1
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Rago F, Rodrigues LU, Bonney M, Sprouffske K, Kurth E, Elliott G, Ambrose J, Aspesi P, Oborski J, Chen JT, McDonald ER, Mapa FA, Ruddy DA, Kauffmann A, Abrams T, Bhang HEC, Jagani Z. Exquisite Sensitivity to Dual BRG1/BRM ATPase Inhibitors Reveals Broad SWI/SNF Dependencies in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 20:361-372. [PMID: 34799403 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Various subunits of mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes display loss-of-function mutations characteristic of tumor suppressors in different cancers, but an additional role for SWI/SNF supporting cell survival in distinct cancer contexts is emerging. In particular, genetic dependence on the catalytic subunit BRG1/SMARCA4 has been observed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), yet the feasibility of direct therapeutic targeting of SWI/SNF catalytic activity in leukemia remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the activity of dual BRG1/BRM ATPase inhibitors across a genetically diverse panel of cancer cell lines and observed that hematopoietic cancer cell lines were among the most sensitive compared to other lineages. This result was striking in comparison to data from pooled short hairpin RNA screens, which showed that only a subset of leukemia cell lines display sensitivity to BRG1 knockdown. We demonstrate that combined genetic knockdown of BRG1 and BRM is required to recapitulate the effects of dual inhibitors, suggesting that SWI/SNF dependency in human leukemia extends beyond a predominantly BRG1-driven mechanism. Through gene expression and chromatin accessibility studies, we show that the dual inhibitors act at genomic loci associated with oncogenic transcription factors, and observe a downregulation of leukemic pathway genes including MYC, a well-established target of BRG1 activity in AML. Overall, small molecule inhibition of BRG1/BRM induced common transcriptional responses across leukemia models resulting in a spectrum of cellular phenotypes. Implications: Our studies reveal the breadth of SWI/SNF dependency in leukemia and support targeting SWI/SNF catalytic function as a potential therapeutic strategy in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Megan Bonney
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
| | | | - Esther Kurth
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
| | | | - Jessi Ambrose
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
| | - Peter Aspesi
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
| | - Justin Oborski
- High Throughput Biology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
| | - Julie T Chen
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
| | | | - Felipa A Mapa
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
| | - David A Ruddy
- Oncology Drug Discovery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
| | - Audrey Kauffmann
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
| | - Tinya Abrams
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
| | | | - Zainab Jagani
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
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2
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Keshishian H, McDonald ER, Mundt F, Melanson R, Krug K, Porter DA, Wallace L, Forestier D, Rabasha B, Marlow SE, Jane‐Valbuena J, Todres E, Specht H, Robinson ML, Jean Beltran PM, Babur O, Olive ME, Golji J, Kuhn E, Burgess M, MacMullan MA, Rejtar T, Wang K, Mani DR, Satpathy S, Gillette MA, Sellers WR, Carr SA. A highly multiplexed quantitative phosphosite assay for biology and preclinical studies. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e10156. [PMID: 34569154 PMCID: PMC8474009 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable methods to quantify dynamic signaling changes across diverse pathways are needed to better understand the effects of disease and drug treatment in cells and tissues but are presently lacking. Here, we present SigPath, a targeted mass spectrometry (MS) assay that measures 284 phosphosites in 200 phosphoproteins of biological interest. SigPath probes a broad swath of signaling biology with high throughput and quantitative precision. We applied the assay to investigate changes in phospho-signaling in drug-treated cancer cell lines, breast cancer preclinical models, and human medulloblastoma tumors. In addition to validating previous findings, SigPath detected and quantified a large number of differentially regulated phosphosites newly associated with disease models and human tumors at baseline or with drug perturbation. Our results highlight the potential of SigPath to monitor phosphoproteomic signaling events and to nominate mechanistic hypotheses regarding oncogenesis, response, and resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasmik Keshishian
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Filip Mundt
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Present address:
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Present address:
Department of Oncology and PathologyScience for Life LaboratoryKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Randy Melanson
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Karsten Krug
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Dale A Porter
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMAUSA
- Present address:
Cedilla TherapeuticsCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Luke Wallace
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Dominique Forestier
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Bokang Rabasha
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Sara E Marlow
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Judit Jane‐Valbuena
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Ellen Todres
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Harrison Specht
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | | | - Ozgun Babur
- Computer Science DepartmentUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
| | - Meagan E Olive
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Javad Golji
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Eric Kuhn
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Michael Burgess
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Melanie A MacMullan
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Tomas Rejtar
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Karen Wang
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMAUSA
| | - DR Mani
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Shankha Satpathy
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Michael A Gillette
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - William R Sellers
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Medical OncologyDana‐Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
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3
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Liu H, Golji J, Brodeur LK, Chung FS, Chen JT, deBeaumont RS, Bullock CP, Jones MD, Kerr G, Li L, Rakiec DP, Schlabach MR, Sovath S, Growney JD, Pagliarini RA, Ruddy DA, MacIsaac KD, Korn JM, McDonald ER. Tumor-derived IFN triggers chronic pathway agonism and sensitivity to ADAR loss. Nat Med 2018; 25:95-102. [PMID: 30559422 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that play a critical role in limiting infectious and malignant diseases 1-4 . Emerging data suggest that the strength and duration of IFN signaling can differentially impact cancer therapies, including immune checkpoint blockade 5-7 . Here, we characterize the output of IFN signaling, specifically IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) signatures, in primary tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas. While immune infiltration correlates with the ISG signature in some primary tumors, the existence of ISG signature-positive tumors without evident infiltration of IFN-producing immune cells suggests that cancer cells per se can be a source of IFN production. Consistent with this hypothesis, analysis of patient-derived tumor xenografts propagated in immune-deficient mice shows evidence of ISG-positive tumors that correlates with expression of human type I and III IFNs derived from the cancer cells. Mechanistic studies using cell line models from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia that harbor ISG signatures demonstrate that this is a by-product of a STING-dependent pathway resulting in chronic tumor-derived IFN production. This imposes a transcriptional state on the tumor, poising it to respond to the aberrant accumulation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) due to increased sensor levels (MDA5, RIG-I and PKR). By interrogating our functional short-hairpin RNA screen dataset across 398 cancer cell lines, we show that this ISG transcriptional state creates a novel genetic vulnerability. ISG signature-positive cancer cells are sensitive to the loss of ADAR, a dsRNA-editing enzyme that is also an ISG. A genome-wide CRISPR genetic suppressor screen reveals that the entire type I IFN pathway and the dsRNA-activated kinase, PKR, are required for the lethality induced by ADAR depletion. Therefore, tumor-derived IFN resulting in chronic signaling creates a cellular state primed to respond to dsRNA accumulation, rendering ISG-positive tumors susceptible to ADAR loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayang Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Javad Golji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lauren K Brodeur
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Franklin S Chung
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julie T Chen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rosalie S deBeaumont
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline P Bullock
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael D Jones
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grainne Kerr
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Li Li
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel P Rakiec
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Schlabach
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sosathya Sovath
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph D Growney
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Raymond A Pagliarini
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David A Ruddy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kenzie D MacIsaac
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua M Korn
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E Robert McDonald
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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de Weck A, Golji J, Jones MD, Korn JM, Billy E, McDonald ER, Schmelzle T, Bitter H, Kauffmann A. Correction of copy number induced false positives in CRISPR screens. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006279. [PMID: 30024886 PMCID: PMC6067744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell autonomous cancer dependencies are now routinely identified using CRISPR loss-of-function viability screens. However, a bias exists that makes it difficult to assess the true essentiality of genes located in amplicons, since the entire amplified region can exhibit lethal scores. These false-positive hits can either be discarded from further analysis, which in cancer models can represent a significant number of hits, or methods can be developed to rescue the true-positives within amplified regions. We propose two methods to rescue true positive hits in amplified regions by correcting for this copy number artefact. The Local Drop Out (LDO) method uses the relative lethality scores within genomic regions to assess true essentiality and does not require additional orthogonal data (e.g. copy number value). LDO is meant to be used in screens covering a dense region of the genome (e.g. a whole chromosome or the whole genome). The General Additive Model (GAM) method models the screening data as a function of the known copy number values and removes the systematic effect from the measured lethality. GAM does not require the same density as LDO, but does require prior knowledge of the copy number values. Both methods have been developed with single sample experiments in mind so that the correction can be applied even in smaller screens. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of both methods at removing the copy number effect and rescuing hits from some of the amplified regions. We estimate a 70-80% decrease of false positive hits with either method in regions of high copy number compared to no correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine de Weck
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Javad Golji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Jones
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Korn
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Eric Billy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - E. Robert McDonald
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Hans Bitter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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5
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McDonald ER, de Weck A, Schlabach MR, Billy E, Mavrakis KJ, Hoffman GR, Belur D, Castelletti D, Frias E, Gampa K, Golji J, Kao I, Li L, Megel P, Perkins TA, Ramadan N, Ruddy DA, Silver SJ, Sovath S, Stump M, Weber O, Widmer R, Yu J, Yu K, Yue Y, Abramowski D, Ackley E, Barrett R, Berger J, Bernard JL, Billig R, Brachmann SM, Buxton F, Caothien R, Caushi JX, Chung FS, Cortés-Cros M, deBeaumont RS, Delaunay C, Desplat A, Duong W, Dwoske DA, Eldridge RS, Farsidjani A, Feng F, Feng J, Flemming D, Forrester W, Galli GG, Gao Z, Gauter F, Gibaja V, Haas K, Hattenberger M, Hood T, Hurov KE, Jagani Z, Jenal M, Johnson JA, Jones MD, Kapoor A, Korn J, Liu J, Liu Q, Liu S, Liu Y, Loo AT, Macchi KJ, Martin T, McAllister G, Meyer A, Mollé S, Pagliarini RA, Phadke T, Repko B, Schouwey T, Shanahan F, Shen Q, Stamm C, Stephan C, Stucke VM, Tiedt R, Varadarajan M, Venkatesan K, Vitari AC, Wallroth M, Weiler J, Zhang J, Mickanin C, Myer VE, Porter JA, Lai A, Bitter H, Lees E, Keen N, Kauffmann A, Stegmeier F, Hofmann F, Schmelzle T, Sellers WR. Project DRIVE: A Compendium of Cancer Dependencies and Synthetic Lethal Relationships Uncovered by Large-Scale, Deep RNAi Screening. Cell 2017; 170:577-592.e10. [PMID: 28753431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the mutational landscape of human cancer has progressed rapidly and been accompanied by the development of therapeutics targeting mutant oncogenes. However, a comprehensive mapping of cancer dependencies has lagged behind and the discovery of therapeutic targets for counteracting tumor suppressor gene loss is needed. To identify vulnerabilities relevant to specific cancer subtypes, we conducted a large-scale RNAi screen in which viability effects of mRNA knockdown were assessed for 7,837 genes using an average of 20 shRNAs per gene in 398 cancer cell lines. We describe findings of this screen, outlining the classes of cancer dependency genes and their relationships to genetic, expression, and lineage features. In addition, we describe robust gene-interaction networks recapitulating both protein complexes and functional cooperation among complexes and pathways. This dataset along with a web portal is provided to the community to assist in the discovery and translation of new therapeutic approaches for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Robert McDonald
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
| | - Antoine de Weck
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Michael R Schlabach
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Eric Billy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Konstantinos J Mavrakis
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Gregory R Hoffman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Dhiren Belur
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Deborah Castelletti
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Elizabeth Frias
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kalyani Gampa
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Javad Golji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Iris Kao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Li Li
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Philippe Megel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Thomas A Perkins
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Nadire Ramadan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - David A Ruddy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Serena J Silver
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Sosathya Sovath
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Mark Stump
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Odile Weber
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Roland Widmer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kristine Yu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Yingzi Yue
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Dorothee Abramowski
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ackley
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Rosemary Barrett
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Joel Berger
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Julie L Bernard
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Rebecca Billig
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Saskia M Brachmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Frank Buxton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Roger Caothien
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Justina X Caushi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Franklin S Chung
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Marta Cortés-Cros
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Rosalie S deBeaumont
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Clara Delaunay
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Aurore Desplat
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - William Duong
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Donald A Dwoske
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Richard S Eldridge
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Ali Farsidjani
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Fei Feng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - JiaJia Feng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Daisy Flemming
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - William Forrester
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Giorgio G Galli
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Zhenhai Gao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - François Gauter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Veronica Gibaja
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kristy Haas
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Marc Hattenberger
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Tami Hood
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kristen E Hurov
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Zainab Jagani
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Mathias Jenal
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jennifer A Johnson
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Michael D Jones
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Avnish Kapoor
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Joshua Korn
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jilin Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Qiumei Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Shumei Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Alice T Loo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Macchi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Typhaine Martin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Gregory McAllister
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Amandine Meyer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Sandra Mollé
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Raymond A Pagliarini
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Tanushree Phadke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Brian Repko
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Tanja Schouwey
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Frances Shanahan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Qiong Shen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Christelle Stamm
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Christine Stephan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Volker M Stucke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Ralph Tiedt
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Malini Varadarajan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kavitha Venkatesan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Alberto C Vitari
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Marco Wallroth
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jan Weiler
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Craig Mickanin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Vic E Myer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jeffery A Porter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Albert Lai
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Hans Bitter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Emma Lees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Nicholas Keen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Audrey Kauffmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Frank Stegmeier
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Francesco Hofmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Tobias Schmelzle
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
| | - William R Sellers
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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6
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Munoz DM, Cassiani PJ, Li L, Billy E, Korn JM, Jones MD, Golji J, Ruddy DA, Yu K, McAllister G, DeWeck A, Abramowski D, Wan J, Shirley MD, Neshat SY, Rakiec D, de Beaumont R, Weber O, Kauffmann A, McDonald ER, Keen N, Hofmann F, Sellers WR, Schmelzle T, Stegmeier F, Schlabach MR. CRISPR Screens Provide a Comprehensive Assessment of Cancer Vulnerabilities but Generate False-Positive Hits for Highly Amplified Genomic Regions. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:900-13. [PMID: 27260157 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as a powerful new tool to systematically probe gene function. We compared the performance of CRISPR to RNAi-based loss-of-function screens for the identification of cancer dependencies across multiple cancer cell lines. CRISPR dropout screens consistently identified more lethal genes than RNAi, implying that the identification of many cellular dependencies may require full gene inactivation. However, in two aneuploid cancer models, we found that all genes within highly amplified regions, including nonexpressed genes, scored as lethal by CRISPR, revealing an unanticipated class of false-positive hits. In addition, using a CRISPR tiling screen, we found that sgRNAs targeting essential domains generate the strongest lethality phenotypes and thus provide a strategy to rapidly define the protein domains required for cancer dependence. Collectively, these findings not only demonstrate the utility of CRISPR screens in the identification of cancer-essential genes, but also reveal the need to carefully control for false-positive results in chromosomally unstable cancer lines. SIGNIFICANCE We show in this study that CRISPR-based screens have a significantly lower false-negative rate compared with RNAi-based screens, but have specific liabilities particularly in the interrogation of regions of genome amplification. Therefore, this study provides critical insights for applying CRISPR-based screens toward the systematic identification of new cancer targets. Cancer Discov; 6(8); 900-13. ©2016 AACR.See related commentary by Sheel and Xue, p. 824See related article by Aguirre et al., p. 914This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Munoz
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Pamela J Cassiani
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Li Li
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eric Billy
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joshua M Korn
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael D Jones
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Javad Golji
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Ruddy
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kristine Yu
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory McAllister
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Antoine DeWeck
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dorothee Abramowski
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Wan
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew D Shirley
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Y Neshat
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Rakiec
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rosalie de Beaumont
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Odile Weber
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Kauffmann
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - E Robert McDonald
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas Keen
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Francesco Hofmann
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - William R Sellers
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tobias Schmelzle
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Stegmeier
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael R Schlabach
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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7
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Mavrakis K, McDonald ER, Schlabach MR, Billy E, Hoffman GR, deWeck A, Ruddy DA, Venkatesan K, McAllister G, deBeaumont R, Ho S, Liu Y, Yan-Neale Y, Yang G, Lin F, Yin H, Gao H, Kipp DR, Zhao S, McNamara JT, Sprague ER, Cho YS, Gu J, Crawford K, Capka V, Hurov K, Porter JA, Tallarico J, Mickanin C, Lees E, Pagliarini R, Keen N, Schmelzle T, Hofmann F, Stegmeier F, Sellers WR. Abstract LB-017: Disordered methionine metabolism in MTAP/CDKN2A-deleted cancers leads to marked dependence on PRMT5. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-lb-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metabolic genes are increasingly recognized as targets of somatic genetic alteration in human cancer often leading to profound changes in intracellular metabolite concentrations. 5-Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase (MTAP) is a key enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway that metabolizes methylthioadenosine (MTA) to adenine and methionine. Its chromosomal position proximal to CDKN2A results in frequent collateral homozygous deletion in a wide range of human cancers. By interrogating data from a large scale deep-coverage pooled shRNA screen across 390 cancer cell line models we found that the viability of MTAP null cancer cells is strongly impaired upon shRNA-mediated depletion of the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5. In MTAP deleted cells there is marked accumulation of the substrate MTA and surprisingly, we find that MTA is a specific inhibitor of the catalytic activity of PRMT5. In keeping with these data, knockout of MTAP in an MTAP-proficient cell line led to increased MTA levels and rendered them sensitive to PRMT5 depletion. Moreover, reconstitution of MTAP in an MTAP-deficient cell line fully rescued PRMT5 dependence. Collectively, these findings indicate that the collateral loss of MTAP in CDNK2A deleted cancers leads to accumulation of MTA that thereby creates a hypomorphic PRMT5 state that is selectively sensitized towards further PRMT5 inhibition.
Citation Format: Konstantinos Mavrakis, E Robert McDonald III, Michael R. Schlabach, Eric Billy, Gregory R. Hoffman, Antoine deWeck, David A. Ruddy, Kavitha Venkatesan, Greg McAllister, Rosalie deBeaumont, Samuel Ho, Yue Liu, Yan Yan-Neale, Guizhi Yang, Fallon Lin, Hong Yin, Hui Gao, David Randal Kipp, Songping Zhao, Joshua T. McNamara, Elizabeth R. Sprague, Young Shin Cho, Justin Gu, Ken Crawford, Vladimir Capka, Kristen Hurov, Jeffrey A. Porter, John Tallarico, Craig Mickanin, Emma Lees, Raymond Pagliarini, Nicholas Keen, Tobias Schmelzle, Francesco Hofmann, Frank Stegmeier, William R. Sellers. Disordered methionine metabolism in MTAP/CDKN2A-deleted cancers leads to marked dependence on PRMT5. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric Billy
- 2Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Antoine deWeck
- 2Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David A. Ruddy
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | - Samuel Ho
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yue Liu
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yan Yan-Neale
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Guizhi Yang
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Fallon Lin
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Hong Yin
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Hui Gao
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Songping Zhao
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | - Young Shin Cho
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Justin Gu
- 3China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Ken Crawford
- 4Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA
| | - Vladimir Capka
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kristen Hurov
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - John Tallarico
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Craig Mickanin
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Emma Lees
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Nicholas Keen
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Tobias Schmelzle
- 2Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Mavrakis KJ, McDonald ER, Schlabach MR, Billy E, Hoffman GR, deWeck A, Ruddy DA, Venkatesan K, Yu J, McAllister G, Stump M, deBeaumont R, Ho S, Yue Y, Liu Y, Yan-Neale Y, Yang G, Lin F, Yin H, Gao H, Kipp DR, Zhao S, McNamara JT, Sprague ER, Zheng B, Lin Y, Cho YS, Gu J, Crawford K, Ciccone D, Vitari AC, Lai A, Capka V, Hurov K, Porter JA, Tallarico J, Mickanin C, Lees E, Pagliarini R, Keen N, Schmelzle T, Hofmann F, Stegmeier F, Sellers WR. Disordered methionine metabolism in MTAP/CDKN2A-deleted cancers leads to dependence on PRMT5. Science 2016; 351:1208-13. [PMID: 26912361 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
5-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is a key enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway. The MTAP gene is frequently deleted in human cancers because of its chromosomal proximity to the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A. By interrogating data from a large-scale short hairpin RNA-mediated screen across 390 cancer cell line models, we found that the viability of MTAP-deficient cancer cells is impaired by depletion of the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5. MTAP-deleted cells accumulate the metabolite methylthioadenosine (MTA), which we found to inhibit PRMT5 methyltransferase activity. Deletion of MTAP in MTAP-proficient cells rendered them sensitive to PRMT5 depletion. Conversely, reconstitution of MTAP in an MTAP-deficient cell line rescued PRMT5 dependence. Thus, MTA accumulation in MTAP-deleted cancers creates a hypomorphic PRMT5 state that is selectively sensitized toward further PRMT5 inhibition. Inhibitors of PRMT5 that leverage this dysregulated metabolic state merit further investigation as a potential therapy for MTAP/CDKN2A-deleted tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Robert McDonald
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Eric Billy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Gregory R Hoffman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Antoine deWeck
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - David A Ruddy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jianjun Yu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Gregg McAllister
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark Stump
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Samuel Ho
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yingzi Yue
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yan Yan-Neale
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Guizhi Yang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fallon Lin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hong Yin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hui Gao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - D Randal Kipp
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Songping Zhao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua T McNamara
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Bing Zheng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Ying Lin
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Young Shin Cho
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Justin Gu
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kenneth Crawford
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - David Ciccone
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alberto C Vitari
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Albert Lai
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Vladimir Capka
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kristen Hurov
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffery A Porter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Tallarico
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Craig Mickanin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emma Lees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Keen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tobias Schmelzle
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Hofmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Frank Stegmeier
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - William R Sellers
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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9
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Hortobagyi GN, Chen D, Piccart M, Rugo HS, Burris HA, Pritchard KI, Campone M, Noguchi S, Perez AT, Deleu I, Shtivelband M, Masuda N, Dakhil S, Anderson I, Robinson DM, He W, Garg A, McDonald ER, Bitter H, Huang A, Taran T, Bachelot T, Lebrun F, Lebwohl D, Baselga J. Correlative Analysis of Genetic Alterations and Everolimus Benefit in Hormone Receptor-Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer: Results From BOLERO-2. J Clin Oncol 2015; 34:419-26. [PMID: 26503204 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.60.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the genetic landscape of tumors from patients enrolled on the BOLERO-2 trial to identify potential correlations between genetic alterations and efficacy of everolimus treatment. The BOLERO-2 trial has previously demonstrated that the addition of everolimus to exemestane prolonged progression-free survival by more than twofold in patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, advanced breast cancer previously treated with nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Next-generation sequencing was used to analyze genetic status of cancer-related genes in 302 archival tumor specimens from patients representative of the BOLERO-2 study population. Correlations between the most common somatic alterations and degree of chromosomal instability, and treatment effect of everolimus were investigated. RESULTS Progression-free survival benefit with everolimus was maintained regardless of alteration status of PIK3CA, FGFR1, and CCND1 or the pathways of which they are components. However, quantitative differences in everolimus benefit were observed between patient subgroups defined by the exon-specific mutations in PIK3CA (exon 20 v 9) or by different degrees of chromosomal instability in the tumor tissues. CONCLUSION The data from this exploratory analysis suggest that the efficacy of everolimus was largely independent of the most commonly altered genes or pathways in hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer. The potential impact of chromosomal instabilities and low-frequency genetic alterations on everolimus efficacy warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Hortobagyi
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
| | - David Chen
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Martine Piccart
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Hope S Rugo
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Howard A Burris
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kathleen I Pritchard
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Mario Campone
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Shinzaburo Noguchi
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alejandra T Perez
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ines Deleu
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Mikhail Shtivelband
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Norikazu Masuda
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Shaker Dakhil
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ian Anderson
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Douglas M Robinson
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Wei He
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Abhishek Garg
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - E Robert McDonald
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Hans Bitter
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alan Huang
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Tetiana Taran
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Thomas Bachelot
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Fabienne Lebrun
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - David Lebwohl
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - José Baselga
- Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David Chen, Tetiana Taran, and David Lebwohl, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ; Martine Piccart and Fabienne Lebrun, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; Ines Deleu, Oncology Centre, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Nikolaas, Belgium; Hope S. Rugo, University of California, San Francisco; Ian Anderson, Redwood Regional Oncology Center, Santa Rosa, CA; Howard A. Burris III, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Kathleen I. Pritchard, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mario Campone, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes-Saint-Herblain; Thomas Bachelot, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Shinzaburo Noguchi, Osaka University Medical School; Norikazu Masuda, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Alejandra T. Perez, Memorial Cancer Institute, Hollywood, FL; Mikhail Shtivelband, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, Chandler, AZ; Shaker Dakhil, Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita, KS; Douglas M. Robinson, Wei He, Abhishek Garg, E. Robert McDonald III, Hans Bitter, and Alan Huang, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA; and José Baselga, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Chan HM, Jaffe JD, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huether R, Kryukov GV, Bhang HEC, Taylor JE, Hu M, Englund NP, Yan F, Wang Z, McDonald ER, Wei L, Ma J, Easton J, Yu Z, deBeaumount R, Gibaja V, Venkatesan K, Schlegel R, Sellers WR, Keen N, Liu J, Caponigro G, Barretina J, Cooke VG, Mullighan C, Carr SA, Downing JR, Garraway LA, Stegmeier F. Abstract 2930: Global chromatin profiling reveals NSD2 mutation in pediatric ALL. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation is an emerging hallmark of cancers. We developed a high-information-content mass spectrometry approach to profile global histone modifications in human cancers. When applied to 115 lines of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia1, this approach identified distinct molecular chromatin signatures. One signature was characterized by increased H3K36 dimethylation, exhibited by several lines harboring NSD2 translocations. A novel NSD2 p.E1099K variant was identified in non-translocated acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) lines sharing this signature. Ectopic expression of the variant induced a chromatin signature characteristic of NSD2 hyperactivation and promoted transformation. NSD2 knockdown selectively inhibited the proliferation of NSD2-mutant lines and impaired the in vivo growth of an NSD2-mutant ALL xenograft. Sequencing analysis of >1000 pediatric cancer genomes identified the NSD2 p.E1099K mutation in 14% of t(12;21)[ETV6-RUNX1]-containing ALLs. These findings identify NSD2 as a potential therapeutic target for pediatric ALL and provide a general framework for the functional annotation of cancer epigenomes.
1.
Barretina,J. et al. The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia enables predictive modelling of anticancer drug sensitivity. Nature 483, 603-607 (2012).
Citation Format: Ho Man Chan, Jacob D. Jaffe, Yan Wang, Jinghui Zhang, Robert Huether, Gregory V. Kryukov, Hyo-eun C. Bhang, Jordan E. Taylor, Min Hu, Nathan P. Englund, Feng Yan, Zhaofu Wang, E Robert McDonald III, Lei Wei, Jing Ma, John Easton, Zhengtian Yu, Rosalie deBeaumount, Veronica Gibaja, Kavitha Venkatesan, Robert Schlegel, William R. Sellers, Nicholas Keen, Jun Liu, Giordano Caponigro, Jordi Barretina, Vesselina G. Cooke, Charles Mullighan, Steven A. Carr, James R. Downing, Levi A. Garraway, Frank Stegmeier. Global chromatin profiling reveals NSD2 mutation in pediatric ALL. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2930. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2930
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Man Chan
- 1Novartis Insts. for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Yan Wang
- 3Genomic Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Hu
- 5Novartis Insts. for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Nathan P. Englund
- 3Genomic Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Feng Yan
- 3Genomic Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Zhaofu Wang
- 5Novartis Insts. for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Lei Wei
- 4St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jing Ma
- 4St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - John Easton
- 4St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Zhengtian Yu
- 5Novartis Insts. for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas Keen
- 1Novartis Insts. for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jun Liu
- 3Genomic Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
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11
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Cotta-Ramusino C, McDonald ER, Hurov K, Sowa ME, Harper JW, Elledge SJ. A DNA damage response screen identifies RHINO, a 9-1-1 and TopBP1 interacting protein required for ATR signaling. Science 2011; 332:1313-7. [PMID: 21659603 DOI: 10.1126/science.1203430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is brought about by a protein kinase cascade that orchestrates DNA repair through transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. Cell cycle arrest is a hallmark of the DDR. We screened for cells that lacked damage-induced cell cycle arrest and uncovered a critical role for Fanconi anemia and homologous recombination proteins in ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related) signaling. Three DDR candidates, the RNA processing protein INTS7, the circadian transcription factor CLOCK, and a previously uncharacterized protein RHINO, were recruited to sites of DNA damage. RHINO independently bound the Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 complex (9-1-1) and the ATR activator TopBP1. RHINO was recruited to sites of DNA damage by the 9-1-1 complex to promote Chk1 activation. We suggest that RHINO functions together with the 9-1-1 complex and TopBP1 to fully activate ATR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cotta-Ramusino
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Matsuoka S, Ballif BA, Smogorzewska A, McDonald ER, Hurov KE, Luo J, Bakalarski CE, Zhao Z, Solimini N, Lerenthal Y, Shiloh Y, Gygi SP, Elledge SJ. ATM and ATR substrate analysis reveals extensive protein networks responsive to DNA damage. Science 2007; 316:1160-6. [PMID: 17525332 DOI: 10.1126/science.1140321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2299] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular responses to DNA damage are mediated by a number of protein kinases, including ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related). The outlines of the signal transduction portion of this pathway are known, but little is known about the physiological scope of the DNA damage response (DDR). We performed a large-scale proteomic analysis of proteins phosphorylated in response to DNA damage on consensus sites recognized by ATM and ATR and identified more than 900 regulated phosphorylation sites encompassing over 700 proteins. Functional analysis of a subset of this data set indicated that this list is highly enriched for proteins involved in the DDR. This set of proteins is highly interconnected, and we identified a large number of protein modules and networks not previously linked to the DDR. This database paints a much broader landscape for the DDR than was previously appreciated and opens new avenues of investigation into the responses to DNA damage in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Matsuoka
- Department of Genetics and Center for Genetics and Genomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Stegmeier F, Rape M, Draviam VM, Nalepa G, Sowa ME, Ang XL, McDonald ER, Li MZ, Hannon GJ, Sorger PK, Kirschner MW, Harper JW, Elledge SJ. Anaphase initiation is regulated by antagonistic ubiquitination and deubiquitination activities. Nature 2007; 446:876-81. [PMID: 17443180 DOI: 10.1038/nature05694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint prevents chromosome mis-segregation by delaying sister chromatid separation until all chromosomes have achieved bipolar attachment to the mitotic spindle. Its operation is essential for accurate chromosome segregation, whereas its dysregulation can contribute to birth defects and tumorigenesis. The target of the spindle checkpoint is the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), a ubiquitin ligase that promotes sister chromatid separation and progression to anaphase. Using a short hairpin RNA screen targeting components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in human cells, we identified the deubiquitinating enzyme USP44 (ubiquitin-specific protease 44) as a critical regulator of the spindle checkpoint. USP44 is not required for the initial recognition of unattached kinetochores and the subsequent recruitment of checkpoint components. Instead, it prevents the premature activation of the APC by stabilizing the APC-inhibitory Mad2-Cdc20 complex. USP44 deubiquitinates the APC coactivator Cdc20 both in vitro and in vivo, and thereby directly counteracts the APC-driven disassembly of Mad2-Cdc20 complexes (discussed in an accompanying paper). Our findings suggest that a dynamic balance of ubiquitination by the APC and deubiquitination by USP44 contributes to the generation of the switch-like transition controlling anaphase entry, analogous to the way that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Cdk1 by Wee1 and Cdc25 controls entry into mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Stegmeier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics,Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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14
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Smogorzewska A, Matsuoka S, Vinciguerra P, McDonald ER, Hurov KE, Luo J, Ballif BA, Gygi SP, Hofmann K, D’Andrea AD, Elledge SJ. Identification of the FANCI protein, a monoubiquitinated FANCD2 paralog required for DNA repair. Cell 2007; 129:289-301. [PMID: 17412408 PMCID: PMC2175179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a developmental and cancer-predisposition syndrome caused by mutations in genes controlling DNA interstrand crosslink repair. Several FA proteins form a ubiquitin ligase that controls monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 protein in an ATR-dependent manner. Here we describe the FA protein FANCI, identified as an ATM/ATR kinase substrate required for resistance to mitomycin C. FANCI shares sequence similarity with FANCD2, likely evolving from a common ancestral gene. The FANCI protein associates with FANCD2 and, together, as the FANCI-FANCD2 (ID) complex, localize to chromatin in response to DNA damage. Like FANCD2, FANCI is monoubiquitinated and unexpectedly, ubiquitination of each protein is important for the maintenance of ubiquitin on the other, indicating the existence of a dual ubiquitin-locking mechanism required for ID complex function. Mutation in FANCI is responsible for loss of a functional FA pathway in a patient with Fanconi anemia complementation group I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Smogorzewska
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Genetics and Genomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02214
| | - Shuhei Matsuoka
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Genetics and Genomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Patrizia Vinciguerra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - E. Robert McDonald
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Genetics and Genomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kristen E. Hurov
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Genetics and Genomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ji Luo
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Genetics and Genomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bryan A. Ballif
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Alan D. D’Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Genetics and Genomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Corresponding author: Dr. Stephen J. Elledge, Department of Genetics, Center for Genetics and Genomics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Room 158D, New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur Boston, MA 02115, Phone: (617) 525-4510, Fax: (617) 525-4500, E-mail:
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15
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Yang W, Rozan LM, McDonald ER, Navaraj A, Liu JJ, Matthew EM, Wang W, Dicker DT, El-Deiry WS. CARPs are ubiquitin ligases that promote MDM2-independent p53 and phospho-p53ser20 degradation. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:3273-81. [PMID: 17121812 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610793200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase 8/10-associated RING proteins (CARPs) are a recently described family of protein ubiquitin ligases that interact with and negatively regulate death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Because CARPs are overexpressed in cancer and their silencing reduces cell viability and sensitizes tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents, we investigated their relationship to p53 tumor suppressor signaling. p53 is a major determinant of chemosensitivity, and its levels are increased following DNA damage through N-terminal phosphorylation and inhibition of degradation. Although p53 is well known to be negatively regulated by several ubiquitin ligases including MDM2, none are known to target phosphorylated p53 for degradation. CARPs physically interact with and ubiquitinate p53, targeting it for degradation in the absence of MDM2. Serine 20-phosphorylated p53 is also ubiquitinated by CARPs. CARP silencing stimulates p53 expression and promotes downstream effects, including transcriptional activation and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, Department of Medicine, The Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Tibbetts MD, Shiozaki EN, Gu L, McDonald ER, El-Deiry WS, Shi Y. Crystal structure of a FYVE-type zinc finger domain from the caspase regulator CARP2. Structure 2005; 12:2257-63. [PMID: 15576038 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The caspase-associated ring proteins (CARP1 and CARP2) are distinguished from other caspase regulators by the presence of a FYVE-type zinc finger domain. FYVE-type domains are divided into two known classes: FYVE domains that specifically bind to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate in lipid bilayers and FYVE-related domains of undetermined function. Here, we report the crystal structure of the N-terminal region of CARP2 (44-139) including the FYVE-type domain and its associated helical bundle at 1.7 A resolution. The structure reveals a cramped phosphoinositide binding pocket and a blunted membrane insertion loop. These structural features indicate that the domain is not optimized to bind to phosphoinositides or insert into lipid bilayers. The CARP2 FYVE-like domain thus defines a third subfamily of FYVE-type domains that are functionally and structurally distinct. Structural analyses provide insights into the possible function of this unique subfamily of FYVE-type domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Tibbetts
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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17
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Jin Z, McDonald ER, Dicker DT, El-Deiry WS. Deficient tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptor transport to the cell surface in human colon cancer cells selected for resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:35829-39. [PMID: 15155747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405538200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tumor cell types are sensitive to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. Incubation of TRAIL-sensitive cells with TRAIL invariably leads to resistant survivors even when high doses of TRAIL are used. Because the emergence of resistance to apoptosis is a major concern in successful treatment of cancer, and TRAIL survivors may contribute to therapeutic failure, we investigated potential resistance mechanisms. We selected TRAIL-resistant SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma cells by repeatedly treating them with high and/or low doses of TRAIL. The resulting TRAIL-resistant clones were not cross-resistant to Fas or paclitaxel. Expression of modulators of apoptosis was not changed in the resistant cells, including TRAIL receptors, cFLIP, Bax, Bid, or IAP proteins. Surprisingly, we found that DISC formation was deficient in multiple selected TRAIL-resistant clones. DR4 was not recruited to the DISC upon TRAIL treatment, and caspase-8 was not activated at the DISC. Although total cellular DR4 mRNA and protein were virtually identical in TRAIL-sensitive parental and TRAIL-resistant clones, DR4 protein expression on the cell surface was essentially undetectable in the TRAIL-resistant clones. Moreover, exogenous DR4 and KILLER/DR5 were not properly transported to the cell surface in the TRAIL-resistant cells. Interestingly, TRAIL-resistant cells were resensitized to TRAIL by tunicamycin pretreatment, which increased cell surface expression of DR4 and KILLER/DR5. Our data suggest that tumor cells may become resistant to TRAIL through regulation of the death receptor cell surface transport and that resistance to TRAIL may be overcome by the glycosylation inhibitor/endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing agent tunicamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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18
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McDonald ER, El-Deiry WS. Suppression of caspase-8- and -10-associated RING proteins results in sensitization to death ligands and inhibition of tumor cell growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6170-5. [PMID: 15069192 PMCID: PMC395941 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307459101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The destruction of cellular targets during apoptosis is carried out by caspases, which are negatively regulated by the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP); however, death effector domain (DED) caspases of the extrinsic pathway are refractory to the IAP family. We have isolated a family of apoptotic inhibitors [caspases-8- and -10-associated RING proteins (CARPs)] that bind to and negatively regulate DED caspases. When overexpressed, CARPs, via an IAP-like RING domain, can contribute to the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of DED caspases. Furthermore, CARPs are rapidly cleaved during apoptosis. However, in tumors and tumor cell lines, they are overexpressed, and their silencing leads to restoration of efficient apoptosis via enhanced activation of DED caspases. Long-term inhibition of CARP expression results in suppression of cancer cell growth, highlighting their importance in tumor cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Robert McDonald
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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19
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McDonald ER, El-Deiry WS. Yeast two-hybrid screening as a means of deciphering tumor suppressor pathways. Methods Mol Biol 2004; 223:173-85. [PMID: 12777729 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-329-1:173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Robert McDonald
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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20
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Corn PG, McDonald ER, Herman JG, El-Deiry WS. Tat-binding protein-1, a component of the 26S proteasome, contributes to the E3 ubiquitin ligase function of the von Hippel-Lindau protein. Nat Genet 2003; 35:229-37. [PMID: 14556007 DOI: 10.1038/ng1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2003] [Accepted: 09/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene inactivation occurs in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. The protein pVHL functions in a multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor Hif1 alpha for proteasomal degradation during normoxia. We establish that pVHL binds to Tat-binding protein-1 (TBP-1), a component of the 19S regulatory complex of the proteasome. TBP-1 associates with the beta-domain of pVHL and complexes with pVHL and Hif1 alpha in vivo. Overexpression of TBP-1 promotes degradation of Hif1 alpha in a pVHL-dependent manner that requires the ATPase domain of TBP-1. Blockade of TBP-1 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) causes prolonged degradation kinetics of Hif1 alpha. Several distinct mutations in exon 2 of VHL disrupt binding of pVHL to TBP-1. A pVHL mutant containing a P154L substitution coimmunoprecipitates with Hif1 alpha, but not TBP-1, and does not promote degradation of Hif1 alpha. Thus, the ability of pVHL to degrade Hif1 alpha depends in part on its interaction with TBP-1 and suggests a new mechanism for Hif1 alpha stabilization in some pVHL-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Corn
- Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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21
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McDonald ER, Chui PC, Martelli PF, Dicker DT, El-Deiry WS. Death domain mutagenesis of KILLER/DR5 reveals residues critical for apoptotic signaling. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:14939-45. [PMID: 11279061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100399200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fas/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TRAIL receptors signal death through a cytoplasmic death domain (DD) containing six alpha-helices with positively charged helix 2 interacting with negatively charged helix 3 of another DD. DD mutation occurs in head/neck and lung cancer (TRAIL receptor KILLER/DR5) and in lpr mice (Fas). We examined the apoptotic potential of known KILLER/DR5 lung tumor-derived mutants (n = 6) and DD mutants (n = 18) generated based on conservation with DR4, Fas, Fas-associated death domain (FADD), and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1). With the exception of Arg-330 required in Fas or FADD for aggregation or for TNFR1 cytotoxicity, surprisingly major loss-of-function KILLER/DR5 alleles (W325A, L334A (lpr-like), I339A, and W360A) contained hydrophobic residues. Loss-of-function of I339A (highly conserved) has not been reported in DDs. Charged residue mutagenesis revealed the following points. 1) E326A, conserved in DR4, is dispensable for death; the homologous residue is positively charged in Fas, TNFR1, and FADD and is critical for DD interactions. 2) K331A, D336A, E338A, K340A, K343A, and D351A have partial loss-of-function suggesting multiple charges stabilize receptor-adapter interactions. Analysis of the tumor-derived KILLER/DR5 mutants revealed the following. 1) L334F has partial loss-of-function versus L334A, whereas E338K has major loss-of-function versus E338A, examples where alanine and tumor-specific substitutions have divergent phenotypes. 2) Unexpectedly, S324F, E326K, K386N, and D407Y have no loss-of-function with tumor-specific or alanine substitutions. Loss-of-function KILLER/DR5 mutants were deficient in recruitment of FADD and caspase 8 to TRAIL death-inducing signaling complexes. The results reveal determinants within KILLER/DR5 for death signaling and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R McDonald
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Medicine, Genetics, and Pharmacology, and the Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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22
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Abstract
The mammalian cell cycle is exquisitely controlled by a 'machinery' composed of cyclin-dependent kinases and their binding partners, the cyclins. These kinases regulate transitions into DNA synthesis and mitosis, and their inactivity contributes to cellular quiescence, differentiation and senescence. Cell cycle transitions are, in turn, controlled by checkpoints that monitor ribonucleotide pools, oxygen tension, the extracellular environment, growth signalling programmes, the status of DNA replication, and the mitotic spindle apparatus. Genes positively controlling cell cycle checkpoints can be targets for oncogenic activation in cancer, whereas negative regulators, such as tumour suppressor genes, are targeted for inactivation. Understanding the molecular details of cell cycle regulation and checkpoint abnormalities in cancer offers insight into potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R McDonald
- Department of Medicine, Genetics and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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23
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McDonald ER, El-Deiry WS. Cell cycle control as a basis for cancer drug development (Review). Int J Oncol 2000; 16:871-86. [PMID: 10762622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal cell cycle progression relies on the cell's ability to translate extracellular signals such as mitogenic stimuli and intact extracellular matrices in order to efficiently replicate DNA and divide. Cyclin dependent kinases (cdks) respond to these signals and are largely responsible for positively pushing cells through the cell cycle. Due to their pivotal role in cell division, nature has evolved elaborate mechanisms to regulate the kinase activity of cdks. Cyclins are cdk binding partners which are required for kinase activity and their protein levels are intimately linked to the cell cycle stage. A variety of other cdk regulators such as phosphorylation events, natural inhibitors and complex stability are discussed. Phosphorylation of various cdk substrates results in diverse outcomes such as changes in gene expression, formation of prereplicative complexes and breakdown of the nuclear envelope. Cancer cells evolve in part by over-riding normal cell cycle regulation. Abnormal cdk activity is accomplished by cyclin amplification, cdk or substrate mutation as well as inactivation of inhibitors. The selective growth advantage of cancer cells also stems from amplification of positive growth signals, mutation of checkpoint and surveillance genes as well as deregulation of programmed cell death or apoptosis. The full potential of cancer therapies, such as small molecule inhibitors and gene therapy among others, focusing on our knowledge of cell cycle regulation has yet to be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R McDonald
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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24
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Meng RD, McDonald ER, Sheikh MS, Fornace AJ, El-Deiry WS. The TRAIL decoy receptor TRUNDD (DcR2, TRAIL-R4) is induced by adenovirus-p53 overexpression and can delay TRAIL-, p53-, and KILLER/DR5-dependent colon cancer apoptosis. Mol Ther 2000; 1:130-44. [PMID: 10933923 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface decoy receptor proteins TRID (also known as DcR1 or TRAIL-R3) and TRUNDD (DcR2, TRAIL-R4) inhibit caspase-dependent cell death induced by the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL in part because of their absent or truncated cytoplasmic death domains, respectively. We previously identified the death domain containing proapoptotic TRAIL death receptor KILLER/DR5 (TRAIL-R2) as an upregulated transcript following exposure of cancer cells, with wild-type but not with mutant or degraded p53 proteins, to a cytotoxic dose of adriamycin. In the present studies we provide evidence that expression of the TRAIL decoy receptors TRUNDD and TRID increases following infection of cancer cells with p53-expressing adenovirus (Ad-p53), in a manner similar to other p53 target genes such as KILLER/DR5 and p21WAF1/CIP1. Subsequent overexpression of TRUNDD in colon cancer cell lines caused a significant delay in killing induced by TRAIL. Furthermore, cotransfection of TRUNDD with either p53 or KILLER/DR5 (at a 4:1 DNA ratio) in colon cancer cells decreased cell death caused by either gene. This protective effect of TRUNDD was not dependent on the presence of TRAIL, and overexpression of TRUNDD did not alter the protein levels of either p53 or KILLER/ DR5. Further deletion studies showed that whereas protection by TRUNDD against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis did not require an intact intracellular domain (ICD), the first 43 amino acids of the ICD of TRUNDD were needed for protection against cell death induced by p53 or KILLER/DR5. Our results suggest a model in which the TRAIL decoy receptors may be induced by p53, thereby attenuating an apoptotic response that appears to involve KILLER/DR5. Therefore, the p53-dependent induction of TRUNDD may provide a mechanism to transiently favor cell survival over cell death, and overexpression of TRUNDD may be another mechanism of escape from p53-mediated apoptosis in gene therapy experiments.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Female
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 10c
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/chemistry
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Meng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Wu GS, Burns TF, McDonald ER, Meng RD, Kao G, Muschel R, Yen T, el-Deiry WS. Induction of the TRAIL receptor KILLER/DR5 in p53-dependent apoptosis but not growth arrest. Oncogene 1999; 18:6411-8. [PMID: 10597242 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The TRAIL death receptor KILLER/DR5 is induced by DNA damaging agents in wild-type p53-expressing cells. Here we show that, unlike the p53-target CDK-inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1, the TRAIL death receptor KILLER/DR5 is only induced in cells undergoing p53-dependent apoptosis and not cell cycle arrest. Thus GM glioblastoma cells carrying an inducible MMTV-driven p53 gene undergo cell cycle arrest and upregulate p21 but not KILLER/DR5 expression upon dexamethasone exposure. WI38 normal lung fibroblasts undergoing cell cycle arrest in response to ionizing irradiation also induce p21 but not KILLER/DR5 gene expression. KILLER/DR5 upregulation is also deficient in irradiated lymphoblastoid cells derived from patients with Ataxia Teleangiectasia suggesting a role for the ATM-p53 pathway in regulating KILLER/DR5 expression after DNA damage. Inhibition of transcription by Actinomycin D blocks both KILLER/DR5 and p21 induction in cells undergoing p53-dependent apoptosis. Our results suggest that the p53-dependent transcriptional induction of KILLER/DR5 death receptor is restricted to cells undergoing apoptosis and not cells undergoing exclusively p53-dependent G1 arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Wu
- Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Wu GS, Burns TF, McDonald ER, Jiang W, Meng R, Krantz ID, Kao G, Gan DD, Zhou JY, Muschel R, Hamilton SR, Spinner NB, Markowitz S, Wu G, el-Deiry WS. KILLER/DR5 is a DNA damage-inducible p53-regulated death receptor gene. Nat Genet 1997; 17:141-3. [PMID: 9326928 DOI: 10.1038/ng1097-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 750] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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McDonald ER, Wu GS, Waldman T, El-Deiry WS. Repair Defect in p21 WAF1/CIP1 -/- human cancer cells. Cancer Res 1996; 56:2250-5. [PMID: 8625293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
p53 induction and cell cycle arrest occur following DNA damage, possibly to allow repair prior to replication. p21WAF1/CIP1, a cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-interacting protein, is induced by p53 and mediates the cell cycle arrest. To investigate a role for p21 in DNA repair in vivo, we studied the expression of in vitro damaged reporter DNA transfected into p21 +/+ or -/- HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Introduction of UV-damaged or cisplatinum-damaged cytomegalovirus-driven beta-galactosidase reporter DNA into tumor cells revealed a significant decrease (2-5-fold) in reporter expression in p21 -/- versus +/+ cells. In the absence of DNA damage, there was a significant increase (2-3-fold) in the number of 6-TG-resistant colonies derived from p21 -/- versus +/+ cells. Reintroduction of wild-type p21, but not a p21 C-terminal truncation mutant which lacks the proliferating cell nuclear antigen interaction domain, stimulated (2-3-fold) the repair capacity of the p21-deficient cells. We conclude that p21 deficiency is associated with a defect in DNA repair, which could lead to an increased sensitivity of tumor cells to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R McDonald
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, University of Pennsylvania Comprehensive Cancer Center, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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Abstract
Many medical professionals feel that a choice of long-term ventilatory support leads to a life of hopeless desperation. We compared the sociodemographic, physical and psychological status of 18 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neurone disease (ALS/MND) patients on ventilatory support for 1 to 120 months with that of 126 nonventilatory-supported ALS/MND patients. Patients filled out a comprehensive data form and completed ten psychological tests. A composite psychological status score was computed, representing a continuum from psychological distress to psychological well-being. Mann-Whitney and chi 2 tests were used to compare the two groups. There were no significant differences in sociodemographic makeup, depression, hopelessness, overall quality of life or psychological well-being. However, ventilatory-supported patients had a more internal health locus of control. Many patients on ventilatory support were able to live high quality lives. When ventilatory support is an option, we suggest that medical professionals be supportive of the patient's choices and recognise that a decision for ventilatory support is probably the best predictor of an acceptable quality of life on a ventilator.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R McDonald
- New Road Map Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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McDonald ER. Quality of life from the patient's perspective. J Neurosci Nurs 1995; 27:222-3. [PMID: 7499926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E R McDonald
- New Road Map Foundation, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examining the relationship between psychological status and survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Our hypothesis is that psychological distress is associated with greater mortality and shorter survival time than psychological well-being. DESIGN Cross-sectional, longitudinal. The baseline evaluations used were disease severity and 10 psychometric tests. A psychological status score was derived from these tests. Survival status was monitored for 3.5 years. Interviewers were blinded to other interviews and data analysis. SETTING Patient's residence. PATIENTS The criteria for eligibility were diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by a neurologist, dementia or alcoholism absent, communication in English, and any severity or length of disease. It was a volunteer sample consisting of 144 patients from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinics or community-based amyotrophic lateral sclerosis support groups. In this sample 66% were men, 94% were white, mean age at diagnosis was 55 years, 79% were married, 60% had some college education, and 61% died during the study. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES END POINTS mortality during study, survival time from intake to last follow-up. RESULTS Comparison between high and low psychological score groups: 32% of high and 82% of low died; survival curves were significantly different. Controlling for confounding factors (length of illness, disease severity, age), patients with psychological distress had a greater risk of mortality (relative risk, 6.76; 95% confidence limits, 1.69 to 27.12) and greater likelihood of dying in any given time period (relative risk, 2.24; 95% confidence limits, 1.08 to 4.64) than those with psychological well-being. CONCLUSION Adjusting for confounding factors, psychological status is strongly related to outcome in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Further studies on psychological status should be done to confirm its prognostic value.
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