T Helper Cell Differentiation, Heterogeneity, and Plasticity

Radiation-induced fibrosis: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies from an immune microenvironment perspective

Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is a severe chronic complication of radiotherapy (RT) manifested by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) components deposition within the irradiated area. The lung, heart, skin, jaw, pelvic organs and so on may be affected by RIF, which hampers body functions and quality of life. There is accumulating evidence suggesting that the immune microenvironment may play a key regulatory role in RIF. This article discussed the synergetic or antagonistic effects of immune cells and mediators in regulating RIF's development. Several potential preventative and therapeutic strategies for RIF were proposed based on the immunological mechanisms to provide clinicians with improved cognition and clinical treatment guidance.

CD146, a therapeutic target involved in cell plasticity

Since its identification as a marker for advanced melanoma in the 1980s, CD146 has been found to have multiple functions in both physiological and pathological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair and regeneration, tumor progression, fibrosis disease, and inflammations. Subsequent research has revealed that CD146 is involved in various signaling pathways as a receptor or co-receptor in these processes. This correlation between CD146 and multiple diseases has sparked interest in its potential applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy. To better comprehend the versatile roles of CD146, we have summarized its research history and synthesized findings from numerous reports, proposing that cell plasticity serves as the underlying mechanism through which CD146 contributes to development, regeneration, and various diseases. Targeting CD146 would consequently halt cell state shifting during the onset and progression of these related diseases. Therefore, the development of therapy targeting CD146 holds significant practical value.

Development of a prognostic model for lung adenocarcinoma polarity-related genes and analysis of immune landscape

Despite the progress made in the management of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the overall prognosis for LUAD individuals remains suboptimal. While the role of cell polarity in tumor invasion and metastasis is well established, its prognostic significance in LUAD is still unknown. Differential analysis was performed on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-LUAD and normal lung tissue, and candidate genes were identified by intersecting differentially expressed genes with polarity-related genes (PRGs). A prognostic model was constructed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression and LASSO regression. To enhance the robustness of the analysis, an independent prognostic analysis was conducted by incorporating relevant clinical information. The accuracy and sensitivity of the model were validated using survival analysis and ROC curves. Finally, immune landscape, immune therapy, tumor mutation burden, and drug sensitivity analysis were carried out on high- and low-risk patients. Ten prognostic genes were screened to divide LUAD patients into different risk groups. Survival analysis, ROC curves, and univariate/multivariate Cox regression analyses collectively demonstrated the favorable predictive performance of the model, which could be an independent prognostic factor. The nomogram, in conjunction with the calibration curve, demonstrated the model's compelling predictive capacity in prognosticating the overall survival of LUAD individuals. Low-risk LUAD patients exhibited heightened levels of immune cell infiltration, immune scores, and immune checkpoint expression compared to high-risk individuals. So, they may have a greater likelihood of benefiting from immune therapy. The high-risk group demonstrated a remarkably higher tumor mutation burden (TMB) in contrast with the low-risk group. XAV-939, Fulvestrant, and SR16157 may have potential value in the clinical use of LUAD. We revealed the potential linkage between PRGs and LUAD prognosis, and the application of these prognostic factors in risk stratification and prognosis prediction of LUAD patients may be of great significance.

Roles of Menin in T cell differentiation and function: Current knowledge and perspectives

The commitment to specific T lymphocytes (T cell) lineages is governed by distinct transcription factors, whose expression is modulated through epigenetic mechanisms. Unravelling these epigenetic mechanisms that regulate T cell differentiation and function holds significant importance for understanding T cells. Menin, a multifunctional scaffolding protein, is implicated in various cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, cell cycle control, DNA repair and transcriptional regulation, primarily through epigenetic mechanisms. Existing research indicates Menin's impact on T cell differentiation and function, while a comprehensive and systematic review is currently lacking to consolidate these findings. In the current review, we have highlighted recent studies on the role of Menin in T cell differentiation and function, focusing mainly on its impact on the memory Th2 maintenance, Th17 differentiation and maintenance, CD4+ T cell senescence, and effector CD8+ T cell survival. Considering Menin's crucial function in maintaining effector T cell function, the potential of inhibiting Menin activity in mitigating inflammatory diseases associated with excessive T cell activation has also been emphasised.

Monotropein mitigates atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation through JAK/STAT signaling pathway inhibition

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a globally increasing chronic inflammatory skin disease with limited and potentially side-effect-prone treatment options. Monotropein is the predominant iridoid glycoside in Morinda officinalis How roots, which has previously shown promise in alleviating AD symptoms. This study aimed to systematically investigate the pharmacological effects of monotropein on AD using a 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)/Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE)-induced AD mice and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/interferon (IFN)-γ-stimulated keratinocytes. Oral administration of monotropein demonstrated a significant reduction in AD phenotypes, including scaling, erythema, and increased skin thickness in AD-induced mice. Histological analysis revealed a marked decrease in immune cell infiltration in skin lesions. Additionally, monotropein effectively downregulated inflammatory markers, encompassing pro-inflammatory cytokines, T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cytokines, and pro-inflammatory chemokines in skin tissues. Notably, monotropein also led to a considerable decrease in serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG2a levels. At a mechanistic level, monotropein exerted its anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the phosphorylation of Janus kinase / signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins in both skin tissues of AD-induced mice and TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated keratinocytes. In conclusion, monotropein exhibited a pronounced alleviation of AD symptoms in the experimental models used. These findings underscore the potential application of monotropein as a therapeutic agent in the context of AD, providing a scientific basis for further exploration and development.

Regulation of 3D genome organization during T cell activation

Within the three-dimensional (3D) nuclear space, the genome organizes into a series of orderly structures that impose important influences on gene regulation. T lymphocytes, crucial players in adaptive immune responses, undergo intricate transcriptional remodeling upon activation, leading to differentiation into specific effector and memory T cell subsets. Recent evidence suggests that T cell activation is accompanied by dynamic changes in genome architecture at multiple levels, providing a unique biological context to explore the functional relevance and molecular mechanisms of 3D genome organization. Here, we summarize recent advances that link the reorganization of genome architecture to the remodeling of transcriptional programs and conversion of cell fates during T cell activation and differentiation. We further discuss how various chromatin architecture regulators, including CCCTC-binding factor and several transcription factors, collectively modulate the genome architecture during this process.

A Glimpse into Humoral Response and Related Therapeutic Approaches of Takayasu's Arteritis

Takayasu's arteritis (TAK) manifests as an insidiously progressive and debilitating form of granulomatous inflammation including the aorta and its major branches. The precise etiology of TAK remains elusive, with current understanding suggesting an autoimmune origin primarily driven by T cells. Notably, a growing body of evidence bears testimony to the widespread effects of B cells on disease pathogenesis and progression. Distinct alterations in peripheral B cell subsets have been described in individuals with TAK. Advancements in technology have facilitated the identification of novel autoantibodies in TAK. Moreover, emerging data suggest that dysregulated signaling cascades downstream of B cell receptor families, including interactions with innate pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors, as well as co-stimulatory molecules like CD40, CD80 and CD86, may result in the selection and proliferation of autoreactive B cell clones in TAK. Additionally, ectopic lymphoid neogenesis within the aortic wall of TAK patients exhibits functional characteristics. In recent decades, therapeutic interventions targeting B cells, notably utilizing the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab, have demonstrated efficacy in TAK. Despite the importance of the humoral immune response, a systematic understanding of how autoreactive B cells contribute to the pathogenic process is still lacking. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biological significance of B cell-mediated autoimmunity in TAK pathogenesis, as well as insights into therapeutic strategies targeting the humoral response. Furthermore, it examines the roles of T-helper and T follicular helper cells in humoral immunity and their potential contributions to disease mechanisms. We believe that further identification of the pathogenic role of autoimmune B cells and the underlying regulation system will lead to deeper personalized management of TAK patients. We believe that further elucidation of the pathogenic role of autoimmune B cells and the underlying regulatory mechanisms holds promise for the development of personalized approaches to managing TAK patients.

Dynamic immune status analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection sepsis using single-cell RNA sequencing

Background

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common Gram-negative bacterium. Blood infection caused by K. pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of human sepsis, which seriously threatens the life of patients. The immune status of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) based on single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in acute stage and recovery stage of sepsis caused by K. pneumoniae bloodstream infection has not been studied.

Methods

A total of 13 subjects were included in this study, 3 healthy controls, 7 patients with K. pneumoniae bloodstream infection in the acute stage (4 patients died), and 3 patients in the recovery stage. Peripheral blood of all patients was collected and PBMCs were isolated for scRNA-seq analysis. We studied the changes of PBMCs components, signaling pathways, differential genes, and cytokines in acute and recovery stages.

Results

During K. pneumoniae acute infection we observed a decrease in the proportion of T cells, most probably due to apoptosis and the function of T cell subtypes was disorder. The proportion of monocytes increased in acute stage. Although genes related to their phagocytosis function were upregulated, their antigen presentation capacity-associated genes were downregulated. The expression of IL-1β, IL-18, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 genes was also increased in monocytes. The proportion of DCs was depleted during the acute stage and did not recover during sepsis recovery. DCs antigen presentation was weakened during the acute stage but recovered fast during the recovery stage. pDCs response to MCP-1 chemokine was weakened, they recovered it quickly during the recovery stage. B cells showed apoptosis both in the acute stage and recovery stage. Their response to complement was weakened, but their antigen presentation function was enhanced. The proportion of NK cells stable during all disease's stages, and the expression of IFN-γ gene was upregulated.

Conclusion

The proportion of PBMCs and their immune functions undergo variations throughout the course of the disease, spanning from the acute stage to recovery. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of PBMCs immune function during K. pneumoniae bloodstream infection sepsis and recovery and sets the basis for further understanding and treatment.

Immuno-metabolic reprogramming of T cell: a new frontier for pharmacotherapy of Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent autoimmune condition characterized by ongoing inflammation primarily affecting the synovial joint. This inflammation typically arises from an increase in immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells (TC). TC is recognized as a major player in RA pathogenesis. The involvement of HLA-DRB1 and PTPN-2 among RA patients confirms the TC involvement in RA. Metabolism of TC is maintained by various other factors like cytokines, mitochondrial proteins & other metabolites. Different TC subtypes utilize different metabolic pathways like glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation for their activation from naive TC (T0). Although all subsets of TC are not deleterious for synovium, some subsets of TC are involved in joint repair using their anti-inflammatory properties. Hence artificially reprogramming of TC subset by interfering with their metabolic status poised a hope in future to design new molecules against RA.

Therapeutic effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate for inflammatory bowel disease: A preclinical meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the primary active compound in green tea, is recognized for its significant anti-inflammatory properties and potential pharmacological effects on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, comprehensive preclinical evidence supporting the use of EGCG in treating IBD is currently insufficient.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the efficacy of EGCG in animal models of IBD and explore potential underlying mechanisms, serving as a groundwork for future clinical investigations.

METHODS

A systematic review of pertinent preclinical studies published until September 1, 2023, in databases such as PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was conducted, adhering to stringent quality criteria. The potential mechanisms via which EGCG may address IBD were summarized. STATA v16.0 was used to perform a meta-analysis to assess IBD pathology, inflammation, and indicators of oxidative stress. Additionally, dose-response analysis and machine learning models were utilized to evaluate the dose-effect relationship and determine the optimal dosage of EGCG for IBD treatment.

RESULTS

The analysis included 19 studies involving 309 animals. The findings suggest that EGCG can ameliorate IBD-related pathology in animals, with a reduction in inflammatory and oxidative stress indicators. These effects were observed through significant changes in histological scores, Disease Activity Index, Colitis Macroscopic Damage Index and colon length; a decrease in markers such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and interferon-γ; and alterations in malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase levels. Subgroup analysis indicated that the oral administration route of EGCG exhibited superior efficacy over other administration routes. Dose-response analysis and machine learning outcomes highlighted an optimal EGCG dosage range of 32-62 mg/kg/day, with an intervention duration of 4.8-13.6 days.

CONCLUSIONS

EGCG exhibits positive effects on IBD, particularly when administered at the dose range of 32 - 62 mg/kg/day, primarily attributed to its ability to regulate inflammation and oxidative stress levels.

Potential applications of dual haptoglobin expression in the reclassification and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

HCC is a malignancy characterized by high incidence and mortality rates. Traditional classifications of HCC primarily rely on tumor morphology, phenotype, and multicellular molecular levels, which may not accurately capture the cellular heterogeneity within the tumor. This study integrates scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq to spotlight HP as a critical gene within a subgroup of HCC malignant cells. HP is highly expressed in HCC malignant cells and lowly expressed in T cells. Within malignant cells, elevated HP expression interacts with C3, promoting Th1-type responses via the C3/C3AR1 axis. In T cells, down-regulating HP expression favors the expression of Th1 cell-associated marker genes, potentially enhancing Th1-type responses. Consequently, we developed a "HP-promoted Th1 response reclassification" gene set, correlating higher activity scores with improved survival rates in HCC patients. Additionally, four predictive models for neoadjuvant treatment based on HP and C3 expression were established: 1) Low HP and C3 expression with high Th2 cell infiltration; 2) High HP and low C3 expression with high Th2 cell infiltration; 3) High HP and C3 expression with high Th1 cell infiltration; 4) Low HP and high C3 expression with high Th1 cell infiltration. In conclusion, the HP gene selected from the HCC malignant cell subgroup (Malignant_Sub 6) might serve as a potential ally against the tumor by promoting Th1-type immune responses. The establishment of the "HP-promoted Th1 response reclassification" gene set offers predictive insights for HCC patient survival prognosis and neoadjuvant treatment efficacy, providing directions for clinical treatments.

Trichloroethylene metabolite modulates DNA methylation-dependent gene expression in Th1-polarized CD4+ T cells from autoimmune-prone mice

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent and widespread environmental contaminant associated with CD4+ T-cell activation and autoimmune disease. Prior studies showed that exposure to TCE in the drinking water of autoimmune-prone mice expanded effector/memory CD4+ T cells with an interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-secreting Th1-like phenotype. However, very little is known how TCE exposure skews CD4+ T cells towards this pro-inflammatory Th1 subset. As observed previously, TCE exposure was associated with hypermethylation of regions of the genome related to transcriptional repression in purified effector/memory CD4 T cells. We hypothesized that TCE modulates transcriptional and/or epigenetic programming of CD4+ T cells as they differentiate from a naive to effector phenotype. In the current study, purified naive CD4 T cells from both male and female autoimmune-prone MRL/MpJ mice were activated ex vivo and polarized towards a Th1 subset for 4 days in the presence or absence of the oxidative metabolite of TCE, trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate (TCAH) in vitro. An RNA-seq assessment and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing for DNA methylation were conducted on Th1 cells or activated, non-polarized cells. The results demonstrated TCAH's ability to regulate key genes involved in the immune response and autoimmunity, including Ifng, by altering the level of DNA methylation at the gene promoter. Intriguing sex differences were observed and for the most part, the effects were more robust in females compared to males. In conclusion, TCE via TCAH epigenetically regulates gene expression in CD4+ T cells. These results may have implications for mechanistic understanding or future therapeutics for autoimmunity.

The recent advancement of TCR-T cell therapies for cancer treatment

Adoptive cell therapies involve infusing engineered immune cells into cancer patients to recognize and eliminate tumor cells. Adoptive cell therapy, as a form of living drug, has undergone explosive growth over the past decade. The recognition of tumor antigens by the T-cell receptor (TCR) is one of the natural mechanisms that the immune system used to eliminate tumor cells. TCR-T cell therapy, which involves introducing exogenous TCRs into patients' T cells, is a novel cell therapy strategy. TCR-T cell therapy can target the entire proteome of cancer cells. Engineering T cells with exogenous TCRs to help patients combat cancer has achieved success in clinical trials, particularly in treating solid tumors. In this review, we examine the progress of TCR-T cell therapy over the past five years. This includes the discovery of new tumor antigens, protein engineering techniques for TCR, reprogramming strategies for TCR-T cell therapy, clinical studies on TCR-T cell therapy, and the advancement of TCR-T cell therapy in China. We also propose several potential directions for the future development of TCR-T cell therapy.

Immunocytes interact directly with cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment: one coin with two sides and future perspectives

The tumor microenvironment is closely linked to the initiation, promotion, and progression of solid tumors. Among its constitutions, immunologic cells emerge as critical players, facilitating immune evasion and tumor progression. Apart from their indirect impact on anti-tumor immunity, immunocytes directly influence neoplastic cells, either bolstering or impeding tumor advancement. However, current therapeutic modalities aimed at alleviating immunosuppression from regulatory cells on effector immune cell populations may not consistently yield satisfactory results in various solid tumors, such as breast carcinoma, colorectal cancer, etc. Therefore, this review outlines and summarizes the direct, dualistic effects of immunocytes such as T cells, innate lymphoid cells, B cells, eosinophils, and tumor-associated macrophages on tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment. The review also delves into the underlying mechanisms involved and presents the outcomes of clinical trials based on these direct effects, aiming to propose innovative and efficacious therapeutic strategies for addressing solid tumors.

Role of T cells in liver metastasis

The liver is a major metastatic site (organ) for gastrointestinal cancers (such as colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers) as well as non-gastrointestinal cancers (such as lung, breast, and melanoma cancers). Due to the innate anatomical position of the liver, the apoptosis of T cells in the liver, the unique metabolic regulation of hepatocytes and other potential mechanisms, the liver tends to form an immunosuppressive microenvironment and subsequently form a pre-metastatic niche (PMN), which can promote metastasis and colonization by various tumor cells(TCs). As a result, the critical role of immunoresponse in liver based metastasis has become increasingly appreciated. T cells, a centrally important member of adaptive immune response, play a significant role in liver based metastases and clarifying the different roles of the various T cells subsets is important to guide future clinical treatment. In this review, we first introduce the predisposing factors and related mechanisms of liver metastasis (LM) before introducing the PMN and its transition to LM. Finally, we detail the role of different subsets of T cells in LM and advances in the management of LM in order to identify potential therapeutic targets for patients with LM.

Helper T cell subsets: Development, function and clinical role in hypersensitivity reactions in the modern perspective

Helper T cells are traditionally classified into T helper 1 (TH1) and T helper 2 (TH2). The more recent discoveries of T helper 17 (TH17), follicular helper T cells (TFH) and regulatory T cells (Treg) enhanced our understanding on the mechanisms of immune function and hypersensitivity reactions, which shaped the modern perspective on the function and role of these different subsets of helper T cells in hypersensitivity reactions. Each subset of helper T cells has characteristic roles in different types of hypersensitivity reactions, hence giving rise to the respective characteristic clinical manifestations. The roles of helper T cells in allergic contact dermatitis (TH1-mediated), drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome (TH2-mediated), and acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) (TH17-mediated) are summarised in this article, demonstrating the correlation between the type of helper T cell involved and the clinical features. TFH plays crucial roles in antibody class-switch recombination; they may be implicated in antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, but further research is warranted to delineate their exact pathogenic roles. The helper T cell subsets and their specific cytokine profiles implicated in different hypersensitivity reactions could be potential treatment targets by biologics, but more clinical trials are warranted to establish their clinical effectiveness.

Regulation of T helper cell differentiation by the interplay between histone modification and chromatin interaction

The development and function of the immune system are controlled by temporospatial gene expression programs, which are regulated by cis-regulatory elements, chromatin structure, and trans-acting factors. In this study, we cataloged the dynamic histone modifications and chromatin interactions at regulatory regions during T helper (Th) cell differentiation. Our data revealed that the H3K4me1 landscape established by MLL4 in naive CD4+ T cells is critical for restructuring the regulatory interaction network and orchestrating gene expression during the early phase of Th differentiation. GATA3 plays a crucial role in further configuring H3K4me1 modification and the chromatin interaction network during Th2 differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HSS3-anchored chromatin loops function to restrict the activity of the Th2 locus control region (LCR), thus coordinating the expression of Th2 cytokines. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms of how the interplay between histone modifications, chromatin looping, and trans-acting factors contributes to the differentiation of Th cells.

Integrated network pharmacological analysis revealed that Smilax glabra Roxb. alleviates IMQ-induced psoriatic skin inflammation through regulating T cell immune response

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease characterized by dysfunctional T cells and dysregulated immune responses. Smilax glabra Roxb. (SGR) is a formulation used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders, including psoriasis. This study explores the scientific basis for its use by examining the effects of SGR on T cell differentiation and insulin receptor signaling, relevant pathways implicated in the pathophysiology of psoriasis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study investigates the therapeutic potential of SGR (a Chinese medicine) in psoriasis and its impact on T cell differentiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An integrated network pharmacology and bioinformatics approach was employed to elucidate the mechanisms of SGR in regulating T cell differentiation. A psoriasis mouse model was utilized to evaluate the effects of SGR on T cell subsets. Immunohistochemistry and gene expression analyses were conducted to investigate the modulation of insulin receptor signaling pathways by SGR.

RESULTS

SGR treatment effectively reset the expression of various T cell subsets in the psoriasis mouse model, suggesting its ability to regulate T cell differentiation and immune function. Furthermore, SGR treatment inhibited insulin receptor signaling and downstream pathways, including PI3K/AKT and ERK, in psoriatic skin lesions. This indicates that SGR may exert its therapeutic effects through modulation of the insulin receptor signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides novel insights into the therapeutic potential of SGR in psoriasis. By modulating T cell differentiation and targeting the insulin receptor signaling pathway, SGR holds promise as a potential treatment option for psoriasis.

Bile acid signaling in the regulation of whole body metabolic and immunological homeostasis

Bile acids (BAs) play a crucial role in nutrient absorption and act as key regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism and immune homeostasis. Through the enterohepatic circulation, BAs are synthesized, metabolized, and reabsorbed, with a portion entering the vascular circulation and distributing systemically. This allows BAs to interact with receptors in all major organs, leading to organ-organ interactions that regulate both local and global metabolic processes, as well as the immune system. This review focuses on the whole-body effects of BA-mediated metabolic and immunological regulation, including in the brain, heart, liver, intestine, eyes, skin, adipose tissue, and muscle. Targeting BA synthesis and receptor signaling is a promising strategy for the development of novel therapies for various diseases throughout the body.

IL1RAP Exacerbates Sepsis-Induced Pulmonary and Spleen Injury Through Regulating CD4+ T Lymphocyte Differentiation

BACKGROUND

Complex pathophysiological the specific mechanism of sepsis on CD4+ T-cell responses is less well understood. IL1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) was found to be involved in activating host immune responses.

METHOD

Cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) was utilized to build a mouse sepsis model. The experiment was randomly divided into four groups: Sham, CLP, CLP + shNC, and CLP + shIL1RAP group.

RESULTS

qRT-PCR suggested mRNA levels of IL1RAP were decreased when IL1RAP was knocked down with the mRNA levels of IL-1β, NF-κB, and p38 decreased. Histopathology showed severe pathological damage with alveolar integrity lost, red blood cells in the alveoli, massive inflammatory cell infiltration, and the alveolar wall was thickening in the CLP group. The inflammatory cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ were elevated in CLP mice by ELISA. The counts of CD4+ T cells were decreased in sepsis mice in peripheral blood, spleen, and BALF by flow cytometry. However, the above was blocked down when using shIL1RAP. Western blot suggested sh IL1RAP inhibited IL-1β, NF-κB, and p38 protein expressions.

CONCLUSIONS

We defined IL1RAP as a new target gene through NF-κB/MAPK pathways regulating CD4+ T lymphocyte differentiation mediated the progression of sepsis, which is potentially exploitable for immunotherapy.

TFEB regulates dendritic cell antigen presentation to modulate immune balance in asthma

OBJECTIVE

Asthma stands as one of the most prevalent chronic respiratory conditions in children, with its pathogenesis tied to the actived antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) and the imbalance within T cell subgroups. This study seeks to investigate the role of the transcription factor EB (TFEB) in modulating the antigen presentation process of DCs and its impact on the differentiation of T cell subgroups.

METHODS

Bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) were activated using house dust mites (HDM) and underwent RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to pinpoint differentially expressed genes. TFEB mRNA expression levels were assessed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of both healthy children and those diagnosed with asthma. In an asthma mouse model induced by HDM, the TFEB expression in lung tissue DCs was evaluated. Further experiments involved LV-shTFEB BMDCs co-cultured with T cells to explore the influence of TFEB on DCs' antigen presentation, T cell subset differentiation, and cytokine production.

RESULTS

Transcriptomic sequencing identified TFEB as a significantly differentially expressed gene associated with immune system pathways and antigen presentation. Notably, TFEB expression showed a significant increase in the PBMCs of children diagnosed with asthma compared to healthy counterparts. Moreover, TFEB exhibited heightened expression in lung tissue DCs of HDM-induced asthmatic mice and HDM-stimulated BMDCs. Silencing TFEB resulted in the downregulation of MHC II, CD80, CD86, and CD40 on DCs. This action reinstated the equilibrium among Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cell subgroups, suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17, while augmenting the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.

CONCLUSION

TFEB might have a vital role in asthma's development by impacting the antigen presentation of DCs, regulating T cell subgroup differentiation, and influencing cytokine secretion. Its involvement could be pivotal in rebalancing the immune system in asthma. These research findings could potentially unveil novel therapeutic avenues for treating asthma.

Lipidation of pneumococcal proteins enables activation of human antigen-presenting cells and initiation of an adaptive immune response

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a significant global threat, with existing vaccines having important limitations such as restricted serotype coverage and high manufacturing costs. Pneumococcal lipoproteins are emerging as promising vaccine candidates due to their surface exposure and conservation across various serotypes. While prior studies have explored their potential in mice, data in a human context and insights into the impact of the lipid moiety remain limited. In the present study, we examined the immunogenicity of two pneumococcal lipoproteins, DacB and MetQ, both in lipidated and non-lipidated versions, by stimulation of primary human immune cells. Immune responses were assessed by the expression of common surface markers for activation and maturation as well as cytokines released into the supernatant. Our findings indicate that in the case of MetQ lipidation was crucial for activation of human antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages, while non-lipidated DacB demonstrated an intrinsic potential to induce an innate immune response. Nevertheless, immune responses to both proteins were enhanced by lipidation. Interestingly, following stimulation of dendritic cells with DacB, LipDacB and LipMetQ, cytokine levels of IL-6 and IL-23 were significantly increased, which are implicated in triggering potentially important Th17 cell responses. Furthermore, LipDacB and LipMetQ were able to induce proliferation of CD4+ T cells indicating their potential to induce an adaptive immune response. These findings contribute valuable insights into the immunogenic properties of pneumococcal lipoproteins, emphasizing their potential role in vaccine development against pneumococcal infections.

Crosstalk between T lymphocyte and extracellular matrix in tumor microenvironment

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex three-dimensional structure composed of proteins, glycans, and proteoglycans, constituting a critical component of the tumor microenvironment. Complex interactions among immune cells, extracellular matrix, and tumor cells promote tumor development and metastasis, consequently influencing therapeutic efficacy. Hence, elucidating these interaction mechanisms is pivotal for precision cancer therapy. T lymphocytes are an important component of the immune system, exerting direct anti-tumor effects by attacking tumor cells or releasing lymphokines to enhance immune effects. The ECM significantly influences T cells function and infiltration within the tumor microenvironment, thereby impacting the behavior and biological characteristics of tumor cells. T cells are involved in regulating the synthesis, degradation, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix through the secretion of cytokines and enzymes. As a result, it affects the proliferation and invasive ability of tumor cells as well as the efficacy of immunotherapy. This review discusses the mechanisms underlying T lymphocyte-ECM interactions in the tumor immune microenvironment and their potential application in immunotherapy. It provides novel insights for the development of innovative tumor therapeutic strategies and drug.

The Role of Citrullination Modification in CD4+ T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Immune-Related Diseases

The post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins play a crucial role in increasing the functional diversity of proteins and are associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review focuses on a less explored PTM called citrullination, which involves the conversion of arginine to citrulline. This process is catalyzed by peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs). Different members of the PAD family have distinct tissue distribution patterns and functions. Citrullination is a post-translational modification of native proteins that can alter their structure and convert them into autoantigens; thus, it mediates the occurrence of autoimmune diseases. CD4+ T cells, including Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, are important immune cells involved in mediating autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, and tumor immunity. PADs can induce citrullination in CD4+ T cells, suggesting a role for citrullination in CD4+ T cell subset differentiation and function. Understanding the role of citrullination in CD4+ T cells may provide insights into immune-related diseases and inflammatory processes.

Targeting MELK improves PD-1 blockade efficiency in cervical cancer via enhancing antitumor immunity

The balance between T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) has a critical function in determining intratumoral immune response and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. The level of maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is reported to correlate with infiltration of immune cells in cancers, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not clarified. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the potential function of MELK in cervical cancer. We found that MELK was upregulated and played an oncogenic role in cervical cancer. MELK overexpression shifted Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 predisposition in mouse cervical tumors in vivo and naive T cells from human PBMCs in vitro, whereas MELK knockdown exhibited opposite effects. MELK overexpression activated NF-κB signaling and promoted IL-6 secretion by cervical cancer cells. Depletion of IL-6 by neutralization antibodies abrogated the influence of MELK on Th1/Th2 balance. In addition, MELK modulated the antitumor activity of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in cervical tumors, but depletion of Th2 cells by IL-4 neutralization abrogated this effect. Finally, MELK overexpression conferred tolerance to PD-1 blockade in cervical tumors, whereas targeting MELK by OTSSP167 significantly enhanced PD-1 blockade efficiency. Our data elucidated a novel role of MELK in regulating Th1/Th2 balance and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in cervical cancer.

IQGAP3 promotes the progression of glioma as an immune and prognostic marker

Background: IQGAP3 plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, division, and cytoskeletal organization. Abnormal expression of IQGAP3 has been linked to various tumors, but its function in glioma is not well understood. Methods: Various methods, including genetic differential analysis, single-cell analysis, ROC curve analysis, Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and enrichment analysis, were employed to analyze the expression patterns, diagnostic potential, prognostic implications, and biological processes involving IQGAP3 in normal and tumor tissues. The impact of IQGAP3 on immune infiltration and the immune microenvironment in gliomas was evaluated using immunofluorescence. Additionally, the cBioPortal database was used to analyze copy number variations and mutation sites of IQGAP3. Experimental validation was also performed to assess the effects of IQGAP3 on glioma cells and explore underlying mechanisms. Results: High IQGAP3 expression in gliomas is associated with an unfavorable prognosis, particularly in wild-type IDH and 1p/19q non-codeleted gliomas. Enrichment analysis revealed that IQGAP3 is involved in regulating the cell cycle, PI3K/AKT signaling, p53 signaling, and PLK1-related pathways. Furthermore, IQGAP3 expression may be closely related to the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma. BRD-K88742110 and LY-303511 are potential drugs for targeting IQGAP3 in anti-glioma therapy. In vitro experiments showed that downregulation of IQGAP3 inhibits the proliferation and migration of glioma cells, with the PLK1/PI3K/AKT pathway potentially playing a crucial role in IQGAP3-mediated glioma progression. Conclusion: IQGAP3 shows promise as a valuable biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and immunotherapeutic strategies in gliomas.

Th17/Treg balance: the bloom and wane in the pathophysiology of sepsis

Sepsis is a multi-organ dysfunction characterized by an unregulated host response to infection. It is associated with high morbidity, rapid disease progression, and high mortality. Current therapies mainly focus on symptomatic treatment, such as blood volume supplementation and antibiotic use, but their effectiveness is limited. Th17/Treg balance, based on its inflammatory property, plays a crucial role in determining the direction of the inflammatory response and the regression of organ damage in sepsis patients. This review provides a summary of the changes in T-helper (Th) 17 cell and regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation and function during sepsis, the heterogeneity of Th17/Treg balance in the inflammatory response, and the relationship between Th17/Treg balance and organ damage. Th17/Treg balance exerts significant control over the bloom and wanes in host inflammatory response throughout sepsis.

Role of differentiated embryo-chondrocyte expressed gene 2 in immunity

Differentiated embryo-chondrocyte expressed gene 2 (DEC2) is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) subfamily of transcription factors. DEC2 is implicated in tumor immunotherapy, immune system function regulation, and autoimmune diseases. DEC2 enhances Th2 cell differentiation by regulating the IL-2 and IL-4 signaling pathways and mediates the growth of B-1a cells, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of inflammatory responses. In this study, we review the reported roles of DEC2, including the regulation of immune cell differentiation and cytokine production in various cells in humans, and discuss its potential in treating autoimmune diseases and tumors.

Interferon lambda in respiratory viral infection: immunomodulatory functions and antiviral effects in epithelium

Type III interferon (IFN-λ), a new member of the IFN family, was initially considered to possess antiviral functions similar to those of type I interferon, both of which are induced via the JAK/STAT pathway. Nevertheless, recent findings demonstrated that IFN-λ exerts a nonredundant antiviral function at the mucosal surface, preferentially produced in epithelial cells in contrast to type I interferon, and its function cannot be replaced by type I interferon. This review summarizes recent studies showing that IFN-λ inhibits the spread of viruses from the cell surface to the body. Further studies have found that the role of IFN-λ is not only limited to the abovementioned functions, but it can also can exert direct and/or indirect effects on immune cells in virus-induced inflammation. This review focuses on the antiviral activity of IFN-λ in the mucosal epithelial cells and its action on immune cells and summarizes the pathways by which IFN-λ exerts its action and differentiates it from other interferons in terms of mechanism. Finally, we conclude that IFN-λ is a potent epidermal antiviral factor that enhances the respiratory mucosal immune response and has excellent therapeutic potential in combating respiratory viral infections.

Cytokine IL-5 and HGF: combined prediction of non-/low immune response to hepatitis B vaccination at birth in infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers

Background

The immune response to hepatitis B vaccine may be influenced by numerous factors, and patients with non/low response re-exposed to hepatitis B virus remain susceptible. Thus, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of non/low immune response in infants born to Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive mothers is essential.

Methods

100 infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers from 2015 to 2020 were enrolled in the study, further divided into the non/low response group (n=13) and the moderate strong response group (n=87) based on the quantification of hepatitis B surface antibody at 12 months of age. The differential expression of 48 immune-related cytokines in the two groups was compared and analyzed in detail. The key cytokines were further identified and clinically predictive models were developed.

Results

We found that 13 cytokines were lowly expressed and one cytokine was highly expressed in the non/low response group, compared with the moderate strong response group at birth. In addition, 9 cytokines were lowly expressed and one cytokine was highly expressed in the non/low response group at 12 months of age. Furthermore, we found that IL-5 and HGF were promising predictors for predicting the immunization response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants, and the combination of the two cytokines showed the best predictive efficiency, with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.844.

Conclusion

The present study provides a theoretical basis on cytokines for developing and implementing effective immunotherapies against non/low immune response in infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers.

Multiple influence of immune cells in the bone metastatic cancer microenvironment on tumors

Bone is a common organ for solid tumor metastasis. Malignant bone tumor becomes insensitive to systemic therapy after colonization, followed by poor prognosis and high relapse rate. Immune and bone cells in situ constitute a unique immune microenvironment, which plays a crucial role in the context of bone metastasis. This review firstly focuses on lymphatic cells in bone metastatic cancer, including their function in tumor dissemination, invasion, growth and possible cytotoxicity-induced eradication. Subsequently, we examine myeloid cells, namely macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, dendritic cells, and megakaryocytes, evaluating their interaction with cytotoxic T lymphocytes and contribution to bone metastasis. As important components of skeletal tissue, osteoclasts and osteoblasts derived from bone marrow stromal cells, engaging in 'vicious cycle' accelerate osteolytic bone metastasis. We also explain the concept tumor dormancy and investigate underlying role of immune microenvironment on it. Additionally, a thorough review of emerging treatments for bone metastatic malignancy in clinical research, especially immunotherapy, is presented, indicating current challenges and opportunities in research and development of bone metastasis therapies.

Bridging autoimmunity and epigenetics: The influence of lncRNA MALAT1

Autoimmune disorders represent a heterogeneous spectrum of conditions defined by an immune system's atypical reactivity against endogenous constituents. In the complex anatomy of autoimmune pathogenesis, lncRNAs have appeared as pivotal arbiters orchestrating the mechanisms of ailment initiation, immune cascades, and transcriptional modulation. One such lncRNA, MALAT1, has garnered attention for its potential association with the aetiology of several autoimmune diseases. MALAT1 has been shown to influence a wide spectrum of cellular processes, which include cell multiplication and specialization, as well as apoptosis and inflammation. In autoimmune diseases, MALAT1 exhibits both disease-specific and shared patterns of dysregulation, often correlating with disease severity. The molecular mechanisms underlying MALAT1's impact on autoimmune disorders include epigenetic modifications, alternative splicing, and modulation of gene expression networks. Additionally, MALAT1's intricate interactions with microRNAs, other lncRNAs, and protein-coding genes further underscore its role in immune regulation and autoimmune disease progression. Understanding the contribution of MALAT1 in autoimmune pathogenesis across different diseases could offer valuable insights into shared pathways, thereby clearing a path for the creation of innovative and enhanced therapeutic approaches to address these complex disorders. This review aims to elucidate the complex role of MALAT1 in autoimmune disorders, encompassing rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and psoriasis. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of MALAT1 as a diagnostic biomarker, therapeutic target, and prognostic indicator.

Prognostic value of oxidative stress-related genes in colorectal cancer and its correlation with tumor immunity

Oxidative stress (OS) plays an essential role in chronic diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we aimed to explore the relation between oxidative stress-related genes and CRC prognosis and their involvement in the immune microenvironment. Totally 101 OS-related genes were selected from the MsigDB database. Then, univariate Cox regression was used to explore the prognostic value of the selected genes correlated with the CRC patient survival in the TCGA database. A total of 9 prognostic OS-related genes in CRC were identified. Based on consensus clustering, CRC patients were then categorized into two molecular subtypes. A prognostic risk model containing 8 genes was established using Lasso regression, and CRC patients were divided into high or low-risk groups based on the median risk scores. The predictive value of the 8 genes in CRC prognosis was validated using ROC curves, which indicate that CTNNB1, STK25, RNF112, SFPQ, MMP3, and NOL3 were promising prognostic biomarkers in CRC. Furthermore, the immune cell infiltration levels in different risk groups or CRC subtypes were analyzed. We found that the high-risk or C1 subtype had immunosuppressive microenvironment, which might explain the unfavorable prognosis in the two groups of CRC patients. Additionally, functional experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of OS-related genes on CRC cell proliferation, stemness, and apoptosis. We found that CTNNB1, HSPB1, MMP3, and NOL3 were upregulated in CRC tissues and cells. Knockdown of CTNNB1, HSPB1, MMP3, and NOL3 significantly suppressed CRC cell proliferation, stemness and facilitated CRC cell apoptosis. In conclusion, we established prognostic CRC subtypes and an eight-gene risk model, which may provide novel prognostic indicators and benefit the design of individualized therapeutic strategies for CRC patients.

MicroRNA-99b Regulates Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-Infected Immature Dendritic Cell-Induced CD4+ T Cell Differentiation by Targeting mTOR Signaling

This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which microRNA-99b (miR-99b) regulates CD4+ T cell differentiation induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-infected immature dendritic cells (imDCs). Levels of miR-99b, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), Foxp3, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-17, IL-23, and ROR-γt were assessed. Effects of miR-99b inhibition and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) agonist on Th17/Treg cell ratio and cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-17, IL-23) were studied. Expression of mTOR, S6K1, and 4E-BP1 related to miR-99b was analyzed. BCG-infected imDCs led to CD4+ T cell differentiation and altered levels of IFN-γ, Foxp3, IL-10, miR-99b, IL-17, IL-23, and ROR-γt. Inhibition of miR-99b increased the Th17/Treg cell ratio in CD4+ T cells co-cultured with BCG-infected imDCs, and this effect was further enhanced by the mTOR agonist. Additionally, the miR-99b inhibitor elevated the levels of IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23 when CD4+ T cells were co-cultured with BCG-infected imDCs, and the mTOR agonist further amplified this increase. Notably, miR-99b negatively regulated mTOR signaling, as the miR-99b inhibitor upregulated the expression levels of mTOR, S6K1, and 4E-BP1 while decreasing miR-99b. It was concluded that miR-99b modulates CD4+ T cell differentiation via mTOR pathway in response to BCG-infected im-DCs. Inhibiting miR-99b affects Th17/Treg ratio and pro-inflammatory cytokines, potentially impacting tuberculosis immunotherapies.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphism affects the pattern of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in Kuwaiti Arab children

OBJECTIVES

TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in many inflammatory diseases, but its association with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is poorly understood. This study looked for an association of TNF-α gene polymorphisms with INS, as well as its effect on steroid responsiveness among Kuwaiti Arab children.

METHODS

Genotypes of the TNF-a gene polymorphisms were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 151 INS Kuwaiti Arab patients and 64 age and sex-matched controls. Clinical data of all subjects were reviewed.

RESULTS

The heterozygous AG genotype was detected in 8.6% of INS patients compared 23.4% of the controls (p < 0.01). Comparing steroid responsiveness, AA genotype was significantly more common in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) cases than steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) patients (p = 0.001). However, AG genotype was significantly more common in SRNS patients compared to the SSNS cases (p = 0.001). No difference was found between these two subgroups in the GG genotype frequency.

CONCLUSION

AG genotype of TNF-a gene polymorphisms may be considered a suitable marker for INS disease among Kuwaiti children. Both AA and AG genotypes may be useful in predicting steroid responsiveness among these cases of Arab ethnicity. The findings might open the era for the use of genetic markers in the early treatment of NS.

CD70-induced differentiation of proinflammatory Th1/17/22/GM lymphocytes associated with disease progression and immune reconstitution during HIV infection

Immune overactivation is a hallmark of chronic HIV infection, which is critical to HIV pathogenesis and disease progression. The imbalance of helper T cell (Th) differentiation and subsequent cytokine dysregulation are generally considered to be the major drivers of excessive activation and inflammatory disorders in HIV infection. However, the accurate factors driving HIV-associated Th changes remained to be established. CD70, which was a costimulatory molecule, was found to increase on CD4+ T cells during HIV infection. Overexpression of CD70 on CD4+ T cells was recently reported to associate with highly pathogenic proinflammatory Th1/Th17 polarization in multiple sclerosis. Thus, the role of CD70 in the imbalance of Th polarization and immune overactivation during HIV infection needs to be investigated. Here, we found that the elevated frequency of CD70 + CD4+ T cells was negatively correlated with CD4 count and positively associated with immune activation in treatment-naïve people living with HIV (PLWH). More importantly, CD70 expression defined a population of proinflammatory Th1/17/22/GM subsets in PLWH. Blocking CD70 decreased the mRNA expression of subset-specific markers during Th1/17/22/GM polarization. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CD70 influenced the differentiation of these Th cells through STAT pathway. Finally, it was revealed that patients with a high baseline level of CD70 on CD4+ T cells exhibited a greater risk of poor immune reconstitution after antiretroviral therapy (ART) than those with low CD70. In general, our data highlighted the role of CD70 in Th1/17/22/GM differentiation during HIV infection and provided evidence for CD70 as a potential biomarker for predicting immune recovery.

TRAF5 regulates intestinal mucosal Th1/Th17 cell immune responses via Runx1 in colitis mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory disease associated with CD4+ Th1 and Th17 cell immune responses. Tumour necrosis factor-associated factor 5 (TRAF5) deficiency has been shown to aggravate DSS-induced colitis. However, the potential role of TRAF5 in regulating CD4+ T cell immune responses in the pathogenesis of IBD remains unclear. TRAF5-/- CD4+ CD45RBhigh T cells and WT CD4+ CD45RBhigh T cells were transferred to Rag2-/- mice via intravenous (i.v.) tail injection, respectively, to establish a chronic colitis model. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene knockout technique was used to knock out runt-associated transcription factor 1 (Runx1) expression in vivo. Specific cytokines of Th1 and Th17 cells were detected by quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and flow cytometry. In T-cell transfer colitis mice, the Rag2-/- mice reconstituted with TRAF5-/- CD4+ CD45RBhigh T cells showed more severe intestinal inflammation than the WT control group, which was characterised by increased expression of INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-17a. Furthermore, we found that the INF-γ+ CD4+ , IL17a+ CD4+ , and INF-γ+ IL17a+ CD4+ T cells in the intestinal mucosa of Rag2-/- mice reconstituted with TRAF5-/- CD4+ CD45RBhigh T cells were significantly higher than those of the WT control group by flow cytometry. Mechanistically, knockout Runx1 inhibited the differentiation of TRAF5-/- CD4+ T cells into Th1 and Th17 cells in the intestinal mucosa of T-cell transfer colitis mice. TRAF5 regulates Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation and immune response through Runx1 to participate in the pathogenesis of colitis. Thus targeting TRAF5 in CD4+ T cells may be a novel treatment for IBD.

cAMP responsive element modulator α promotes effector T cells in systemic autoimmune diseases

T lymphocytes play a crucial role in adaptive immunity. Dysregulation of T cell-derived inflammatory cytokine expression and loss of self-tolerance promote inflammation and tissue damage in several autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and psoriasis. The transcription factor cAMP responsive element modulator α (CREMα) plays a key role in the regulation of T cell homeostasis. Increased expression of CREMα is a hallmark of the T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases SLE and psoriasis. Notably, CREMα regulates the expression of effector molecules through trans-regulation and/or the co-recruitment of epigenetic modifiers, including DNA methyltransferases (DNMT3a), histone-methyltransferases (G9a) and histone acetyltransferases (p300). Thus, CREMα may be used as a biomarker for disease activity and/or target for future targeted therapeutic interventions.

Identification of hub genes and their correlation with immune infiltrating cells in membranous nephropathy: an integrated bioinformatics analysis

BACKGROUND

Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a chronic glomerular disease that leads to nephrotic syndrome in adults. The aim of this study was to identify novel biomarkers and immune-related mechanisms in the progression of MN through an integrated bioinformatics approach.

METHODS

The microarray data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between MN and normal samples were identified and analyzed by the Gene Ontology analysis, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis and the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) enrichment. Hub The hub genes were screened and identified by the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves evaluated the diagnostic value of hub genes. The single-sample GSEA analyzed the infiltration degree of several immune cells and their correlation with the hub genes.

RESULTS

We identified a total of 574 DEGs. The enrichment analysis showed that metabolic and immune-related functions and pathways were significantly enriched. Four co-expression modules were obtained using WGCNA. The candidate signature genes were intersected with DEGs and then subjected to the LASSO analysis, obtaining a total of 6 hub genes. The ROC curves indicated that the hub genes were associated with a high diagnostic value. The CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and B cells significantly infiltrated in MN samples and correlated with the hub genes.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified six hub genes (ZYX, CD151, N4BP2L2-IT2, TAPBP, FRAS1 and SCARNA9) as novel biomarkers for MN, providing potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment.

Zfp281 and Zfp148 control CD4+ T cell thymic development and TH2 functions

How CD4+ lineage gene expression is initiated in differentiating thymocytes remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the paralog transcription factors Zfp281 and Zfp148 control both this process and cytokine expression by T helper cell type 2 (TH2) effector cells. Genetic, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomic analyses showed that these factors promote the intrathymic CD4+ T cell differentiation of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II)-restricted thymocytes, including expression of the CD4+ lineage-committing factor Thpok. In peripheral T cells, Zfp281 and Zfp148 promoted chromatin opening at and expression of TH2 cytokine genes but not of the TH2 lineage-determining transcription factor Gata3. We found that Zfp281 interacts with Gata3 and is recruited to Gata3 genomic binding sites at loci encoding Thpok and TH2 cytokines. Thus, Zfp148 and Zfp281 collaborate with Gata3 to promote CD4+ T cell development and TH2 cell responses.

Th2/Th17 cell associated cytokines found in seroma fluids after breast cancer surgery

PURPOSE

The development of a seroma after breast cancer surgery is a common postoperative complication seen after simple mastectomy and axillary surgery. We could recently demonstrate that breast cancer patients undergoing a simple mastectomy with subsequent seroma formation developed a T-helper cell increase within the aspirated fluid measured by flow cytometry. The same study revealed a Th2 and/or a Th17 immune response in peripheral blood and seroma fluid of the same patient. Based on these results and within the same study population, we now analyzed the Th2/Th17 cell associated cytokine content as well as the best known clinical important cytokine IL-6.

METHODS

Multiplex cytokine measurements (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-22) were done on 34 seroma fluids (Sf) after fine needle aspiration of patients who developed a seroma after a simple mastectomy. Serum of the same patient (Sp) and that of healthy volunteers (Sc) were used as controls.

RESULTS

We found the Sf to be highly cytokine rich. Almost all analyzed cytokines were significantly higher in abundance in the Sf compared to Sp and Sc, especially IL-6, which promotes Th17 differentiation as well as suppresses Th1 differentiation in favor of Th2 development.

CONCLUSION

Our Sf cytokine measurements reflect a local immune event. In contrast, former study results on T-helper cell populations in both Sf and Sp tend to demonstrate a systemic immune process.

TGF-β1 signaling and Smad7 control T-cell responses in health and immune-mediated disorders

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is produced by many immune and nonimmune cells and has pleiotropic effects on both innate and adaptive immunity, especially in the control of T-cell differentiation and function. Consistently, loss of TGF-β1 function is associated with exacerbated T-cell-dependent inflammatory responses that culminate in pathological processes in allergic and immune-mediated diseases. In this review, we highlight the roles of TGF-β1 in immunity, focusing mainly on its ability to promote differentiation of regulatory T cells, T helper (Th)-17, and Th9 cells, thus contributing to amplifying or restricting T-cell responses in health and human diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases, type 1 diabetes, asthma, and MS). In addition, we discuss the involvement of Smad7, an inhibitor of TGF-β1 signaling, in immune-mediated disorders (e.g., psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, MS, and inflammatory bowel diseases), as well as the discordant results of clinical trials with mongersen, an oral pharmaceutical compound containing a Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide, in patients with Crohn's disease. Further work is needed to ascertain the reasons for such a discrepancy as well as to identify better candidates for treatment with Smad7 inhibitors.

Anti-inflammatory effects of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Numerous randomised controlled trials have suggested the positive effects of acupuncture on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of acupuncture for COPD have not been clearly summarized yet. Inflammation is central to the development of COPD. In this review, we elucidate the effects and underlying mechanisms of acupuncture from an anti-inflammatory perspective based on animal studies. Cigarette smoke combined with lipopolysaccharide is often used to establish animal models of COPD. Electroacupuncture can be an effective intervention to improve inflammation in COPD, and Feishu (BL13) and Zusanli (ST36) can be used as basic acupoints in COPD animal models. Different acupuncture types can regulate different types of inflammatory cytokines; meanwhile, different acupuncture types and acupoint options have similar effects on modulating the level of inflammatory cytokines. In particular, acupuncture exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cells, inflammasomes and inflammatory cytokines. The main underlying mechanism through which acupuncture improves inflammation in COPD is the modulation of relevant signalling pathways: nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (e.g., myeloid differentiation primary response 88/NF-κB, toll-like receptor-4/NF-κB, silent information regulator transcript-1/NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase), cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, and dopamine D2 receptor pathway. The current synthesis will be beneficial for further research on the effect of acupuncture on COPD inflammation. Please cite this article as: Jiang LH, Li PJ, Wang YQ, Jiang ML, Han XY, Bao YD, Deng XL, Wu WB, Liu XD. Anti-inflammatory effects of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(6): 518-527.

Multifaceted roles of T cells in obesity and obesity-related complications: A narrative review

Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammatory responses in the adipose tissue, accompanied by pronounced insulin resistance and metabolic anomalies. It affects almost all body organs and eventually leads to diseases such as fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. Recently, T cells have emerged as interesting therapeutic targets because the dysfunction of T cells and their cytokines in the adipose tissue is implicated in obesity-induced inflammation and their complicated onset. Although several recent narrative reviews have provided a brief overview of related evidence in this area, they have mainly focused on either obesity-associated T cell metabolism or modulation of T cell activation in obesity. Moreover, at present, no published review has reported on the multifaceted roles of T cells in obesity and obesity-related complications, even though there has been a significant increase in studies on this topic since 2019. Therefore, this narrative review aims to comprehensively summarize current advances in the mechanistic roles of T cells in the development of obesity and its related complications. Further, we aim to discuss relevant drugs for weight loss as well as the contradictory role of T cells in the same disease so as to highlight key findings regarding this topic and provide a valid basis for future treatment strategies.

Mitochondrial Impairment: A Link for Inflammatory Responses Activation in the Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4

Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS type 4) occurs when chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to cardiovascular damage, resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates. Mitochondria, vital organelles responsible for essential cellular functions, can become dysfunctional in CKD. This dysfunction can trigger inflammatory responses in distant organs by releasing Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs are recognized by immune receptors within cells, including Toll-like receptors (TLR) like TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway. Activation of these immune receptors leads to the increased expression of cytokines and chemokines. Excessive chemokine stimulation results in the recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissues, causing chronic damage. Experimental studies have demonstrated that chemokines are upregulated in the heart during CKD, contributing to CRS type 4. Conversely, chemokine inhibitors have been shown to reduce chronic inflammation and prevent cardiorenal impairment. However, the molecular connection between mitochondrial DAMPs and inflammatory pathways responsible for chemokine overactivation in CRS type 4 has not been explored. In this review, we delve into mechanistic insights and discuss how various mitochondrial DAMPs released by the kidney during CKD can activate TLRs, NLRP3, and cGAS-STING immune pathways in the heart. This activation leads to the upregulation of chemokines, ultimately culminating in the establishment of CRS type 4. Furthermore, we propose using chemokine inhibitors as potential strategies for preventing CRS type 4.

Elevated profiles of peripheral Th22, Th17, Th2 cells, and decreased percentage of Th1 cells in breast cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Th22 subset is a particular type of CD4+ T helper cells subset. Our study aimed to explore the expression level of circulating Th22, Th17, Th1, and Th2 cells and the possible mechanism of these cells in breast cancer (BC) with different pathological features.

METHODS

Our study enrolled 43 newly diagnosed BC patients and 30 healthy controls. Frequencies of peripheral Th22, Th17, Th1, and Th2 cells were tested by flow cytometry. Concentrations of IL-22 cytokine in plasma were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time PCR was done to test aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and RAR-associated orphan receptor C (RORC) gene expression.

RESULTS

Frequencies of Th22, Th17, Th2 subsets, and the plasma IL-22 level was obviously higher in the BC patients. A positive correlation between Th22 frequency and IL-22 concentration in plasma was detected in BC patients. Furthermore, the percentage of Th22, Th2 subsets in peripheral blood of HER2 positive BC was higher than that in HER2 negative BC patients. A negative correlation between Th1 subset and Ki-67% as well as a positive correlation between Th2 subset and Ki-67% was found in BC patients. The proportion of Th1 cells in BC patients was significantly lower than that of the control group. Expression of AHR and RORC transcription factors were also observed to be upregulated in the BC patients. Furthermore, Th22 cells were positively correlated with BC tumor stage and clinical outcomes. The BC patients with a higher percentage of Th22, Th17, Th1 cells or a lower percentage of Th1 cells showed a decreased trend of survival rate.

CONCLUSION

Th22, Th17, Th1, and Th2 subsets may play an essential role in BC patients. Th22, Th17, Th1, and Th2 cells may have potential significance to be used as clinical markers in BC patients with different molecular classification. Th22 cells may have potential value in BC patients' outcomes prediction, providing clinical value.

Identification of Cell-Cell Communications by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in End Stage Renal Disease Provides New Insights into Immune Cell Heterogeneity

Objective

Impaired immune system characterized by low-grade inflammation is closely associated with kidney chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. To reveal the alterations of the function, component, and intercellular communication of immune cells during the progression of CKD.

Patients and Methods

We conducted a case-control study enrolling regular hemodialysis patients and healthy controls. Clinical data, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected. Flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing were performed to quantitatively analyze the immune cell subsets and T-cell subsets of PBMCs. scRNA data of GSE140023 containing mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) models were analyzed the heterogeneity of immune cells.

Results

Overall reduction in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was observed. A higher ratio of Th17/Treg, Th1/Treg, and b-cell/Treg in the ESRD group was associated with a decrease in eGFR, PTH, and ferritin. Among T cell subsets identified by scRNA analysis, Th17 cells were significantly increased in the ESRD and UU0 group. TFH, Th1, and Th2 cells are located at the final stage in the developmental tree, while Treg and memory CD8+ T cells are at the beginning site. Early developmental differentiation of Th17, Th1, and Tfh cells was observed in the ESRD and UUO group. Analysis of intercellular communication between t-cell subpopulations identified two major input and output signaling pathways: the CD40 and macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) pathways. The MIF signaling pathway primarily mediates intercellular communication among th17 effects, CD8+ t-cell, and Th17-Treg in the ESRD group, the serum level of MIF showed significant upregulation, which was closely related to Th17/Treg cells.

Conclusions

A global immune imbalance was closely associated with the deterioration in renal function and complication development. The MIF signaling pathway mediates Th17/Treg communication and promotes the trans-differentiation of Treg cells to Th17 cells in CKD progression.

The Communication from Immune Cells to the Fibroblasts in Keloids: Implications for Immunotherapy

Keloids are a type of fibrotic disease characterized by excessive collagen production and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. The symptoms of pain and itching and frequent recurrence after treatment significantly impact the quality of life and mental health of patients. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of keloids is crucial for the development of an effective therapeutic approach. Fibroblasts play a central role in the pathogenesis of keloids by producing large amounts of collagen fibers. Recent evidence indicates that keloids exhibit high immune cell infiltration, and these cells secrete cytokines or growth factors to support keloid fibroblast proliferation. This article provides an update on the knowledge regarding the keloid microenvironment based on recent single-cell sequencing literature. Many inflammatory cells gathered in keloid lesions, such as macrophages, mast cells, and T lymphocytes, indicate that keloids may be an inflammatory skin disease. In this review, we focus on the communication from immune cells to the fibroblasts and the potential of immunotherapy for keloids. We hope that this review will trigger interest in investigating keloids as an inflammatory disease, which may open up new avenues for drug development by targeting immune mediators.

Regulation of T cells by myeloid-derived suppressor cells: emerging immunosuppressor in lung cancer

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), major components maintaining the immune suppressive microenvironment in lung cancer, are relevant to the invasion, metastasis, and poor prognosis of lung cancer, through the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, remodeling of the immune microenvironment, and regulation of angiogenesis. MDSCs regulate T-cell immune functions by maintaining a strong immunosuppressive microenvironment and promoting tumor invasion. This raises the question of whether reversing the immunosuppressive effect of MDSCs on T cells can improve lung cancer treatment. To understand this further, this review explores the interactions and specific mechanisms of different MDSCs subsets, including regulatory T cells, T helper cells, CD8 + T cells, natural killer T cells, and exhausted T cells, as part of the lung cancer immune microenvironment. Second, it focuses on the guiding significance confirmed via clinical liquid biopsy and tissue biopsy that different MDSC subsets improve the prognosis of lung cancer. Finally, we conclude that targeting MDSCs through action targets or signaling pathways can help regulate T-cell immune functions and suppress T-cell exhaustion. In addition, immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting MDSCs may serve as a new approach for enhancing the efficiency of immunotherapy and targeted therapy for lung cancer in the future, providing better comprehensive options for lung cancer treatment.

Role of glycolysis in inflammatory bowel disease and its associated colorectal cancer

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been referred to as the "green cancer," and its progression to colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant challenge for the medical community. A common factor in their development is glycolysis, a crucial metabolic mechanism of living organisms, which is also involved in other diseases. In IBD, glycolysis affects gastrointestinal components such as the intestinal microbiota, mucosal barrier function, and the immune system, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and neutrophils, while in CRC, it is linked to various pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and transcription factors such as p53, Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), and c-Myc. Thus, a comprehensive study of glycolysis is essential for a better understanding of the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of both IBD and CRC. This paper reviews the role of glycolysis in diseases, particularly IBD and CRC, via its effects on the intestinal microbiota, immunity, barrier integrity, signaling pathways, transcription factors and some therapeutic strategies targeting glycolytic enzymes.