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Ortega-Molina A, Lebrero-Fernández C, Sanz A, Calvo-Rubio M, Deleyto-Seldas N, de Prado-Rivas L, Plata-Gómez AB, Fernández-Florido E, González-García P, Vivas-García Y, Sánchez García E, Graña-Castro O, Price NL, Aroca-Crevillén A, Caleiras E, Monleón D, Borrás C, Casanova-Acebes M, de Cabo R, Efeyan A. A mild increase in nutrient signaling to mTORC1 in mice leads to parenchymal damage, myeloid inflammation and shortened lifespan. NATURE AGING 2024:10.1038/s43587-024-00635-x. [PMID: 38849535 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 controls cellular anabolism in response to growth factor signaling and to nutrient sufficiency signaled through the Rag GTPases. Inhibition of mTOR reproducibly extends longevity across eukaryotes. Here we report that mice that endogenously express active mutant variants of RagC exhibit multiple features of parenchymal damage that include senescence, expression of inflammatory molecules, increased myeloid inflammation with extensive features of inflammaging and a ~30% reduction in lifespan. Through bone marrow transplantation experiments, we show that myeloid cells are abnormally activated by signals emanating from dysfunctional RagC-mutant parenchyma, causing neutrophil extravasation that inflicts additional inflammatory damage. Therapeutic suppression of myeloid inflammation in aged RagC-mutant mice attenuates parenchymal damage and extends survival. Together, our findings link mildly increased nutrient signaling to limited lifespan in mammals, and support a two-component process of parenchymal damage and myeloid inflammation that together precipitate a time-dependent organ deterioration that limits longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega-Molina
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- Metabolism in cancer and aging Laboratory, Immune System Development And Function Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Lebrero-Fernández
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Metabolism in cancer and aging Laboratory, Immune System Development And Function Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Sanz
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Calvo-Rubio
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nerea Deleyto-Seldas
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía de Prado-Rivas
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Plata-Gómez
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Florido
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Yurena Vivas-García
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez García
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Graña-Castro
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA-Nemesio Díez), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, San Pablo-CEU University, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nathan L Price
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alejandra Aroca-Crevillén
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Caleiras
- Histopathology Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Monleón
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Borrás
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), MiniAging Research Group, Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Casanova-Acebes
- Cancer Immunity Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Ash LJ, Busia-Bourdain O, Okpattah D, Kamel A, Liberchuk A, Wolfe AL. KRAS: Biology, Inhibition, and Mechanisms of Inhibitor Resistance. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:2024-2046. [PMID: 38668053 PMCID: PMC11049385 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31040150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
KRAS is a small GTPase that is among the most commonly mutated oncogenes in cancer. Here, we discuss KRAS biology, therapeutic avenues to target it, and mechanisms of resistance that tumors employ in response to KRAS inhibition. Several strategies are under investigation for inhibiting oncogenic KRAS, including small molecule compounds targeting specific KRAS mutations, pan-KRAS inhibitors, PROTACs, siRNAs, PNAs, and mutant KRAS-specific immunostimulatory strategies. A central challenge to therapeutic effectiveness is the frequent development of resistance to these treatments. Direct resistance mechanisms can involve KRAS mutations that reduce drug efficacy or copy number alterations that increase the expression of mutant KRAS. Indirect resistance mechanisms arise from mutations that can rescue mutant KRAS-dependent cells either by reactivating the same signaling or via alternative pathways. Further, non-mutational forms of resistance can take the form of epigenetic marks, transcriptional reprogramming, or alterations within the tumor microenvironment. As the possible strategies to inhibit KRAS expand, understanding the nuances of resistance mechanisms is paramount to the development of both enhanced therapeutics and innovative drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J. Ash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Subprogram of the Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Ottavia Busia-Bourdain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Okpattah
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Avrosina Kamel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ariel Liberchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew L. Wolfe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Subprogram of the Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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3
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Rahman M, Nguyen TM, Lee GJ, Kim B, Park MK, Lee CH. Unraveling the Role of Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain (Rheb1 and Rheb2): Bridging Neuronal Dynamics and Cancer Pathogenesis through Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1489. [PMID: 38338768 PMCID: PMC10855792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb1 and Rheb2), small GTPases, play a crucial role in regulating neuronal activity and have gained attention for their implications in cancer development, particularly in breast cancer. This study delves into the intricate connection between the multifaceted functions of Rheb1 in neurons and cancer, with a specific focus on the mTOR pathway. It aims to elucidate Rheb1's involvement in pivotal cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migration, invasion, metastasis, and inflammatory responses while acknowledging that Rheb2 has not been extensively studied. Despite the recognized associations, a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between Rheb1 and Rheb2 and their roles in both nerve and cancer remains elusive. This review consolidates current knowledge regarding the impact of Rheb1 on cancer hallmarks and explores the potential of Rheb1 as a therapeutic target in cancer treatment. It emphasizes the necessity for a deeper comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying Rheb1-mediated oncogenic processes, underscoring the existing gaps in our understanding. Additionally, the review highlights the exploration of Rheb1 inhibitors as a promising avenue for cancer therapy. By shedding light on the complicated roles between Rheb1/Rheb2 and cancer, this study provides valuable insights to the scientific community. These insights are instrumental in guiding the identification of novel targets and advancing the development of effective therapeutic strategies for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafizur Rahman
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Tuan Minh Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Gi Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Boram Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- Department of BioHealthcare, Hwasung Medi-Science University, Hwaseong-si 18274, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
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4
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Fernández-Garnacho EM, Nadeu F, Martín S, Mozas P, Rivero A, Delgado J, Giné E, López-Guillermo A, Duran-Ferrer M, Salaverria I, López C, Beà S, Demajo S, Jares P, Puente XS, Martín-Subero JI, Campo E, Hernández L. MALAT1 expression is associated with aggressive behavior in indolent B-cell neoplasms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16839. [PMID: 37803049 PMCID: PMC10558466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MALAT1 long non-coding RNA has oncogenic roles but has been poorly studied in indolent B-cell neoplasms. Here, MALAT1 expression was analyzed using RNA-seq, microarrays or qRT-PCR in primary samples from clinico-biological subtypes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL, n = 266), paired Richter transformation (RT, n = 6) and follicular lymphoma (FL, n = 61). In peripheral blood (PB) CLL samples, high MALAT1 expression was associated with a significantly shorter time to treatment independently from other known prognostic factors. Coding genes expressed in association with MALAT1 in CLL were predominantly related to oncogenic pathways stimulated in the lymph node (LN) microenvironment. In RT paired samples, MALAT1 levels were lower, concordant with their acquired increased independency of external signals. Moreover, MALAT1 levels in paired PB/LN CLLs were similar, suggesting that the prognostic value of MALAT1 expression in PB is mirroring expression differences already present in LN. Similarly, high MALAT1 expression in FL predicted for a shorter progression-free survival, in association with expression pathways promoting FL pathogenesis. In summary, MALAT1 expression is related to pathophysiology and more aggressive clinical behavior of indolent B-cell neoplasms. Particularly in CLL, its levels could be a surrogate marker of the microenvironment stimulation and may contribute to refine the clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena María Fernández-Garnacho
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Nadeu
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Martín
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Mozas
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Rivero
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Delgado
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Giné
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Armando López-Guillermo
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Duran-Ferrer
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itziar Salaverria
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina López
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sílvia Beà
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Demajo
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Jares
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xose S Puente
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Martín-Subero
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elías Campo
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Hernández
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Rosselló 153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Smith AE, Chan S, Wang Z, McCloskey A, Reilly Q, Wang JZ, Patel HV, Koshizuka K, Soifer HS, Kessler L, Dayoub A, Villaflor V, Adkins DR, Bruce JY, Ho AL, Perez CA, Hanna GJ, Gascó Hernández A, Saunders A, Dale S, Gutkind JS, Burrows F, Malik S. Tipifarnib Potentiates the Antitumor Effects of PI3Kα Inhibition in PIK3CA- and HRAS-Dysregulated HNSCC via Convergent Inhibition of mTOR Activity. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3252-3263. [PMID: 37339176 PMCID: PMC10543974 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Outcomes for patients with recurrent/metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are poor, with median overall survival (OS) ranging from 6 to 18 months. For those who progress on standard-of-care (chemo)immunotherapy, treatment options are limited, necessitating the development of rational therapeutic strategies. Toward this end, we targeted the key HNSCC drivers PI3K-mTOR and HRAS via the combination of tipifarnib, a farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitor, and alpelisib, a PI3Kα inhibitor, in multiple molecularly defined subsets of HNSCC. Tipifarnib synergized with alpelisib at the level of mTOR in PI3Kα- or HRAS-dependent HNSCCs, leading to marked cytotoxicity in vitro and tumor regression in vivo. On the basis of these findings, the KURRENT-HN trial was launched to evaluate the effectiveness of this combination in PIK3CA-mutant/amplified and/or HRAS-overexpressing R/M HNSCC. Preliminary evidence supports the clinical activity of this molecular biomarker-driven combination therapy. Combined alpelisib and tipifarnib has potential to benefit >45% of patients with R/M HNSCC. By blocking feedback reactivation of mTORC1, tipifarnib may prevent adaptive resistance to additional targeted therapies, enhancing their clinical utility. SIGNIFICANCE The mechanistically designed, biomarker-matched strategy of combining alpelisib and tipifarnib is efficacious in PIK3CA- and HRAS-dysregulated head and neck squamous carcinoma and could improve outcomes for many patients with recurrent, metastatic disease. See related commentary by Lee et al., p. 3162.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhiyong Wang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Keiichi Koshizuka
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan L. Ho
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cesar A. Perez
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute at Florida Cancer Specialists, Orlando, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | - J. Silvio Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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6
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Wang J, Al-Majid D, Brenner JC, Smith JD. Mutant HRas Signaling and Rationale for Use of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Target Oncol 2023; 18:643-655. [PMID: 37665491 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-023-00993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are often associated with poor outcomes, due at least in part to the limited number of treatment options available for those patients who develop recurrent and/or metastatic disease (R/M HNSCC). Even with the recent validation and approval of immunotherapies in the first-line setting for these patients, the need for the development of new and alternative precision medicine strategies with survival benefit is clear. Oncogenic alterations in the HRAS (Harvey rat sarcoma virus) proto-oncogene are seen in approximately 4-8% of R/M HNSCC tumors. Recently, several preclinical and clinical advancements have been made in the implementation of small-molecule inhibitors that block post-translational farnesylation of HRas, thereby abrogating its downstream oncogenic activity. In this review, we focus on the biology of wild-type and mutant HRas signaling in HNSCC, and rationale for use and outcomes of farnesyltransferase inhibitors in patients with HRAS-mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Dana Al-Majid
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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7
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Jansen G, Al M, Assaraf YG, Kammerer S, van Meerloo J, Ossenkoppele GJ, Cloos J, Peters GJ. Statins markedly potentiate aminopeptidase inhibitor activity against (drug-resistant) human acute myeloid leukemia cells. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:430-446. [PMID: 37842233 PMCID: PMC10571057 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to decipher the molecular mechanism underlying the synergistic effect of inhibitors of the mevalonate-cholesterol pathway (i.e., statins) and aminopeptidase inhibitors (APis) on APi-sensitive and -resistant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Methods: U937 cells and their sublines with low and high levels of acquired resistance to (6S)-[(R)-2-((S)-Hydroxy-hydroxycarbamoyl-methoxy-methyl)-4-methyl-pentanoylamino]-3,3 dimethyl-butyric acid cyclopentyl ester (CHR2863), an APi prodrug, served as main AML cell line models. Drug combination effects were assessed with CHR2863 and in vitro non-toxic concentrations of various statins upon cell growth inhibition, cell cycle effects, and apoptosis induction. Mechanistic studies involved analysis of Rheb prenylation required for mTOR activation. Results: A strong synergy of CHR2863 with the statins simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin was demonstrated in U937 cells and two CHR2863-resistant sublines. This potent synergy between simvastatin and CHR2863 was also observed with a series of other human AML cell lines (e.g., THP1, MV4-11, and KG1), but not with acute lymphocytic leukemia or multiple solid tumor cell lines. This synergistic activity was: (i) specific for APis (e.g., CHR2863 and Bestatin), rather than for other cytotoxic agents; and (ii) corroborated by enhanced induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest which increased the sub-G1 fraction. Consistently, statin potentiation of CHR2863 activity was abrogated by co-administration of mevalonate and/or farnesyl pyrophosphate, suggesting the involvement of protein prenylation; this was experimentally confirmed by impaired Rheb prenylation by simvastatin. Conclusion: These novel findings suggest that the combined inhibitory effect of impaired Rheb prenylation and CHR2863-dependent mTOR inhibition instigates a potent synergistic inhibition of statins and APis on human AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Jansen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon Al
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Yehuda G. Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowsky Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Sarah Kammerer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg 01968, Germany
| | - Johan van Meerloo
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J. Ossenkoppele
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J. Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-210, Poland
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8
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Functional diversity in the RAS subfamily of small GTPases. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:921-933. [PMID: 35356965 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RAS small GTPases regulate important signalling pathways and are notorious drivers of cancer development and progression. While most research to date has focused on understanding and addressing the oncogenic potential of three RAS oncogenes: HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS; the full RAS subfamily is composed of 35 related GTPases with diverse cellular functions. Most remain deeply understudied despite strong evolutionary conservation. Here, we highlight a group of 17 poorly characterized RAS GTPases that are frequently down-regulated in cancer and evidence suggests may function not as oncogenes, but as tumour suppressors. These GTPases remain largely enigmatic in terms of their cellular function, regulation, and interaction with effector proteins. They cluster within two families we designate as 'distal-RAS' (D-RAS; comprised of DIRAS, RASD, and RASL10) and 'CaaX-Less RAS' (CL-RAS; comprised of RGK, NKIRAS, RERG, and RASL11/12 GTPases). Evidence of a tumour suppressive role for many of these GTPases supports the premise that RAS subfamily proteins may collectively regulate cellular proliferation.
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9
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Zhang X, Liu Y. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: Current Status and Future Prospects. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:165-173. [PMID: 32416683 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200517112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare invasive extranodal non- Hodgkin lymphoma, a vast majority of which is Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). Although high-dose methotrexate-based immunochemotherapy achieves a high remission rate, the risk of relapse and related death remains a crucial obstruction to long-term survival. Novel agents for the treatment of lymphatic malignancies have significantly broadened the horizons of therapeutic options for PCNSL. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways for Bcell malignancy growth and survival. Novel therapies that target key components of this pathway have shown antitumor effects in many B-cell malignancies, including DLBCL. This review will discuss the aberrant status of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways in PCNSL and the application prospects of inhibitors in hopes of providing alternative clinical therapeutic strategies and improving prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Lu 119, Fengtai District, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yuanbo Liu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Lu 119, Fengtai District, Beijing 100070, China
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10
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Franz M, Mörchen B, Degenhart C, Gülden D, Shkura O, Wolters D, Koch U, Klebl B, Stoll R, Helfrich I, Scherkenbeck J. Sequence-Selective Covalent CaaX-Box Receptors Prevent Farnesylation of Oncogenic Ras Proteins and Impact MAPK/PI3 K Signaling. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2504-2514. [PMID: 33899342 PMCID: PMC8453727 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras proteins are implicated in the most common life-threatening cancers. Despite intense research over the past two decades, the progress towards small-molecule inhibitors has been limited. One reason for this failure is that Ras proteins interact with their effectors only via protein-protein interactions, which are notoriously difficult to address with small organic molecules. Herein we describe an alternative strategy, which prevents farnesylation and subsequent membrane insertion, a prerequisite for the activation of Ras proteins. Our approach is based on sequence-selective supramolecular receptors which bind to the C-terminal farnesyl transferase recognition unit of Ras and Rheb proteins and covalently modify the essential cysteine in the so-called CaaX-box.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Franz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of Wuppertal42119WuppertalGermany
| | - Britta Mörchen
- Vascular Oncology & MetastasisUniversity Hospital Essen45147EssenGermany
| | | | - Daniel Gülden
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of Wuppertal42119WuppertalGermany
| | - Oleksandr Shkura
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University Bochum44780BochumGermany
| | - Dirk Wolters
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University Bochum44780BochumGermany
| | - Uwe Koch
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH44227DortmundGermany
| | - Bert Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH44227DortmundGermany
| | - Raphael Stoll
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University Bochum44780BochumGermany
| | - Iris Helfrich
- Vascular Oncology & MetastasisUniversity Hospital Essen45147EssenGermany
| | - Jürgen Scherkenbeck
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of Wuppertal42119WuppertalGermany
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11
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Yin S, Liu L, Gan W. The Roles of Post-Translational Modifications on mTOR Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041784. [PMID: 33670113 PMCID: PMC7916890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism by integrating various environmental inputs including growth factors, nutrients, and energy, among others. mTOR signaling has been demonstrated to control almost all fundamental cellular processes, such as nucleotide, protein and lipid synthesis, autophagy, and apoptosis. Over the past fifteen years, mapping the network of the mTOR pathway has dramatically advanced our understanding of its upstream and downstream signaling. Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway is frequently associated with a variety of human diseases, such as cancers, metabolic diseases, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Besides genetic alterations, aberrancies in post-translational modifications (PTMs) of the mTOR components are the major causes of the aberrant mTOR signaling in a number of pathologies. In this review, we summarize current understanding of PTMs-mediated regulation of mTOR signaling, and also update the progress on targeting the mTOR pathway and PTM-related enzymes for treatment of human diseases.
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12
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Dhanaraman T, Singh S, Killoran RC, Singh A, Xu X, Shifman JM, Smith MJ. RASSF effectors couple diverse RAS subfamily GTPases to the Hippo pathway. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/653/eabb4778. [PMID: 33051258 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of the RAS superfamily signal by directly binding to multiple downstream effector proteins. Effectors are defined by a folded RAS-association (RA) domain that binds exclusively to GTP-loaded (activated) RAS, but the binding specificities of most RA domains toward more than 160 RAS superfamily GTPases have not been characterized. Ten RA domain family (RASSF) proteins comprise the largest group of related effectors and are proposed to couple RAS to the proapoptotic Hippo pathway. Here, we showed that RASSF1-6 formed complexes with the Hippo kinase ortholog MST1, whereas RASSF7-10 formed oligomers with the p53-regulating effectors ASPP1 and ASPP2. Moreover, only RASSF5 bound directly to activated HRAS and KRAS, and RASSFs did not augment apoptotic induction downstream of RAS oncoproteins. Structural modeling revealed that expansion of the RASSF effector family in vertebrates included amino acid substitutions to key residues that direct GTPase-binding specificity. We demonstrated that the tumor suppressor RASSF1A formed complexes with the RAS-related GTPases GEM, REM1, REM2, and the enigmatic RASL12. Furthermore, interactions between RASSFs and RAS GTPases blocked YAP1 nuclear localization. Thus, these simple scaffolds link the activation of diverse RAS family small G proteins to Hippo or p53 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thillaivillalan Dhanaraman
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Swati Singh
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ryan C Killoran
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anamika Singh
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Biological Chemistry, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Xingjian Xu
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Julia M Shifman
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Biological Chemistry, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Matthew J Smith
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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13
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Parsa S, Ortega-Molina A, Ying HY, Jiang M, Teater M, Wang J, Zhao C, Reznik E, Pasion JP, Kuo D, Mohan P, Wang S, Camarillo JM, Thomas PM, Jain N, Garcia-Bermudez J, Cho BK, Tam W, Kelleher NL, Socci N, Dogan A, De Stanchina E, Ciriello G, Green MR, Li S, Birsoy K, Melnick AM, Wendel HG. The serine hydroxymethyltransferase-2 (SHMT2) initiates lymphoma development through epigenetic tumor suppressor silencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:653-664. [PMID: 33569544 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-0080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells adapt their metabolic activities to support growth and proliferation. However, increased activity of metabolic enzymes is not usually considered an initiating event in the malignant process. Here, we investigate the possible role of the enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase-2 (SHMT2) in lymphoma initiation. SHMT2 localizes to the most frequent region of copy number gains at chromosome 12q14.1 in lymphoma. Elevated expression of SHMT2 cooperates with BCL2 in lymphoma development; loss or inhibition of SHMT2 impairs lymphoma cell survival. SHMT2 catalyzes the conversion of serine to glycine and produces an activated one-carbon unit that can be used to support S-adenosyl methionine synthesis. SHMT2 induces changes in DNA and histone methylation patterns leading to promoter silencing of previously uncharacterized mutational genes, such as SASH1 and PTPRM. Together, our findings reveal that amplification of SHMT2 in cooperation with BCL2 is sufficient in the initiation of lymphomagenesis through epigenetic tumor suppressor silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Parsa
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Ortega-Molina
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hsia-Yuan Ying
- Department of Medicine and Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Man Jiang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matt Teater
- Department of Medicine and Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiahui Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Chunying Zhao
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ed Reznik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joyce P Pasion
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prathibha Mohan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shenqiu Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeannie M Camarillo
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences and the National Resource for Translational and Developmental Proteomics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Paul M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences and the National Resource for Translational and Developmental Proteomics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Neeraj Jain
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Javier Garcia-Bermudez
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Byoung-Kyu Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences and the National Resource for Translational and Developmental Proteomics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Wayne Tam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences and the National Resource for Translational and Developmental Proteomics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Socci
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Hematopathology Service, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa De Stanchina
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kivanc Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Department of Medicine and Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hans-Guido Wendel
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Identification of tipifarnib sensitivity biomarkers in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6721. [PMID: 32317694 PMCID: PMC7174413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with T-cell leukemias and T-cell lymphomas (TCLs) still have a poor prognosis and an inadequate response to current therapies, highlighting the need for targeted treatments. We have analyzed the potential therapeutic value of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor, tipifarnib, in 25 TCL cell lines through the identification of genomic and/or immunohistochemical markers of tipifarnib sensitivity. More than half of the cell lines (60%) were considered to be sensitive. Tipifarnib reduced cell viability in these T-cell leukemia and TCL cell lines, induced apoptosis and modified the cell cycle. A mutational study showed TP53, NOTCH1 and DNMT3 to be mutated in 84.6%, 69.2% and 30.0% of sensitive cell lines, and in 62.5%, 0% and 0% of resistant cell lines, respectively. An immunohistochemistry study showed that p-ERK and RelB were associated as potential biomarkers of tipifarnib sensitivity and resistance, respectively. Data from RNA-seq show that tipifarnib at IC50 after 72 h downregulated a great variety of pathways, including those controlling cell cycle, metabolism, and ribosomal and mitochondrial activity. This study establishes tipifarnib as a potential therapeutic option in T-cell leukemia and TCL. The mutational state of NOTCH1, p-ERK and RelB could serve as potential biomarkers of tipifarnib sensitivity and resistance.
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15
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Connecting cancer relapse with senescence. Cancer Lett 2019; 463:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently activated in various human cancers and has been considered a promising therapeutic target. Many of the positive regulators of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis, including the catalytic (p110α) and regulatory (p85α), of class IA PI3K, AKT, RHEB, mTOR, and eIF4E, possess oncogenic potentials, as demonstrated by transformation assays in vitro and by genetically engineered mouse models in vivo. Genetic evidences also indicate their roles in malignancies induced by activation of the upstream oncoproteins including receptor tyrosine kinases and RAS and those induced by the loss of the negative regulators of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway such as PTEN, TSC1/2, LKB1, and PIPP. Possible mechanisms by which the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis contributes to oncogenic transformation include stimulation of proliferation, survival, metabolic reprogramming, and invasion/metastasis, as well as suppression of autophagy and senescence. These phenotypic changes are mediated by eIF4E-induced translation of a subset of mRNAs and by other downstream effectors of mTORC1 including S6K, HIF-1α, PGC-1α, SREBP, and ULK1 complex.
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17
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Ricci JE, Chiche J. Metabolic Reprogramming of Non-Hodgkin's B-Cell Lymphomas and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Front Oncol 2018; 8:556. [PMID: 30564554 PMCID: PMC6288288 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is a wide and general term that refers to any intracellular pathways the cell utilizes in order to satisfy its energetic demand and to support cell viability and/or division. Along with phenotypic changes, all mammalian cells including immune cells modulate their metabolic program in order to reach their effector functions. Exacerbated metabolism and metabolic flexibility are also hallmarks of tumor initiation and of tumor cell progression in a complex tumor microenvironment. Metabolic reprogramming is mainly directed by the serine/threonine kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). mTOR exists in two structurally and functionally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2 that coordinate environmental signals and metabolic/anabolic pathways to provide macromolecules and energy needed for survival and growth. Activation of mTORC1 is required during development, differentiation and activation of immune cells. Aberrant and persistent activation of mTORC1 is often observed in malignant B cells such as Non-Hodgkin's (NH) B-cell lymphomas. Here, we review recent insights on cell metabolism and on basic mechanisms of mTORC1 regulation and metabolic functions. We highlight the distinct mechanisms driving mTORC1 activation in the three most-common types of NH B-cell lymphomas (Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas, Follicular Lymphomas, and Mantle Cell Lymphomas), for which the first generation of mTORC1 inhibitors (rapalogs) have been extensively evaluated in preclinical and clinical settings. Finally, we discuss the reasons for limited clinical success of this therapy and focus on potential therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic pathways, upstream and downstream of mTORC1, that can be combined to rapalogs in order to improve patient's outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- INSERM U1065, C3M, Team Metabolism, Cancer and Immune Responses, Universiteé Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Johanna Chiche
- INSERM U1065, C3M, Team Metabolism, Cancer and Immune Responses, Universiteé Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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18
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Soliman B, Salem A, Ghazy M, Abu-Shahba N, El Hefnawi M. Bioinformatics functional analysis of let-7a, miR-34a, and miR-199a/b reveals novel insights into immune system pathways and cancer hallmarks for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318773675. [PMID: 29775159 DOI: 10.1177/1010428318773675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Let-7a, miR-34a, and miR-199 a/b have gained a great attention as master regulators for cellular processes. In particular, these three micro-RNAs act as potential onco-suppressors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Bioinformatics can reveal the functionality of these micro-RNAs through target prediction and functional annotation analysis. In the current study, in silico analysis using innovative servers (miRror Suite, DAVID, miRGator V3.0, GeneTrail) has demonstrated the combinatorial and the individual target genes of these micro-RNAs and further explored their roles in hepatocellular carcinoma progression. There were 87 common target messenger RNAs (p ≤ 0.05) that were predicted to be regulated by the three micro-RNAs using miRror 2.0 target prediction tool. In addition, the functional enrichment analysis of these targets that was performed by DAVID functional annotation and REACTOME tools revealed two major immune-related pathways, eight hepatocellular carcinoma hallmarks-linked pathways, and two pathways that mediate interconnected processes between immune system and hepatocellular carcinoma hallmarks. Moreover, protein-protein interaction network for the predicted common targets was obtained by using STRING database. The individual analysis of target genes and pathways for the three micro-RNAs of interest using miRGator V3.0 and GeneTrail servers revealed some novel predicted target oncogenes such as SOX4, which we validated experimentally, in addition to some regulated pathways of immune system and hepatocarcinogenesis such as insulin signaling pathway and adipocytokine signaling pathway. In general, our results demonstrate that let-7a, miR-34a, and miR-199 a/b have novel interactions in different immune system pathways and major hepatocellular carcinoma hallmarks. Thus, our findings shed more light on the roles of these miRNAs as cancer silencers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangly Soliman
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,2 Informatics and Systems Department, Biomedical Informatics and Chemo-Informatics Group, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences (CEAS), Division of Engineering Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Salem
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ghazy
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Abu-Shahba
- 3 Stem Cells Research Group, Medical Centre of Excellence, Medical Molecular Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El Hefnawi
- 2 Informatics and Systems Department, Biomedical Informatics and Chemo-Informatics Group, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences (CEAS), Division of Engineering Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.,4 Centre for Informatics, Nile University, Sheikh Zayed City, Egypt
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19
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Nasser MM, Mehdipour P. Exploration of Involved Key Genes and Signaling Diversity in Brain Tumors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:393-419. [PMID: 28493234 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors are becoming a major cause of death. The classification of brain tumors has gone through restructuring with regard to some criteria such as the presence or absence of a specific genetic alteration in the 2016 central nervous system World Health Organization update. Two categories of genes with a leading role in tumorigenesis and cancer induction include tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes; tumor suppressor genes are inactivated through a variety of mechanisms that result in their loss of function. As for the oncogenes, overexpression and amplification are the most common mechanisms of alteration. Important cell cycle genes such as p53, ATM, cyclin D2, and Rb have shown altered expression patterns in different brain tumors such as meningioma and astrocytoma. Some genes in signaling pathways have a role in brain tumorigenesis. These pathways include hedgehog, EGFR, Notch, hippo, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and WNT signaling. It has been shown that telomere length in some brain tumor samples is shortened compared to that in normal cells. As the shortening of telomere length triggers chromosome instability early in brain tumors, it could lead to initiation of cancer. On the other hand, telomerase activity was positive in some brain tumors. It is suggestive that telomere length and telomerase activity are important diagnostic markers in brain tumors. This review focuses on brain tumors with regard to the status of oncogenes, tumor suppressors, cell cycle genes, and genes in signaling pathways as well as the role of telomere length and telomerase in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Mahdian Nasser
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mehdipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Carpier JM, Lucas CL. Epstein-Barr Virus Susceptibility in Activated PI3Kδ Syndrome (APDS) Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2005. [PMID: 29387064 PMCID: PMC5776011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated PI3Kδ Syndrome (APDS) is an inherited immune disorder caused by heterozygous, gain-of-function mutations in the genes encoding the phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) subunits p110δ or p85δ. This recently described primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) is characterized by recurrent sinopulmonary infections, lymphoproliferation, and susceptibility to herpesviruses, with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection being most notable. A broad range of PIDs having disparate, molecularly defined genetic etiology can cause susceptibility to EBV, lymphoproliferative disease, and lymphoma. Historically, PID patients with loss-of-function mutations causing defective cell-mediated cytotoxicity or antigen receptor signaling were found to be highly susceptible to pathological EBV infection. By contrast, the gain of function in PI3K signaling observed in APDS patients paradoxically renders these patients susceptible to EBV, though the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. At a cellular level, APDS patients exhibit deranged B lymphocyte development and defects in class switch recombination, which generally lead to defective immunoglobulin production. Moreover, APDS patients also demonstrate an abnormal skewing of T cells toward terminal effectors with short telomeres and senescence markers. Here, we review APDS with a particular focus on how the altered lymphocyte biology in these patients may confer EBV susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Carpier
- Immunobiology Department, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Carrie L Lucas
- Immunobiology Department, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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21
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Liu F, Pan Z, Zhang J, Ni J, Wang C, Wang Z, Gu F, Dong W, Zhou W, Liu H. Overexpression of RHEB is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3838-3845. [PMID: 29467900 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of Ras homolog enriched in brain (RHEB) has been observed in a variety of cancer tissues and is closely associated with clinicopathological features. However, the expression profile of RHEB in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its clinical signature with underlying mechanisms have not been explored thus far. To analyze the association between RHEB expression and clinicopathological features, the RHEB expression levels were determined in the present study using gene microarrays, immunohistochemistry and western blotting in 60 liver cancer tissues and 35 normal liver tissues. Downregulation of RHEB expression in liver cancer cell lines was achieved by RNA interfering technology to explore its biological function in HCC. RHEB expression was high in liver cancer tissues, with an increase of 2.00±0.19-fold compared with normal tissues and of 2.00±0.27-fold compared with adjacent non-cancer tissues. RHEB expression increased along with the clinical staging of HCC, and the overall survival and mortality of patients were closely correlated to RHEB levels, micro-vascular invasion, hepatitis B virus-DNA titer, tumor differentiation and pathological satellites (P<0.05). After knocking down RHEB in SMMC-7721 cells, the growth of liver cancer cells was significantly reduced. The majority of cells were blocked in S-phase, and their colony-forming and proliferating abilities significantly decreased (P<0.05). In vivo, upon downregulation of RHEB expression, the tumorigenic ability of HCC significantly decreased (P<0.05). These data suggest that RHEB expression is a significant prognostic factor and may be important in HCC cell growth. The present study highlights the importance of RHEB as a novel prognostic marker of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchen Liu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Zeya Pan
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Jinmin Zhang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Junsheng Ni
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Fangming Gu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dong
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
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22
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Strilbytska OM, Koliada AK, Storey KB, Mudra O, Vaiserman AM, Lushchak O. Longevity and stress resistance are affected by activation of TOR/Myc in progenitor cells of Drosophila gut. Open Life Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2017-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDiverse physiological pathways have been shown to regulate longevity, stress resistance, fecundity and feeding rates, and metabolism in Drosophila. Here we tesed physiological traits in flies with Rheb and Myc- Rheb overexpressed in gut progenitor cells, known as enteroblasts (EBs). We found that activation of TOR signaling by overexpression of Rheb in EBs decreases survival and stress resistance. Additionall, we showed that Myc co-expression in EBs reduces fly fecundity and feeding rate. Rheb overexpression enhanced the level of whole body glucose. Higher relative expression of the metabolic genes dilps, akh, tobi and pepck was, however, observed. The role of TOR/Myc in the regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and protein synthesis was established. We showed a significant role of TOR/Myc in EBs in the regulation of the JAK/STAT, EGFR and insulin signaling pathways in Drosophila gut. These results highlight the importance of the balance between all different types of cells and confirm previous studies demonstrating that promotion of homeostasis in the intestine of Drosophila may function as a mechanism for the extension of organismal lifespan. Overall, the results demonstrate a role of TOR signaling and its downstream target Myc in EB cells in the regulation of Drosophila physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha M. Strilbytska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Olha Mudra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | | | - Oleh Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
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23
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Herschbein L, Liesveld JL. Dueling for dual inhibition: Means to enhance effectiveness of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in AML. Blood Rev 2017; 32:235-248. [PMID: 29276026 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway is amplified in 60-80% of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Since this complex pathway is crucial to cell functions such as growth, proliferation, and survival, inhibition of this pathway would be postulated to inhibit leukemia initiation and propagation. Inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway has met with limited success in AML due to multiple resistance mechanisms including direct insensitivity of the mTORC1 complex, feedback activation of the PI3k/Akt signaling network, insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) activation of PI3K, and others. This review explores the role of mTOR inhibition in AML, mechanisms of resistance, and means to improve outcomes through use of dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors or dual TORC/PI3K inhibitors. How these inhibitors interface with currently available therapies in AML will require additional preclinical experiments and conduct of well-designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Herschbein
- Department of Medicine, The James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Jane L Liesveld
- Department of Medicine, The James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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24
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Boice M, Salloum D, Mourcin F, Sanghvi V, Amin R, Oricchio E, Jiang M, Mottok A, Denis-Lagache N, Ciriello G, Tam W, Teruya-Feldstein J, de Stanchina E, Chan WC, Malek SN, Ennishi D, Brentjens RJ, Gascoyne RD, Cogné M, Tarte K, Wendel HG. Loss of the HVEM Tumor Suppressor in Lymphoma and Restoration by Modified CAR-T Cells. Cell 2016; 167:405-418.e13. [PMID: 27693350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The HVEM (TNFRSF14) receptor gene is among the most frequently mutated genes in germinal center lymphomas. We report that loss of HVEM leads to cell-autonomous activation of B cell proliferation and drives the development of GC lymphomas in vivo. HVEM-deficient lymphoma B cells also induce a tumor-supportive microenvironment marked by exacerbated lymphoid stroma activation and increased recruitment of T follicular helper (TFH) cells. These changes result from the disruption of inhibitory cell-cell interactions between the HVEM and BTLA (B and T lymphocyte attenuator) receptors. Accordingly, administration of the HVEM ectodomain protein (solHVEM(P37-V202)) binds BTLA and restores tumor suppression. To deliver solHVEM to lymphomas in vivo, we engineered CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells that produce solHVEM locally and continuously. These modified CAR-T cells show enhanced therapeutic activity against xenografted lymphomas. Hence, the HVEM-BTLA axis opposes lymphoma development, and our study illustrates the use of CAR-T cells as "micro-pharmacies" able to deliver an anti-cancer protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Boice
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Darin Salloum
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frederic Mourcin
- INSERM U917, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Université Rennes 1, EFS Bretagne, CHU Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Viraj Sanghvi
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rada Amin
- INSERM U917, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Université Rennes 1, EFS Bretagne, CHU Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Elisa Oricchio
- Swiss Institute for Cancer Research (ISREC), EPFL SV-Batiment 19, 1003 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Man Jiang
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anja Mottok
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nicolas Denis-Lagache
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifque, UMR 7276, Université de Limoges, 8700 Limoges, France
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; The Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wayne Tam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility and Molecular Pharmacology Department, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wing C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sami N Malek
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daisuke Ennishi
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Renier J Brentjens
- Department of Medicine, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Randy D Gascoyne
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Michel Cogné
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifque, UMR 7276, Université de Limoges, 8700 Limoges, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- INSERM U917, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Université Rennes 1, EFS Bretagne, CHU Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Hans-Guido Wendel
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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25
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Inhibition of MAPK pathway is essential for suppressing Rheb-Y35N driven tumor growth. Oncogene 2016; 36:756-765. [PMID: 27399332 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rheb is a Ras family GTPase, which binds to and activates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) when GTP loaded. Recently, cancer genome sequencing efforts have identified recurrent Rheb Tyr35Asn mutations in kidney and endometrial carcinoma. Here we show that Rheb-Y35N causes not only constitutive mTORC1 activation, but sustained activation of the MEK-ERK pathway in a TSC1/TSC2/TBC1D7 protein complex and mTORC1-independent manner, contributing to intrinsic resistance to rapamycin. Rheb-Y35N transforms NIH3T3 cells, resulting in aggressive tumor formation in xenograft nude mice, which could be suppressed by combined treatment with rapamycin and an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor. Furthermore, Rheb-Y35N inhibits AMPKα activation in response to nutrient depletion or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), leading to attenuated phosphorylation of BRAF-S729 and retained mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. Finally, we demonstrate that Rheb-WT can bind AMPK to facilitate AMPK activation, whereas Rheb-Y35N competitively binds AMPK, impairing AMPK phosphorylation. In summary, our findings indicate that Rheb-Y35N is a dominantly active tumor driver that activates both mTORC1 and MAPK to promote tumor growth, suggesting a combination of mTORC1 and MAPK inhibitors may be of therapeutic value in patients whose cancers sustain this mutation.
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26
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Nitta N, Nakasu S, Shima A, Nozaki K. mTORC1 signaling in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Surg Neurol Int 2016; 7:S475-80. [PMID: 27512609 PMCID: PMC4960920 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.185781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) acts as a downstream effector of phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase, which is frequently hyperactivated in glioblastoma multiforme and links to cell signaling in cellular proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and survival. Although many studies have suggested the importance of mTORC1 in tumorigenesis, its role remains unclear in brain tumors other than glioblastoma. Methods: In the present study, we evaluated the activation of mTORC1 in 24 cases of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Results: Immunohistochemical analysis showed overexpression of Rheb, which is immediately upstream of mTORC1, in 20 cases of PCNSL. Immunohistochemical analysis also showed overexpression of phospho-4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) and phospho-S6 (Ser235/236), which are increased after mTORC1 activation as mTORC1 downstream effectors in 17 and 21 cases, respectively. Conclusion: Our data suggest that abnormal activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway may cause tumor growth in patients with PCNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nitta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakasu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kusatsu General Hospital, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ayako Shima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Koto Memorial Hospital, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nozaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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27
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Gao Y, Gao J, Li M, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang W, Chu Y, Wang X, Xu M, Cheng T, Ju Z, Yuan W. Rheb1 promotes tumor progression through mTORC1 in MLL-AF9-initiated murine acute myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:36. [PMID: 27071307 PMCID: PMC4830070 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The constitutive hyper-activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways has frequently been associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). While many inhibitors targeting these pathways have been developed, the anti-leukemic effect was not as robust as expected. As part of the molecular link between PI3K/Akt and mTOR kinase, the role of Rheb1 in AML remains unexplored. Our study aims to explore the role of Rheb1 in AML and estimate whether Rheb1 could be a potential target of AML treatment. METHODS The expressions of Rheb1 and other indicated genes were analyzed using real-time PCR. AML mouse model was established by retrovirus transduction. Leukemia cell properties and related signaling pathways were dissected by in vitro and in vivo studies. The transcriptional changes were analyzed via gene chip analysis. Molecular reagents including mTOR inhibitor and mTOR activator were used to evaluate the function of related signaling pathway in the mouse model. RESULTS We observed that Rheb1 is overexpressed in AML patients and the change of Rheb1 level in AML patients is associated with their median survival. Using a Rheb1-deficient MLL-AF9 murine AML model, we revealed that Rheb1 deletion prolonged the survival of AML mice by weakening LSC function. In addition, Rheb1 deletion arrested cell cycle progression and enhanced apoptosis of AML cells. Furthermore, while Rheb1 deletion reduced mTORC1 activity in AML cells, additional rapamycin treatment further decreased mTORC1 activity and increased the apoptosis of Rheb1 (Δ/Δ) AML cells. The mTOR activator 3BDO partially rescued mTORC1 signaling and inhibited apoptosis in Rheb1 (Δ/Δ) AML cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Rheb1 promotes AML progression through mTORC1 signaling pathway and combinational drug treatments targeting Rheb1 and mTOR might have a better therapeutic effect on leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China.
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Institute of Aging, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Weiping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China.
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28
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Mavrakis KJ, McDonald ER, Schlabach MR, Billy E, Hoffman GR, deWeck A, Ruddy DA, Venkatesan K, Yu J, McAllister G, Stump M, deBeaumont R, Ho S, Yue Y, Liu Y, Yan-Neale Y, Yang G, Lin F, Yin H, Gao H, Kipp DR, Zhao S, McNamara JT, Sprague ER, Zheng B, Lin Y, Cho YS, Gu J, Crawford K, Ciccone D, Vitari AC, Lai A, Capka V, Hurov K, Porter JA, Tallarico J, Mickanin C, Lees E, Pagliarini R, Keen N, Schmelzle T, Hofmann F, Stegmeier F, Sellers WR. Disordered methionine metabolism in MTAP/CDKN2A-deleted cancers leads to dependence on PRMT5. Science 2016; 351:1208-13. [PMID: 26912361 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
5-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is a key enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway. The MTAP gene is frequently deleted in human cancers because of its chromosomal proximity to the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A. By interrogating data from a large-scale short hairpin RNA-mediated screen across 390 cancer cell line models, we found that the viability of MTAP-deficient cancer cells is impaired by depletion of the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5. MTAP-deleted cells accumulate the metabolite methylthioadenosine (MTA), which we found to inhibit PRMT5 methyltransferase activity. Deletion of MTAP in MTAP-proficient cells rendered them sensitive to PRMT5 depletion. Conversely, reconstitution of MTAP in an MTAP-deficient cell line rescued PRMT5 dependence. Thus, MTA accumulation in MTAP-deleted cancers creates a hypomorphic PRMT5 state that is selectively sensitized toward further PRMT5 inhibition. Inhibitors of PRMT5 that leverage this dysregulated metabolic state merit further investigation as a potential therapy for MTAP/CDKN2A-deleted tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Robert McDonald
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Eric Billy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Gregory R Hoffman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Antoine deWeck
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - David A Ruddy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jianjun Yu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Gregg McAllister
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark Stump
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Samuel Ho
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yingzi Yue
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yan Yan-Neale
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Guizhi Yang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fallon Lin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hong Yin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hui Gao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - D Randal Kipp
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Songping Zhao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua T McNamara
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Bing Zheng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Ying Lin
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Young Shin Cho
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Justin Gu
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kenneth Crawford
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - David Ciccone
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alberto C Vitari
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Albert Lai
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Vladimir Capka
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kristen Hurov
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffery A Porter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Tallarico
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Craig Mickanin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emma Lees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Keen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tobias Schmelzle
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Hofmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Frank Stegmeier
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - William R Sellers
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Neurofibromatosis type 1: Fundamental insights into cell signalling and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:39-46. [PMID: 26860753 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant tumour predisposition syndrome that is caused through loss of function mutations of a tumour suppressor gene called Neurofibromin 1. Therapeutic options are currently limited for NF1-associated tumours, where treatment is often restricted to complete surgical resection with clear margins. Herein, we discuss the multifunctional tumour suppressive role of neurofibromin, which is classically known as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) towards the RAS small GTPase. While neurofibromin inhibits proliferative growth through blockade of RAS-mediated signal transduction, neurofibromin should also be considered as a modulator of cell motility and cell adhesion. Through interfacing with the cytoskeleton and membrane structures, neurofibromin acts as a negative regulator of RHO/ROCK signalling pathways involved in cytoskeletal dynamics that are instrumental in proper neuronal development. In the context of cancer, the loss of normal function of neurofibromin via genetic mutation results in heightened cell proliferation and migration, predisposing NF1 patients to cancer. Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumours (MPNSTs) can develop from benign neurofibromas and are the main cause of death amongst NF1 patients. Through recent research on MPNSTs, we have gained insight into the key molecular events that drive their malignancy. Advances regarding malignant drivers involved in cell migration, cell invasion and angiogenic signalling are discussed in this review, where these findings will likely influence future therapies for both NF1 and related sporadic cancers.
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30
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Tian Q, Smart JL, Clement JH, Wang Y, Derkatch A, Schubert H, Danilchik MV, Marks DL, Fedorov LM. RHEB1 expression in embryonic and postnatal mouse. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 145:561-72. [PMID: 26708151 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ras homolog enriched in brain (RHEB1) is a member within the superfamily of GTP-binding proteins encoded by the RAS oncogenes. RHEB1 is located at the crossroad of several important pathways including the insulin-signaling pathways and thus plays an important role in different physiological processes. To understand better the physiological relevance of RHEB1 protein, the expression pattern of RHEB1 was analyzed in both embryonic (at E3.5-E16.5) and adult (1-month old) mice. RHEB1 immunostaining and X-gal staining were used for wild-type and Rheb1 gene trap mutant mice, respectively. These independent methods revealed similar RHEB1 expression patterns during both embryonic and postnatal developments. Ubiquitous uniform RHEB1/β-gal and/or RHEB1 expression was seen in preimplantation embryos at E3.5 and postimplantation embryos up to E12.5. Between stages E13.5 and E16.5, RHEB1 expression levels became complex: In particular, strong expression was identified in neural tissues, including the neuroepithelial layer of the mesencephalon, telencephalon, and neural tube of CNS and dorsal root ganglia. In addition, strong expression was seen in certain peripheral tissues including heart, intestine, muscle, and urinary bladder. Postnatal mice have broad spatial RHEB1 expression in different regions of the cerebral cortex, subcortical regions (including hippocampus), olfactory bulb, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum (particularly in Purkinje cells). Significant RHEB1 expression was also viewed in internal organs including the heart, intestine, urinary bladder, and muscle. Moreover, adult animals have complex tissue- and organ-specific RHEB1 expression patterns with different intensities observed throughout postnatal development. Its expression level is in general comparable in CNS and other organs of mouse. Thus, the expression pattern of RHEB1 suggests that it likely plays a ubiquitous role in the development of the early embryo with more tissue-specific roles in later development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tian
- OHSU Transgenic Mouse Models Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | - Joachim H Clement
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Yingming Wang
- OHSU Transgenic Mouse Models Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Alex Derkatch
- OHSU Transgenic Mouse Models Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | - Michael V Danilchik
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lev M Fedorov
- OHSU Transgenic Mouse Models Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740, Jena, Germany.
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31
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Ortega-Molina A, Boss IW, Canela A, Pan H, Jiang Y, Zhao C, Jiang M, Hu D, Agirre X, Niesvizky I, Lee JE, Chen HT, Ennishi D, Scott DW, Mottok A, Hother C, Liu S, Cao XJ, Tam W, Shaknovich R, Garcia BA, Gascoyne RD, Ge K, Shilatifard A, Elemento O, Nussenzweig A, Melnick AM, Wendel HG. The histone lysine methyltransferase KMT2D sustains a gene expression program that represses B cell lymphoma development. Nat Med 2015; 21:1199-208. [PMID: 26366710 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the lysine-specific histone methyltransferase KMT2D has emerged as one of the most frequently mutated genes in follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B cell lymphoma; however, the biological consequences of KMT2D mutations on lymphoma development are not known. Here we show that KMT2D functions as a bona fide tumor suppressor and that its genetic ablation in B cells promotes lymphoma development in mice. KMT2D deficiency also delays germinal center involution and impedes B cell differentiation and class switch recombination. Integrative genomic analyses indicate that KMT2D affects methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4) and expression of a set of genes, including those in the CD40, JAK-STAT, Toll-like receptor and B cell receptor signaling pathways. Notably, other KMT2D target genes include frequently mutated tumor suppressor genes such as TNFAIP3, SOCS3 and TNFRSF14. Therefore, KMT2D mutations may promote malignant outgrowth by perturbing the expression of tumor suppressor genes that control B cell-activating pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega-Molina
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Isaac W Boss
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andres Canela
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heng Pan
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yanwen Jiang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chunying Zhao
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Man Jiang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Deqing Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xabier Agirre
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Area de Oncología, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itamar Niesvizky
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hua-Tang Chen
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daisuke Ennishi
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anja Mottok
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christoffer Hother
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shichong Liu
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xing-Jun Cao
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wayne Tam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rita Shaknovich
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Randy D Gascoyne
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kai Ge
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andre Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hans-Guido Wendel
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
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Armijo ME, Campos T, Fuentes-Villalobos F, Palma ME, Pincheira R, Castro AF. Rheb signaling and tumorigenesis: mTORC1 and new horizons. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1815-23. [PMID: 26234902 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rheb is a conserved small GTPase that belongs to the Ras superfamily, and is mainly involved in activation of cell growth through stimulation of mTORC1 activity. Because deregulation of the Rheb/mTORC1 signaling is associated with proliferative disorders and cancer, inhibition of mTORC1 has been therapeutically approached. Although this therapy has proven antitumor activity, its efficacy is not as expected. Here, we will review the main work on the identification of the role of Rheb in cell growth, and on the relevance of Rheb in proliferative disorders, including cancer. We will also review the Rheb functions that could explain tumor resistance to therapies with mTORC1 inhibitors, and will mainly focus our discussion on mTORC1-independent Rheb functions that could also be implicated in cancer cell survival and tumorigenesis. The current progress on the understanding of the noncanonical Rheb functions prompts future studies to establish their relevance in cancer and in the context of current cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol E Armijo
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad De Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Tania Campos
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad De Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Fuentes-Villalobos
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad De Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mario E Palma
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad De Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roxana Pincheira
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad De Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariel F Castro
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad De Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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33
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Zheng M, Zang S, Xie L, Fang X, Zhang YU, Ma X, Liu J, Lin D, Huang A. Rheb phosphorylation is involved in p38-regulated/activated protein kinase-mediated tumor suppression in liver cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1655-1661. [PMID: 26622727 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) is a key regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). The Rheb-mTORC1 axis is a pivotal pathway that mediates cell growth. It was previously reported that upon energy-stress stimulation, the phosphorylation of Rheb at serine 130 by p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK) results in the impaired nucleotide binding ability of Rheb and inhibits Rheb-mediated mTORC1 activation. However, the role of Rheb phosphorylation in cancer development remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Rheb phosphorylation on tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. In addition, tissue samples were obtained from 70 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in order to determine any associations between Rheb phosphorylation and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients. In vitro and ex vivo kinase assays were performed to determine the phosphorylation of Rheb by PRAK. A xenograft assay was performed to assess tumorigenicity of MEF cell lines. In addition, western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to detect Rheb protein expression and phosphorylation. The results of the present study revealed that Rheb phosphorylation may be induced through Ras overexpression. In addition, kinase-dead PRAK and dominant-negative PRAK mutation were demonstrated to abolish the Rheb phosphorylation induced by Ras overexpression. Xenograft assays in nude mice revealed that Rheb phosphorylation was involved in PRAK-mediated tumor suppression. Of note, the clinicopathological analysis of 70 HCC samples determined that Rheb phosphorylation was associated with poor proliferation and the progression of HCC. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that Rheb phosphorylation may have an important role as an intracellular barrier to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China ; Translational Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Shengbing Zang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Linna Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China ; Department of Bioengineering, Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Xueting Fang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Y U Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Liver Center of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Dexin Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Aimin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
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34
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Guan Y, Zhang L, Li X, Zhang X, Liu S, Gao N, Li L, Gao G, Wei G, Chen Z, Zheng Y, Ma X, Siwko S, Chen JL, Liu M, Li D. Repression of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Inhibits Intestinal Regeneration in Acute Inflammatory Bowel Disease Models. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:339-46. [PMID: 26026060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates environmental cues to regulate cell growth and survival through various mechanisms. However, how mTORC1 responds to acute inflammatory signals to regulate bowel regeneration is still obscure. In this study, we investigated the role of mTORC1 in acute inflammatory bowel disease. Inhibition of mTORC1 activity by rapamycin treatment or haploinsufficiency of Rheb through genetic modification in mice impaired intestinal cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis, leading to high mortality in dextran sodium sulfate- and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis models. Through bone marrow transplantation, we found that mTORC1 in nonhematopoietic cells played a major role in protecting mice from colitis. Reactivation of mTORC1 activity by amino acids had a positive therapeutic effect in mTORC1-deficient Rheb(+/-) mice. Mechanistically, mTORC1 mediated IL-6-induced Stat3 activation in intestinal epithelial cells to stimulate the expression of downstream targets essential for cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. Therefore, mTORC1 signaling critically protects against inflammatory bowel disease through modulation of inflammation-induced Stat3 activity. As mTORC1 is an important therapeutic target for multiple diseases, our findings will have important implications for the clinical usage of mTORC1 inhibitors in patients with acute inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Guan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xia Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Na Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Liang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ganglong Gao
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, China; and
| | - Gaigai Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhaohua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yansen Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xueyun Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Stefan Siwko
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jin-Lian Chen
- Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, China; and
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
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35
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Campos T, Ziehe J, Palma M, Escobar D, Tapia JC, Pincheira R, Castro AF. Rheb promotes cancer cell survival through p27Kip1-dependent activation of autophagy. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:220-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Campos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer; Universidad de Concepción; Concepción Chile
| | - Javiera Ziehe
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer; Universidad de Concepción; Concepción Chile
| | - Mario Palma
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer; Universidad de Concepción; Concepción Chile
| | - David Escobar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer; Universidad de Concepción; Concepción Chile
| | - Julio C. Tapia
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Transformación Celular; ICBM; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Roxana Pincheira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer; Universidad de Concepción; Concepción Chile
| | - Ariel F. Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer; Universidad de Concepción; Concepción Chile
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36
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mTOR Signaling in Protein Translation Regulation: Implications in Cancer Genesis and Therapeutic Interventions. Mol Biol Int 2014; 2014:686984. [PMID: 25505994 PMCID: PMC4258317 DOI: 10.1155/2014/686984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR is a central nutrient sensor that signals a cell to grow and proliferate. Through distinct protein complexes it regulates different levels of available cellular energy substrates required for cell growth. One of the important functions of the complex is to maintain available amino acid pool by regulating protein translation. Dysregulation of mTOR pathway leads to aberrant protein translation which manifests into various pathological states. Our review focuses on the role mTOR signaling plays in protein translation and its physiological role. It also throws some light on available data that show translation dysregulation as a cause of pathological complexities like cancer and the available drugs that target the pathway for cancer treatment.
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Sanghvi VR, Mavrakis KJ, Van der Meulen J, Boice M, Wolfe AL, Carty M, Mohan P, Rondou P, Socci ND, Benoit Y, Taghon T, Van Vlierberghe P, Leslie CS, Speleman F, Wendel HG. Characterization of a set of tumor suppressor microRNAs in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra111. [PMID: 25406379 PMCID: PMC4693296 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The posttranscriptional control of gene expression by microRNAs (miRNAs) is highly redundant, and compensatory effects limit the consequences of the inactivation of individual miRNAs. This implies that only a few miRNAs can function as effective tumor suppressors. It is also the basis of our strategy to define functionally relevant miRNA target genes that are not under redundant control by other miRNAs. We identified a functionally interconnected group of miRNAs that exhibited a reduced abundance in leukemia cells from patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). To pinpoint relevant target genes, we applied a machine learning approach to eliminate genes that were subject to redundant miRNA-mediated control and to identify those genes that were exclusively targeted by tumor-suppressive miRNAs. This strategy revealed the convergence of a small group of tumor suppressor miRNAs on the Myb oncogene, as well as their effects on HBP1, which encodes a transcription factor. The expression of both genes was increased in T-ALL patient samples, and each gene promoted the progression of T-ALL in mice. Hence, our systematic analysis of tumor suppressor miRNA action identified a widespread mechanism of oncogene activation in T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj R Sanghvi
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Konstantinos J Mavrakis
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joni Van der Meulen
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Boice
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew L Wolfe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark Carty
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA. Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Prathibha Mohan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pieter Rondou
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicholas D Socci
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yves Benoit
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans-Guido Wendel
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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38
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Xu K, Liu P, Wei W. mTOR signaling in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:638-54. [PMID: 25450580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
mTOR (the mechanistic target of rapamycin) is an atypical serine/threonine kinase involved in regulating major cellular functions including growth and proliferation. Deregulation of the mTOR signaling pathway is one of the most commonly observed pathological alterations in human cancers. To this end, oncogenic activation of the mTOR signaling pathway contributes to cancer cell growth, proliferation and survival, highlighting the potential for targeting the oncogenic mTOR pathway members as an effective anti-cancer strategy. In order to do so, a thorough understanding of the physiological roles of key mTOR signaling pathway components and upstream regulators would guide future targeted therapies. Thus, in this review, we summarize available genetic mouse models for mTORC1 and mTORC2 components, as well as characterized mTOR upstream regulators and downstream targets, and assign a potential oncogenic or tumor suppressive role for each evaluated molecule. Together, our work will not only facilitate the current understanding of mTOR biology and possible future research directions, but more importantly, provide a molecular basis for targeted therapies aiming at key oncogenic members along the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pengda Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Wolfe AL, Singh K, Zhong Y, Drewe P, Rajasekhar VK, Sanghvi VR, Mavrakis KJ, Jiang M, Roderick JE, Van der Meulen J, Schatz JH, Rodrigo CM, Zhao C, Rondou P, de Stanchina E, Teruya-Feldstein J, Kelliher MA, Speleman F, Porco JA, Pelletier J, Rätsch G, Wendel HG. RNA G-quadruplexes cause eIF4A-dependent oncogene translation in cancer. Nature 2014; 513:65-70. [PMID: 25079319 PMCID: PMC4492470 DOI: 10.1038/nature13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The translational control of oncoprotein expression is implicated in many cancers. Here we report an eIF4A RNA helicase-dependent mechanism of translational control that contributes to oncogenesis and underlies the anticancer effects of silvestrol and related compounds. For example, eIF4A promotes T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia development in vivo and is required for leukaemia maintenance. Accordingly, inhibition of eIF4A with silvestrol has powerful therapeutic effects against murine and human leukaemic cells in vitro and in vivo. We use transcriptome-scale ribosome footprinting to identify the hallmarks of eIF4A-dependent transcripts. These include 5' untranslated region (UTR) sequences such as the 12-nucleotide guanine quartet (CGG)4 motif that can form RNA G-quadruplex structures. Notably, among the most eIF4A-dependent and silvestrol-sensitive transcripts are a number of oncogenes, superenhancer-associated transcription factors, and epigenetic regulators. Hence, the 5' UTRs of select cancer genes harbour a targetable requirement for the eIF4A RNA helicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Wolfe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kamini Singh
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi Zhong
- Computational Biology Department, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philipp Drewe
- Computational Biology Department, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vinagolu K. Rajasekhar
- Stem Cell Center and Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Viraj R. Sanghvi
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Man Jiang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Justine E. Roderick
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Joni Van der Meulen
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan H. Schatz
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christina M. Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chunying Zhao
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pieter Rondou
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julie Teruya-Feldstein
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michelle A. Kelliher
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
- The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Gunnar Rätsch
- Computational Biology Department, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hans-Guido Wendel
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Düppe PM, Tran Thi Phuong T, Autzen J, Schöpel M, Yip KT, Stoll R, Scherkenbeck J. Sequence-selective molecular recognition of the C-terminal CaaX-boxes of Rheb and related Ras-proteins by synthetic receptors. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1755-63. [PMID: 24856002 DOI: 10.1021/cb5002075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive activation of Ras-proteins plays an important role in the development of aggressive colorectal carcinomas and several other types of cancer. Despite some progress in recent years in the case of K-Ras4B, until now not a single small molecule inhibitor has been identified that binds efficiently to Rheb and interrupts the protein-protein interactions with mTOR. We describe here a complementary approach that aims at inhibiting membrane insertion of Rheb and related Ras proteins by masking the crucial C-terminal CaaX-box with peptidomimetic receptors identified in combinatorial solid-phase libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Düppe
- University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße
20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Jasmin Autzen
- University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße
20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Miriam Schöpel
- Ruhr-University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße
150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - King Tuo Yip
- Ruhr-University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße
150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Raphael Stoll
- Ruhr-University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße
150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Mazhab-Jafari MT, Marshall CB, Ho J, Ishiyama N, Stambolic V, Ikura M. Structure-guided mutation of the conserved G3-box glycine in Rheb generates a constitutively activated regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12195-201. [PMID: 24648513 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c113.543736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutively activated variants of small GTPases, which provide valuable functional probes of their role in cellular signaling pathways, can often be generated by mutating the canonical catalytic residue (e.g. Ras Q61L) to impair GTP hydrolysis. However, this general approach is ineffective for a substantial fraction of the small GTPase family in which this residue is not conserved (e.g. Rap) or not catalytic (e.g. Rheb). Using a novel engineering approach, we have manipulated nucleotide binding through structure-guided substitutions of an ultraconserved glycine residue in the G3-box motif (DXXG). Substitution of Rheb Gly-63 with alanine impaired both intrinsic and TSC2 GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-mediated GTP hydrolysis by displacing the hydrolytic water molecule, whereas introduction of a bulkier valine side chain selectively blocked GTP binding by steric occlusion of the γ-phosphate. Rheb G63A stimulated phosphorylation of the mTORC1 substrate p70S6 kinase more strongly than wild-type, thus offering a new tool for mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Mazhab-Jafari
- From the Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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Ding H, McDonald JS, Yun S, Schneider PA, Peterson KL, Flatten KS, Loegering DA, Oberg AL, Riska SM, Huang S, Sinicrope FA, Adjei AA, Karp JE, Meng XW, Kaufmann SH. Farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib inhibits Rheb prenylation and stabilizes Bax in acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Haematologica 2013; 99:60-9. [PMID: 23996484 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.087734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although farnesyltransferase inhibitors have shown promising activity in relapsed lymphoma and sporadic activity in acute myelogenous leukemia, their mechanism of cytotoxicity is incompletely understood, making development of predictive biomarkers difficult. In the present study, we examined the action of tipifarnib in human acute myelogenous leukemia cell lines and clinical samples. In contrast to the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway-mediated Bim upregulation that is responsible for tipifarnib-induced killing of malignant lymphoid cells, inhibition of Rheb-induced mTOR signaling followed by dose-dependent upregulation of Bax and Puma occurred in acute myelogenous leukemia cell lines undergoing tipifarnib-induced apoptosis. Similar Bax and Puma upregulation occurred in serial bone marrow samples harvested from a subset of acute myelogenous leukemia patients during tipifarnib treatment. Expression of FTI-resistant Rheb M184L, like knockdown of Bax or Puma, diminished tipifarnib-induced killing. Further analysis demonstrated that increased Bax and Puma levels reflect protein stabilization rather than increased gene expression. In U937 cells selected for tipifarnib resistance, neither inhibition of signaling downstream of Rheb nor Bax and Puma stabilization occurred. Collectively, these results not only identify a pathway downstream from Rheb that contributes to tipifarnib cytotoxicity in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells, but also demonstrate that FTI-induced killing of lymphoid versus myeloid cells reflects distinct biochemical mechanisms downstream of different farnesylated substrates. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00602771).
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43
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Gauthier NP, Soufi B, Walkowicz WE, Pedicord VA, Mavrakis KJ, Macek B, Gin DY, Sander C, Miller ML. Cell-selective labeling using amino acid precursors for proteomic studies of multicellular environments. Nat Methods 2013; 10:768-73. [PMID: 23817070 PMCID: PMC4002004 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To address limitations of current high-throughput methods for studying cell-cell communication and determining the cell-of-origin of proteins in multicellular environments, we have developed a technique that selectively and continuously labels the proteome of individual cell types in co-culture. Through transgenic expression of exogenous amino acid biosynthesis enzymes, vertebrate cells overcome their dependence on essential amino acids and can be selectively labeled through metabolic incorporation of amino acids produced from heavy isotope-labeled precursors. We have named this method Type specific labeling with Amino acid Precursors (CTAP). Testing CTAP in several human and mouse cell lines, we were able to differentially label the proteome of distinct cell populations in co-culture and determine the relative expression of proteins by quantitative mass spectrometry. In addition, CTAP successfully identified the cell-of-origin of extracellular proteins in co-culture, highlighting its potential use in biomarker discovery for linking secreted factors to their cellular source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Gauthier
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
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44
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Ehrkamp A, Herrmann C, Stoll R, Heumann R. Ras and rheb signaling in survival and cell death. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:639-61. [PMID: 24216995 PMCID: PMC3730321 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5020639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most obvious hallmarks of cancer is uncontrolled proliferation of cells partly due to independence of growth factor supply. A major component of mitogenic signaling is Ras, a small GTPase. It was the first identified human protooncogene and is known since more than three decades to promote cellular proliferation and growth. Ras was shown to support growth factor-independent survival during development and to protect from chemical or mechanical lesion-induced neuronal degeneration in postmitotic neurons. In contrast, for specific patho-physiological cases and cellular systems it has been shown that Ras may also promote cell death. Proteins from the Ras association family (Rassf, especially Rassf1 and Rassf5) are tumor suppressors that are activated by Ras-GTP, triggering apoptosis via e.g., activation of mammalian sterile 20-like (MST1) kinase. In contrast to Ras, their expression is suppressed in many types of tumours, which makes Rassf proteins an exciting model for understanding the divergent effects of Ras activity. It seems likely that the outcome of Ras signaling depends on the balance between the activation of its various downstream effectors, thus determining cellular fate towards either proliferation or apoptosis. Ras homologue enriched in brain (Rheb) is a protein from the Ras superfamily that is also known to promote proliferation, growth, and regeneration through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor) pathway. However, recent evidences indicate that the Rheb-mTor pathway may switch its function from a pro-growth into a cell death pathway, depending on the cellular situation. In contrast to Ras signaling, for Rheb, the cellular context is likely to modulate the whole Rheb-mTor pathway towards cellular death or survival, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ehrkamp
- Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Christian Herrmann
- Department of Physical Chemistry1, Protein Interaction, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Raphael Stoll
- Biomolecular NMR, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Rolf Heumann
- Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; E-Mail:
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Lv X, Ma X, Hu Y. Furthering the design and the discovery of small molecule ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors as an effective cancer treatment. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:991-1012. [PMID: 23668243 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.800479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase, which is the key component of two distinct signaling complexes in cells; these complexes are the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Given the importance of these complexes in cellular growth, survival, motility, proliferation, protein synthesis and transcription, it is not surprising that they are impacted in multiple types of cancer. Studies on a number of ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors have suggested that these inhibitors have a therapeutic superiority to rapalogs (rapamycin analogs) in a number of cancers. AREAS COVERED This review provides insight into the binding of mTOR inhibitors with the ATP-binding site, for the benefit of future mTOR inhibitor design and discovery. The authors, furthermore, deduce that a hypothetical binding mode is from docking studies, co-crystal structures and the structure-activity relationships (SARs). The authors also highlight the preclinical and clinical development of hit/lead compounds, and the selectivity for representative mTOR inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION The structural analysis of mTOR is hampered by its large size and complexity. Further exploration of mTOR inhibitors may therefore require the combination of structure-based drug design (SBDD, based on the mTOR homology models), fragment-based drug design (FBDD) and analog synthesis. Recent studies suggested that the global inhibition of PI3Ks may be harmful to organisms. Therefore, the future discovery of dual mTOR/PI3K inhibitors needs to ensure that inhibitors are both efficacious and have reduced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lv
- Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Hangzhou 310058, China
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46
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Gorentla BK, Krishna S, Shin J, Inoue M, Shinohara ML, Grayson JM, Fukunaga R, Zhong XP. Mnk1 and 2 are dispensable for T cell development and activation but important for the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:1026-37. [PMID: 23269249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
T cell development and activation are usually accompanied by expansion and production of numerous proteins that require active translation. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binds to the 5' cap structure of mRNA and is critical for cap-dependent translational initiation. It has been hypothesized that MAPK-interacting kinase 1 and 2 (Mnk1/2) promote cap-dependent translation by phosphorylating eIF4E at serine 209 (S209). Pharmacologic studies using inhibitors have suggested that Mnk1/2 have important roles in T cells. However, genetic evidence supporting such conclusions is lacking. Moreover, the signaling pathways that regulate Mnk1/2 in T cells remain unclear. We demonstrate that TCR engagement activates Mnk1/2 in primary T cells. Such activation is dependent on Ras-Erk1/2 signaling and is inhibited by diacylglycerol kinases α and ζ. Mnk1/2 double deficiency in mice abolishes TCR-induced eIF4E S209 phosphorylation, indicating their absolute requirement for eIF4E S209 phosphorylation. However, Mnk1/2 double deficiency does not affect the development of conventional αβ T cells, regulatory T cells, or NKT cells. Furthermore, T cell activation, in vivo primary and memory CD8 T cell responses to microbial infection, and NKT cell cytokine production were not obviously altered by Mnk1/2 deficiency. Although Mnk1/2 deficiency causes decreased IL-17 and IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells following immunization of mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide in complete Freund's adjuvant, correlating with milder experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis scores, it does not affect Th cell differentiation in vitro. Together, these data suggest that Mnk1/2 has a minimal role in T cell development and activation but may regulate non-T cell lineages to control Th1 and Th17 differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandra K Gorentla
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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47
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Beauchamp EM, Platanias LC. The evolution of the TOR pathway and its role in cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:3923-32. [PMID: 23246968 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway is highly conserved among eukaryotes and has evolved to couple nutrient sensing to cellular growth. TOR is found in two distinct signaling complexes in cells, TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 (TORC2). These complexes are differentially regulated and act as effectors for the generation of signals that drive diverse cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, protein synthesis, rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, autophagy, metabolism and survival. Mammalian TOR (mTOR) is very important for development in embryos, while in adult organisms it is linked to aging and lifespan effects. In humans, the mTOR pathway is implicated in the tumorigenesis of multiple cancer types and its deregulation is associated with familial cancer syndromes. Because of its high biological relevance, different therapeutic strategies have been developed to target this signaling cascade, resulting in the emergence of unique pharmacological inhibitors that are either already approved for use in clinical oncology or currently under preclinical or clinical development. Multimodal treatment strategies that simultaneously target multiple nodes of the pathway and/or negative feedback regulatory loops may ultimately provide the best therapeutic advantage in targeting this pathway for the treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Beauchamp
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Eom M, Han A, Lee MJ, Park KH. Expressional Difference of RHEB, HDAC1, and WEE1 Proteins in the Stromal Tumors of the Breast and Their Significance in Tumorigenesis. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 46:324-30. [PMID: 23110024 PMCID: PMC3479826 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2012.46.4.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Fibroadenoma (FA) and phyllodes tumor (PT) are stromal tumors of breast and are histologically similar. There are no established differences in tumorigenesis and oncogene expression among them. Ras homolog enriched in brain (RHEB) plays an important role in cell growth and cell-cycle control, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is an important factor in breast tumor progression and prognosis, and WEE1 homolog (WEE1) functions as a tumor suppressor. No studies on the expressional differences of these proteins in FA and PT have been reported to date. Methods The expression of these proteins in FA, PT, and normal breast was compared. We used 102 cases of FA and 25 cases of benign PT. Results In epithelial cells, the expression of RHEB, HDAC1, and WEE1 was lowest in PT, higher in FA, and most enhanced in normal breast. In addition, the expression of RHEB and HDAC1 was higher in the stromal cells of PT than in FA and normal breast. Conclusions Both epithelial and stromal cells of FA and PT express these proteins, which indicates that epithelial cells play an important role in the development of stromal tumors. In addition, the expressional differences of these proteins may be associated with the tumorigenesis of breast stromal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseob Eom
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Schatz JH. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: results, biology, and development strategies. Curr Oncol Rep 2012; 13:398-406. [PMID: 21755275 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-011-0187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signaling by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently deregulated in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), prompting evaluation of the rapamycin-analog (rapalog) mTOR inhibitors in multiple clinical trials. The drugs show activity as single agents, and the rapalog temsirolimus is now accepted as a therapeutic option in relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Response rates, however, are typically below 50%, resulting in remissions that are neither complete nor durable. Results of preclinical studies shed important new light on resistance mechanisms that may explain results. Looking ahead, it is likely PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition will find expanded roles in NHL therapy due to 1) assessments of the rapalogs in combination with other therapies and in less heavily pretreated patients, 2) the development and evaluation of multiple novel inhibitors of the pathway that may increase specificity and potency, 3) alternative treatment strategies able to bypass particular resistance mechanisms, and 4) increased efforts to identify biomarkers for better pretreatment patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Schatz
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, USA.
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50
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Oricchio E, Nanjangud G, Wolfe AL, Schatz JH, Mavrakis KJ, Jiang M, Liu X, Bruno J, Heguy A, Olshen AB, Socci ND, Teruya-Feldstein J, Weis-Garcia F, Tam W, Shaknovich R, Melnick A, Himanen JP, Chaganti RSK, Wendel HG. The Eph-receptor A7 is a soluble tumor suppressor for follicular lymphoma. Cell 2011; 147:554-64. [PMID: 22036564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Insights into cancer genetics can lead to therapeutic opportunities. By cross-referencing chromosomal changes with an unbiased genetic screen we identify the ephrin receptor A7 (EPHA7) as a tumor suppressor in follicular lymphoma (FL). EPHA7 is a target of 6q deletions and inactivated in 72% of FLs. Knockdown of EPHA7 drives lymphoma development in a murine FL model. In analogy to its physiological function in brain development, a soluble splice variant of EPHA7 (EPHA7(TR)) interferes with another Eph-receptor and blocks oncogenic signals in lymphoma cells. Consistent with this drug-like activity, administration of the purified EPHA7(TR) protein produces antitumor effects against xenografted human lymphomas. Further, by fusing EPHA7(TR) to the anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) we can directly target this tumor suppressor to lymphomas in vivo. Our study attests to the power of combining descriptive tumor genomics with functional screens and reveals EPHA7(TR) as tumor suppressor with immediate therapeutic potential.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genomics
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Follicular/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- RNA Interference
- Receptor, EphA7/metabolism
- Rituximab
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Oricchio
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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