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Szoszkiewicz A, Bukowska-Olech E, Jamsheer A. Molecular landscape of congenital vertebral malformations: recent discoveries and future directions. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:32. [PMID: 38291488 PMCID: PMC10829358 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Vertebral malformations (VMs) pose a significant global health problem, causing chronic pain and disability. Vertebral defects occur as isolated conditions or within the spectrum of various congenital disorders, such as Klippel-Feil syndrome, congenital scoliosis, spondylocostal dysostosis, sacral agenesis, and neural tube defects. Although both genetic abnormalities and environmental factors can contribute to abnormal vertebral development, our knowledge on molecular mechanisms of numerous VMs is still limited. Furthermore, there is a lack of resource that consolidates the current knowledge in this field. In this pioneering review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the latest research on the molecular basis of VMs and the association of the VMs-related causative genes with bone developmental signaling pathways. Our study identifies 118 genes linked to VMs, with 98 genes involved in biological pathways crucial for the formation of the vertebral column. Overall, the review summarizes the current knowledge on VM genetics, and provides new insights into potential involvement of biological pathways in VM pathogenesis. We also present an overview of available data regarding the role of epigenetic and environmental factors in VMs. We identify areas where knowledge is lacking, such as precise molecular mechanisms in which specific genes contribute to the development of VMs. Finally, we propose future research avenues that could address knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szoszkiewicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Bukowska-Olech
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806, Poznan, Poland.
- Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Dąbrowskiego 77A, 60-529, Poznan, Poland.
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2
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Kuchynsky K, Stevens P, Hite A, Xie W, Diop K, Tang S, Pietrzak M, Khan S, Walter B, Purmessur D. Transcriptional profiling of human cartilage endplate cells identifies novel genes and cell clusters underlying degenerated and non-degenerated phenotypes. Arthritis Res Ther 2024; 26:12. [PMID: 38173036 PMCID: PMC10763221 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide and is frequently attributed to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Though the contributions of the adjacent cartilage endplates (CEP) to IVD degeneration are well documented, the phenotype and functions of the resident CEP cells are critically understudied. To better characterize CEP cell phenotype and possible mechanisms of CEP degeneration, bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing of non-degenerated and degenerated CEP cells were performed. METHODS Human lumbar CEP cells from degenerated (Thompson grade ≥ 4) and non-degenerated (Thompson grade ≤ 2) discs were expanded for bulk (N=4 non-degenerated, N=4 degenerated) and single-cell (N=1 non-degenerated, N=1 degenerated) RNA sequencing. Genes identified from bulk RNA sequencing were categorized by function and their expression in non-degenerated and degenerated CEP cells were compared. A PubMed literature review was also performed to determine which genes were previously identified and studied in the CEP, IVD, and other cartilaginous tissues. For single-cell RNA sequencing, different cell clusters were resolved using unsupervised clustering and functional annotation. Differential gene expression analysis and Gene Ontology, respectively, were used to compare gene expression and functional enrichment between cell clusters, as well as between non-degenerated and degenerated CEP samples. RESULTS Bulk RNA sequencing revealed 38 genes were significantly upregulated and 15 genes were significantly downregulated in degenerated CEP cells relative to non-degenerated cells (|fold change| ≥ 1.5). Of these, only 2 genes were previously studied in CEP cells, and 31 were previously studied in the IVD and other cartilaginous tissues. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed 11 unique cell clusters, including multiple chondrocyte and progenitor subpopulations with distinct gene expression and functional profiles. Analysis of genes in the bulk RNA sequencing dataset showed that progenitor cell clusters from both samples were enriched in "non-degenerated" genes but not "degenerated" genes. For both bulk- and single-cell analyses, gene expression and pathway enrichment analyses highlighted several pathways that may regulate CEP degeneration, including transcriptional regulation, translational regulation, intracellular transport, and mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS This thorough analysis using RNA sequencing methods highlighted numerous differences between non-degenerated and degenerated CEP cells, the phenotypic heterogeneity of CEP cells, and several pathways of interest that may be relevant in CEP degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Kuchynsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 3016 Fontana Laboratories, 140 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Patrick Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy Hite
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Khady Diop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 3016 Fontana Laboratories, 140 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shirley Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 3016 Fontana Laboratories, 140 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Maciej Pietrzak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Safdar Khan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Walter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 3016 Fontana Laboratories, 140 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Devina Purmessur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 3016 Fontana Laboratories, 140 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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3
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Hoffman E, Song Y, Zhang F, Asarian L, Downs I, Young B, Han X, Ouyang Y, Xia K, Linhardt RJ, Weiss DJ. Regional and disease-specific glycosaminoglycan composition and function in decellularized human lung extracellular matrix. Acta Biomater 2023; 168:388-399. [PMID: 37433361 PMCID: PMC10528722 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Decellularized lung scaffolds and hydrogels are increasingly being utilized in ex vivo lung bioengineering. However, the lung is a regionally heterogenous organ with proximal and distal airway and vascular compartments of different structures and functions that may be altered as part of disease pathogenesis. We previously described decellularized normal whole human lung extracellular matrix (ECM) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition and functional ability to bind matrix-associated growth factors. We now determine differential GAG composition and function in airway, vascular, and alveolar-enriched regions of decellularized lungs obtained from normal, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. Significant differences were observed in heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and hyaluronic acid (HA) content and CS/HS compositions between both different lung regions and between normal and diseased lungs. Surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that HS and CS from decellularized normal and COPD lungs similarly bound fibroblast growth factor 2, but that binding was decreased in decellularized IPF lungs. Binding of transforming growth factor β to CS was similar in all three groups but binding to HS was decreased in IPF compared to normal and COPD lungs. In addition, cytokines dissociate faster from the IPF GAGs than their counterparts. The differences in cytokine binding features of IPF GAGs may result from different disaccharide compositions. The purified HS from IPF lung is less sulfated than that from other lungs, and the CS from IPF contains more 6-O-sulfated disaccharide. These observations provide further information for understanding functional roles of ECM GAGs in lung function and disease. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Lung transplantation remains limited due to donor organ availability and need for life-long immunosuppressive medication. One solution, the ex vivo bioengineering of lungs via de- and recellularization has not yet led to a fully functional organ. Notably, the role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) remaining in decellularized lung scaffolds is poorly understood despite their important effects on cell behaviors. We have previously investigated residual GAG content of native and decellularized lungs and their respective functionality, and role during scaffold recellularization. We now present a detailed characterization of GAG and GAG chain content and function in different anatomical regions of normal diseased human lungs. These are novel and important observations that further expand knowledge about functional GAG roles in lung biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Hoffman
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Health Science Research Facility (HSRF) 226, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Yuefan Song
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Loredana Asarian
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Health Science Research Facility (HSRF) 226, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Isaac Downs
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Health Science Research Facility (HSRF) 226, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Brad Young
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Health Science Research Facility (HSRF) 226, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Xiaorui Han
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Yilan Ouyang
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Ke Xia
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Health Science Research Facility (HSRF) 226, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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4
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Xu F, Hu QF, Li J, Shi CJ, Luo JW, Tian WC, Pan LW. SOX4-activated lncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 aggravates osteoarthritis progression by modulating miR-149-5p/Notch1 signaling. Cytokine 2022; 152:155805. [PMID: 35202986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the expression and underlying network of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MCM3AP-AS1 in osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Human articular cartilage samples, OA model rats and IL-1β-treated C28/I2 cells were used in this study. The expression changes of genes and proteins were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and western blot assays, respectively. Molecule interactions were validated by dual luciferase and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. H&E staining was used to detect the pathological changes of cartilage. RESULTS MCM3AP-AS1 was upregulated in OA patients and IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. Knockdown of MCM3AP-AS1 enhanced autophagy, while alleviated ECM degradation and cartilage injury. Mechanistically, overexpression of SOX4 boosted the transcription of MCM3AP-AS1. Moreover, MCM3AP-AS1 functioned as a molecular sponge or epigenetic regulator of miR-149-5p to facilitate Notch1 expression. Functional rescue experiments showed that either inhibition of miR-149-5p nor ectopic expression of Notch1 dramatically weakened the biological impacts of MCM3AP-AS1 silencing. CONCLUSION These finding demonstrated that SOX4-activated MCM3AP-AS1 aggravated OA progression by modulating autophagy and ECM degradation via targeting miR-149-5p/Notch1 axis. These data supported that inhibition of MCM3AP-AS1 might be a potential treatment strategy of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qun-Fang Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Jiang Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Wei Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Chao Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Wei Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
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Curcumin ameliorates H2O2‑induced inflammatory response in chondrocytes by inducing autophagy activation. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:272. [PMID: 35251338 PMCID: PMC8892606 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is a clinical disease characterized by inflammation of cartilage tissue and chondrocytes. The principal curcuminoid curcumin is the most active component in turmeric and has been reported to have a chondroprotective effect, including anti-inflammatory activity, which is vitally important for mitigating RP symptoms and prognosis. However, the mechanisms underlying these actions have remained to be fully elucidated. In the present study, the chondroprotective mechanisms of curcumin on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated primary chondrocytes were examined in vitro. The viability of chondrocytes treated with H2O2 was significantly reduced in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cotreatment of curcumin with H2O2 significantly decreased growth inhibition. It was observed that curcumin inhibited the expression levels of the inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase and induced autophagy activation. Curcumin increased the protein levels of the autophagy marker beclin-1 and light chain 3-II and decreased the expression levels of P62 in H2O2-treated chondrocytes. The curcumin-induced anti-inflammatory effects were markedly abrogated by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. In conclusion, the present study suggested that curcumin regulates inflammatory factors by activating autophagy in chondrocytes. The protective role of curcumin in chondrocytes was demonstrated, suggesting that it should be explored for the prophylactic treatment of RP in the clinic in the future.
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6
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Chen X, Tong G, Fan J, Shen Y, Wang N, Gong W, Hu Z, Zhu K, Li X, Jin L, Cong W, Xiao J, Zhu Z. FGF21 promotes migration and differentiation of epidermal cells during wound healing via SIRT1-dependent autophagy. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1102-1121. [PMID: 34608629 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Migration and differentiation of epidermal cells are essential for epidermal regeneration during wound healing. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays key roles in mediating a variety of biological activities. However, its role in skin wound healing remains unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Fgf21 knockout (Fgf21 KO) mice were used to determine the effect of FGF21 on wound healing. The source of FGF21 and its target cells were determined by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and ELISA assay. Moreover, Sirt1flox/flox and Atg7flox/flox mice were constructed and injected with the epidermal-specific Cre virus to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Migration and differentiation of keratinocytes were evaluated in vitro by cell scratch assays, immunofluorescence, and qRT-RCR. The effects were further assessed when SIRT1, ATG7, ATG5, BECN1, and P53 were silenced. Interactions between SIRT1 and autophagy-related genes were assessed using immunoprecipitation assays. KEY RESULTS FGF21 was active in fibroblasts and promoted migration and differentiation of keratinocytes following injury. After wounding, SIRT1 expression and autophagosome synthesis were lower in Fgf21 KO mice. Depletion of ATG7 in keratinocytes counteracted the FGF21-induced increases in migration and differentiation, suggesting that autophagy is required for the FGF21-mediated pro-healing effects. Furthermore, epithelial-specific Sirt1 knockout abolished the FGF21-mediated improvements of autophagy and wound healing. Silencing of SIRT1 in keratinocytes, which decreased deacetylation of p53 and autophagy-related proteins, revealed that FGF21-induced autophagy during wound healing was SIRT1-dependent. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FGF21 is a key regulator of keratinocyte migration and differentiation during wound healing. FGF21 may be a novel therapeutic target to accelerate would healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Gaozan Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junfu Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zijing Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kunxuan Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Litai Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weitao Cong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhongxin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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7
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Maroofian R, Gubas A, Kaiyrzhanov R, Scala M, Hundallah K, Severino M, Abdel-Hamid MS, Rosenfeld JA, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Ali Z, Rahim F, Houlden H, Tooze SA, Alsaleh NS, Zaki MS. Homozygous missense WIPI2 variants cause a congenital disorder of autophagy with neurodevelopmental impairments of variable clinical severity and disease course. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab183. [PMID: 34557665 PMCID: PMC8453401 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
WIPI2 is a member of the human WIPI protein family (seven-bladed b-propeller proteins binding phosphatidylinositols, PROPPINs), which play a pivotal role in autophagy and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurological conditions. The homozygous WIPI2 variant c.745G>A; p.(Val249Met) (NM_015610.4) has recently been associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder in a single family. Using exome sequencing and Sanger segregation analysis, here, two novel homozygous WIPI2 variants [c.551T>G; p.(Val184Gly) and c.724C>T; p.(Arg242Trp) (NM_015610.4)] were identified in four individuals of two consanguineous families. Additionally, follow-up clinical data were sought from the previously reported family. Three non-ambulant affected siblings of the first family harbouring the p.(Val184Gly) missense variant presented with microcephaly, profound global developmental delay/intellectual disability, refractory infantile/childhood-onset epilepsy, progressive tetraplegia with joint contractures and dyskinesia. In contrast, the proband of the second family carrying the p.(Arg242Trp) missense variant, similar to the initially reported WIPI2 cases, presented with a milder phenotype, encompassing moderate intellectual disability, speech and visual impairment, autistic features, and an ataxic gait. Brain MR imaging in five patients showed prominent white matter involvement with a global reduction in volume, posterior corpus callosum hypoplasia, abnormal dentate nuclei and hypoplasia of the inferior cerebellar vermis. To investigate the functional impact of these novel WIPI2 variants, we overexpressed both in WIPI2-knockout HEK293A cells. In comparison to wildtype, expression of the Val166Gly WIPI2b mutant resulted in a deficient rescue of LC3 lipidation whereas Arg224Trp mutant increased LC3 lipidation, in line with the previously reported Val231Met variant. These findings support a dysregulation of the early steps of the autophagy pathway. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that biallelic WIPI2 variants cause a neurodevelopmental disorder of variable severity and disease course. Our report expands the clinical spectrum and establishes WIPI2-related disorder as a congenital disorders of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Andrea Gubas
- Goethe University Medical School, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Khalid Hundallah
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fazal Rahim
- Department of Physiology, Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Norah S Alsaleh
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, 11159 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, 12311 Cairo, Egypt
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8
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Control of the Autophagy Pathway in Osteoarthritis: Key Regulators, Therapeutic Targets and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052700. [PMID: 33800062 PMCID: PMC7962119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is involved in different degenerative diseases and it may control epigenetic modifications, metabolic processes, stem cells differentiation as well as apoptosis. Autophagy plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of cartilage, the tissue produced by chondrocytes; its impairment has been associated to cartilage dysfunctions such as osteoarthritis (OA). Due to their location in a reduced oxygen context, both differentiating and mature chondrocytes are at risk of premature apoptosis, which can be prevented by autophagy. AutophagomiRNAs, which regulate the autophagic process, have been found differentially expressed in OA. AutophagomiRNAs, as well as other regulatory molecules, may also be useful as therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe and discuss the role of autophagy in OA, focusing mainly on the control of autophagomiRNAs in OA pathogenesis and their potential therapeutic applications.
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9
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Gopal S, Arokiasamy S, Pataki C, Whiteford JR, Couchman JR. Syndecan receptors: pericellular regulators in development and inflammatory disease. Open Biol 2021; 11:200377. [PMID: 33561383 PMCID: PMC8061687 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndecans are the major family of transmembrane proteoglycans, usually bearing multiple heparan sulfate chains. They are present on virtually all nucleated cells of vertebrates and are also present in invertebrates, indicative of a long evolutionary history. Genetic models in both vertebrates and invertebrates have shown that syndecans link to the actin cytoskeleton and can fine-tune cell adhesion, migration, junction formation, polarity and differentiation. Although often associated as co-receptors with other classes of receptors (e.g. integrins, growth factor and morphogen receptors), syndecans can nonetheless signal to the cytoplasm in discrete ways. Syndecan expression levels are upregulated in development, tissue repair and an array of human diseases, which has led to the increased appreciation that they may be important in pathogenesis not only as diagnostic or prognostic agents, but also as potential targets. Here, their functions in development and inflammatory diseases are summarized, including their potential roles as conduits for viral pathogen entry into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gopal
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Samantha Arokiasamy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Csilla Pataki
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Biocentre 1.3.16, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - James R. Whiteford
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John R. Couchman
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Biocentre 1.3.16, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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10
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Parenti G, Medina DL, Ballabio A. The rapidly evolving view of lysosomal storage diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12836. [PMID: 33459519 PMCID: PMC7863408 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are a group of metabolic disorders caused by deficiencies of several components of lysosomal function. Most commonly affected are lysosomal hydrolases, which are involved in the breakdown and recycling of a variety of complex molecules and cellular structures. The understanding of lysosomal biology has progressively improved over time. Lysosomes are no longer viewed as organelles exclusively involved in catabolic pathways, but rather as highly dynamic elements of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway, involved in multiple cellular functions, including signaling, and able to adapt to environmental stimuli. This refined vision of lysosomes has substantially impacted on our understanding of the pathophysiology of lysosomal disorders. It is now clear that substrate accumulation triggers complex pathogenetic cascades that are responsible for disease pathology, such as aberrant vesicle trafficking, impairment of autophagy, dysregulation of signaling pathways, abnormalities of calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Novel technologies, in most cases based on high-throughput approaches, have significantly contributed to the characterization of lysosomal biology or lysosomal dysfunction and have the potential to facilitate diagnostic processes, and to enable the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Parenti
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,SSM School for Advanced Studies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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11
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Yang Y, Lin Z, Cheng J, Ding S, Mao WW, Shi S, Liang B, Jiang L. The roles of autophagy in osteogenic differentiation in rat ligamentum fibroblasts: Evidence and possible implications. FASEB J 2020; 34:8876-8886. [PMID: 32510740 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903216rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a macromolecular degradation process, plays a pivotal role in cell differentiation and survival. This study was designed to investigate the role of autophagy in the osteogenic differentiation in ligamentum fibroblasts. Rat ligamentum fibroblasts were isolated from the posterior longitudinal ligament and cultured in osteogenic induction medium. Ultrastructural analysis, immunofluorescence assay, western blot, flow cytometry, and lysosomal activity assessment were performed to determine the presence and activity of autophagy in the cells. The mineralization deposit and osteogenic gene expressions were evaluated to classify the association between autophagy activity and the bone formation ability of the spinal ligament cells. The influence of leptin and endothelin-1 on the autophagy activity was also evaluated. Our study demonstrated that autophagy was present and increased in the ligament cells under osteogenic induction. Inhibition of autophagy with either pharmacologic inhibitors (Bafilomycin A and 3-methyladenine) or Belcin1 (BECN1) knocking down weakened the mineralization capacity, decreased the gene expressions of COL1A1, osteocalcin (Ocn), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in the ligamentum fibroblasts and increased cell apoptosis. The Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-BECN1 autophagic pathway was activated in the osteogenic differentiating ligamentum fibroblasts. Leptin significantly increased the autophagy activity in the ligament cells under osteogenic induction. These discoveries might improve our understanding for the mechanism of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and provide new approaches on the prevention and treatment of this not uncommon disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Yang
- Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zunwen Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiangwei Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Mao
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Biru Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Leisheng Jiang
- Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Hong G. Enoxolone suppresses apoptosis in chondrocytes and progression of osteoarthritis via modulating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Arch Med Sci 2020; 20:947-961. [PMID: 39050151 PMCID: PMC11264165 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.93211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory disorder of synovial joints which is mainly treated with therapeutic agents showing side effects associated with the gastrointestinal (GI) and metabolic system. Consequently, there is urgent need for a potent, safe and novel agent for treating OA and related disorders. Enoxolone is a pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained from the herb liquorice. Based on earlier findings, we postulated that enoxolone may produce chondroprotective activity by exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and oxidative stress-decreasing effects. Material and methods The chondrocytes were extracted from the femoral head articular cartilage of healthy rats. Immunofluorescence staining was done for identification of chondrocytes. Cell viability and proliferation studies were done using Cell Counting Kit-8. Apoptotic cells were identified by TUNEL assay and flow cytometry analysis. Autophagy was assessed by monodansylcadaverine assay. Western blot analysis was done for expression of proteins. Results In the present study we investigated the protective effect of enoxolone on interleukin 1β (IL-1β) treated Iry chondrocytes in vitro. Treatment with IL-1β resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability of cells in increasing dose and time. Treatment with enoxolone along with IL-1β caused a significant decrease in growth inhibition. Also, enoxolone inhibited the IL-1β mediated apoptosis and activation of caspase-3 in cells. We also observed that enoxolone elevated the levels of p-ERK1/2, light chain 3 (LC3)-II and Beclin-1 (autophagy markers) in chondrocytes. The expression of (LC3)-II and Beclin-1 was decreased when the cells were treated with U0126 (ERK1/2 inhibitor). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that enoxolone could suppress inflammatory signaling and apoptosis via the ERK1/2 pathway in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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13
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Uhl FE, Zhang F, Pouliot RA, Uriarte JJ, Rolandsson Enes S, Han X, Ouyang Y, Xia K, Westergren-Thorsson G, Malmström A, Hallgren O, Linhardt RJ, Weiss DJ. Functional role of glycosaminoglycans in decellularized lung extracellular matrix. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:231-246. [PMID: 31751810 PMCID: PMC8713186 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in use of decellularized lung scaffolds in ex vivo lung bioengineering schemes, including use of gels and other materials derived from the scaffolds, the detailed composition and functional role of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycans (PGs) and their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains remaining in decellularized lungs, is poorly understood. Using a commonly utilized detergent-based decellularization approach in human autopsy lungs resulted in disproportionate losses of GAGs with depletion of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) > heparan sulfate (HS) > hyaluronic acid (HA). Specific changes in disaccharide composition of remaining GAGs were observed with disproportionate loss of NS and NS2S for HS groups and of 4S for CS/DS groups. No significant influence of smoking history, sex, time to autopsy, or age was observed in native vs. decellularized lungs. Notably, surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that GAGs remaining in decellularized lungs were unable to bind key matrix-associated growth factors FGF2, HGF, and TGFβ1. Growth of lung epithelial, pulmonary vascular, and stromal cells cultured on the surface of or embedded within gels derived from decellularized human lungs was differentially and combinatorially enhanced by replenishing specific GAGs and FGF2, HGF, and TGFβ1. In summary, lung decellularization results in loss and/or dysfunction of specific GAGs or side chains significantly affecting matrix-associated growth factor binding and lung cell metabolism. GAG and matrix-associated growth factor replenishment thus needs to be incorporated into schemes for investigations utilizing gels and other materials produced from decellularized human lungs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Despite progress in use of decellularized lung scaffolds in ex vivo lung bioengineering schemes, including use of gels and other materials derived from the scaffolds, the detailed composition and functional role of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycans (PGs) and their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains remaining in decellularized lungs, is poorly understood. In the current studies, we demonstrate that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are significantly depleted during decellularization and those that remain are dysfunctional and unable to bind matrix-associated growth factors critical for cell growth and differentiation. Systematically repleting GAGs and matrix-associated growth factors to gels derived from decellularized human lung significantly and differentially affects cell growth. These studies highlight the importance of considering GAGs in decellularized lungs and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska E Uhl
- University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Robert A Pouliot
- University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Juan J Uriarte
- University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Sara Rolandsson Enes
- University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xiaorui Han
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Yilan Ouyang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | | | - Anders Malmström
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hallgren
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States.
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14
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Abstract
Calcification is a regulated physiological process occurring in bones and teeth. However, calcification is commonly found in soft tissues in association with aging and in a variety of diseases. Over the last two decades, it has emerged that calcification occurring in diseased arteries is not simply an inevitable build-up of insoluble precipitates of calcium phosphate. In some cases, it is an active process in which transcription factors drive conversion of vascular cells to an osteoblast or chondrocyte-like phenotype, with the subsequent production of mineralizing "matrix vesicles." Early studies of bone and cartilage calcification suggested roles for cellular calcium signaling in several of the processes involved in the regulation of bone calcification. Similarly, calcium signaling has recently been highlighted as an important component in the mechanisms regulating pathological calcification. The emerging hypothesis is that ectopic/pathological calcification occurs in tissues in which there is an imbalance in the regulatory mechanisms that actively prevent calcification. This review highlights the various ways that calcium signaling regulates tissue calcification, with a particular focus on pathological vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Proudfoot
- Signalling Division, Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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15
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The Role of Autophagy in Chondrocyte Metabolism and Osteoarthritis: A Comprehensive Research Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5171602. [PMID: 31111057 PMCID: PMC6487163 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5171602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are the sole cellular constituents of normal cartilage. The degeneration and apoptosis of these cells are considered the main cause of osteoarthritis (OA). Previous studies have suggested that the enhancement of autophagy in chondrocytes can delay the progression of osteoarthritis by affecting intracellular metabolic activity, i.e., by regulating the metabolism of nutrients, which can delay cell aging and death. In this review, we explored the relationship between autophagy and chondrocyte metabolism and provided new ideas for the prevention and treatment of OA.
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16
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Settembre C, Cinque L, Bartolomeo R, Di Malta C, De Leonibus C, Forrester A. Defective collagen proteostasis and matrix formation in the pathogenesis of lysosomal storage disorders. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:283-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Zhang J, Wang S, Rong G, Cheng F, Gui B, Shen C. Tetrahydrohyperforin prevents articular cartilage degeneration and affects autophagy in rats with osteoarthritis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5261-5268. [PMID: 29896219 PMCID: PMC5994784 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent disease, which is associated with extracellular matrix degradation and cell death in articular cartilage. The aim of the present study was to identify whether tetrahydrohyperforin (IDN5706) ameliorates the degeneration of articular cartilage and affects autophagy in OA. The rat model of experimental OA was induced by intra-articular injection of collagenase solution. IDN5706 was administered intragastrically to rats for 6 weeks. Histopathological changes in articular cartilage were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and safranin O staining, and Mankin scoring systems. The effect of IDN5706 on autophagy was examined using western blotting. ELISA was performed to detect cartilage inflammation. H&E and safranin O staining, Mankin scores, and electron microscopy indicated that IDN5706 could lessen the degeneration of articular cartilage in OA rats. In addition, western blotting revealed that IDN5706 treatment may activate the suppressed autophagy in OA rats. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that IDN5706 was able to reduce the severity of experimental OA, alleviate the degeneration of articular cartilage, and affect autophagy in OA model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Sisheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Genxiang Rong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Fangyue Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Binjie Gui
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Cailiang Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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18
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Wang Z, Huang J, Zhou S, Luo F, Tan Q, Sun X, Ni Z, Chen H, Du X, Xie Y, Chen L. Loss of Fgfr1 in chondrocytes inhibits osteoarthritis by promoting autophagic activity in temporomandibular joint. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8761-8774. [PMID: 29691281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) is a common degenerative disease with few effective disease-modifying treatments in the clinic. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is implicated in articular cartilage homeostasis, but the functional roles of FGFR1 in TMJ OA remain largely unknown. In this study, we report that deletion of Fgfr1 in TMJ chondrocytes delayed TMJ OA progression in the age-associated spontaneous OA model and the abnormal dental occlusion OA model. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that Fgfr1 deficiency decreased the expressions of MMP13 (matrix metalloproteinase-13), ADAMTS5 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5), and COL10A1 but increased aggrecan expression level in two TMJ OA models. Furthermore, our data show that inactivation of FGFR1 signaling may promote autophagic activity in TMJ. FGFR1 inhibitor decreased the expressions of Mmp13, Adamts5, and Runx2 in IL-1β-stimulated condylar chondrocytes, whereas autophagy inhibitors abrogated the protective effects of the FGFR1 inhibitor. Thus, our study indicates inactivated FGFR1 signaling ameliorates TMJ OA progression partially by promoting autophagic activity. Manipulation of this signaling may be a potential therapeutic approach to modify TMJ OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqiang Wang
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yangzi River Road Number 10, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yangzi River Road Number 10, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Siru Zhou
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yangzi River Road Number 10, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yangzi River Road Number 10, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yangzi River Road Number 10, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yangzi River Road Number 10, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yangzi River Road Number 10, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yangzi River Road Number 10, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yangzi River Road Number 10, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yangzi River Road Number 10, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lin Chen
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yangzi River Road Number 10, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
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19
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Bai Y, Liu C, Fu L, Gong X, Dou C, Cao Z, Quan H, Li J, Kang F, Dai J, Zhao C, Dong S. Mangiferin enhances endochondral ossification-based bone repair in massive bone defect by inducing autophagy through activating AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. FASEB J 2018; 32:4573-4584. [PMID: 29547701 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701411r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is crucial for bone formation in both adult bone repair process and embryo long-bone development. In endochondral ossification, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) first differentiate to chondrocytes, then BMSC-derived chondrocytes endure a hypertrophic process to generate new bone. Endochondral ossification-based bone repair is a promising strategy to cure massive bone defect, which is a major clinical issue in orthopedics. However, challenges still remain for this novel strategy. One challenge is to ensure the sufficient hypertrophic differentiation. Another is to maintain the survival of the above hypertrophic chondrocytes under the hypoxic environment of massive bone defect. To solve this issue, mangiferin (MAG) was introduced to endochondral ossification-based bone repair. In this report, we proved MAG to be a novel autophagy inducer, which promoted BMSC-derived hypertrophic chondrocyte survival against hypoxia-induced injury through inducing autophagy. Furthermore, MAG enhances hypertrophic differentiation of BMSC-derived chondrocytes via upregulating key hypertrophic markers. Mechanistically, MAG induced autophagy in BMSC-derived chondrocytes by promoting AMPKα phosphorylation. Additionally, MAG balanced the expression of sex-determining region Y-box 9 and runt-related transcription factor 2 to facilitate hypertrophic differentiation. These results indicated that MAG was a potential drug to improve the efficacy of endochondral ossification-based bone repair in massive bone defects.-Bai, Y., Liu, C., Fu, L., Gong, X., Dou, C., Cao, Z., Quan, H., Li, J., Kang, F., Dai, J., Zhao, C., Dong, S. Mangiferin enhances endochondral ossification-based bone repair in massive bone defect by inducing autophagy through activating AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Trauma Orthopedics, Army General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Fu
- Institute of Trauma Orthopedics, The 89th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaoshan Gong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyu Quan
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjin Dai
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunrong Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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20
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PRC1 Prevents Replication Stress during Chondrogenic Transit Amplification. EPIGENOMES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes1030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Kang X, Yang W, Feng D, Jin X, Ma Z, Qian Z, Xie T, Li H, Liu J, Wang R, Li F, Li D, Sun H, Wu S. Cartilage-Specific Autophagy Deficiency Promotes ER Stress and Impairs Chondrogenesis in PERK-ATF4-CHOP-Dependent Manner. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2128-2141. [PMID: 28304100 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is activated during nutritionally depleted or hypoxic conditions to facilitate cell survival. Because growth plate is an avascular and hypoxic tissue, autophagy may have a crucial role during chondrogenesis; however, the functional role and underlying mechanism of autophagy in regulation of growth plate remains elusive. In this study, we generated TamCart Atg7-/- (Atg7cKO) mice to explore the role of autophagy during endochondral ossification. Atg7cKO mice exhibited growth retardation associated with reduced chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, and increased chondrocyte apoptosis. Meanwhile, we observed that Atg7 ablation mainly induced the PERK-ATF4-CHOP axis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in growth plate chondrocytes. Although Atg7 ablation induced ER stress in growth plate chondrocytes, the addition of phenylbutyric acid (PBA), a chemical chaperone known to attenuate ER stress, partly neutralized such effects of Atg7 ablation on longitudinal bone growth, indicating the causative interaction between autophagy and ER stress in growth plate. Consistent with these findings in vivo, we also observed that Atg7 ablation in cultured chondrocytes resulted in defective autophagy, elevated ER stress, decreased chondrocytes proliferation, impaired expression of col10a1, MMP-13, and VEGFA for chondrocyte differentiation, and increased chondrocyte apoptosis, while such effects were partly nullified by reduction of ER stress with PBA. In addition, Atg7 ablation-mediated impaired chondrocyte function (chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis) was partly reversed in CHOP-/- cells, indicating the causative role of the PERK-ATF4-CHOP axis of the ER stress response in the action of autophagy deficiency in chondrocytes. In conclusion, our findings indicate that autophagy deficiency may trigger ER stress in growth plate chondrocytes and contribute to growth retardation, thus implicating autophagy as an important regulator during chondrogenesis and providing new insights into the clinical potential of autophagy in cartilage homeostasis. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Kang
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Feng
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Qian
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianping Xie
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Danhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufang Wu
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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22
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Bartolomeo R, Cinque L, De Leonibus C, Forrester A, Salzano AC, Monfregola J, De Gennaro E, Nusco E, Azario I, Lanzara C, Serafini M, Levine B, Ballabio A, Settembre C. mTORC1 hyperactivation arrests bone growth in lysosomal storage disorders by suppressing autophagy. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3717-3729. [PMID: 28872463 DOI: 10.1172/jci94130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase promotes cell growth by activating biosynthetic pathways and suppressing catabolic pathways, particularly that of macroautophagy. A prerequisite for mTORC1 activation is its translocation to the lysosomal surface. Deregulation of mTORC1 has been associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, but its role in skeletal disorders is largely unknown. Here, we show that enhanced mTORC1 signaling arrests bone growth in lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). We found that lysosomal dysfunction induces a constitutive lysosomal association and consequent activation of mTORC1 in chondrocytes, the cells devoted to bone elongation. mTORC1 hyperphosphorylates the protein UV radiation resistance-associated gene (UVRAG), reducing the activity of the associated Beclin 1-Vps34 complex and thereby inhibiting phosphoinositide production. Limiting phosphoinositide production leads to a blockage of the autophagy flux in LSD chondrocytes. As a consequence, LSD chondrocytes fail to properly secrete collagens, the main components of the cartilage extracellular matrix. In mouse models of LSD, normalization of mTORC1 signaling or stimulation of the Beclin 1-Vps34-UVRAG complex rescued the autophagy flux, restored collagen levels in cartilage, and ameliorated the bone phenotype. Taken together, these data unveil a role for mTORC1 and autophagy in the pathogenesis of skeletal disorders and suggest potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bartolomeo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), and.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Cinque
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), and.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), and.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Alison Forrester
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), and.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Salzano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), and.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Edoardo Nusco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), and
| | - Isabella Azario
- Department of Pediatrics, Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Marta Serafini
- Department of Pediatrics, Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), and.,Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, and.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), and.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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23
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Im S, Kim DW. Nkx3.2 induces oxygen concentration-independent and lysosome-dependent degradation of HIF-1α to modulate hypoxic responses in chondrocytes. Cell Signal 2017; 36:127-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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24
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Li X, Feng K, Li J, Yu D, Fan Q, Tang T, Yao X, Wang X. Curcumin Inhibits Apoptosis of Chondrocytes through Activation ERK1/2 Signaling Pathways Induced Autophagy. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040414. [PMID: 28430129 PMCID: PMC5409753 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory disease of load-bearing synovial joints that is currently treated with drugs that exhibit numerous side effects and are only temporarily effective in treating pain, the main symptom of the disease. Consequently, there is an acute need for novel, safe, and more effective chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of osteoarthritis and related arthritic diseases. Curcumin, the principal curcuminoid and the most active component in turmeric, is a biologically active phytochemical. Evidence from several recent in vitro studies suggests that curcumin may exert a chondroprotective effect through actions such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-catabolic activity that are critical for mitigating OA disease pathogenesis and symptoms. In the present study, we investigated the protective mechanisms of curcumin on interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-stimulated primary chondrocytes in vitro. The treatment of interleukin (IL)-1β significantly reduces the cell viability of chondrocytes in dose and time dependent manners. Co-treatment of curcumin with IL-1β significantly decreased the growth inhibition. We observed that curcumin inhibited IL-1β-induced apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in chondrocytes. Curcumin can increase the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), autophagy marker light chain 3 (LC3)-II, and Beclin-1 in chondrocytes. The expression of autophagy markers could be decreased when the chondrocytes were incubated with ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Our results suggest that curcumin suppresses apoptosis and inflammatory signaling through its actions on the ERK1/2-induced autophagy in chondrocytes. We propose that curcumin should be explored further for the prophylactic treatment of osteoarthritis in humans and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Kai Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Degang Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Qiming Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Xiao Yao
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Puhui Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200128, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Present address: No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200011, China.
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25
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Reynolds-Peterson CE, Zhao N, Xu J, Serman TM, Xu J, Selleck SB. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans regulate autophagy in Drosophila. Autophagy 2017; 13:1262-1279. [PMID: 28402693 PMCID: PMC5584867 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1304867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate-modified proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important regulators of signaling and molecular recognition at the cell surface and in the extracellular space. Disruption of HSPG core proteins, HS-synthesis, or HS-degradation can have profound effects on growth, patterning, and cell survival. The Drosophila neuromuscular junction provides a tractable model for understanding the activities of HSPGs at a synapse that displays developmental and activity-dependent plasticity. Muscle cell-specific knockdown of HS biosynthesis disrupted the organization of a specialized postsynaptic membrane, the subsynaptic reticulum (SSR), and affected the number and morphology of mitochondria. We provide evidence that these changes result from a dysregulation of macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy). Cellular and molecular markers of autophagy are all consistent with an increase in the levels of autophagy in the absence of normal HS-chain biosynthesis and modification. HS production is also required for normal levels of autophagy in the fat body, the central energy storage and nutritional sensing organ in Drosophila. Genetic mosaic analysis indicates that HS-dependent regulation of autophagy occurs non-cell autonomously, consistent with HSPGs influencing this cellular process via signaling in the extracellular space. These findings demonstrate that HS biosynthesis has important regulatory effects on autophagy and that autophagy is critical for normal assembly of postsynaptic membrane specializations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Reynolds-Peterson
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Na Zhao
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Jie Xu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Taryn M Serman
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Jielin Xu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Scott B Selleck
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
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26
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Increased deposition of glycosaminoglycans and altered structure of heparan sulfate in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 83:27-38. [PMID: 27974233 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by aberrant deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents, including glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), that may play a role in remodelling processes by influencing critical mediators such as growth factors. We hypothesize that GAGs may be altered in IPF and that this contribute to create a pro-fibrotic environment. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the fine structure of heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) and hyaluronan (HA) in lung samples from IPF patients and from control subjects. GAGs in lung samples from severe IPF patients and donor lungs were analyzed with HPLC. HS was assessed by immunohistochemistry and collagen was quantified as hydroxyproline content. The total amount of HS, CS/DS and HA was increased in IPF lungs but there was no significant difference in the total collagen content. We found a relative increase in total sulfation of HS due to increment of 2-O, 6-O and N-sulfation and a higher proportion of sulfation in CS/DS. Highly sulfated HS was located in the border zone between denser areas and more normal looking alveolar parenchyma in basement membranes of blood vessels and airways, that were immuno-positive for perlecan, as well as on the cell surface of spindle-shaped cells in the alveolar interstitium. These findings show for the first time that both the amount and structure of glycosaminoglycans are altered in IPF. These changes may contribute to the tissue remodelling in IPF by altering growth factor retention and activity, creating a pro-fibrotic ECM landscape.
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27
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Park MC, Kim HW, Lee SW, Song JJ, Park YB. Defective autophagy activity and its association with spinal damage in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Joint Bone Spine 2016; 84:583-587. [PMID: 27825566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was performed to determine the expression levels of autophagy-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to investigate their associations with clinical parameters reflecting disease activity and radiographic progression and with cytokine levels of AS patients. METHODS PBMCs from 53 AS patients and 49 healthy controls were obtained and mRNA expression levels of LC3, belcin1, and ATG5 were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS)-CRP and modified Stoke AS Spinal Score (mSASSS) were assessed at the time of blood sampling. Serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23 were determined in the serum of AS patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS LC3, beclin1, and ATG5 mRNAs were constitutively expressed in PBMCs of AS patients and healthy controls; however, expression of all three genes was significantly decreased in PBMCs of AS patients compared with those from controls. Expression levels of the autophagy-related genes were not significantly correlated with ASDAS-CRP or serum TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23 concentrations. However, LC3 and beclin1 mRNA levels showed significant negative correlations with mSASSS of AS patients (r=-0.805, P<0.01 for LC3 and r=-0.712, P<0.01 for beclin1). CONCLUSION AS patients have decreased autophagy-related gene expressions and AS patients with more advanced spinal damage have further decreased LC3 and beclin1 expression levels. These results suggest that AS patients have defective autophagy activity and that compromised autophagy may contribute to the progression of spinal damage in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hye Won Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jason Jungsik Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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28
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Öztürk E, Arlov Ø, Aksel S, Li L, Ornitz DM, Skjåk-Bræk G, Zenobi-Wong M. Sulfated hydrogel matrices direct mitogenicity and maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype through activation of FGF signaling. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:3649-3662. [PMID: 28919847 PMCID: PMC5597002 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201600092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the roles of chemical and physical features of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is vital for developing biomimetic materials with desired cellular responses in regenerative medicine. Here, we demonstrate that sulfation of biopolymers, mimicking the proteoglycans in native tissues, induces mitogenicity, chondrogenic phenotype, and suppresses catabolic activity of chondrocytes, a cell type that resides in a highly sulfated tissue. We show through tunable modification of alginate that increased sulfation of the microenvironment promotes FGF signaling-mediated proliferation of chondrocytes in a three-dimensional (3D) matrix independent of stiffness, swelling, and porosity. Furthermore, we show for the first time that a biomimetic hydrogel acts as a 3D signaling matrix to mediate a heparan sulfate/heparin-like interaction between FGF and its receptor leading to signaling cascades inducing cell proliferation, cartilage matrix production, and suppression of de-differentiation markers. Collectively, this study reveals important insights on mimicking the ECM to guide self-renewal of cells via manipulation of distinct signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Öztürk
- Cartilage Engineering+ Regeneration, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Øystein Arlov
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Seda Aksel
- Department of Materials, Polymer Technology Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
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29
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Hackett MJ, George GN, Pickering IJ, Eames BF. Chemical Biology in the Embryo: In Situ Imaging of Sulfur Biochemistry in Normal and Proteoglycan-Deficient Cartilage Matrix. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2441-51. [PMID: 26985789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are heavily glycosylated proteins that play major structural and biological roles in many tissues. Proteoglycans are abundant in cartilage extracellular matrix; their loss is a main feature of the joint disease osteoarthritis. Proteoglycan function is regulated by sulfation-sulfate ester formation with specific sugar residues. Visualization of sulfation within cartilage matrix would yield vital insights into its biological roles. We present synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence imaging of developing zebrafish cartilage, providing the first in situ maps of sulfate ester distribution. Levels of both sulfur and sulfate esters decrease as cartilage develops through late phase differentiation (maturation or hypertrophy), suggesting a functional link between cartilage matrix sulfur content and chondrocyte differentiation. Genetic experiments confirm that sulfate ester levels were due to cartilage proteoglycans and support the hypothesis that sulfate ester levels regulate chondrocyte differentiation. Surprisingly, in the PG synthesis mutant, the total level of sulfur was not significantly reduced, suggesting sulfur is distributed in an alternative chemical form during lowered cartilage proteoglycan production. Fourier transform infrared imaging indicated increased levels of protein in the mutant fish, suggesting that this alternative sulfur form might be ascribed to an increased level of protein synthesis in the mutant fish, as part of a compensatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hackett
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada.,Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Ingrid J Pickering
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada.,Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - B Frank Eames
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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30
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Brown DS, Eames BF. Emerging tools to study proteoglycan function during skeletal development. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 134:485-530. [PMID: 27312503 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20years, appreciation for the varied roles of proteoglycans (PGs), which are specific types of sugar-coated proteins, has increased dramatically. PGs in the extracellular matrix were long known to impart structural functions to many tissues, especially articular cartilage, which cushions bones and allows mobility at skeletal joints. Indeed, osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease associated with loss of PGs in articular cartilage. Today, however, PGs have a demonstrated role in cell biological processes, such as growth factor signalling, prompting new perspectives on the etiology of PG-associated diseases. Here, we review diseases associated with defects in PG synthesis and sulfation, also highlighting current understanding of the underlying genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology. Since most research has analyzed a class of PGs called heparan sulfate PGs, more attention is paid here to studies of chondroitin sulfate PGs (CSPGs), which are abundant in cartilage. Interestingly, CSPG synthesis is tightly linked to the cell biological processes of secretion and lysosomal degradation, suggesting that these systems may be linked genetically. Animal models of loss of CSPG function have revealed CSPGs to impact skeletal development. Specifically, our work from a mutagenesis screen in zebrafish led to the hypothesis that cartilage PGs normally delay the timing of endochondral ossification. Finally, we outline emerging approaches in zebrafish that may revolutionize the study of cartilage PG function, including transgenic methods and novel imaging techniques. Our recent work with X-ray fluorescent imaging, for example, enables direct correlation of PG function with PG-dependent biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Brown
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B F Eames
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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31
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Ward C, Martinez-Lopez N, Otten EG, Carroll B, Maetzel D, Singh R, Sarkar S, Korolchuk VI. Autophagy, lipophagy and lysosomal lipid storage disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:269-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cinque
- a Dulbecco Telethon Institute , Pozzuoli ( NA ), Italy.,b Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) , Pozzuoli ( NA ), Italy
| | - Alison Forrester
- b Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) , Pozzuoli ( NA ), Italy.,c Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Carmine Settembre
- a Dulbecco Telethon Institute , Pozzuoli ( NA ), Italy.,b Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) , Pozzuoli ( NA ), Italy.,c Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
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33
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Vuppalapati KK, Bouderlique T, Newton PT, Kaminskyy VO, Wehtje H, Ohlsson C, Zhivotovsky B, Chagin AS. Targeted Deletion of Autophagy Genes Atg5 or Atg7 in the Chondrocytes Promotes Caspase-Dependent Cell Death and Leads to Mild Growth Retardation. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:2249-61. [PMID: 26077727 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal bone growth takes place in epiphyseal growth plates located in the ends of long bones. The growth plate consists of chondrocytes traversing from the undifferentiated (resting zone) to the terminally differentiated (hypertrophic zone) stage. Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process of lysosome-dependent recycling of intracellular organelles and protein complexes. Autophagy is activated during nutritionally depleted or hypoxic conditions in order to facilitate cell survival. Chondrocytes in the middle of the growth plate are hypoxic and nutritionally depleted owing to the avascular nature of the growth plate. Accordingly, autophagy may facilitate their survival. To explore the role of autophagy in chondrocyte survival and constitutional bone growth, we generated mice with cartilage-specific ablation of either Atg5 (Atg5cKO) or Atg7 (Atg7cKO) by crossing Atg5 or Atg7 floxed mice with cartilage-specific collagen type 2 promoter-driven Cre. Both Atg5cKO and Atg7cKO mice showed growth retardation associated with enhanced chondrocyte cell death and decreased cell proliferation. Similarly, inhibition of autophagy by Bafilomycin A1 (Baf) or 3-methyladenine (3MA) promoted cell death in cultured slices of human growth plate tissue. To delineate the underlying mechanisms we employed ex vivo cultures of mouse metatarsal bones and RCJ3.IC5.18 rat chondrogenic cell line. Baf or 3MA impaired metatarsal bone growth associated with processing of caspase-3 and massive cell death. Similarly, treatment of RCJ3.IC5.18 chondrogenic cells by Baf also showed massive cell death and caspase-3 cleavage. This was associated with activation of caspase-9 and cytochrome C release. Altogether, our data suggest that autophagy is important for chondrocyte survival, and inhibition of this process leads to stunted growth and caspase-dependent death of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna K Vuppalapati
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thibault Bouderlique
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Phillip T Newton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vitaliy O Kaminskyy
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Wehtje
- Pediatric Orthopedic Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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FGF signalling regulates bone growth through autophagy. Nature 2015; 528:272-5. [PMID: 26595272 DOI: 10.1038/nature16063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal growth relies on both biosynthetic and catabolic processes. While the role of the former is clearly established, how the latter contributes to growth-promoting pathways is less understood. Macroautophagy, hereafter referred to as autophagy, is a catabolic process that plays a fundamental part in tissue homeostasis. We investigated the role of autophagy during bone growth, which is mediated by chondrocyte rate of proliferation, hypertrophic differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in growth plates. Here we show that autophagy is induced in growth-plate chondrocytes during post-natal development and regulates the secretion of type II collagen (Col2), the major component of cartilage ECM. Mice lacking the autophagy related gene 7 (Atg7) in chondrocytes experience endoplasmic reticulum storage of type II procollagen (PC2) and defective formation of the Col2 fibrillary network in the ECM. Surprisingly, post-natal induction of chondrocyte autophagy is mediated by the growth factor FGF18 through FGFR4 and JNK-dependent activation of the autophagy initiation complex VPS34-beclin-1. Autophagy is completely suppressed in growth plates from Fgf18(-/-) embryos, while Fgf18(+/-) heterozygous and Fgfr4(-/-) mice fail to induce autophagy during post-natal development and show decreased Col2 levels in the growth plate. Strikingly, the Fgf18(+/-) and Fgfr4(-/-) phenotypes can be rescued in vivo by pharmacological activation of autophagy, pointing to autophagy as a novel effector of FGF signalling in bone. These data demonstrate that autophagy is a developmentally regulated process necessary for bone growth, and identify FGF signalling as a crucial regulator of autophagy in chondrocytes.
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Wang X, Qi H, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Wang X, Jin M, Tan Q, Huang Q, Xu W, Li X, Kuang L, Tang Y, Du X, Chen D, Chen L. FGFR3/fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 inhibits autophagy through decreasing the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate, leading to the delay of cartilage development in achondroplasia. Autophagy 2015; 11:1998-2013. [PMID: 26491898 PMCID: PMC4824585 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1091551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) is a negative regulator of endochondral ossification. Gain-of-function mutations in FGFR3 are responsible for achondroplasia, the most common genetic form of dwarfism in humans. Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process, maintains chondrocyte viability in the growth plate under stress conditions, such as hypoxia and nutritional deficiencies. However, the role of autophagy and its underlying molecular mechanisms in achondroplasia remain elusive. In this study, we found activated FGFR3 signaling inhibited autophagic activity in chondrocytes, both in vivo and in vitro. By employing an embryonic bone culture system, we demonstrated that treatment with autophagy inhibitor 3-MA or chloroquine led to cartilage growth retardation, which mimics the effect of activated-FGFR3 signaling on chondrogenesis. Furthermore, we found that FGFR3 interacted with ATG12-ATG5 conjugate by binding to ATG5. More intriguingly, FGFR3 signaling was found to decrease the protein level of ATG12-ATG5 conjugate. Consistently, using in vitro chondrogenic differentiation assay system, we showed that the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate was essential for the viability and differentiation of chondrocytes. Transient transfection of ATG5 partially rescued FGFR3-mediated inhibition on chondrocyte viability and differentiation. Our findings reveal that FGFR3 inhibits the autophagic activity by decreasing the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate level, which may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of achondroplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Huabing Qi
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Xianxing Wang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Min Jin
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Qizhao Huang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Kuang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Yubing Tang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Lin Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR); Trauma Center; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing,China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Institute of Surgery Research; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
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Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) is one of four high-affinity receptors for canonical FGF ligands. It acts in many tissues and plays a special role in skeletal development, especially post-embryonic bone growth, where it inhibits chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Gain of function mutations cause the most common forms of dwarfism in humans, and they are also detected in cancer. Triggered by ligand binding or in some cases mutation, FGFR3 activation involves dimerization of receptor monomers, phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues in the receptor's kinase domain and in the tightly linked scaffold protein Fibroblast Receptor Factor Substrate 2 (FRS2). Signaling molecules recruited to these phosphorylation sites propagate signals through cascades that are subject to modulation. Signal output is also regulated by the fate of the receptor and the interval between its activation and degradation. Trafficking pathways have been identified for both lysosomal and proteasomal degradation, as well as, an alternative fate that involves intramembrane cleavage that produces an intracellular domain fragment capable of nuclear transport and potential function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Narayana
- a Shriners Research Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - William A Horton
- a Shriners Research Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
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Matsuo I, Kimura-Yoshida C. Extracellular distribution of diffusible growth factors controlled by heparan sulfate proteoglycans during mammalian embryogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0545. [PMID: 25349453 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During mouse embryogenesis, diffusible growth factors, i.e. fibroblast growth factors, Wnt, bone morphogenetic protein and Hedgehog family members, emanating from localized areas can travel through the extracellular space and reach their target cells to specify the cell fate and form tissue architectures in coordination. However, the mechanisms by which these growth factors travel great distances to their target cells and control the signalling activity as morphogens remain an enigma. Recent studies in mice and other model animals have revealed that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) located on the cell surface (e.g. syndecans and glypicans) and in the extracellular matrix (ECM; e.g. perlecan and agrin) play crucial roles in the extracellular distribution of growth factors. Principally, the function of HSPGs depends primarily on the fine features and localization of their heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains. Cell-surface-tethered HSPGs retain growth factors as co-receptors and/or endocytosis mediators, and enzymatic release of HSPGs from the cell membrane allows HSPGs to transport or move multiple growth factors. By contrast, ECM-associated HSPGs function as a reservoir or barrier in a context-dependent manner. This review is focused on our current understanding of the extracellular distribution of multiple growth factors controlled by HSPGs in mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Matsuo
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Chiharu Kimura-Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
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38
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Abstract
The complex networks of nutritional, cellular, paracrine, and endocrine factors are closely related with pubertal growth and epiphyseal fusion. Important influencing factors include chondrocyte differentiation capacity, multiple molecular pathways active in the growth plate, and growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I axis activation and epiphyseal fusion through estrogen and its receptors. However, the exact mechanisms of these phenomena are still unclear. A better understanding of the detailed processes involved in the pubertal growth spurt and growth plate closure in longitudinal bone growth will help us develop methods to efficiently promote pubertal growth and delay epiphyseal fusion with fewer adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye Shik Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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39
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A non-conserved miRNA regulates lysosomal function and impacts on a human lysosomal storage disorder. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5840. [PMID: 25524633 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatases are key enzymatic regulators of sulfate homeostasis with several biological functions including degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and other macromolecules in lysosomes. In a severe lysosomal storage disorder, multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD), global sulfatase activity is deficient due to mutations in the sulfatase-modifying factor 1 (SUMF1) gene, encoding the essential activator of all sulfatases. We identify a novel regulatory layer of sulfate metabolism mediated by a microRNA. miR-95 depletes SUMF1 protein levels and suppresses sulfatase activity, causing the disruption of proteoglycan catabolism and lysosomal function. This blocks autophagy-mediated degradation, causing cytoplasmic accumulation of autophagosomes and autophagic substrates. By targeting miR-95 in cells from MSD patients, we can effectively increase residual SUMF1 expression, allowing for reactivation of sulfatase activity and increased clearance of sulfated GAGs. The identification of this regulatory mechanism opens the opportunity for a unique therapeutic approach in MSD patients where the need for exogenous enzyme replacement is circumvented.
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40
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Brommage R, Liu J, Hansen GM, Kirkpatrick LL, Potter DG, Sands AT, Zambrowicz B, Powell DR, Vogel P. High-throughput screening of mouse gene knockouts identifies established and novel skeletal phenotypes. Bone Res 2014; 2:14034. [PMID: 26273529 PMCID: PMC4472125 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening gene function in vivo is a powerful approach to discover novel drug targets. We present high-throughput screening (HTS) data for 3 762 distinct global gene knockout (KO) mouse lines with viable adult homozygous mice generated using either gene-trap or homologous recombination technologies. Bone mass was determined from DEXA scans of male and female mice at 14 weeks of age and by microCT analyses of bones from male mice at 16 weeks of age. Wild-type (WT) cagemates/littermates were examined for each gene KO. Lethality was observed in an additional 850 KO lines. Since primary HTS are susceptible to false positive findings, additional cohorts of mice from KO lines with intriguing HTS bone data were examined. Aging, ovariectomy, histomorphometry and bone strength studies were performed and possible non-skeletal phenotypes were explored. Together, these screens identified multiple genes affecting bone mass: 23 previously reported genes (Calcr, Cebpb, Crtap, Dcstamp, Dkk1, Duoxa2, Enpp1, Fgf23, Kiss1/Kiss1r, Kl (Klotho), Lrp5, Mstn, Neo1, Npr2, Ostm1, Postn, Sfrp4, Slc30a5, Slc39a13, Sost, Sumf1, Src, Wnt10b), five novel genes extensively characterized (Cldn18, Fam20c, Lrrk1, Sgpl1, Wnt16), five novel genes with preliminary characterization (Agpat2, Rassf5, Slc10a7, Slc26a7, Slc30a10) and three novel undisclosed genes coding for potential osteoporosis drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Liu
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , The Woodlands, TX, USA
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41
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Patterson SE, Dealy CN. Mechanisms and models of endoplasmic reticulum stress in chondrodysplasia. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:875-93. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Patterson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development; Department of Reconstructive Sciences; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington Connecticut
| | - Caroline N. Dealy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development; Department of Reconstructive Sciences; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington Connecticut
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development; Department of Orthopedic Surgery; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington Connecticut
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42
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Decreased activity of osteocyte autophagy with aging may contribute to the bone loss in senile population. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:285-95. [PMID: 24553790 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-related bone loss is a major cause of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of age-related bone loss is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to clarify whether autophagy in osteocytes was involved in age-related bone loss. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats in 3, 9, and 24 month old were used to mimic the age-related bone loss in men. Micro-CT evaluation, histomorphometric analysis, and measurement of bone turnover rate verified age-related bone loss in the male SD rats. Immunofluorescent histochemistry, RT-PCR, and Western blot assessment demonstrated that the expression of LC3-II, LC3-II/I, Beclin-1, and Ulk-1 in the osteocytes decreased with age, while SQSTM1/p62 and apoptosis in the osteocytes increased. A significant correlation between the markers of osteocyte autophagy and bone mineral density in the proximal tibia was revealed. However, osteocyte autophagy was not correlated with osteocyte apoptosis in the process of aging. These results suggested that osteocyte autophagy was possibly involved in the age-related bone loss. Decreased activity of osteocyte autophagy independent of apoptosis might contribute to the age-related bone loss in senile osteoporosis.
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43
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Michigami T. Current understanding on the molecular basis of chondrogenesis. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2014; 23:1-8. [PMID: 24532955 DOI: 10.1292/cpe.23.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation involves multiple steps, consisting of the condensation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes, and then mineralization. To date, various factors including transcription factors, soluble mediators, extracellular matrices (ECMs), and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions have been identified to regulate this sequential, complex process. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that epigenetic and microRNA-mediated mechanisms also play roles in chondrogenesis. Defects in the regulators for the development of growth plate cartilage often cause skeletal dysplasias and growth failure. In this review article, I will describe the current understanding concerning the regulatory mechanisms underlying chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
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44
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Abstract
Endochondral bone formation involves multiple steps, consisting of the condensation of
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of
chondrocytes, and then mineralization. To date, various factors including transcription
factors, soluble mediators, extracellular matrices (ECMs), and cell-cell and cell-matrix
interactions have been identified to regulate this sequential, complex process. Moreover,
recent studies have revealed that epigenetic and microRNA-mediated mechanisms also play
roles in chondrogenesis. Defects in the regulators for the development of growth plate
cartilage often cause skeletal dysplasias and growth failure. In this review article, I
will describe the current understanding concerning the regulatory mechanisms underlying
chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
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45
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Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cytoplasmic degradation pathway that has an impact on many physiological and disease states, including immunity, tumorigenesis and neurodegeneration. Recent studies suggest that autophagy may also have important functions in embryogenesis and development. Many autophagy gene-knockout mice have embryonic lethality at different stages of development. Furthermore, interactions of autophagy with crucial developmental pathways such as Wnt, Shh (Sonic Hedgehog), TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) and FGF (fibroblast growth factor) have been reported. This suggests that autophagy may regulate cell fate decisions, such as differentiation and proliferation. In the present article, we discuss how mammalian autophagy may affect phenotypes associated with development.
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46
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Shapiro IM, Layfield R, Lotz M, Settembre C, Whitehouse C. Boning up on autophagy: the role of autophagy in skeletal biology. Autophagy 2013; 10:7-19. [PMID: 24225636 DOI: 10.4161/auto.26679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, the major function of bone is to provide stable sites for muscle attachment and affording protection of vital organs, especially the heart and lungs (ribs) and spinal cord (vertebrae and intervertebral discs). However, bone has a considerable number of other functions: serving as a store for mineral ions, providing a site for blood cell synthesis and participating in a complex system-wide endocrine system. Not surprisingly, bone and cartilage cell homeostasis is tightly controlled, as is the maintenance of tissue structure and mass. While a great deal of new information is accruing concerning skeletal cell homeostasis, one relatively new observation is that the cells of bone (osteoclasts osteoblasts and osteocytes) and cartilage (chondrocytes) exhibit autophagy. The focus of this review is to examine the significance of this process in terms of the functional demands of the skeleton in health and during growth and to provide evidence that dysregulation of the autophagic response is involved in the pathogenesis of diseases of bone (Paget disease of bone) and cartilage (osteoarthritis and the mucopolysaccharidoses). Delineation of molecular changes in the autophagic process is uncovering new approaches for the treatment of diseases that affect the axial and appendicular skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving M Shapiro
- Jefferson Medical College; Thomas Jefferson University; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Robert Layfield
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham UK
| | - Martin Lotz
- Arthritis Research; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM); Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TXUSA and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute; Texas Children's Hospital; Houston, TX USA; Medical Genetics; Department of Translational and Medical Science; Federico II University; Naples, Italy
| | - Caroline Whitehouse
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics; Kings College London; London UK
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47
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Michigami T. Regulatory mechanisms for the development of growth plate cartilage. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4213-21. [PMID: 23640571 PMCID: PMC11113666 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, most of the skeleton is formed through endochondral ossification. Endochondral bone formation is a complex process involving the mesenchymal condensation of undifferentiated cells, the proliferation of chondrocytes and their differentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes, and mineralization. This process is tightly regulated by various factors including transcription factors, soluble mediators, extracellular matrices, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Defects of these factors often lead to skeletal dysplasias and short stature. Moreover, there is growing evidence that epigenetic and microRNA-mediated mechanisms also play critical roles in chondrogenesis. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the regulators for the development of growth plate cartilage and their molecular mechanisms of action. A knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes will provide insights into future therapeutic options for skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan,
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48
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Patil SA, Maegawa GHB. Developing therapeutic approaches for metachromatic leukodystrophy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:729-45. [PMID: 23966770 PMCID: PMC3743609 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder caused by the deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA), resulting in impaired degradation of sulfatide, an essential sphingolipid of myelin. The clinical manifestations of MLD are characterized by progressive demyelination and subsequent neurological symptoms resulting in severe debilitation. The availability of therapeutic options for treating MLD is limited but expanding with a number of early stage clinical trials already in progress. In the development of therapeutic approaches for MLD, scientists have been facing a number of challenges including blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration, safety issues concerning therapies targeting the central nervous system, uncertainty regarding the ideal timing for intervention in the disease course, and the lack of more in-depth understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MLD. Here, we discuss the current status of the different approaches to developing therapies for MLD. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used to treat MLD patients, utilizing both umbilical cord blood and bone marrow sources. Intrathecal enzyme replacement therapy and gene therapies, administered locally into the brain or by generating genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells, are emerging as novel strategies. In pre-clinical studies, different cell delivery systems including microencapsulated cells or selectively neural cells have shown encouraging results. Small molecules that are more likely to cross the BBB can be used as enzyme enhancers of diverse ASA mutants, either as pharmacological chaperones, or proteostasis regulators. Specific small molecules may also be used to reduce the biosynthesis of sulfatides, or target different affected downstream pathways secondary to the primary ASA deficiency. Given the progressive neurodegenerative aspects of MLD, also seen in other lysosomal diseases, current and future therapeutic strategies will be complementary, whether used in combination or separately at specific stages of the disease course, to produce better outcomes for patients afflicted with this devastating inherited disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa A Patil
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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49
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Gutiérrez ML, Guevara JM, Echeverri OY, Garzón-Alvarado D, Barrera LA. Aggrecan catabolism during mesenchymal stromal cellin vitrochondrogenesis. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2013.812537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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50
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Li X, Lang W, Ye H, Yu F, Li H, Chen J, Cai L, Chen W, Lin R, Huang Y, Liu X. Tougu Xiaotong capsule inhibits the tidemark replication and cartilage degradation of papain-induced osteoarthritis by the regulation of chondrocyte autophagy. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:1349-56. [PMID: 23589102 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The tidemark is located between calcified and non-calcified cartilage matrices. Tidemark replication plays an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis (OA). Autophagy, or cellular self-digestion, is an essential cellular homeostasis mechanism that was found to be deficient in osteoarthritic cartilage. This study evaluated the effects of Tougu Xiaotong capsule (TXC) on the tidemark replication and cartilage degradation, and also investigated LC3 I/II, which executes autophagy, the potential role of ULK1, an inducer of autophagy, and Beclin1, a regulator of autophagy, in the development of a papain-induced OA in rat knee joints. Using a papain-injected knee rat model, standard histological methods were used to validate our model as well as treatment with TXC or glucosamine (GlcN). After 12 weeks of treatment, the changes of cartilage structure were observed by digital radiography (DR), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the LC3 I/II, ULK1 and Beclin1 levels were measured by western blotting. Cartilage degradation was evaluated by the Mankin score on paraffin-embedded sections stained with Safranin O-fast green. TXC was found to improve the arrangement of subchondral bone collagen fibers and calcium phosphate crystals, inhibit the tidemark replication and delay the cartilage degradation in the papain-induced OA. Our results also showed that LC3 I/II, ULK1 and Beclin1 levels in both the TXC+OA and GlcN+OA groups were significantly increased compared to those in the OA group. The results indicate that TXC could inhibit the tidemark replication and cartilage degradation by the regulation of chondrocyte autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihai Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
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