy to visualize myosin V-labeled vesicles in cultured hippocampal neurons and systematically characterized the vesicle populations labeled by myosin Va and Vb. We find that both myosins bind vesicles that are polarized to the somatodendritic domain where they undergo bidirectional long-range transport. A series of two-color imaging experiments showed that myosin V specifically colocalized with two different vesicle populations: vesicles labeled with the transferrin receptor and vesicles labeled by low-density lipoprotein receptor. Finally, coexpression with Kinesin-3 family members found that myosin V binds vesicles concurrently with KIF13A or KIF13B, supporting the hypothesis that coregulation of kinesins and myosin V on vesicles is likely to play an important role in neuronal vesicle transport. We anticipate that this new assay will be applicable in a broad range of cell types to determine the function of myosin V motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Frank
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Clara G Citarella
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Geraldine B Quinones
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Marvin Bentley
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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46
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Louer EM, Günzel D, Rosenthal R, Carmone C, Yi G, Stunnenberg HG, den Hollander AI, Deen PM. Differential day-night expression of tight junction components in murine retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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47
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Wang A, Kolhe JA, Gioacchini N, Baade I, Brieher WM, Peterson CL, Freeman BC. Mechanism of Long-Range Chromosome Motion Triggered by Gene Activation. Dev Cell 2020; 52:309-320.e5. [PMID: 31902656 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Movement of chromosome sites within interphase cells is critical for numerous pathways including RNA transcription and genome organization. Yet, a mechanism for reorganizing chromatin in response to these events had not been reported. Here, we delineate a molecular chaperone-dependent pathway for relocating activated gene loci in yeast. Our presented data support a model in which a two-authentication system mobilizes a gene promoter through a dynamic network of polymeric nuclear actin. Transcription factor-dependent nucleation of a myosin motor propels the gene locus through the actin matrix, and fidelity of the actin association was ensured by ARP-containing chromatin remodelers. Motor activity of nuclear myosin was dependent on the Hsp90 chaperone. Hsp90 further contributed by biasing the remodeler-actin interaction toward nucleosomes with the non-canonical histone H2A.Z, thereby focusing the pathway on select sites such as transcriptionally active genes. Together, the system provides a rapid and effective means to broadly yet selectively mobilize chromatin sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Janhavi A Kolhe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nate Gioacchini
- Program of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Imke Baade
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - William M Brieher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Craig L Peterson
- Program of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Brian C Freeman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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48
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Merino F, Pospich S, Raunser S. Towards a structural understanding of the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:51-64. [PMID: 31836290 PMCID: PMC7221352 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Actin filaments (F-actin) are a key component of eukaryotic cells. Whether serving as a scaffold for myosin or using their polymerization to push onto cellular components, their function is always related to force generation. To control and fine-tune force production, cells have a large array of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) dedicated to control every aspect of actin polymerization, filament localization, and their overall mechanical properties. Although great advances have been made in our biochemical understanding of the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, the structural basis of this process is still being deciphered. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of this process. We outline how ABPs control the nucleation and disassembly, and how these processes are affected by the nucleotide state of the filaments. In addition, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of actomyosin force generation, and describe recent advances brought forward by the developments of electron cryomicroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Merino
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pospich
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.
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Abstract
Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of a broad spectrum of diseases. The parasites migrate between sand-fly vectors and mammalian hosts, adapting to changing environments by driving a regulated program of gene expression, with translation regulation playing a key role. The leishmanias encode six different paralogs of eIF4E, the cap-binding translation initiation factor. Since these vary in function, expression profile, and assemblage, it is assumed that each is assigned a specific role throughout the life cycle. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system for Leishmania, we generated a null mutant of LeishIF4E1, eliminating both alleles. Although the mutant cells were viable, their morphology was altered and their ability to synthesize the flagellum was impaired. Elimination of LeishIF4E1 affected their protein expression profile and decreased their ability to infect cultured macrophages. Restoring LeishIF4E1 expression restored the affected features. This study highlights the importance of LeishIF4E1 in diverse cellular events during the life cycle of Leishmania. Leishmania parasites cycle between sand-fly vectors and mammalian hosts, adapting to changing environmental conditions by driving a stage-specific program of gene expression, which is tightly regulated by translation processes. Leishmania encodes six eIF4E orthologs (LeishIF4Es) and five eIF4G candidates, forming different cap-binding complexes with potentially varying functions. Most LeishIF4E paralogs display temperature sensitivity in their cap-binding activity, except for LeishIF4E1, which maintains its cap-binding activity under all conditions. We used the CRISPR-Cas9 system to successfully generate a null mutant of LeishIF4E1 and examine how its elimination affected parasite physiology. Although the LeishIF4E1–/– null mutant was viable, its growth was impaired, in line with a reduction in global translation. As a result of the mutation, the null LeishIF4E1–/– mutant had a defective morphology, as the cells were round and unable to grow a normal flagellum. This was further emphasized when the LeishIF4E1–/– cells failed to develop the promastigote morphology once they shifted from conditions that generate axenic amastigotes (33°C, pH 5.5) back to neutral pH and 25°C, and they maintained their short flagellum and circular structure. Finally, the LeishIF4E1–/– null mutant displayed difficulty in infecting cultured macrophages. The morphological changes and reduced infectivity of the mutant may be related to differences in the proteomic profile of LeishIF4E1–/– cells from that of controls. All defects monitored in the LeishIF4E1–/– null mutant were reversed in the add-back strain, in which expression of LeishIF4E1 was reconstituted, establishing a strong link between the cellular defects and the absence of LeishIF4E1 expression. IMPORTANCELeishmania parasites are the causative agents of a broad spectrum of diseases. The parasites migrate between sand-fly vectors and mammalian hosts, adapting to changing environments by driving a regulated program of gene expression, with translation regulation playing a key role. The leishmanias encode six different paralogs of eIF4E, the cap-binding translation initiation factor. Since these vary in function, expression profile, and assemblage, it is assumed that each is assigned a specific role throughout the life cycle. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system for Leishmania, we generated a null mutant of LeishIF4E1, eliminating both alleles. Although the mutant cells were viable, their morphology was altered and their ability to synthesize the flagellum was impaired. Elimination of LeishIF4E1 affected their protein expression profile and decreased their ability to infect cultured macrophages. Restoring LeishIF4E1 expression restored the affected features. This study highlights the importance of LeishIF4E1 in diverse cellular events during the life cycle of Leishmania.
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50
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Robert-Paganin J, Pylypenko O, Kikuti C, Sweeney HL, Houdusse A. Force Generation by Myosin Motors: A Structural Perspective. Chem Rev 2019; 120:5-35. [PMID: 31689091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Generating force and movement is essential for the functions of cells and organisms. A variety of molecular motors that can move on tracks within cells have evolved to serve this role. How these motors interact with their tracks and how that, in turn, leads to the generation of force and movement is key to understanding the cellular roles that these motor-track systems serve. This review is focused on the best understood of these systems, which is the molecular motor myosin that moves on tracks of filamentous (F-) actin. The review highlights both the progress and the limits of our current understanding of how force generation can be controlled by F-actin-myosin interactions. What has emerged are insights they may serve as a framework for understanding the design principles of a number of types of molecular motors and their interactions with their tracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Robert-Paganin
- Structural Motility , UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute , 26 rue d'ulm , 75258 Paris cedex 05 , France
| | - Olena Pylypenko
- Structural Motility , UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute , 26 rue d'ulm , 75258 Paris cedex 05 , France
| | - Carlos Kikuti
- Structural Motility , UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute , 26 rue d'ulm , 75258 Paris cedex 05 , France
| | - H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and the Myology Institute , University of Florida College of Medicine , PO Box 100267, Gainesville , Florida 32610-0267 , United States
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility , UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute , 26 rue d'ulm , 75258 Paris cedex 05 , France
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